*Co esponding au ho : T. Pe e
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0.
Phy ochemical and neu opha macological ac i i y o lea es ex ac o T idax
p ocumbens linn
T. Pe e *
Assis an P o esso in Pha macology, College o Pha macy, Madu ai Medical College, Madu ai. The T. N. D . MGR. Medical
Uni e si y, Chennai, Tamil Nadu- 600032.
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 24(01), 120-125
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 30 Augus 2025; e ised on 04 Oc obe 2025; accep ed on 07 Oc obe 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wjbphs.2025.24.1.0890
Abs ac
The neu opha macological ac i i ies o he hyd oalcoholic ex ac o T idax p ocumbens we e sc eened in mice.
P elimina y phy ochemical e alua ion o ex ac was also ca ied ou . The ex ac (200 and 400mg./kg o ally.) possess
a signi ican (p<0.05) dep ession in gene al beha io al es . The HAETP showed a signi ican educ ion in spon aneous
mo o ac i i y, o a od es showed educ ion on g ip s eng h was ound signi ican and open ield me hod signi ican ly
educ ion in numbe o squa es en e ed wi h bo h o elimbs wi h compa e wi h no mal con ol.
Keywo ds: T idax p ocumbens Linn; Diazepam; Ro a- od appa a us; Ac opho ome e es ; Open ield es
1. In oduc ion
Acco ding o The Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion, dep ession is among he op en causes o mo bidi y, and mo ali y wo ld
o e [1], and i is en isaged o be he leading cause o mo bidi y and mo ali y by he yea 2030 [2]. Pa ien s wi h
dep ession ha e symp oms ha e lec a unc ional de ici in b ain monoamine neu o ansmi e s, speci ically
no epineph ine, se o one gic and dopamine gic sys ems [3]. O he neu o ansmi e s such as GABA ac ing ia GABAB
ecep o , β ad enocep o s, musca inic choline gic ecep o , glu amine gic ia NMDA ecep o [4,5], and ni ic oxide
signaling pa hways ha e been implica ed in dep ession. Despi e he a ailabili y o syn he ic an idep essan d ugs,
dep ession emains a majo medical p oblem [6]. This is because he cu en ly a ailable an idep essan d ugs a e
associa ed wi h a nume ous side e ec s which include weigh gain, hypopiesia, sexual dys unc ion, ca diac oxici y and
sleep diso de [7,8,9]. Plan s a e he p ima y sou ce o medicinal p oduc s, which play a key ole in global heal h.
Human beings ha e been using plan s o many yea s o cu e and mi iga e diseases (10). WHO eco ded ha mo e han
75% o people use he bal medicines o mee hei e e yday heal h needs (11, 12). The e o e, he bal he apies should
be conside ed al e na i e o complemen a y medicines [13].
The T idax p ocumbens Linn is a common weed and is ound h oughou he yea , i is commonly known as ‘’ Coa
bu ons’’ belongs o he amily As e aceae. P e ious s udies ha e demons a ed ha he lea ex ac s o his plan
con ained an idiabe ic and an i hype lipidimic e ec s, an i-a h i ic, an i-cance ac i i y, analgesic and an i-
in lamma o y ac i i y, an i- ungal ac i i y, an helmin ic ac i i y and hepa op o ec i e p ope ies. Many bioac i e
compounds ha e been isola ed om lea es, ae ial pa s and lowe s including alkaloids, i e penoids, la onoids,
glycop o ein, ca o enoids, saponins and annins.[14,15,16]. The cu en in es iga ion ocused on he neu o
pha macological bene i s o his plan in he in i o mouse model o T idax p ocumbens.
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2. Ma e ials and Me hods
2.1. Plan ma e ial
2.1.1. Collec ion and Au hen ica ion o plan ma e ials:
The whole plan we e collec ed om he Village side, Si agangai dis ic and i was con i med axonomically and
au hen ica ed by D .S ephen., Bo anis o Ame ican college, Madu ai, Tamilnadu.
2.1.2. P epa a ion o plan ma e ial:
The lea es we e sepa a ed and washed a e hen shade d ied o 8-10 days. Then he d ied lea es a e powde ed in
coa se powde . This powde was s o ed in an ai igh con aine and used o successi e ex ac ion.
2.1.3. Ex ac ion p ocedu e:
Abou 250 g am o coa se powde o T idax p ocumbens was packed in a soxhel appa a us and hen ex ac ed wi h
pe oleum e he by con inuous ho pe cola ion me hod. Then ma c 1 le ou and hen ex ac ed wi h benzene hen Ma c
2 ex ac ed wi h e hanol and dis illed wa e (70: 30) as Pola sol en o a pe iod o 72 hou s, a he end o ex ac ion,
he ex ac was concen a ed o d y mass by e apo a ion. A e concen a ion a da k g een iscous esidue was
ob ained. The c ude ex ac was s o ed in a e ige a o .
2.1.4. P elimina y Phy ochemical Sc eening
The hyd oalcoholic ex ac o T idax p ocumbens was sc eened o he p esence o a ious phy ocons i uen s like
s e oids, alkaloids, glycosides, la onoids, ca bohyd a es, p o eins and phenolic compounds [17].
2.2. Expe imen al animals:
All animal s udies we e conduc ed a e app o al om he Ins i u ion o e hical commi ee (IAEC.No: 11/2017), Madu ai
Medical College, Madu ai. Albino mice (25-30g) we e used o he s udy we e housed in ca e acili y Ins i u e o
Pha macology, Madu ai Medical College, Madu ai. The animals we e s o ed in polyp opylene cage ( oom empe a u e
25±1°c wi h 12 hou s ligh & 12 hou s da k cycle ela i e humidi y app oxima ely 60°c) wi h ee s anda d pelle s and
ap wa e mice we e acclima ized o 10 days be o e expe imen a ions.
2.3. Expe imen al Design
Six animals we e used in each g oup o each expe imen sepa a ely. D ugs / ehicle we e adminis e ed o he animals
30min p io o s udy.
• G oup I: Nega i e con ol, adminis e saline 1 ml/kg o ally.
• G oup II: Posi i e con ol ecei ed s anda d d ug Diazepam (4 mg/kg i.p)
• G oup III: Recei ed HAETP 200 mg/kg o ally
• G oup IV: Recei ed HAETP 400 mg/kg o ally.
2.4. Neu opha macology ac i i y
2.4.1. Ro a- od pe o mance
Fou animals a a ime we e placed on od o a ing a 20–25 pm speed. Only he mice ha demons a ed hei abili y
o emain on he e ol ing od (20–25 pm) o 5 min a e aining sessions du ing p e es sc eening we e selec ed o
s udies. The all o ime was eco ded in all he g oups be o e and 30 min a e d ug adminis a ion. Dec ease in all o
ime is sugges i e o dep ession o he cen al ne ous sys em (CNS)[18].
2.4.2. Ac opho ome e es
The animal locomo o beha io was moni o ed using ac opho ome e . Animals we e placed in ac opho ome e
indi idually, and basal ac i i y sco e was eco ded o e he pe iod o 5 min. Each animal was ea ed wi h espec i e
d ug, and ac i i y sco e was eco ded a e 30 min. Dec eased ac i i y sco e was aken as index o CNS dep ession [19-
20].
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2.4.3. Open ield es
Open ield appa a us was designed as desc ibed by G ay and Lalji (1971) wi h ew modi ica ions. Dimensions we e 50
× 50 × 40 cm made up o plywood open om op and bo om kep on whi e able op; su ace was di ided in o 25 equal
squa es, i.e., 9 cen al and 16 pe iphe al. Du ing 5-min session o obse a ion, each animal was placed in he co ne o
open ield appa a us, and beha io o animal as de e mined by ambula ion (numbe o squa es en e ed wi h bo h
o elimbs), ea ing, p eening, and de eca ion was eco ded [21].
2.5. S a is ical Analysis
The expe imen al da a we e exp essed as mean ± SEM. The signi icance o di e ence among he a ious ea ed g oups
and con ol g oup we e analyzed by means o one-way ANOVA ollowed by Dunne ’s mul iple compa ison es s. A p
<0.05 was conside ed s a is ically signi ican .
3. Resul s
3.1. Phy ochemical Sc eening
Phy ochemical sc eening o hyd o alcoholic ex ac o lea es o T idax p ocumbens Linn e ealed he p esence o a ious
phy ochemical cons i uen s like alkaloids, la onoids, annins, saponons, e penoids and phy os e ols.
3.2. Ro a od me hods.
Table 1 Mean all o ime in o a- od me hod
S.No
TREATMENT
DOSE
FALL OF TIME (sec)
BEFORE DRUG
AFTER DRUG
1
No mal con ol
1ml/kg
223 ±11.9
226.7±12.3
2.
S anda d - Diazepam
4mg/kg
229.7±8.4
86.4±2.4
3.
HAETP
200 mg/kg
225±14.5
139.6±8.4
4.
HAETP
400mg/kg
220±10.6
106.8±6.4
Values a e exp essed as Mean ±SEM (n=6); *P< 0.05 compa ed wi h he con ol g oup (Dunne ’s Tes )
Table No.1. Diazepam (4 mg/kg i.p.) and HAETP (200 & 400mg/kg o al.) ea ed g oups showed signi ican CNS
dep essan ac i i y 86.4±2.4, 139.6±84, 106.8±6.4 when compa ed wi h con ol (226.7±12.3}.
3.3. Ac opho ome e Tes
Table 2 Ac i i y sco e in Ac opho ome e
S.No
T ea men
Dose
Locomo o ac i i y IN 5MINS (coun s)
Be o e d ug
A e d ug
1
No mal con ol
1ml/kg
350±12.5
346±12.2
2.
S anda d - Diazepam
4mg/kg
356±16.4
124.2±6.8
3.
HAETP
200 mg/kg
348±14.8
168±4.2
4.
HAETP
400mg/kg
354±10,6
146.6±2.6
Values a e exp essed as Mean ±SEM (n=6); *P< 0.05 compa ed wi h he con ol g oup (Dunne ’s Tes )
Table No.2. Diazepam (4 mg/kg i.p.) and HAETP (200 & 400mg/kg o al.) ea ed g oups showed signi ican educ ion
locomo o ac i i y 124.2±6.8, 168±4.2, 146.6±2.6 when compa ed wi h con ol 346±12.2.
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3.4. Open ield es .
Table 3 Mean sco e in open ield me hod
S.No
T ea men
Dose
No. OF CROSSING IN 5MINS (SQUARES CROSSED WITH ALL FOUR
LIMBS)
Be o e d ug
A e d ug
1
No mal con ol
1ml/kg
101.7±2.5
100.6±5.6
2.
S anda d -
Diazepam
4mg/kg
98±6.4
25.2±3.4
3.
HAETP
200 mg/kg
108±4.8
62.2±6.2
4.
HAETP
400mg/kg
105±4,6
46.6±4.2
Values a e exp essed as Mean ±SEM (n=6); *P< 0.05 compa ed wi h he con ol g oup (Dunne ’s Tes )
Diazepam (4mg/kg i.p.) and HAETP (200&400mg/kg o al) signi ican ly dec eased in numbe o c ossing 25.2±3.4,
62.2±6.2, 46.6±4.2 compa e wi h no mal con ol 100.6±5.6.
4. Discussion
Anxie y and hypnoseda ion a e p incipally media ed in he CNS by he GABAA ecep o complex, which is also in ol ed
in o he physiological unc ions ela ed o beha io and in a ious psychological and neu ological diso de s such as
epilepsy, anxie y, dep ession, Pa kinson synd ome, and Alzheime ’s disease [22]. Di e se d ugs ha a e used in a ious
psychological and neu ological diso de s migh modi y he GABA sys em a he le el o he syn hesis o GABA, induce
anxiolysis o hypnosis in animals by po en ia ing he GABA-media ed pos synap ic inhibi ion h ough an allos e ic
modi ica ion o GABA ecep o s [23] and hi dly by di ec inc ease in chlo ide conduc ance o indi ec ly by po en ia ing
GABA-induced chlo ide conduc ance wi h simul aneous dep ession o ol age ac i a ed Ca++ cu en s like
ba bi u a es.[24]
In his s udy, CNS dep essan ac i i y o HAETP was e alua ed by o a od es , which has clea ly demons a ed he CNS
dep essan ac i i y e idenced by dec eased all o ime and ano he impo an ac i i y o e alua ing CNS d ug ac ion is
o obse e i s e ec on locomo o ac i i y o he animal. The ac i i y is a measu e o he le el o exci abili y o he CNS,
and dec eased ac i i y esul s om CNS dep ession. The ex ac signi ican ly dec eased he locomo o ac i i y as
obse ed in he esul s o he ac opho ome e es . [Table 1&2] Mo eo e , anxiolysis was s udied by open ield me hod.
I is used o e alua ing he e ec o d ugs on g oss gene al beha io and is used o measu e he le el o ne ous
exci abili y when he animals a e exposed o a no el en i onmen [25].
As abo e esul s, he HAETP possesses a ious phy ochemical subs ances such as alcoholids, la onoids, annins,
saponons, e penoids and phy os e ols. Se e al plan s ha e been epo ed o ha e CNS dep essan and anxioly ic
ac i i y due o he p esence o i e penoids, saponin and la onoids. T i e penoids, saponin and la onoids a e o ha e
agonis ic/ acilli a o y ac i i ies a GABA ecep o complex, which led o he hypo hesis ha hey ac as benzodiazepine
– like molecules. This is suppo ed by hei beha iou al e ec s in animal models o CNS dep essan and anxie y [26,27].
5. Conclusion
F om he esul s we can conclude ha HAETP possesses conside able CNS dep essan and anxioly ic ac i i y which is
compa able wi h he s anda d h ough binding o benzodiazepines si e on GABA-BDZ ecep o complex. Ne e heless,
u he ad ance in es iga ions a e equi ed o elucida e he exac mechanism in ol ed in seda i e e ec s and o iden i y
he bio-ac i e compound(s) associa ed wi h obse ed ac i i y in animal beha io al models.
Acknowledgmen s
The au ho s a e g a e ul hanks o all P o esso s in he Ins i u e o Pha macology, Madu ai Medical College, Madu ai o
p o iding he necessa y suppo o conduc he s udy.
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 24(01), 120-125
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