INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATION
ISSN (p in ): 2833-4515, ISSN (online): 2833-4531
Volume 04 Issue 11 No embe 2025
DOI: 10.58806/iji me.2025. 4i11n01 Impac ac o - 6.748
Page No. 1121-1127
1121 Page com.iji me.www 5be 202No em 1Issue 1 4 IJIRME, Volume
Pa ien s Awa eness o P obio ics and hei Impac on O al Heal h
Vik o ija Vene ičienė1, Jo i a Be žinė2, G e a Rimkienė3
1,2Lec u e o he Facul y o Heal h Science Klaipėdos als ybinė kolegija
3S uden o he Facul y o Heal h Science Klaipėdos als ybinė kolegija
ABSTRACT: Wi h he apid de eloNo empmen o den is y, an inc easing numbe o new me hods o ea ing and p e en ing
o al diseases a e eme ging, p obio ics a e no excep ion. Howe e , s udies in es iga ing public a i udes owa d he use o p obio ics
ha e e ealed a lack o awa eness in his a ea. The s udy o pa ien s' awa eness abou p obio ics and hei impac on o al heal h
e ealed ha he e is a lack o su icien in o ma ion on his opic in ou socie y. The da a ob ained du ing he s udy indica ed ha
olde esponden s mo e o en iewed p obio ic-con aining p oduc s nega i ely. Responden s who used o al p obio ics mos o en
did so o hali osis, gingi al in lamma ion, den al ca ies, o p ophylac ic pu poses.
KEYWORDS: O al p obio ics, awa eness, o al heal h, p obio ics.
I. INTRODUCTION
The human body cons an ly hos s a mul i ude o mic oo ganisms ha a e necessa y o human heal h and do no cause any ha m o
hei hos - in ac , qui e he opposi e - hey help he body unc ion p ope ly. Rapid ad ancemen s in bio echnology and medicine
allow us no only o cul i a e bu also o ho oughly s udy bac e ia ha possess po en ial heal h-p omo ing p ope ies 1. Acco ding
o he Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion (WHO) and he Food and Ag icul u e O ganiza ion o he Uni ed Na ions (FAO), p obio ics a e
li e mic oo ganisms which, when adminis e ed in adequa e amoun s, con e a heal h bene i on he hos 2.
The e m “p obio ic” was i s men ioned in 1965. The mos commonly known g oups a e Lac obacillus and Bi idobac e ium,
al hough he e a e many o he ypes o p obio ic bac e ia 3. While we al eady know ha p obio ics a e bene icial o he gu , he e
is a g owing and inc easingly ocal discussion abou he bene i s o p obio ics o o al heal h. Acco ding o Chugh e al., 2020, hese
mic oo ganisms a e becoming a powe ul p e en i e ool in o al ca e, exhibi ing an inhibi o y e ec on pa hogenic bac e ia 4.
Mos den al diseases—including oo h decay, pe iodon al disease, and hali osis—a e caused by an imbalance in he o al mic obio a.
The e o e, eplacing pa hogenic bac e ia wi h bene icial ones is one o he measu es o p e en hese condi ions. This can be
achie ed h ough a ious p obio ic-con aining p oduc s 5. Cu en esea ch shows ha main aining a balance be ween bene icial
and pa hogenic bac e ia is essen ial o p ese ing o al heal h, and he use o p obio ic p oduc s is an expanding ield in den is y
6.
O al p obio ics a e sa e, posi i ely a ec he o al mic obio a, and bene i he o al ecosys em in cases o pe iodon al disease, hali osis,
and e en in he ea men o o al cance 7. Ou socie y emains poo ly in o med abou he use o o al p obio ics in he con ex o
den al and gum diseases. People end o consume p obio ics o o he heal h easons, while hei bene i s o o al heal h ecei e li le
a en ion. The e o e, he e is a signi ican need o discuss his opic.
As den is y con inues o ad ance apidly, mo e and mo e new me hods o he ea men and p e en ion o o al diseases a e
eme ging. P obio ics a e no excep ion— hey can con ibu e o imp o ed o al heal h in pa ien s. When explo ing public a i udes
owa d he use o p obio ics, i was obse ed ha socie y lacks knowledge in his a ea, and e en den is s o o al ca e p o essionals
a e o en eluc an o discuss his opic widely wi h hei pa ien s 5.
Resea ch aim: examine pa ien s’ awa eness o p obio ics and hei impac on o al heal h.
Resea ch objec i es:
1. Compa e pa ien s' awa eness o p obio ics and hei impac on o al heal h based on demog aphic indica o s;
2. Assess pa ien s' awa eness o p obio ics and hei impac on o al heal h;
3. Iden i y he easons why pa ien s use o ha e used o al p obio ics.
II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
The pa icipan s o he s udy we e pa ien s o Clinic X who isi ed he clinic du ing he en i e esea ch pe iod and e bally ag eed
o pa icipa e in he s udy. The s udy ocused on e alua ing pa ien s’ awa eness o p obio ics and hei impac on o al heal h. Pape -
based ques ionnai es we e dis ibu ed o he esponden s. A o al o 110 ques ionnai es we e p in ed, ou o which 103 we e
Pa ien s Awa eness o P obio ics and hei Impac on O al Heal h
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conside ed alid and included in he analysis. The e o e, he s udy sample consis ed o n = 103 esponden s. The emaining
ques ionnai es we e deemed in alid due o being damaged, incomple ely illed ou , o no comple ed acco ding o he ins uc ions.
A non-p obabili y con enience sampling me hod was used, as he s udy pa icipan s we e pa ien s o he clinic. A mixed-me hod
app oach - quan i a i e and quali a i e - was chosen in o de o explo e he selec ed opic as ho oughly as possible. Du ing he
s udy, i was ound ha only 10 esponden s had used o al p obio ics. This numbe was oo small o analyse he da a using
quan i a i e me hods, so he esul s ela ed o his g oup we e desc ibed using a quali a i e esea ch app oach. W i en su eys we e
used o da a collec ion. As no ed by Ka delis (2017), w i en su eys a e he mos popula me hod in sociological esea ch 8. A
24-ques ion ques ionnai e was de eloped, ocusing on p obio ics and hei impac on o al heal h. Pe mission o conduc he s udy
in he den al clinic was ob ained in w i ing om he clinic’s manage .
Mic oso Excel was used o da a collec ion and analysis. The esponses om each pa icipan we e manually en e ed in o Mic oso
Excel.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The s udy in ol ed n = 103 esponden s: 62 women, ep esen ing 60.2%, and 41 men, accoun ing o 39.8%. The esponden s’ ages
we e e enly dis ibu ed and di ided in o i e age g oups: g oup 1 – indi iduals unde 29 yea s o age, g oup 2 – indi iduals aged
30 o 39, g oup 3 – indi iduals aged 40 o 49, g oup 4 – indi iduals aged 50 o 59, g oup 5 – indi iduals aged 60 and o e .
Responden s we e u he classi ied acco ding o place o esidence: hose li ing in u ban a eas and hose li ing in u al a eas. Based
on educa ional backg ound, he s udy included pa icipan s wi h seconda y educa ion, highe non-uni e si y educa ion, and highe
uni e si y educa ion. The dis ibu ion o esponden s acco ding o demog aphic cha ac e is ics is p esen ed in Table 1.
Table 1. Dis ibu ion o Responden s Acco ding o Demog aphic Cha ac e is ics (pe cen )
Demog aphic cha ac e is ics
n
%
Age g oups
Up o 29 yea s
15
14,5
30 – 39 yea s
23
22,3
40 – 49 yea s
25
24,3
50 – 59 yea s
21
20,4
60 yea s and olde
19
18,5
Gende
Woman
62
60,2
Man
41
39,8
Residence
U ban
62
60,2
Ru al
41
39,8
Educa ion
A e age
28
27,2
Highe non-uni e si y
43
41,8
Highe uni e si y
32
31
O al heal h is e y impo an o o e all heal h and well-being; howe e , o e he pas 20 yea s, he e has been li le imp o emen
in public o al heal h. Too h decay and gum diseases emain widesp ead globally, accoun ing o 50% o 90% o all o al ca i y
diseases. In an e o o comba hese condi ions, al e na i e me hods o ea men and p e en ion a e being explo ed—one such
me hod is he use o p obio ics 9. The wo d “p obio ics”, acco ding o he Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion (WHO) de ini ion, e e s o
li e mic oo ganisms which, when adminis e ed in adequa e amoun s, con e a heal h bene i on he hos 2. The g owing in e es
in p obio ics as an al e na i e and complemen a y measu e o he p e en ion o pe iodon i is and den al ca ies has a ac ed he
a en ion o he scien i ic communi y, wi h p omising esea ch esul s 10. As knowledge abou he o al mic obio a expands,
esea che s ha e inc easingly begun o in es iga e he bene i s o p obio ics o o al heal h. The mos commonly s udied p obio ic
s ains belong o he gene a Lac obacillus and Bi idobac e ium 11.
Saiz, Ta ei a, and Al es (2021) no e ha he e a e many ypes o o al p obio ics, each used o di e en issues. In den is y,
p obio ics can help add ess se e al condi ions such as he ea men o pe iodon i is, gum in lamma ion, p e en ion o pe i-
implan i is, ea men o hali osis, p e en ion o den al ca ies, and main enance o a heal hy o al mic obio a 7. Mahasneh S. and
Mahasneh A. (2017) discuss he in e ac ion o p obio ics wi h o al epi helium, and esea ch esul s show ha p obio ic bac e ia can
s eng hen he epi helial ba ie unc ion as well as modula e bo h inna e and adap i e immune esponses. Responden s in he s udy
we e asked whe he hey had hea d abou o al p obio ics 12. Since, as s a ed by D'Agos ino e al. (2024), in e es in p obio ics and
hei po en ial applica ions has been inc easing ecen ly, i was impo an o ind ou how many pa icipan s we e awa e o o al
p obio ics 10. The esul s a e p esen ed in Figu e 1.
Pa ien s Awa eness o P obio ics and hei Impac on O al Heal h
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Figu e 1. Dis ibu ion o Responden s Based on Whe he They Ha e Hea d Abou O al P obio ics (pe cen )
Based on he collec ed da a, we can see ha he esponden s’ answe s we e almos e enly dis ibu ed: 48.5% o esponden s ha e
hea d abou o al p obio ics, while sligh ly mo e han hal (51.5%) ha e no hea d o hem. Nex , he dis ibu ion o esponden s who
ha e o ha e no hea d abou o al p obio ics is analysed acco ding o demog aphic indica o s (Table 2).
Table 2. Responden s’ Awa eness o O al P obio ics Acco ding o Demog aphic Indica o s (pe cen )
The ob ained da a show ha mo e women (56.3%) ha e hea d abou o al p obio ics. By age g oup, he highes awa eness was among
indi iduals aged 50 o 59 yea s (25.9%). Rega ding place o esidence, mos esponden s who had hea d abou p obio ics li ed in
u al a eas (63%), while acco ding o educa ion le el, he majo i y we e esponden s wi h highe uni e si y educa ion (45.9%).
F om he da a p esen ed in he able, we can see ha he lowes awa eness o o al p obio ics was among esponden s aged 60 yea s
and olde (36.9%).
Yu dabakan and E en (2023) conduc ed a s udy in Tu key aiming o de e mine pa ien s' awa eness o p obio ics. The s udy esul s
showed ha pa ien s had g ea e knowledge abou o al p obio ics; 509 esponden s pa icipa ed, o whom 67.5% knew wha o al
p obio ics a e. The dis ibu ion by age g oups showed ha esponden s aged 51–60 yea s we e mo e knowledgeable abou o al
p obio ics and had hea d mo e abou hem (24.7%). In e ms o gende , women had hea d abou o al p obio ics mo e o en (67.5%).
Addi ionally, indi iduals wi h highe uni e si y educa ion had g ea e awa eness o o al p obio ics (48.1%). Compa ing hese
s udies, bo h he cu en s udy and he one by Yu dabakan and E en indica e ha awa eness o o al p obio ics is highes among
people aged 50 o 59 yea s 13.
In he cou se o his s udy, u he ques ions we e asked only o hose esponden s who had hea d abou o al p obio ics, o alling 50
esponden s (48.5%); 53 esponden s we e excluded om his pa o he da a analysis. These ques ions aimed o ind ou whe he
esponden s ecei ed in o ma ion abou o al p obio ics om hei den is s and den al hygienis s. The esul s a e p esen ed in Figu e
2.
48.5% 51.5%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
100.0%
Yes No
Demog aphic cha ac e is ics
Ha e you hea d abou o al p obio ics (pe cen )
Taip
Ne
Gende
Woman
56,3
32,5
Man
43,8
67,5
Age g oup
Up o 29 yea s
5,8
4
30 – 39 yea s
23
8
40 – 49 yea s
23,7
23,9
50 – 59 yea s
25,9
27,3
60 yea s and olde
21,6
36,9
Residence
U ban
37
49,3
Ru al
63
50,7
Educa ion
A e age
14
21,8
Highe non-uni e si y
40,1
42,3
Highe uni e si y
45,9
35,9
Pa ien s Awa eness o P obio ics and hei Impac on O al Heal h
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Figu e 2. P o ision o In o ma ion Abou O al P obio ics o Responden s by Den al Hygienis s/Den is s (pe cen )
The s udy esul s show ha he majo i y o esponden s (86.4%) answe ed ha hei den al hygienis o den is had ne e
ecommended o al p obio ics o hem. Only 13.6% o esponden s epo ed ha ing hea d ecommenda ions abou using o al
p obio ics om hei heal hca e p o essionals. A la ge po ion o esponden s (78.6%) said hey would no mind ecei ing mo e
in o ma ion abou o al p obio ics om hei ea ing den is s and den al hygienis s. Fu he mo e, 72.4% o esponden s would us
he specialis s’ ecommenda ions and use o al p obio ics i ecommended. F om he p esen ed esul s, we see ha he majo i y o
esponden s (70.1%) indica ed hey do no know abou o al ca e p oduc s con aining p obio ics.
Based on his da a, we can hypo hesize ha den al hygienis s o den is s in ou coun y may no ecommend o al p obio ics o
pa ien s because hey hemsel es may lack su icien knowledge and compe ence on he subjec . A s udy conduc ed by San hanam,
A a indam, Suganya, e al. (2022) in India showed ha he knowledge o p obio ics among Indian den is s is ela i ely high, wi h
77.4% o den is s ecommending o al p obio ics o hei pa ien s 14.
The s udy aimed o assess pa ien s’ knowledge abou o al p obio ics and hei impac on o al heal h. Pa icipan s we e asked hei
opinion on which p oblems o al p obio ics could add ess. This pa o he analysis includes esponses om he 50 pa icipan s who
epo ed knowing abou o al p obio ics. Responden s we e allowed o selec mul iple answe s. The esul s a e p esen ed in Figu e
3.
Figu e 3. Responden s’ Opinions on he P oblems Add essed by O al P obio ics (pe cen )
29.9%
72.4%
78.6%
13.6%
70.1%
27.6%
21.4%
86.4%
0.0%10.0%20.0%30.0%40.0%50.0%60.0%70.0%80.0%90.0%100.0%
Is awa e o den al ca e p oduc s con aining
p obio ics
Would use o al p obio ics i ecommended by my
den al hygienis o den is .
Would like hei den al hygienis o den is o
p o ide mo e in o ma ion abou p obio ics.
Has you den al hygienis o den is e e
ecommended p obio ics?
No Yes
31.6%
5.3%
8.7%
36.9%
16.3%
25.0%
51.5%
0.0% 20.0% 40.0% 60.0% 80.0% 100.0%
Gum in lamma ion
Fluo osis
Pe i-implan in lamma ion
Pe iodon i is
Plaque accumula ion
Den al ca ies
Bad b ea h
Pa ien s Awa eness o P obio ics and hei Impac on O al Heal h
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The esul s show ha he esponden s mos commonly associa e o al p obio ics wi h bad b ea h, as his answe was chosen by 51.5%
o esponden s. Bake e al. (2024), Chugh e al. (2020), and Sedghi e al. (2021) indica e ha o al p obio ics can help wi h bad
b ea h, p e en ion o den al ca ies, ea men o pe iodon al diseases, and managemen o den al plaque. The e o e, all answe
op ions we e co ec excep o luo osis, since p obio ic use does no a ec he de elopmen o luo osis. I is e iden ha
esponden s a e no su icien ly in o med abou he bene i s o o al p obio ics, as o he co ec answe op ions make up only a small
po ion o he esul s. Fo example, op ions such as “in lamma ion a ound den al implan s,” “plaque accumula ion,” and “den al
ca ies” we e selec ed by he lowes pe cen age o esponden s, e en hough o al p obio ics e ec i ely add ess hese issues as well
4; 15; 16.
Nex , he s udy analysed esponden s’ opinions on he p ope use o o al p obio ics. Table 3 p esen s he s udy esul s analysing
esponden s’ awa eness o o al p obio ic use acco ding o demog aphic indica o s.
Table 3. Responden s’ Awa eness o O al P obio ic Usage Acco ding o Demog aphic Cha ac e is ics (pe cen )
Analysing he da a p esen ed in Table 3, we see ha esponden s selec ed di e en answe s o he ques ion abou he du a ion o
p obio ic use acco ding o demog aphic indica o s. Women (69.2%) mos o en chose he answe op ion “3 mon hs,” while men
(61.5%) chose “2 weeks.” Since he li e a u e men ions ha o al p obio ics should be used o a leas 3 mon hs o ha e a posi i e
e ec on he o al ca i y, he answe “3 mon hs” was mos commonly selec ed by esponden s aged 60 and olde (44.1%) and hose
wi h highe uni e si y educa ion (55.6%). Rega ding he age om which p obio ics can be used, no esponden s chose he op ions
“ om bi h” o “ om 1 yea .” Acco ding o place o esidence, ci y dwelle s (66.7%) mos o en chose “ om 3 yea s,” while
esponden s li ing in u al a eas (74.1%) chose “ om 6 yea s.” O al p obio ics a e a ela i ely new concep , so o in eg a e hem
in o pa ien s’ o al ca e, bo h pa ien s and o al heal h p o essionals i s need o ha e knowledge abou hei use. The mo e he e ec s
o p obio ics on o al heal h a e discussed, he mo e people will disco e hem 17. Du ing he s udy, esponden s we e asked o
assess hei knowledge abou o al p obio ics on a scale om 0 o 10 (0 meaning no knowledge and 10 meaning excellen knowledge).
Responden s’ knowledge is illus a ed in Figu e 4. As many as 64 pe cen o esponden s a e hei knowledge a 5 o lowe , while
only 4 pe cen o esponden s conside hei knowledge good o excellen .
Figu e 4. Responden s' knowledge o o al p obio ics, in hei own opinion (%)
38% 34%
24%
4%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
om 0 o 2 om 3 o 5 om 6 o 8 om 9 o 10
Valua ion g oup
Demog aphic cha ac e is ics
How long should o al p obio ics be
aken.
F om wha age can o al
p obio ics be aken.
2
weeks
1
mon hs
2
mon hs
3
mon hs
F om 3
yea s
F om 6
yea s
F om 18
yea s
Gende
Woman
38,5
58,3
57,1
69,2
53,8
61,9
53,3
Man
61,5
41,7
42,9
30,8
46,2
38,1
46,7
Age g oup
Up o 29 yea s
4
3,5
13
5,9
8,3
12,5
1,3
30 – 39 yea s
24
17,5
43,5
17,6
33,3
25
18,7
40 – 49 yea s
24
31,6
26,1
8,8
25
30
20
50 – 59 yea s
48
21,1
17,4
23,5
33,3
20
26,7
60 yea s and olde
-
26,3
-
44,1
-
12,5
33,3
Residence
U ban
50
31
37,5
37,5
66,7
25,9
35,3
Ru al
50
69
62,5
62,5
33,3
74,1
64,7
Educa ion
A e age
22,2
10,2
17,1
11,1
13,3
7,1
19,7
Highe non-uni e si y
33,3
55,9
25,7
33,3
60
42,9
29,6
Highe uni e si y
44,4
33,9
57,1
55,6
26,7
50
50
Pa ien s Awa eness o P obio ics and hei Impac on O al Heal h
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The s udy also asked esponden s o hei opinions abou he e ec i eness and impac o p obio ic o al ca e p oduc s on o al and
den al heal h. The majo i y o pa ien s we e unsu e whe he p obio ic o al ca e p oduc s a e e ec i e. The highes posi i e opinion
abou p obio ic o al ca e p oduc s was ound in he 30–39 yea s age g oup (34.6%) compa ed o o he g oups. Nega i e opinions
we e mos common among esponden s aged 50–59 yea s (61.5%). Responden s we e also asked o indica e easons why hey
belie e p obio ic o al ca e p oduc s a e ine ec i e. These easons a e shown in Table 4.
Table 4. Responden s s a ed easons o belie ing ha p obio ic o al ca e p oduc s a e ine ec i e (pe cen )
Reasons
Resul s (%)
Lack o in o ma ion
63,6
Do no us hese p oduc s
12,1
O he
24,2
The majo i y o esponden s (63.6%) indica ed ha a lack o in o ma ion abou o al ca e p oduc s wi h p obio ics leads hem o
belie e hese p oduc s a e ine ec i e. Addi ionally, 12.1% o esponden s exp essed a comple e lack o us in hese p oduc s, while
24.2% ci ed o he easons. Among hese, only a ew pa ien s w o e hei own answe s, men ioning ha hese p oduc s a e me ely
comme cial, doub ing hei e ec i eness, and no wan ing o use ye ano he p oduc . Based on he esponden s’ da a, we can
conclude ha mos people a oid using such p oduc s p ima ily due o insu icien in o ma ion.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
The s udy o pa ien s' awa eness abou p obio ics and hei impac on o al heal h e ealed ha he e is a lack o su icien in o ma ion
on his opic in ou socie y. Analysis o pa ien s' knowledge showed ha women a e mo e in o med abou p obio ics han men.
When e alua ed by age g oups, olde pa ien s ( om 40 o 69 yea s and olde ) had hea d less abou o al p obio ics compa ed o
younge esponden s (unde 40 yea s). I was also ound ha esponden s wi h highe educa ion be e unde s and om wha age
and o how long o al p obio ics should be used. The da a ob ained du ing he s udy indica ed ha olde esponden s mo e o en
iewed p obio ic-con aining p oduc s nega i ely.
Responden s who used o al p obio ics mos o en did so o hali osis, gingi al in lamma ion, den al ca ies, o p ophylac ic pu poses.
Howe e , he analysis o he esul s showed ha hose who used o al p obio ics did no expe ience a signi ican impac on o al
heal h o el only a sligh e ec .
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