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Resea ch A icle
Women-Owned Mic o Indus ies in Bangalo e U ban and Ru al: A
Compa a i e S udy
Hadapada Sa amangala 1*, D . S. R. Kesha a 2
1 Resea ch Schola , Depa men o Economics, Bangalo e Uni e si y, Bangalo e, India
2 Senio P o esso , Depa men o Economics, Bangalo e Uni e si y, Bangalo e, India
Co esponding Au ho : * Hadapada Sa amangala* DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17549732
Abs ac
Manusc ip In o ma ion
Women-owned mic o indus ies ha e eme ged as a c i ical componen o he Indian economy,
con ibu ing signi ican ly o local employmen gene a ion, po e y alle ia ion, and inclusi e
g ow h. In Ka na aka, pa icula ly in Bangalo e U ban and Ru al dis ic s, women
en ep eneu s a e inc easingly en u ing in o mic o indus ies, e lec ing di e se socio-
economic eali ies. To s udy he di e ence be ween u ban and u al women-owned mic o
indus ies in Bangalo e, esea ch was conduc ed on a sample o 140 esponden s, i.e 70 om
u ban and 70 om u al Bangalo e, espec i ely, and seconda y sou ces such as a icles, books,
DIC (Dis ic Indus y Cen e), Bangalo e, MSME Annual Repo s and Ka na aka Economic
Su ey we e also used. The da a is analysed using s a is ical ools such as pe cen ages and he
chi-squa e es . This pape p esen s a compa a i e s udy o women-owned mic o indus ies in
Bangalo e U ban and Ru al, analysing hei sec o al and ca ego ical dis ibu ion, easons o
being an en ep eneu , sou ces o inance, and he Impac o women-owned mic o indus ies on
he socio-economic condi ions o women en ep eneu s. The s udy inds ha while Bangalo e
U ban bene i s om ad anced in as uc u e, ma ke access, and echnology-d i en indus ies,
Bangalo e Ru al demons a es esilience h ough ag o-based, adi ional, and se ice-o ien ed
mic o indus ies. The compa a i e analysis highligh s s uc u al di e ences, policy
implica ions, and he need o ailo ed suppo mechanisms o p omo e equi able de elopmen
in bo h egions.
▪ ISSN No: 2583-7397
▪ Recei ed: 13-08-2025
▪ Accep ed: 30-09-2025
▪ Published: 31-10-2025
▪ IJCRM:4(5); 2025: 572-582
▪ ©2025, All Righ s Rese ed
▪ Plagia ism Checked: Yes
▪ Pee Re iew P ocess: Yes
How o Ci e his A icle
Hadapada S, Kesha a SR. Women-
owned mic o indus ies in Bangalo e
U ban and Ru al: A compa a i e
s udy. In J Con emp Res
Mul idiscip. 2025;4(5):572-582.
Access his A icle Online
www.mul ia iclesjou nal.com
KEYWORDS: Women-owned mic o indus ies, En ep eneu ship, Ru al A eas, U ban A eas, Socio-Economic De elopmen , Chi-
Squa e Tes .
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1. INTRODUCTION
Women en ep eneu s play a c ucial ole in d i ing g ass oo s
indus ial g ow h, wi h Mic o indus ies in Bangalo e se ing as
he backbone o India’s en ep eneu ial ecosys em. In
de eloping economies, pos 2000 AD, he en ep eneu is
gaining mo e and mo e p ominence and popula i y.
En ep eneu s play a signi ican ole in he g ow h o he
economy. The punching ja gon like “be you own boss", "c ea e
jobs a he han ind jobs", is p omo ing he de elopmen o
en ep eneu ship (Kesha a S.R., 2013). Bengalu u, he capi al
ci y o Ka na aka, is di ided in o wo dis ic s, Bengalu u
U ban and Bengalu u Ru al. Al hough geog aphically close,
hey p esen e y di e en economic landscapes. Bengalu u
U ban s ands as India’s p emie IT and indus ial hub, ma ked
by apid u banisa ion, ad anced in as uc u e, and s ong
global connec i i y. In con as , Bengalu u Ru al is g adually
eme ging as a suppo i e dis ic , wi h i s economy oo ed in
ag icul u e, adi ional p ac ices, and g owing in es men s in
indus ial co ido s and ag o-based indus ies.
The g ow h o MSME uni s in India was subs an ial, inc easing
om 73.51 lakh in 1992-93 o 633.88 lakh by 2015-16, wi h a
Compound A e age G ow h Ra e (CAGR) o 9%. No ably, a
quan um g ow h o 111% occu ed in 2006-07 ( om 123.42 o
261.01 lakh uni s) and a 44% g ow h in 2011-12. P oduc ion a
cu en p ices also saw a s ong CAGR o 26% om 1992-93
(Rs. 85,581 c o es) o 2012-13 (Rs. 10,772,128 c o es).
Employmen gene a ed by MSMEs g ew om 174.84 lakh in
1992-93 o 1100.09 lakh by 2015-16, egis e ing an 8% CAGR,
wi h jobs dis ibu ed ac oss manu ac u ing (3.6c o es), ade
(3.9 c o es), and o he se ices (3.7 c o es) ou o 11.10 c o e
o al jobs. (Kesha a S.R, 2022).
India is cha ing i s pa h owa d becoming a Viksi Bha a by
2047, wi h a s eady s ide owa d achie ing a $5 illion
economy by 2026, 10 illion by 2031-32 and so on. A
signi ican con ibu o o his ision is he Mic o, Small, and
Medium En e p ises (MSME) sec o , which is p ojec ed o
g ow o $1 illion by 2028 (In es India, 2024) and
subsequen ly o $5, $10 and $15 illion and mo e. To sus ain
his economic momen um, g ow h mus no only be obus bu
also inclusi e, ensu ing he pa icipa ion o all socie al sec ions,
pa icula ly women and ma ginalised communi ies. The Wo ld
Bank emphasises ha inc easing women's wo k o ce
pa icipa ion could enhance India's GDP g ow h by an
addi ional 1.5 pe cen age poin s. Howe e , he Female Labou
Fo ce Pa icipa ion Ra e (FLFPR) declined om 32% in 2005
o 19% in 2021, alling 27 pe cen age poin s below he global
a e age (Decoding Go e nmen Suppo o Women
En ep eneu s in India, 2022). Add essing his gap is
impe a i e, as women's access o decen wo k is a co ne s one
o inclusi e and sus ainable de elopmen . (Kesha a S.R.,
2025). A compa a i e s udy o women-owned mic o indus ies
in hese wo dis ic s is essen ial o unde s and he dynamics o
women’s en ep eneu ship, he ole o egional ac o s, and he
gaps in ins i u ional and policy suppo . Such an analysis
p o ides deepe insigh s in o bo h he oppo uni ies a ailable
and he challenges aced by women en ep eneu s in con as ing
u ban and u al se ings.
2. P o ile o Bangalo e U ban and Ru al Dis ic
Bangalo e dis ic , he capi al dis ic o Ka na aka, is di ided
in o Bangalo e U ban and Bangalo e Ru al o adminis a i e
pu poses. I se es as he s a e’s poli ical, economic, and
indus ial hub, hos ing a di e se mix o indus ies, IT i ms, and
se ice sec o s. Bengalu u U ban Dis ic is si ua ed in he
sou heas e n pa o Ka na aka on he Myso e Pla eau o he
Deccan Pla eau. I lies be ween 12°39’-13°18’ N la i ude and
77°22’-77°52’ E longi ude, co e ing an a ea o a ound 741 sq.
km (286 sq. miles) wi h an a e age ele a ion o 920 me e s,
gi ing i a mild and pleasan clima e. Fo es s co e abou 5,055
hec a es (1.49% o he a ea), while 40.76% o he land emains
uncul i a ed, e lec ing bo h u ban g ow h and open spaces.
Bengalu u Ru al Dis ic (Bengalu u No h) co e s
app oxima ely 2,298 sq. km, loca ed be ween 12°15’-13°35’ N
la i ude and 77°05’-78°00’ E longi ude. I expe iences a opical
clima e, wi h empe a u es anging om 15 °C o 34 °C and
annual ain all be ween 650-860 mm. Majo i e s in he
dis ic include he A ka a hi and Dakshina Pinakini.
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
Allen e al., Bosma e al., Nielson, and Le owski ha e examined
mo i a ional ac o s, no ing ha in de eloping economies,
women o en s a en e p ises ou o necessi y o suppo
amilies, while in de eloped con ex s, hey a e mo e
oppo uni y-d i en, wi h u ban women addi ionally mo i a ed
by ambi ions o sel - ul ilmen and independence. Swinney e
al., Hill e al., Le en e al., and Abdullah and Hassan ha e
s udied en ep eneu ial ac i i ies, showing ha women ac oss
di e en egions gene ally concen a e in small-scale,
accessible sec o s such as e ail, se ices, and ood p ocessing,
hough u ban women in ad anced economies some imes pu sue
high- ech indus ies. Hill e al., Dilipkuma , Riz i and Gup a,
and Seidu ha e u he iden i ied ac o s hinde ing g ow h,
including di icul ies in accessing inance, limi ed esou ces,
male dominance, mobili y es ic ions, and amily
esponsibili ies, wi h Riz i and Gup a speci ically poin ing ou
ha u al women a e o en excluded om go e nmen p og ams
compa ed o hei u ban coun e pa s. Collec i ely, hese
s udies emphasise ha while women’s en ep eneu ship is
shaped by social, economic, and egional con ex s, i con inues
o be d i en by necessi y, concen a ed in accessible sec o s,
and cons ained by mul iple ba ie s.
4. OBJECTIVES
• To analyse he sec o al and ca ego ical dis ibu ion o
women-owned mic o indus ies in Bangalo e U ban and
Bangalo e Ru al Dis ic
• To e alua e he socio-economic condi ion o women
en ep eneu s in Bangalo e u al and u ban.
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5. Hypo heses
• The e is a signi ican impac o women-owned mic o
indus ies on he socio-economic condi ions o women
en ep eneu s in Bangalo e u ban and u al a eas.
6. METHODOLOGY
The p esen s udy has adop ed a desc ip i e esea ch design,
and he pu posi e sampling me hod is used o selec a sample o
140 women en ep eneu s om Bangalo e u ban (70) and u al
(70) a eas o analysis. The esea ch is speci ically ocused on a
designa ed egion, as indica ed in he i le. The ques ionnai es
we e de eloped using Nominal and O dinal scales and
dis ibu ed among he mic o indus ies' women en ep eneu s o
Bangalo e u ban and u al. The s a is ical me hods, such as
pe cen age, Chi Squa e es , and anking, we e used o
de e mine he causal-e ec ela ionship (associa ion) be ween
di e en a iables.
7. Women-Owned Mic o Indus ies in Bangalo e Dis ic
Women-owned mic o indus ies in Bangalo e Dis ic ep esen
a g owing segmen o g ass oo s en ep eneu ship, con ibu ing
o bo h local economies and social de elopmen .
Adminis a i ely, Bangalo e is di ided in o Bangalo e U ban
and Bangalo e Ru al dis ic s, each showing dis inc pa e ns o
women’s en e p ise. While women in Bangalo e U ban a e
mo e ac i e in se ice-o ien ed indus ies due o be e access o
ma ke s, in as uc u e, and consume demand, women in
Bangalo e Ru al a e engaged la gely in manu ac u ing,
adi ional c a s, and ag o-based indus ies, o en suppo ed by
sel -help g oups and go e nmen ini ia i es.
7.1. Sec o -wise Dis ibu ion o Mic o Indus ies Women
En ep eneu s in Bangalo e U ban and Ru al Dis ic s
The sec o -wise dis ibu ion o mic o indus ies un by women
in Bangalo e U ban and Ru al dis ic s highligh s he di e se
economic con ibu ions o emale en ep eneu s a he
g ass oo s le el. In Bangalo e U ban, women p edominan ly
ope a e in se ice-based mic o en e p ises such as educa ion,
IT-enabled se ices, ood p ocessing, and wellness sec o s,
le e aging be e in as uc u e, connec i i y, and ma ke
oppo uni ies. Con e sely, in Bangalo e Ru al, women a e mo e
engaged in manu ac u ing, ag o-based indus ies, and
adi ional c a s, o en suppo ed by sel -help g oups and local
go e nmen ini ia i es. Examining his dis ibu ion p o ides
aluable insigh s in o sec o al p e e ences, egional dispa i ies,
and he po en ial o a ge ed in e en ions o p omo e women’s
en ep eneu ship. Table 1.1 p esen s ha in bo h Bangalo e
U ban and Ru al dis ic s, men domina e owne ship o mic o
indus ies, while women’s pa icipa ion emains compa a i ely
lowe . In he manu ac u ing sec o , women accoun o 21.3%
in U ban and 23.5% in Ru al, whe eas in se ices, hei sha e is
sligh ly lowe a 17.9% and 19.9%, espec i ely. O e all,
women-owned en e p ises o m 19% o o al mic o indus ies in
U ban and 21% in Ru al, indica ing sligh ly highe emale
en ep eneu ial p esence in u al a eas, hough se ices emain
he la ges sec o o bo h gende s. The a ailabili y o be e
in as uc u e, connec i i y, and a cosmopoli an ma ke
en i onmen enables u ban women en ep eneu s o inno a e,
di e si y, and scale up hei mic o en e p ises. Howe e , hey
also ace challenges such as high compe i ion, expensi e land
and en als, compliance bu dens, and balancing wo k-li e
p essu es.
Table 1.1. Sec o -wise Dis ibu ion o Women and Men-owned Mic o Indus ies in Bangalo e U ban and Ru al Dis ic s (As o 2025) (In Pe cen age)
Ca ego y
Bangalo e U ban
Bangalo e Ru al
Women Owned
Mic o Indus ies
(in %)
Men Owned
Mic o
Indus ies (in %)
To al Mic o
Indus ies (in
%)
Women Owned
Mic o Indus ies
(in %)
Men Owned Mic o
Indus ies (in %)
To al Mic o
Indus ies (in
%)
Manu ac u ing
21.3
78.7
30.5
23.5
76.5
28.7
Se ice
17.9
82.1
69.5
19.9
80.1
71.3
To al
19.0
81.0
100
21.0
79.0
100
Sou ce: DIC (Dis ic Indus y Cen e), Bangalo e
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Figu e 1: Sec o -wise Dis ibu ion o Women and Men-owned Mic o Indus ies in Bangalo e U ban and Ru al Dis ic
Sou ce: De i ed om able 1.1
7.2. Social Ca ego y-wise Dis ibu ion o Women-owned
Mic o Indus ies in Bangalo e U ban and Ru al Dis ic s
The social ca ego y-wise dis ibu ion o women-owned mic o
indus ies in Bangalo e U ban and Ru al dis ic s p o ides
aluable insigh s in o he inclusi eness o en ep eneu ial
g ow h. Women en ep eneu s om di e en social g oups, such
as Gene al, OBC, SC, and ST, pa icipa e in mic o en e p ises,
hough hei ep esen a ion a ies be ween u ban and u al a eas.
In Bangalo e U ban, women om he Gene al and OBC
ca ego ies domina e due o be e access o educa ion, inance,
and ma ke oppo uni ies, while in Bangalo e Ru al, a ela i ely
highe p opo ion o SC and ST women a e engaged in mic o
indus ies wi h he suppo o sel -help g oups and go e nmen
schemes. This dis ibu ion highligh s he in e sec ion o social
backg ound and geog aphy in shaping women’s en ep eneu ship
and unde lines he impo ance o a ge ed in e en ions o ensu e
equi able g ow h ac oss all communi ies.
Table 1.2: Dis ibu ion o Women-Owned Mic o Indus ies by Social G oup in Bangalo e U ban and Ru al Dis ic s (In Pe cen age)
Ca ego y
Bangalo e U ban
% o Gene al o he
WE in Bangalo e
U ban
% o OBC o he
WE in Bangalo e
U ban
% o SC o he WE
in Bangalo e U ban
% o ST o he WE
in Bangalo e U ban
% o To al o he
WE in Bangalo e
U ban
Manu ac u ing
24.91
7.27
1.72
0.27
35.00
Se ice
49.41
12.47
3.37
0.55
65.00
To al
74.32
19.74
5.09
0.827
100
Bangalo e Ru al
Manu ac u ing
16.75
11.94
2.72
0.79
32.21
Se ice
43.96
16.77
5.54
1.50
67.79
To al
60.72
28.71
8.25
2.99
100
Sou ce: DIC (Dis ic Indus y Cen e), Bangalo e
Acco ding o he DIC Repo 2023-24, Table 1.2. p esen s he
ca ego y-wise dis ibu ion o women-owned mic o indus ies in
Bangalo e U ban and Ru al dis ic s o 2023-24. In Bangalo e
U ban, (Fig. 1.2.(a)) women en ep eneu s a e p edominan ly
om he Gene al ca ego y (74.32%), ollowed by OBC
(19.74%), while SC (5.09%) and ST (0.83%) ha e much lowe
sha es. A simila end is seen in Bangalo e Ru al (Fig. 1.2. (b)),
hough he sha e o OBC women (28.71%) and SC women
(8.25%) I is ela i ely highe compa ed o U ban, while he
Gene al ca ego y accoun s o 60.72%. In bo h dis ic s, he
se ice sec o domina es, con ibu ing 65% o women en e p ises
in U ban and 67.8% in Ru al, while manu ac u ing plays a
seconda y ole. O e all, he da a highligh s ha women
en ep eneu s om socially disad an aged g oups (SC and ST)
a e unde ep esen ed, wi h mos en e p ises concen a ed among
he Gene al and OBC ca ego ies, pa icula ly in se ice
ac i i ies.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Mic o
Indus ies (in
%)
Indus ies (in
%)
Indus ies (in
%)
Mic o
Indus ies (in
%)
Indus ies (in
%)
Indus ies (in
%)
Women Owned Men Owned
Mic o
To al Mic o Women Owned Men Owned
Mic o
To al Mic o
Bangalo e U ban Bangalo e Ru al
21.3
78.7
30.5 23.5
76.5
28.7
17.9
82.1
69.5
19.9
80.1
71.3
19
81
100
21
79
100
Manu ac u ing Se ice To al
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Figu e 1.2: (a) Dis ibu ion o Women-Owned Mic o Indus ies by Social G oup in Bangalo e U ban Dis ic s
Sou ce: De i ed om able 1.2
Figu e 1.2: (a) Dis ibu ion o Women-Owned Mic o Indus ies by Social G oup in Bangalo e U ban Dis ic s
Sou ce: De i ed om able 1.2
24.91
7.27 1.72 0.27
35
49.41
12.47 3.37 0.55
65
74.32
19.74 5.09
0.827
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
% o Gene al o he WE
in Bangalo e U ban
% o OBC o he WE in
Bangalo e U ban
% o SC o he WE in
Bangalo e U ban
% o ST o he WE in
Bangalo e U ban
% o To al o he WE in
Bangalo e U ban
Bangalo e U ban
Bangalo e U ban
Manu ac u ing Se ice To al
16.75
11.94 2.72
0.79
32.21
43.96
16.77
5.54 1.5
67.79
60.72
28.71
8.25
2.99
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
% o Gene al o he
WE in Bangalo e
U ban
% o OBC o he WE
in Bangalo e U ban
% o SC o he WE in
Bangalo e U ban
% o ST o he WE in
Bangalo e U ban
% o To al o he WE
in Bangalo e U ban
Bangalo e Ru al
Manu ac u ing Se ice To al
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8. Da a Analysis and In e p e a ion
The s udy analyses he demog aphic, socio-economic
backg ound o he 140 women en ep eneu s in U ban (70) and
Ru al (70) Bangalo e, espec i ely, based on he compa a i e
s udy.
Table 1.3. Demog aphic p o ile o women en ep eneu s in U ban and Ru al Bangalo e
Demog aphic
Fac o s
Cha ac e is ics
U ban Women En ep eneu s
(N=70)
Ru al Women En ep eneu s
(N=70)
Resp.
Pe ce.
Resp.
Pe ce.
Age o he
esponden
21- 30
31-40
41-50
Abo e 50
12
18
24
16
17.1
25.7
34.4
22.8
08
38
18
06
11.4
54.2
25.7
8.57
To al
70
100
70
100
Ca ego y
Gene al
OBC
SC
ST
O he s
15
35
09
05
06
21.4
50
12.8
7.14
8.57
10
20
18
12
10
14.2
28.5
25.7
17.1
14.2
To al
70
100
70
100
Ma i al s a us
Ma ied
Unma ied
Widow
32
23
15
45.7
32.8
21.4
46
10
14
65.7
14.2
20.0
To al
70
100
70
100
Educa ion
Up o HSC
Deg ee
PG Deg ee
O he s
21
30
10
09
30
42.8
14.2
12.8
35
22
05
08
50
31.4
7.14
11.4
To al
70
100
70
100
Size o amily
3
4-5
6-7
8-9
Abo e 9
21
35
09
05
00
30
50
12.8
7.14
00
11
21
20
14
04
15.7
30
28.57
20
5.71
To al
70
100
70
100
Na u e o owne ship
Sole P op ie o ship
Pa ne ship
Limi ed Liabili y Pa ne ship
(LLP)
P i a e Limi ed Company
30
25
5
10
42.86
35.71
7.14
14.29
35
22
04
09
50
31.4
5.71
12.8
To al
70
100
70
100
Na u e o en e p ise
Manu ac u ing
Se ice
42
28
60
40
32
38
45.7
54.2
To al
70
100
70
100
Sou ce: P ima y da a
9. Compa ison o demog aphic, socio-economic a iables o
he Sample Responden s in Bangalo e u ban and u al
Age o he Responden s
Among u ban women en ep eneu s (Table 1.3), he la ges sha e
(34.4%) alls in he 41-50 age g oup, ollowed by 25.7% in he
31-40 ca ego y, 22.8% abo e 50, and 17.1% be ween 21-30
yea s. In con as , u al women en ep eneu s a e p edominan ly
in he 31-40 age g oup (54.2%), while 25.7% a e aged 41-50,
11.4% a e 21-30, and only 8.57% a e abo e 50. This shows ha
u ban en ep eneu ship is mo e e enly dis ibu ed ac oss age
g oups, whe eas u al en ep eneu ship is highly concen a ed
among women aged 31-40.
Ca ego y
Acco ding o Table 1.3, he majo i y o he u ban women
en ep eneu s belong o he OBC ca ego y (50%), ollowed by
Gene al (21.4%), SC (12.8%), O he s (8.57%), and ST (7.14%)
ou o 70 sample esponden s. In u al a eas, he highes sha e is
also om OBC (28.5%), bu SC women en ep eneu s o m a
signi ican 25.7%, ollowed by ST (17.1%), and bo h Gene al
and O he s a 14.2% each ou o 70 sample esponden s. The
o he eligious g oups belong o Ch is iani y, Buddhism, Jainism,
Sikhism, and Pa si. This indica es ha while OBC women
domina e in bo h egions, u al en ep eneu ship shows g ea e
pa icipa ion om SC and ST ca ego ies compa ed o u ban
a eas.
Ma i al S a us
In Bangalo e u ban, 45.7% o women en ep eneu s a e ma ied
(Table 1.3), 32.8% a e unma ied, and 21.4% a e widows. In
Bangalo e u al, ma ied women o m he majo i y a 65.7%,
ollowed by widows a 20% and unma ied women a jus 14.2%.
This shows ha u al en ep eneu ship is mo e s ongly
associa ed wi h ma ied women compa ed o u ban a eas.
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Educa ion
In Bangalo e u ban, 42.8% o women en ep eneu s a e deg ee
holde s (Table 1.3), 30% s udied up o HSC, 14.2% ha e
pos g adua e deg ees, and 12.8% all unde o he quali ica ions.
In Bangalo e u al, 50% o women en ep eneu s s udied up o
HSC, 31.4% hold deg ees, 11.4% ha e o he quali ica ions, and
only 7.14% pu sued pos g adua e educa ion. This shows ha
u ban en ep eneu s a e mo e highly educa ed, while u al
en ep eneu s a e concen a ed a he HSC le el.
Size o Family
Acco ding o Table 1.3, in Bangalo e u ban, 50% o women
en ep eneu s belong o amilies o 4-5 membe s, 30% o
amilies o 3 membe s, 12.8% o 6-7 membe s, and 7.14% o 8-9
membe s, wi h none om amilies abo e 9 membe s. In
Bangalo e u al, 30% a e om 4-5 membe amilies, 28.57%
om 6-7 membe s, 20% om 8-9 membe s, 15.7% om 3
membe s, and 5.71% om amilies wi h 9 o mo e membe s.
This indica es ha u ban women en ep eneu s a e mo e
concen a ed in smalle amilies, while u al women
en ep eneu s a e sp ead ac oss la ge amily sizes.
Na u e o Owne ship
Among u ban women en ep eneu s, 42.86% ope a e as sole
p op ie o s (Table 1.3), 35.71% in pa ne ships, 14.29% as
p i a e limi ed companies, and 7.14% as LLPs. In u al a eas,
50% a e sole p op ie o s, 31.4% in pa ne ships, and 12.8% as
p i a e
limi ed companies, and 5.71% as LLPs. This shows ha sole
p op ie o ship is he mos common o m o owne ship in bo h
u ban and u al se ings, wi h u al en ep eneu s sligh ly mo e
concen a ed in his ca ego y.
Na u e o En e p ise
In Bangalo e u ban, 60% o women en ep eneu s a e engaged in
manu ac u ing (Table 1.3) and 40% in se ice-o ien ed
businesses. In u al a eas, 45.7% ope a e in manu ac u ing, while
54.2% a e in he se ice sec o . This indica es ha u ban women
en ep eneu s a e mo e concen a ed in manu ac u ing, whe eas
u al women en ep eneu s p edominan ly ocus on se ice-based
en e p ises.
Table 1.4: Pu pose o Ru al and U ban Women Becoming En ep eneu s
Reason
U ban women en ep eneu (%)
Ru al women en ep eneu (%)
Inno a i e hinking
65
20
Sel -Iden i y and Social S a us
75
45
Educa ion and quali ica ion
89
50
Suppo o amily membe s
80
70
Role model o o he s
50
48
Success s o ies o iends and ela i es
65
50
B igh u u e
80
70
Need o addi ional income
80
80
Family occupa ion
75
85
Go e nmen policies and p ocedu es
36
20
F eedom o make own decisions and be independen
65
32
Desi e o c ea e jobs o o he s
75
44
New challenges and oppo uni ies o sel - ul ilmen
68
45
Passion o a pa icula indus y o p oduc
40
38
Lack o employmen oppo uni ies
28
22
Sou ce: P ima y da a
Table 1.4. shows he a ious easons mo i a ing women o
become en ep eneu s in u ban and u al a eas. U ban women
en ep eneu s a e s ongly in luenced by educa ion and
quali ica ions (89%), amily suppo (80%), he need o
addi ional income (80%), and sel -iden i y o social s a us (75%).
In compa ison, u al women en ep eneu s p io i ise amily
occupa ion (85%), need o addi ional income (80%), amily
suppo (70%), and a b igh u u e (70%). Inno a i e hinking,
eedom o make independen decisions, and he desi e o c ea e
jobs o o he s a e mo e p ominen among u ban women (65%,
65%, and 75% espec i ely) han u al women (20%, 32%, and
44%). Bo h g oups a e less mo i a ed by go e nmen policies,
employmen sca ci y, o passion o a pa icula indus y,
indica ing ha pe sonal, amily, and socio-economic ac o s a e
he key d i e s o en ep eneu ial ac i i y.
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Table 1.5: Sou ces o Finance o Ru al and U ban Women En ep eneu s
Sou ces o Finance
U ban Women
En ep eneu
% o U ban Women
En ep eneu s
Ru al Women
En ep eneu
% o Ru al Women
En ep eneu s
Sel - inance
47
67.14
10
14.28
Financial Assis ance om
Go sou ces
12
17.14
30
42.85
Bo owing om inancial
Ins i u ions
8
11.42
10
14.28
Bo owing om Money
Lende s
1
1.42
12
17.14
Loan om sel -help g oups
2
2.85
6
8.57
Dona ions/ T ans e s om
o he agencies
0
0
2
2.85
To al
70
100
70
100
Sou ce: P ima y da a
The analysis o inancing sou ces highligh s a sha p con as
be ween u ban and u al women en ep eneu s in Bangalo e.
Table 1.5. shows ha among u ban women en ep eneu s, he
majo i y depend on sel - inance (67.14%), e lec ing s onge
access o pe sonal sa ings and independen capi al. In con as ,
only 14.28% o u al women en ep eneu s ely on sel - inance,
while hei p ima y suppo comes om go e nmen inancial
assis ance (42.85%), showing hei highe dependence on s a e
schemes and subsidies. Bo owing om inancial ins i u ions is
ela i ely low bu simila in bo h g oups (11.42% u ban; 14.28%
u al), indica ing limi ed access o o mal c edi channels. A
no able di e ence is seen in he eliance on moneylende s, whe e
17.14% o u al women en ep eneu s eso o hem compa ed o
jus 1.42% o u ban women en ep eneu s, poin ing o inancial
ulne abili y in u al a eas. Loans om sel -help g oups (8.57%)
and dona ions/ ans e s om agencies (2.85%) also con ibu e
modes ly o u al inancing, while hei ole in u ban a eas is
minimal. O e all, u ban en ep eneu s ely mo e on pe sonal
unds, while u al women en ep eneu s depend mo e hea ily on
ex e nal sou ces, pa icula ly go e nmen schemes and in o mal
c edi .
Table 1.6: Impac o Women-Owned Mic o Indus ies on Socio-Economic Condi ions o Women En ep eneu s
Indica o s
U ban Women
En ep eneu (Ou o 70)
% o U ban Women
En ep eneu s
Ru al Women
En ep eneu (Ou o 70)
% o Ru al Women
En ep eneu s
Inc ease in Income
and Sa ings
68
97.14
69
98.57
Financial
Independence
70
100
65
92.85
Heal h imp o emen
65
92.85
68
97.14
Pu chase o asse s
63
90
69
98.57
Pu chase o addi ional
indus y
45
64.28
50
71.42
Employmen
gene a ion
68
97.14
65
92.85
Imp o ed amily
well-being
70
100
70
100
Gende equali y
66
94.28
58
82.85
Imp o ed decision-
making
70
100
60
85.71
Sou ce: P ima y da a
Table 1.6 p esen s he impac o women-owned mic o indus ies
on he socio-economic condi ions o women en ep eneu s in
u ban and u al a eas. The da a e eal ha a majo i y o bo h
u ban and u al women epo ed imp o emen s ac oss a ious
indica o s such as income, sa ings, inancial independence,
heal h, and asse owne ship. No ably, while mos indica o s show
simila le els o posi i e impac in bo h g oups, he p opo ion o
u ban women epo ing imp o ed decision-making powe
(100%) is conside ably highe han ha o u al women
(85.71%), indica ing a s onge empowe men e ec in u ban
a eas.
10. Hypo hesis Tes ing
Ho (Null Hypo hesis): The e is no signi ican impac o
women-owned mic o indus ies on he socio-economic
condi ions o women en ep eneu s in Bangalo e u ban and
u al. H1 (Al e na i e Hypo hesis): The e is a signi ican
impac o women-owned mic o indus ies on he socio-
economic condi ions o women en ep eneu s in Bangalo e
u ban and u al a eas.
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Table 1.7: Chi-Squa e Tes Resul s o he Impac o Women-Owned Mic o Indus ies on Socio-Economic Condi ions o Women En ep eneu s
Indica o s
Chi-Squa e Value
D
P-Value (Asymp. Sig. (2-sided))
Signi icance (a 0.05)
Inc ease in Income and Sa ings
0.000
1
1.000
No signi ican
Financial Independence
3.101
1
0.070
No signi ican
Heal h imp o emen
0.602
1
0.430
No signi ican
Pu chase o asse s
3.314
1
0.060
No signi ican
Pu chase o addi ional indus y
0.524
1
0.460
No signi ican
Employmen gene a ion
0.602
1
0.430
No signi ican
8Imp o ed amily well-being
0.000
1
1.000
No signi ican
Gende equali y
3.458
1
0.060
No signi ican
Imp o ed decision-making
8.466
1
0.0036
Signi ican
Table 1.7. clea ly indica es ha women-owned mic o indus ies
ha e made a s ong posi i e socio-economic impac on bo h
u ban and u al women en ep eneu s in Bangalo e. The
analysis o socio-economic indica o s e eals ha , o mos
a iables, he p- alue is g ea e han 0.05, indica ing no
signi ican di e ence be ween u ban and u al women
en ep eneu s. The e o e, ail o ejec H₀ (Null Hypo hesis).
Women-owned mic o indus ies ha e he same impac on he
socio-economic condi ions o u al as well as u ban women
en ep eneu s. This sugges s ha he impac o women-owned
mic o indus ies on income, sa ings, inancial independence,
heal h, asse pu chase, employmen gene a ion, amily well-
being, and gende equali y emains ela i ely simila ac oss
bo h egions. Howe e , he indica o ‘Imp o ed Decision
Making’ eco ded a p- alue o 0.0036, which is less han 0.05,
signi ying a s a is ically signi ican di e ence, indica ing ha
Rejec H₀ (Null Hypo hesis). This means ha women-owned
mic o indus ies ha e had a s onge in luence on enhancing
decision-making abili ies among women in one egion, mos
likely u ban, compa ed o u al a eas. O e all, he indings
highligh ha while mic o indus ies con ibu e posi i ely o
imp o ing he socio-economic condi ions o women
en ep eneu s, he magni ude o hei impac does no a y
g ea ly be ween u ban and u al Bangalo e, excep in he a ea
o decision-making empowe men .
10. CONCLUSION
Women-owned mic o indus ies in Bangalo e U ban and
Ru al dis ic s ep esen complemen a y ace s o Ka na aka’s
en ep eneu ial landscape, os e ing bo h economic g ow h
and social de elopmen . U ban women en ep eneu s
symbolise mode nisa ion and di e si ica ion, while u al
coun e pa s embody esilience and g ass oo s inno a ion. A
compa a i e iew highligh s he need o egion-speci ic
policies, inclusi e in as uc u e, and sus ained ins i u ional
suppo o b idge dispa i ies and p omo e empowe men .
Social ca ego y analysis e eals dominance o Gene al and
OBC women in u ban a eas and ela i ely highe pa icipa ion
o SC and ST women in u al dis ic s, emphasising inclusi e
in e en ions. Mo i a ion di e s u ban women seek
independence and ecogni ion, whe eas u al women
p io i ise income secu i y and amily sus enance. These
en e p ises enhance income, sa ings, heal h, and employmen ,
hough u ban women expe ience g ea e social empowe men .
Since globalisa ion, women en ep eneu ship in India has
g own ema kably, suppo ed by policy ini ia i es and
p og ammes such as he SHG–Bank Linkage P og amme
(Kesha a S.R., 2013). Despi e pe sis en gende ba ie s,
Indian women en ep eneu s con inue o b eak h ough
s uc u al limi a ions (Glass Ceiling Commission, USA, 2012;
Kesha a S.R., 2013). S eng hening women-owned mic o
indus ies equi es imp o ed access o a o dable c edi ,
capaci y-building, and a ge ed policy suppo o enhance
compe i i eness, inancial independence, and social
empowe men .
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