Antimicrobial Activity of Coconut Water, Coconut Oil and Palm Kernel Oil on selected Clinical Enterobacteriaceae Isolates

 Co esponding au ho : C. Jesumi hewe +2348034648066Email:
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An imic obial Ac i i y o Coconu Wa e , Coconu Oil and Palm Ke nel Oil on selec ed
Clinical En e obac e iaceae Isola es
C. Jesumi hewe 1, *, T. O Bamgbose 1 and T. Owolabi 2
1 Depa men o Pha maceu ical mic obiology, P o Do a Akunyili College o Pha macy, Igbinedion Uni e si y Okada, Edo
s a e, Nige ia.
2 Depa men o Pha macognosy, P o Do a Akunyili College o Pha macy, Igbinedion Uni e si y Okada, Edo s a e, Nige ia.
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 24(01), 080-092
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 25 Augus 2025; e ised on 01 Oc obe 2025; accep ed on 03 Oc obe 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wjbphs.2025.24.1.0852
Abs ac
An imic obial esis ance and he dec easing e iciency o an imic obial d ugs ha e esul ed in he sea ch o
an imic obial agen s as an impo an s a egy o he es ablishmen o al e na i e he apies in handling di icul
in ec ions. This s udy was ca ied ou o compa e and in es iga e he in i o an imic obial ac i i ies o coconu wa e ,
coconu and palm ke nel oil on selec ed clinical En e obac e iacae isola es om Edo s a e, Nige ia. The an imic obial
ac i i ies o he samples we e sc eened using aga well di usion assay me hods. The physicochemical p ope ies o
coconu and palm ke nel oil was de e mined using p e iously desc ibed me hods o cha ac e ize he oil samples. Using
p e iously desc ibed me hods, he p oxima e analysis and quali a i e p esence o phy ochemical cons i uen s we e
analyzed in he coconu wa e sample. The assay o an ibac e ial ac i i y o he En e obac e iaceae isola es showed he
highes suscep ibili y o Coconu wa e . En e obac e cloacae showed he highes zone o inhibi ion o 20mm when
compa ed wi h he posi i e con ol. Coconu and palm ke nel oil also showed inhibi o y e ec s on he isola es. The
phy ochemical and p oxima e es s o he coconu wa e sample e ealed he p esence o educing suga and e penoids
and also a good p oxima e composi ion (ash, mois u e, c ude lipid, c ude ibe and p o ein). The oil cha ac e iza ion
esul s o coconu and palm ke nel oils a e acid alue (4.348 mgKOH/g, 3.363 mgKOH/g), saponi ica ion alue
(413.036 mgKOH/g, 267.177 mgKOH/g), pe oxide alue (0.55 mEq/kg, 8.8 mEq/kg) and iodine alue (14.657 g/100g,
14.276 g/100g). Ou s udy showed good p omising e idence o he an imic obial e ec s o he samples and hei
use ulness in ood and manu ac u ing indus ies
Keywo ds: An imic obial Ac i i y; Coconu ; Palm Ke nel; Phy ochemicals; P oxima e Analysis
1. In oduc ion
The eme gence o d ug- esis an pa hogens mos especially o he chemically syn hesized an ibio ics has been o global
conce ns due o i s hind ance o e ec i e and success ul ea men o mic obial in ec ions and diseases [1]. An ibio ic
esis ance ha e impac ed nega i ely economically on he pa ien by way o p olonged hospi al s ay as well he sea ch
and pu chase o mo e expensi e al e na i es and he possibili y o dea h a e a p olonged ea men . The ising end
o mul id ug esis ance as a esul o he o e use and misuse o an ibac e ial agen s is o signi icance hus necessi a ing
he need o al e na i e sou ces and educ ion in he o e dependence on con en ional an ibio ics [2].
Medicinal plan s also called medicinal he bs ha e always been pi o al o he sus enance o adi ional medicine and
con en ional medicine, as hese plan s con ain componen s ha se e as a sou ce o d ug lead compounds [3]. The
ad en o e hno medicine wi h he equen use o medicinal plan s by 88% membe coun ies o he Wo ld Heal h
O ganiza ion p o ides he indices o e e ence as a eadily a ailable al e na i e wi h p omising ou comes when
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 24(01), 080-092
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compa ed wi h he con en ional an ibac e ial agen s [4]. Medicinal plan s can hus be bes desc ibed as plan s ha a e
used o manage o ea speci ic heal h condi ions [5] as hey possess he apeu ic na u al compounds ha exe
pha macological p ope ies on he human and animal body [6]. Na u al p oduc s o e an un old di e si y o chemical
s uc u es. These na u al compounds o en se e as lead molecules whose ac i i ies can be enhanced by manipula ion
h ough combina ions wi h chemicals and by syn he ic chemis y [7]. Plan s a e ich in a wide a ie y o seconda y
me aboli es, such as annins, e penoids, alkaloids, and la onoids. These me aboli es ha e been ound in i o o ha e
an imic obial p ope ies. In e es in medicinal plan s has inc eased in ecen yea s. This in e es has led o he disco e y
o new biologically ac i e molecules by he pha maceu ical indus y and he adop ion o c ude ex ac s o plan s o sel -
medica ion by he public [7]. Many plan s ha e been e alua ed no only o hei inhe en an imic obial ac i i y, bu also
o hei ac ion as a esis ance-modi ying agen [7]. The enhancemen o an ibio ic ac i i y o he e e sal o an ibio ic
esis ance by na u al o syn he ic non-con en ional an ibio ics has led o he classi ica ion o hese compounds as
modi ie s o an ibio ic ac i i y [7]. Coconu wa e , coconu oil and palm ke nel oil ha e been ound o be
pha macologically use ul [8] as well as i s use in he ea men o di e en mic oo ganisms due o hei a ious
phy ochemical p ope ies [9]. They also show o he biological ac i i ies such as an i-in lamma o y, an i-diabe ic,
an ibac e ial, an ioxidan , diu e ic e ec s amongs many o he s hus indica ing hei pha macological signi icance [10,
11]. The p e alence o an ibio ic esis ance con inues o be on he ise hus causing a majo se back in he e ec i e
con ol and ea men o bac e ial in ec ions and diseases. The disco e y o new bac e ial o ganism and he
de elopmen o mechanism o esis ance o he con en ional an ibio ics ha e b ough abou he need o an al e na i e
sou ce o ea men . E hno medicine and he use o medicinal plan s h ough esea ch done o e he yea s ha e p o en
o be a sui able al e na i e o an ibac e ial he apy. This s udy was ca ied ou o compa e and in es iga e he in i o
an imic obial ac i i ies o coconu wa e , coconu and palm ke nel oil on selec ed clinical En e obac e iacae isola es
om Edo s a e, Nige ia.
2. Ma e ials and Me hods
2.1. Plan s collec ion
Coconu ui , coconu oil and palm ke nel oil we e pu chased a he Okada cen al ma ke , O ia no h eas local
go e nmen a ea o Edo s a e. Nige ia. The pu chased i ems we e anspo ed o he pha maceu ical-mic obiology
labo a o y, Igbinedion Uni e si y, Okada.
2.2. Ex ac ion P ocess
Coconu ui s we e i s washed wi h dis illed wa e and su ace s e ilized using alcohol be o e opening a one o he
eyes on he apical egion using a s e ile kni e. The coconu wa e was asep ically collec ed in o a s e ile glass con aine
2.3. Mic o-o ganisms used
G am posi i e and G am-nega i e bac e ia Bacillus pumilus, En e ococcus aecalis, Pseudomonas ae uginosa, Esche ichia
coli, Salmonella spp. Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella a iicola, P o idencia s ua ii, En e obac e cloacae om di e en
clinical sou ces (U ine, wound, spu um, ca he e ip) we e collec ed om he Uni e si y o Benin Teaching Hospi al,
Benin Ci y (UBTH) Edo s a e and used o he an imic obial s udies. Isola es we e sub-cul u ed on nu ien aga pla es
o ob ain pu e colonies. P e iously desc ibed s anda d mic obiological echniques [12] and Ma ix-assis ed lase
deso p ion ioniza ion ime o ligh (MALDI-TOF) mass spec ome y (B uke Dal onik GmbH, B emen, Ge many)
analysis was used o species iden i ica ion. All he isola es we e main ained on nu ien aga slan s a 4℃.
2.4. Oil Cha ac e iza ion
2.4.1. Acid Value De e mina ion
Two g ams o he sample was dissol ed in 50 cm3 o mixed neu al sol en (25 cm3 die hyl e he wi h 25 cm3 e hanol
ca e ully neu alized wi h 0.1M NaOH using 1% phenolph halein solu ion). The mix u e was i a ed wi h 0.1M NaOH
aqueous solu ion wi h cons an shaking o ain pink colou [13].
Acid alue = 𝑉𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻× 𝑀 × 56.1
𝑊
whe e VNaOH = Volume o sodium hyd oxide i an used (mL)
M = Mola i y o NaOH
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W = Weigh o he a y oil being examined (g)
2.5. De e mina ion o Es e Value
The es e alue is calcula ed by sub ac ing he acid alue o oil om he saponi ica ion alue o he co esponding oils.
2.5.1. De e mina ion o he Saponi ica ion Value
0.5 M KOH was p epa ed in 95 % e hanol, 2g o oil sample was weighed and 25 cm3 o KOH was added, 25 cm3 o he
blank solu ion was also measu ed in o a conical lask. The wo samples we e hen connec ed o a e lux appa a us and
allowed o boil o an hou un il he e lux is comple ed, 1 cm3 o phenolph halein was added o he mix u e and he
esul ing mix u e was i a ed while ho agains 0.5 M HCL acid solu ion. The olume o he acid used o a ain he end
poin was eco ded, he blank de e mina ion was ca ied ou using he same p ocedu e desc ibed abo e un il he colou
changes om blue o anspa en whi e, hen he olume o acid used was no ed, he Saponi ica ion alue was
de e mined using he ela ionship below [13].
Saponi ica ion alue = 56.1 ×𝑇 (𝑉0−𝑉1)
𝑀
Whe e, T= Mola i y o he s anda d KOH solu ion used (M), Vo = Volume o acid used o he i s i a ion wi h oil sample
(cm3), V1= Volume o acid used o he second i a ion o he blank solu ion (cm3), M= Mass o he oil sample used (g).
2.6. Pe oxide Value De e mina ion
Known weigh (2g) o sample was weighed in o clean d ied boiling ube, 1 g am o po assium iodine (KI) powde was
added o he oil and 20 cm3 o he sol en mix u e (i.e, glacia ace ic acid and chlo o o m in he a io 2:1). The boiling
ube was placed in boiling wa e ba h so ha he liquid mix u e boils wi hin 30 seconds and allowed o boil igo ously
o no mo e han 30 seconds, he con en a e boiling was quickly pou ed in o a lask con aining 20 cm3 o 5 %
po assium iodine (KI) solu ion and he ube was washed ou wice wi h 25 cm3 o wa e . The mix u e was i a ed wi h
0.002 M sodium hiosulpha e using esh 1 % s a ch solu ion, a blank i a ion was ca ied ou a he sample ime, and
he pe oxide alue was calcula ed using he ela ionship below [13].
Pe oxide alue= 𝑇 × 𝑀 ×1000
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒(𝑔)
whe e T = i e alue o Na2S2O3 = Sample i e – Blank i e, M = Mola i y o Na2S2O3
2.6.1. Iodine alue
Fo Iodine alue (Wij’s me hod) o each sample 2g o oil was dissol ed in 15 mL ca bon e achlo ide in 250 mL glass
s oppe ed lask. 25 mL o Wij’s solu ion was added, he lask s oppe ed and allowed o s and o 2 hou s in he da k a
25°C, 20 mL o 10% po assium iodide (kI) solu ion was added and mix u e i a ed wi h 0.2N sodium hiosulpha e
(Na2S2O3) using s a ch indica o . A blank de e mina ion was ca ied ou and he Iodine alue calcula ed using he
o mula:
Iodine alue = 12.69𝑁(𝑉2 −𝑉1)
𝑊
Whe e N = No mali y o hiosulpha e
V1 = Volume (in mL) o hiosulpha e solu ion 1 used in es .
V2 = Volume (in mL) o hiosulpha e solu ion 2 used in blank
W = Weigh o sample (2g).
2.7. P oxima e Analyses o Coconu wa e
2.7.1. De e mina ion o mois u e con en
The me hod desc ibed by A.O.A.C [14] was adop ed, a clean c ucible was d ied o a cons an weigh in ai o en a 105°C,
cooled in a desicca o and weighed (W1). Fi e g ams o sample was accu a ely weighed in o he p e iously labeled
c ucible and eweighed (W2). The c ucible con aining he sample was d ied in an o en a 105°C o cons an weigh
(W3). The pe cen age mois u e con en was calcula ed hus:
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% Mois u e con en = 𝑊2 − 𝑊3
𝑊2−𝑊1 ×100
2.7.2. De e mina ion o ash con en
The A.O.A.C [14] me hod was used. The po celain c ucible was d ied in an o en a 105°C o 10 min, cooled in a
desicca o and weighed (W1). Fi e g ams o he sample was placed in o a p e iously weighed po celain c ucible and
eweighed (W2), i was i s igni ed and hen ans e ed in o a u nace which was se a 550°C. The sample was le in
he u nace o eigh hou s o ensu e p ope ashing. The c ucible con aining he ash was hen emo ed; cooled in a
desicca o and weighed (W3). The pe cen age ash con en was calcula ed as ollows:
% Ash Con en = 𝑊3 − 𝑊1
𝑊2 − 𝑊1 ×100
2.7.3. De e mina ion o c ude lipid con en by soxhle me hod
A clean, d ied 500 cm3 la bo om lask was weighed (W1) wi h 300 cm3 pe oleum e he pou ed in o he lask illed
wi h soxhle ex ac ion uni . The ex ac o himble wi h sample weighing i e g ams was ixed in o he Soxhle uni . The
ound bo om lask and a condense we e connec ed o he Soxhle ex ac o and cold wa e ci cula ion was connec ed.
The hea ing man le was swi ched on and he hea ing a e adjus ed un il he sol en was e luxing a a s eady a e.
Ex ac ion was ca ied ou o 4 h. The sol en was eco e ed and he oil d ied in an o en se a 70°C o 1 h. The ound
bo om lask and oil was hen weighed (W2). The lipid con en was calcula ed hus:
% C ude Lipid con en = 𝑊2−𝑊1
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 ×100
2.7.4. De e mina ion o c ude ib e
The de a ed sample (5 g) was weighed in o a ound bo om lask, 200 cm3 1.25% sulphu ic acid solu ion was added
and he mix u e boiled unde e lux o 30 min. The ho solu ion was quickly il e ed unde suc ion. The insoluble ma e
was washed se e al imes wi h ho wa e un il i was acid ee. I was quan i a i ely ans e ed in o he lask and 200
cm3 o ho 1.25% Sodium hyd oxide solu ion was added, he mix u e boiled unde e lux o 30 min and il e ed unde
suc ion. The esidue was washed wi h boiling wa e un il i was base ee, d ied o cons an weigh in an o en a 100°C,
cooled in a desicca o and weighed (C1). The weighed sample (C1) was hen incine a ed in a mu le u nace a 550°C o
2 h, cooled in a desicca o and eweighed (C2).
The loss in weigh on incine a ion = C1- C2
% C ude ib e = 𝐶1−𝐶2
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 ×100
2.7.5. De e mina ion o pe cen age p o ein
5 g o he sample we e ans e ed o a Kjeldahl diges ion lask and 10 g o anhyd ous sodium sulpha e, 0.3g o coppe
sulpha e we e added. 20 mL o conc. H2SO4 was added in an inclined posi ion and shaken occasionally on a hea ing
man le o 2 h. The liquid o med was cooled and washed in o a 100 mL olumen a y lask and made o ma k wi h
dis illed wa e . 50 mL o 1% bo ic acid solu ion and mixed indica o we e added o he ecei ing lask. The dis illa ion
appa a us was collec ed wi h he deli e y ube deeping below he acid solu ion. The dilu ed diges was made alkaline
by he addi ion o 50 mL 45% NaOH solu ion. Abou 50 mL o he dis illa e we e collec ed and back i a ed wi h 0.5 N
NaOH. A blank was also i a ed unde he same condi ion [14].
% by mass p o ein = 8.75 × (𝐵 − 𝐴) × 𝑁
𝑀
Whe e;
B = Ti e alue in blank, A = Ti e alue in sample, N = No mali y o sodium hyd oxide (2N), and M = Mass o sample.
2.7.6. De e mina ion o ca bohyd a e by (di e ence)
The o al ca bohyd a e was de e mined by di e ence. The sum o he pe cen age mois u e, ash, c ude lipid, c ude
p o ein and c ude ib e was sub ac ed om 100.
% To al ca bohyd a e = 100 - (% mois u e + % Ash + % a + % P o ein + % Fib e).
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2.7.7. Quali a i e Phy ochemical Sc eening o Coconu wa e
Sc eening o he p esence o seconda y me aboli es we e pe o med as desc ibed by s anda d me hods [15, 16] wi h
sligh modi ica ions
2.7.8. Tes o Saponin
The il a e (0.5ml) was placed in a es ube and 5mL o dis illed wa e was added and shaken igo ously. Pe sis en
on ing indica es a posi i e es o saponin.
2.7.9. Tes o Fla onoid
The il a e (2ml) was added o 2mL dilu e ammonia ollowed by he addi ion o 1mL o Conc. H2SO4 acid. A yellow
colo a ion e ealed he p esence o la onoid, which disappea ed upon s anding o he ube.
2.8. Tes o Glycosides and Reducing Suga
2.8.1. Tes o Ca diac Glycoside
To he il a e (2ml) was added 2mL o glacial ace ic acid, 1mL o 0.1% FeCl3 and 1mL o Conc. H2SO4 acid. A g een-blue
colo a ion indica ed he p esence o ca diac glycoside.
2.8.2. Tes o Reducing Suga
Fehling solu ion A and B (2ml each espec i ely) was added o 2ml o he sample and hea ed o 30 minu es. A ed
colo a ion indica ed he p esence o educing suga .
2.8.3. Tes o Alkaloids
A olume o 3mL o 1% HCL was added o 3ml o he sample il a e and he mix u e was s eamed o 30 minu es be o e
cooling and cen i uging a 2000-3000 pm o 10 minu es:
2.8.4. Wagne ’s Tes o Alkaloids
One ml (1ml) o wagne ’s eagen was added o 1ml o supe na an o sample ob ained a e cen i uga ion. A eddish-
b own p ecipi a e indica ed a posi i e esul o alkaloids.
2.8.5. D agendo ’s Tes o Alkaloids
One ml (1ml) o d agendo ’s es was added o 1ml o supe na an o sample ob ained a e cen i uga ion. An o ange
colo p ecipi a e indica ed a posi i e esul o alkaloids.
2.8.6. Maye ’s Tes
One ml (1ml) o Maye ’s eagen was added o 1ml o supe na an o sample ob ained a e cen i uga ion. A c eam colo
p ecipi a e indica ed a posi i e esul o alkaloids.
2.8.7. Tes o Phlobo annins
Two ml (2ml) o 1% HCL acid added o 2ml o he sample il a e and hea ed in a wa e ba h o 30 minu es. A ed
colo ed deposi a he base o he es ube indica ed he p esence o phloba annins.
2.8.8. Tes o S a ch/Polysaccha ide
Iodine solu ion (6 d ops) was added o 2ml o he sample il a e. A Blue-black colo a ion indica ed he p esence o
s a ch.
2.8.9. Tes o S e oid
To 0.5mL o sample was added 0.5mL o ace ic acid anhyd ide be o e cooling in ice, he ea e 0.5mL chlo o o m and
1mL Conc. H2SO4 acid was added ca e ully using a pipe e. A eddish b own ing a he in e phase o he wo liquid
e ealed he p esence o s e oid.

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2.8.10. Tes o Tannins
Two ml (2mL) o 0.1% FeCl3 solu ion was added o 2ml o he sample il a e. A blue- black colo a ion indica ed he
p esence o hyd olysable annin and b ownish- g een colo indica ed he p esence o condensed annin.
2.8.11. Tes o Te penoids
Six d ops (6 d ops) o B ady’s eagen was added o 2ml o he sample il a e. A yellowish- o ange colo a ion indica ed
he p esence o e penoids.
2.9. P epa a ion o Ex ac s
2.9.1. Fo suscep ibili y es ing
5ml o a ious oil ex ac s was measu ed and placed in espec i e uni e sal bo les. 5ml o dime hylsulphoxide (DMSO)
was added o he uni e sal bo les o dissol e he ex ac s gi ing a concen a ion o 100% s ock concen a ion. A wo-
old se ial dilu ion o he s ock concen a ion was ca ied ou o ob ain he ollowing concen a ions: 50% and 25%.
2.9.2. P epa a ion o nega i e con ol
Nega i e con ol was p epa ed by adding 2ml o dime hylsulphoxide (DMSO) o 2ml o s e ile dis illed wa e in a
uni e sal bo le o he oil samples while s e ile dis illed wa e was used as he nega i e con ol o Coconu wa e
sample
2.9.3. P epa a ion o posi i e con ol
1ml o gen amicin (80mg/2ml) was pu in o 99ml o s e ile dis illed wa e o make 400μg/ml concen a ion. Then 1ml
o 400μg/ml was collec ed and pu in o 39ml o s e ile dis illed wa e o make a inal concen a ion o 10μg/ml.
2.9.4. An imic obial Assay.
The an imic obial ac i i ies o he oil samples and esul ing c ude ex ac s we e sc eened using aga well di usion assay
me hods wi h sligh modi ica ions [17]. A olume o 0.1ml o 10-2 dilu ion o each isola e was used o inocula e he p e-
p epa ed Mulle Hin on Aga pla es and su ace pla ed using a s e ile swab s icks. The s e ile co k bo e {8 mm
diame e } was used o bo e equidis an holes on he pla es. Using a Pas eu pipe e, 0.1ml o di e en concen a ion o
he ex ac s (100%. 50% and 25%) was used o he assay. A olume o 0.1ml o he posi i e con ol and nega i e con ol
we e also used. The expe imen was ca ied ou in duplica es and examined o zones o inhibi ion a e incuba ion o
24 hou s
3. Resul s
3.1. Plan Au hen ica ion.
The ui was au hen ica ed as he Cocos nuci e a linn ui . This was done a he Do a Akiyuli College o Pha macy
he ba ium a he Igbinedion Uni e si y Okada, Edo s a e
3.2. Phy ochemical sc eening
Table 1.0 summa izes he quali a i e phy ochemical analyses o Coconu wa e sample. The esul o he sc eening
showed ha he ex ac unde in es iga ion con ained educing suga and e penoids.
Table 1 Phy ochemical analysis o Coconu wa e
Phy ochemical cons i uen s
Coconu wa e
Alkaloids
-
Phloba annin
-
Reducing suga
++
Ca diac glycoside
-
Fla onoid
-
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S a ch
-
Tannin
-
Te penoids
++
Saponin
-
S e oid
-
Keys: ++ = mode a ely p esen ; - = absen
3.3. P oxima e analysis esul
The ollowing alues included in able 2.0 a e a summa y o he p oxima e analysis alue o he Coconu wa e . The
analysis showed he p esence o ash, mois u e, c ude lipid, c ude ibe and p o ein.
Table 2 P oxima e analysis o Coconu wa e
Componen
% composi ion o he Sample
C ude p o ein
8.4
Ash
5.619
C ude Fibe
0.052
C ude lipids
12
Mois u e
29.961
Ca bohyd a e
43.968
3.4. Oil Cha ac e iza ion esul
Table 3.0 gi es a summa y o he oil cha ac e iza ion o palm ke nel oil and coconu oil espec i ely.
Table 3 Oil Cha ac e iza ion o Coconu and Palm Ke nel oil
Tes
Value o Coconu oil
Value o Palm ke nel oil
Acid alue
4.348mg KOH/g
3.363mg KOH/g
Es e alue
408.688
263.814
Saponi ica ion alue
413.036mgKOH/g
267.177mgKOH/g
Iodine alue
14.657gI2/100g
14.276gI2/100g
Pe oxide alue
0.55mEq/kg
8.8mEq/kg
3.5. An imic obial Suscep ibili y Tes
Resul s on he an imic obial ac i i y o Coconu wa e , coconu oil and palm ke nel oil on he clinical isola es a e
p esen ed in he Figu e 1.0 o Figu e 3.0. The ex ac s showed a ying ac i i y on he isola es, Gen amicin which was
used as he posi i e con ol also had ac i i y on he isola es while dime hylsulphoxide (DMSO) had no ac i i y on he
isola es.
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Figu e 1 An imic obial ac i i y o palm ke nel oil on isola es
Figu e 2 An imic obial ac i i y o coconu oil on isola es
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 24(01), 080-092
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KEY: ZOI-Zone o inhibi ion
Figu e 3 An imic obial ac i i y o coconu wa e o isola es
4. Discussion
Global d ug esis an in ec ions ha e been on he ise due o an ibac e ial esis ance wi hou e ec i e in e en ions,
which ala mingly ha e led o pandemic scale like p ojec ions [18]. This has led o ex ensi e chemical and biological
in es iga ion o e hno medicinal plan s wi h high indices o being cu a i e and clinically po en [19]. This esea ch wo k
was unde aken o ca y ou an in-dep h in es iga ion on he epo ed use ulness coconu wa e , coconu oil and palm
ke nel oil.
The phy ochemical sc eening o coconu wa e showed he p esence o glycoside educing suga s and e penoids as
cons i uen s wi h po en ial an imic obial ac i i y, while he p oxima e analysis o he coconu wa e sample indica ed
a a o able nu i ional composi ion. Sumonsi i [20] epo ed he chemical composi ion o coconu wa e o consis o
wa e (96.11%), suga s (2.7%), p o eins (0.25%), lipids (0.51%) and ash (0.43%). In ano he ecen epo , coconu
wa e was cha ac e ized by a high mois u e con en o 95.95 ± 0.943%, minimal ash (0.47 ± 0.753%), ibe (0.08 ±
0.292%), and p o ein (0.51± 0.854%) le els, alongside a mode a e ca bohyd a e pe cen age o 2.91 ± 0.744%.
Addi ionally, negligible amoun s o non- ibe ex ac (NFE) and c ude a we e obse ed, deno ing i s low- a con en
and ichness in essen ial hyd a ion elemen s [21]. The sligh di e ences in some o he alues ob ained in his s udy
could be possibly due o he sou ce o he sample. Fo example a p e ious s udy ound he mois u e con en o 94.96%,
ca bohyd a e a 4.38% and ibe a 0.0355% o s ee ma ke ed coconu wa e compa ed o ano he ha showed
mois u e con en 81.09%, p o ein 3.96%, a 12.27% and ca bohyd a e 5.58% o ano he sample [22].
The phy ochemical cons i uen s o Coconu wa e , educing suga and e penoids a e known o be o g ea heal h
signi icance due o hei di e en pha macological ac i i ies. Fo example e penoids a e known o possess an i umo ,
an i-mala ial, an i i al, an i-oxida i e and an ibac e ial e ec s [23]. Reducing suga s a e known o in luence
pha macological ac i i ies in ela ions o o he compounds and on i s own possess biological ac i i ies such as
an icance , an i-in lamma o y, an i i al and an i-mic obial ac i i ies [24].
The oil cha ac e iza ion esul s o coconu and palm ke nel oils a e acid alue (4.348 mgKOH/g, 3.363 mgKOH/g),
saponi ica ion alue (413.036 mgKOH/g, 267.177 mgKOH/g), pe oxide alue (0.55 meq/kg, 8.8 meq/kg) and iodine
alue (14.657 g/100g, 14.276 g/100g). The coconu and palm ke nel oil showed sligh ly highe iodine alue compa ed
o p e ious epo s [25, 26].
The iodine alue om his s udy means bo h he coconu and palm ke nel oils has high pe cen age o unsa u a ed a y
acid bonds. The de e mina ion o he iodine alue o oil classi ies oil in o d ying, semi-d ying and non-d ying oil. The
abili y o he oil o unde go ac oss link eac ion which is oxygen-induced leads o a o ma ion o a solid ilm known as
d ying [27]. The highe he iodine alue, he mo e unsa u a ed a y acid bonds a e p esen in a a , hence i s high
suscep ibili y o oxida i e deg ada ion [28]. Hence, addi ion o an ioxidan s may be necessa y o p olong he s o age
abili y o he oils. Acco ding o Maliki e al. [29], oil wi h iodine alue abo e 100g/100g is a d ying oil and below