*Co esponding au ho : Madhu i Singh
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion Liscense 4.0.
Impac o Mode a e-In ensi y In e al T aining on Quali y o Li e and Sel -E icacy
among Obese Adul s in Jaipu , Rajas han
Madhu i Singh 1, * and Jasmine San ha. J 2
1 PhD. Schola , Independen esea che .
2 PhD. Guide, Independen esea che .
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 23(03), 495-499
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 17 Augus 2025; e ised on 26 Sep embe 2025; accep ed on 29 Sep embe 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wjbphs.2025.23.3.0869
Abs ac
In oduc ion: Obesi y is an escala ing public heal h issue in India, associa ed wi h poo quali y o li e (QoL) and low
sel -e icacy, bo h o which hinde sus ained li es yle modi ica ion. High-in ensi y in e al aining (HIIT) has p o en
bene i s bu is o en oo s enuous o obese adul s. Mode a e-in ensi y in e al aining (MIIT) may o e a mo e
easible and cul u ally accep able al e na i e.
Me hods: A communi y-based andomized con olled ial was conduc ed in Jaipu , Rajas han, among 60 obese adul s
(BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²), aged 20–50 yea s, selec ed h ough con enien sampling. Pa icipan s we e andomized in o MIIT
(n = 30) and con ol (n = 30) g oups. The MIIT g oup unde wen 12 weeks o supe ised aining (3 sessions/week, 30–
40 minu es), while con ols ecei ed s anda d li es yle ad ice wi hou s uc u ed exe cise. QoL was assessed using he
WHOQOL-BREF ( ou domains), and sel -e icacy was measu ed wi h he Gene al Sel -E icacy Scale (GSES).
Assessmen s we e conduc ed a baseline and a e 12 weeks. Da a we e analyzed using pai ed and independen - es s,
wi h signi icance se a p < 0.05.
Resul s: Baseline socio-demog aphic and clinical a iables we e compa able ac oss g oups (p > 0.05). A e 12 weeks,
he MIIT g oup showed signi ican imp o emen s in physical heal h (+16.5, p < 0.001) and psychological QoL (+12.4, p
< 0.001), whe eas social and en i onmen al domains showed modes , non-signi ican imp o emen s. Sel -e icacy
sco es imp o ed signi ican ly in he MIIT g oup (+6.2, p < 0.001) bu no in he con ol g oup (+0.8, p = 0.19). No ad e se
e en s we e epo ed.
Conclusion: MIIT signi ican ly enhanced QoL and sel -e icacy among obese adul s, suppo ing i s ole as a easible and
e ec i e in e en ion o obesi y managemen in Indian u ban communi ies.
Keywo ds: Obesi y; Mode a e-in ensi y in e al aining; Quali y o li e; Sel -e icacy; Randomized con olled ial
1. In oduc ion
Obesi y is a apidly g owing public heal h p oblem wo ldwide and has eached epidemic p opo ions in India. Acco ding
o he Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion, mo e han 650 million adul s a e obese, wi h p e alence inc easing s eadily in low-
and middle-income coun ies¹. In India, li es yle ansi ions, u baniza ion, and die a y changes ha e con ibu ed o
ising obesi y a es, pa icula ly among u ban adul s². Obesi y is associa ed no only wi h me abolic and ca dio ascula
diseases bu also wi h signi ican impai men in quali y o li e (QoL) and educ ion in sel -e icacy, which u he
pe pe ua es poo li es yle beha io s³.
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 23(03), 495-499
496
Quali y o li e is a mul idimensional cons uc ha includes physical, psychological, social, and en i onmen al well-
being. Obese indi iduals o en epo lowe physical unc ioning, a igue, mobili y es ic ions, and poo psychological
heal h, including low sel -es eem and dep ession⁴. Simila ly, sel -e icacy, de ined as he belie in one’s capabili y o
ini ia e and sus ain beha io , is a c i ical de e minan o li es yle change. E idence sugges s ha low sel -e icacy is
s ongly co ela ed wi h educed adhe ence o exe cise, poo die a y con ol, and ailu e o achie e weigh managemen
goals⁵. The e o e, in e en ions ha imp o e bo h QoL and sel -e icacy a e essen ial o sus ainable obesi y
managemen . Exe cise is a co ne s one in he ea men o obesi y. T adi ionally, mode a e-in ensi y con inuous
aining (MICT) has been ecommended. Howe e , MICT is ime-consuming and o en poo ly adhe ed o by obese
indi iduals who pe cei e exe cise as exhaus ing o mono onous⁶. In ecen yea s, in e al aining app oaches,
pa icula ly high-in ensi y in e al aining (HIIT), ha e gained popula i y due o hei ime e iciency and physiological
bene i s. Ye , HIIT is o en oo s enuous o obese o seden a y adul s, leading o d opou s and low adhe ence⁷.
As an al e na i e, mode a e-in ensi y in e al aining (MIIT) has eme ged as a easible and e ec i e app oach. MIIT
in ol es al e na ing bou s o mode a e-in ensi y exe cise wi h pe iods o ac i e eco e y, he eby main aining
ca dio ascula bene i s while educing pe cei ed exe ion⁸. S udies om Wes e n popula ions ha e shown ha MIIT
can signi ican ly imp o e ca dio ascula i ness, me abolic heal h, and psychological ou comes⁹. Impo an ly, MIIT may
be mo e cul u ally and physically accep able in popula ions such as obese Indian adul s, who may s uggle wi h
con inuous high-in ensi y egimes. E idence sugges s ha MIIT imp o es psychological heal h ma ke s, including sel -
e icacy, by p o iding manageable exe cise bou s ha build con idence and os e a sense o achie emen .
Imp o emen s in sel -e icacy, in u n, a e associa ed wi h enhanced QoL and be e long- e m engagemen wi h
physical ac i i y¹⁰. Despi e hese p omising indings, Indian s udies speci ically explo ing he impac o MIIT on QoL and
sel -e icacy among obese adul s emain sca ce. This s udy he e o e aims o e alua e he impac o MIIT on QoL and
sel -e icacy among obese adul s in Jaipu , con ibu ing o he e idence base o obesi y managemen s a egies in Indian
se ings.
2. Me hodology
• S udy Design and Se ing: - A communi y-based andomized con olled ial (RCT) was conduc ed in Jaipu ,
Rajas han, be ween Janua y and June 2025. The s udy aimed o e alua e he e ec o mode a e-in ensi y
in e al aining (MIIT) on quali y o li e (QoL) and sel -e icacy among obese adul s.
• Sample Size and Sampling: A o al o 60 obese adul s (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²), aged 20–50 yea s, we e con enien ly
sampled om Wa d 16, Jaipu , and andomized in o MIIT (n = 30) and con ol (n = 30) g oups. Eligible
pa icipan s we e adul s willing o pa icipa e o 12 weeks and medically clea ed o exe cise, while hose wi h
se e e illness, p egnancy, o on s uc u ed p og ams we e excluded. Randomiza ion used compu e -gene a ed
sequences wi h sealed en elopes; pa icipan s and aine s we e unblinded, bu assesso s and analys s
emained blinded.
• In e en ion and Ou come Measu es: - The MIIT g oup unde wen 12 weeks o supe ised aining (3
sessions/week, 30–40 minu es each) consis ing o 5 minu es o wa m-up, 8–10 cycles o b isk walking/cycling
a 60–70% HRmax al e na ed wi h 2–3 minu es o ac i e eco e y a 40–50% HRmax, and 5 minu es o cool-
down, wi h hea a e and exe ion moni o ed o sa e y. The con ol g oup ecei ed li es yle ad ice on
balanced die , daily walking, and obesi y p e en ion wi hou s uc u ed MIIT. Ou comes included quali y o li e
(WHOQOL-BREF: physical, psychological, social, en i onmen al domains; 0–100 scale) and sel -e icacy
(Gene al Sel -E icacy Scale: 10 i ems, sco e ange 10–40), assessed a baseline and a e 12 weeks.
2.1. Da a Collec ion and Analysis
Da a we e en e ed in o Mic oso Excel and analyzed using SPSS e sion 26.0.
• Desc ip i e s a is ics: Mean, s anda d de ia ion, and pe cen ages we e used o demog aphic a iables.
• In e en ial s a is ics: Pai ed - es s we e used o compa e p e- and pos -in e en ion sco es wi hin g oups.
Independen - es s and ANOVA we e applied o compa e changes be ween g oups. A p- alue <0.05 was
conside ed s a is ically signi ican .
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497
3. Resul s
3.1. Baseline Cha ac e is ics
Table 1 Socio-demog aphic cha ac e is ics o s udy pa icipan s (N = 60)
Va iable
MIIT G oup (n = 30)
Con ol G oup (n = 30)
p- alue
Age (yea s, mean ± SD)
38.2 ± 6.7
37.6 ± 7.1
0.72
Gende
Male
12 (40.0%)
13 (43.3%)
Female
18 (60.0%)
17 (56.7%)
0.79
Educa ion
G adua e and abo e
18 (60.0%)
16 (53.3%)
Below g adua e
12 (40.0%)
14 (46.7%)
0.62
Ma i al S a us
Ma ied
22 (73.3%)
20 (66.7%)
Single
8 (26.7%)
10 (33.3%)
0.58
Occupa ion
Employed
19 (63.3%)
17 (56.7%)
Unemployed
11 (36.7%)
13 (43.3%)
0.67
BMI (kg/m², mean ± SD)
32.8 ± 2.6
32.4 ± 2.8
0.64
Family His o y o Obesi y
Yes
14 (46.7%)
15 (50.0%)
No
16 (53.3%)
15 (50.0%)
0.81
Table 2 Changes in WHOQOL-BREF sco es in MIIT and con ol g oups
QoL Domain
Baseline Mean
± SD
Pos -in e en ion
Mean ± SD
Mean
Change
p- alue (wi hin
g oup)
p- alue (be ween
g oups)
Physical
Heal h
MIIT: 42.1 ± 7.8
58.6 ± 6.9
+16.5
<0.001
<0.001
Con ol: 41.5 ±
8.0
43.8 ± 7.6
+2.3
0.09
Psychological
MIIT: 44.3 ± 8.2
56.7 ± 7.5
+12.4
<0.001
<0.001
Con ol: 45.1 ±
7.9
46.9 ± 7.2
+1.8
0.12
Social
Rela ions
MIIT: 48.7 ± 7.4
52.5 ± 6.9
+3.8
0.06
0.09
Con ol: 47.9 ±
7.1
48.6 ± 7.3
+0.7
0.44
En i onmen
MIIT: 50.2 ± 6.5
53.1 ± 6.1
+2.9
0.08
0.11
Con ol: 49.6 ±
6.8
50.5 ± 6.6
+0.9
0.36
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498
Table 3 Compa ison o Gene al Sel -E icacy Scale (GSES) sco es
G oup
Baseline Mean ± SD
Pos -in e en ion Mean ± SD
Mean Change
p- alue (wi hin g oup)
MIIT
22.4 ± 4.6
28.6 ± 4.1
+6.2
<0.001
Con ol
22.9 ± 4.2
23.7 ± 4.0
+0.8
0.19
4. Discussion
The p esen s udy e alua ed he impac o mode a e-in ensi y in e al aining (MIIT) on quali y o li e (QoL) and sel -
e icacy among obese adul s in Jaipu , Rajas han. Findings e ealed signi ican imp o emen s in he physical and
psychological domains o QoL as well as a no able inc ease in sel -e icacy sco es among he in e en ion g oup
compa ed o con ols. These esul s a e consis en wi h g owing e idence ha s uc u ed, in e al-based exe cise
in e en ions no only imp o e physiological ou comes bu also posi i ely in luence psychosocial well-being¹².
4.1. Quali y o Li e
Obesi y has been consis en ly linked o lowe heal h- ela ed quali y o li e, pa icula ly in he domains o physical and
psychological unc ioning³. In ou s udy, pa icipan s in he MIIT g oup epo ed ma ked imp o emen s in physical
heal h and psychological domains, whe eas he con ol g oup demons a ed minimal changes. Simila indings we e
epo ed by Kolo kin e al.⁴, who emphasized ha weigh educ ion and exe cise con ibu e subs an ially o enhanced
physical QoL. Mo eo e , Fon aine and Ba o sky⁵ no ed ha psychosocial dimensions such as dep ession, sel -image,
and a igue imp o e ollowing s uc u ed exe cise p og ams.
Ou indings align wi h p e ious in e al aining s udies. Gillen and Gibala⁶ obse ed ha e en sho - e m in e al
aining p og ams signi ican ly imp o e subjec i e well-being and ene gy le els. In an Indian con ex , Mis a e al.⁷
s essed he u gen need o cul u ally ailo ed physical ac i i y p og ams o add ess he ising bu den o obesi y and
ela ed QoL impai men s. The ac ha psychological QoL imp o ed signi ican ly in ou MIIT g oup highligh s he dual
bene i s o such p og ams: educing obesi y- ela ed physical limi a ions while enhancing men al well-being.
4.2. Sel -E icacy
Sel -e icacy, de ined as he belie in one’s capaci y o execu e beha io s necessa y o p oduce speci ic ou comes, plays
a pi o al ole in ini ia ing and main aining li es yle modi ica ions⁸. In his s udy, MIIT pa icipan s demons a ed
signi ican ly highe sel -e icacy sco es pos -in e en ion compa ed o con ols. These esul s suppo Bandu a’s
ounda ional heo y ha mas e y expe iences, such as comple ing manageable exe cise bou s, a e he mos e ec i e
means o enhancing sel -e icacy⁹.
In e na ional li e a u e suppo s ou indings. Jung e al.¹⁰ epo ed ha in e al aining imp o ed exe cise con idence
and educed pe cei ed ba ie s among o e weigh adul s. Simila ly, a s udy in Ko ean adul s by Kang e al.¹¹ ound ha
sel -e icacy s ongly p edic ed adhe ence o exe cise ou ines and imp o emen s in weigh - ela ed ou comes. In an
Indian s udy, Reddy e al.¹² highligh ed ha low sel -e icacy emains a majo ba ie o sus ained li es yle modi ica ion,
unde sco ing he impo ance o in e en ions like MIIT ha build g adual con idence. Ou analysis indica ed a
signi ican associa ion be ween highe educa ional le el and imp o ed sel -e icacy. Simila associa ions ha e been
documen ed by Sawan e al.¹³ and Oka o e al.¹⁴, who epo ed ha educa ed adul s a e mo e likely o adop and
sus ain li es yle in e en ions. No signi ican associa ions we e ound wi h age, gende , o BMI, hough ends sugges ed
ha younge pa icipan s and hose wi h lowe BMI ended o ha e be e sel -e icacy, echoing indings om Singh e
al.¹⁵.
Mode a e-in ensi y con inuous aining (MICT) has adi ionally been ecommended o obesi y managemen , bu
adhe ence is o en poo due o mono ony and ime cons ain s¹⁶. High-in ensi y in e al aining (HIIT) is e ec i e bu
equen ly pe cei ed as oo s enuous o obese popula ions¹⁷. MIIT p o ides a balanced al e na i e— ime-e icien ,
less in imida ing, and associa ed wi h sus ained psychological engagemen . Ou esul s suppo he g owing consensus
ha MIIT can be mo e easible and accep able in communi y-based obesi y in e en ions.
4.3. S eng hs and Limi a ions
The s eng hs o his s udy include i s andomized design, use o alida ed ools (WHOQOL-BREF and GSES), and ocus
on psychological ou comes ha a e o en o e looked in obesi y in e en ions. Howe e , limi a ions include a small
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 23(03), 495-499
499
sample size, sho du a ion, and he eliance on sel - epo ed measu es. Addi ionally, long- e m adhe ence and
physiological ou comes (e.g., weigh , body composi ion, VO₂max) we e no assessed. Fu u e la ge -scale s udies wi h
ex ended ollow-up a e ecommended o alida e hese indings in di e se Indian popula ions.
5. Conclusion
This s udy demons a es ha MIIT signi ican ly imp o es quali y o li e and sel -e icacy among obese adul s in Jaipu .
By enhancing bo h physical and psychological heal h as well as he con idence o main ain li es yle changes, MIIT
ep esen s a p omising, cul u ally adap able in e en ion o obesi y managemen in India. In eg a ing MIIT in o
communi y and clinical p og ams could help add ess he dual challenges o poo QoL and low sel -e icacy ha hinde
obesi y con ol.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
No con lic o in e es o be disclosed.
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