THE POLITICAL AND ETHNIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SHAYBONI PEOPLE

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF NATURAL AND SOCIAL-HUMANITARIAN SCIENCES Volume 02, Issue 08, 2025 Belgium, Brussels 29 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF NATURAL AND SOCIAL-HUMANITARIAN SCIENCES universalconference.us THE POLITICAL AND ETHNIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SHAYBONI PEOPLE Turdiyev Ilyos Ulugbek ugli Samarkand State University named after Sharof Rashidovi E-mail:[email protected] ANNOTATION Before the Shaybanid state established its rule in the oases between the Amu Darya and Syrdarya rivers, including the Jizzakh oasis, the main political and ethnic processes associated with the Shaybanid dynasty took place in the eastern part of the DashtiKipchak - the middle and lower basins of the Syrdarya, the Urals, Western Siberia and Balkhash. The tribes and peoples living in these regions, such as the "Kung'irat", "Man'it", "Naiman", "Burgut", "Qarluq", and "Boyrak", played a significant role in the political activities of Genghis' rulers. Introduction. During the reign of Muhammad Shaybani Khan and his descendants, they migrated to the Amu Darya-Syr Darya interfluve and adjacent territories, creating the basis for the emergence of dozens of ethnotoponyms associated with the name "92bowl Uzbek tribe" in a number of oases of Central Asia, including the Jizzakh oasis and its components. Main part. The Shaybanid dynasty (1501-1601), which brought about major changes in the ethnic composition of the population of the Central Asian region, grew up in the political environment of the Blue Horde, and the emergence of this dynasty was associated with the middle and lower basins of the Syrdarya River, that is, the territories of the Eastern Steppe Kipchak. The state of Abulkhair Khan (Uzbek ulus - 1428-1468), which stretched from the Lower Volga basin in the northeast of the Caspian Sea to Western Siberia and Lake Balkhash in the east, and whose core territories were the Middle Syrdarya basins, was inhabited by hundreds of Turkic and Turkicized Mongol clans, who migrated across these vast territories. Abulkhair Khan was a descendant of Shayban, the 5th son of Jochi, and according to written sources, after his father died, he went to his grandfather Genghis Khan with his brothers Orda-Ijan and Batu. Genghis Khan ordered Batu to build the "White Horde with the Golden Threshold", and Orda-Ijan to build the "Blue Horde with the Silver Threshold", while Shayban received the order to build the "Gray Horde with the Steel Threshold". The brothers returned to Dashti Kipchak from Genghis Khan's presence and, for his dedication in completely conquering this land, his brother Sayin Khan INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF NATURAL AND SOCIAL-HUMANITARIAN SCIENCES Volume 02, Issue 08, 2025 Belgium, Brussels 30 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF NATURAL AND SOCIAL-HUMANITARIAN SCIENCES universalconference.us (Batu) gave Shaybon the "Kushchi", "Qarluq", "Beyrak" (kidney) and "Naiman" tribes along with 10 thousand nomadic people, saying, "All the lands between me and my brother, the Horde-Ijan possessions are yours. In the summer, from the Irgiz, Savuk, Or and Ilek rivers to the Ural Mountains, in the winter, winter in the Karakum, Orakum steppes and the Syrdarya, Sarysuv and lower reaches of the Chu rivers." These territories were given to him. The founder of the Boz-Orda, Shayban Khan, had 12 sons: Baynal, Bahodir, Qadak, Balqa, Chirik, Mergan, Kurtqa, Ayochi, Sayilgat, Sanchar, Majar, and Kuyinchi. When Shayban Khan died, his second son, Bahodir, became the khan of the Shayban ulus (Boz-Orda). He had sons named Jochi-Buga and Kutluk-Buga, and after the death of Bahodir Khan, his eldest son Jochi-Buga took over the reign. Jochi-Buga had 4 sons named Bodakul, Bek-Temur, Yangichar (Nikchar), and Yisun-Buga. After the death of Jochi-Buga, his eldest son Bodaqul became the ruler of the Shayban ulus in his place. He had one son, whose name was Ming-Temur. When Bodaqulkhan died, this prince took his place. Ming-Temur had 6 sons, and Abulgozi Bakhodirkhan gives the following information about them: “Elpak (Ibak), Janta, Pulod, Sevinch Timur, Tungabek, Kundi. After his father Ming Temur died, his son Pulod succeeded him. He had two sons, Ibrahim and Arabshah. The Uzbeks call both of them Abyo Arab.” The time of Pulod Khan's rule in the Shayban ulus coincides with the years when the rule of the descendants of Batu Khan ended in the White Horde (Golden Horde) in 1359. After Pulod Khan died, the Shayban ulus was ruled by Ilik (Ilg'aq) son of MingTemur (Malik-Temur) son Qonboy. The years of his rule coincided with the reign of Urus Khan (1368-1375), another son of Jochi, who was from the lineage of ToqaiTemur. Part of the Shayban ulus, including the middle basin of the Syrdarya, had already passed into the hands of the descendants (dynasty) of Toqai-Temur. When Tokhtamysh Khan (1380-1395), a member of the Togay-Temur dynasty, asked Qanboy for help against Mamai, a member of the Qiyat clan, this ruler of the Shayban ulus did not help him. Tokhtamysh Khan received help from Qanboy's cousin, Pulod Khan's son Arab-Oglan, and after eliminating Mamai in 1381, he replaced Qanboy on the throne of the Shayban ulus. Both sons of Pulod Khan - Arab-Oglan (Arabshah) and Ibrahim (Ayba) jointly ruled the Shayban ulus. After them, Qanboy Khan's son Mahmudak Khoja took over the rule of this ulus, defeating the powerful "Kungirat" and "Sijuut" districts of the Tura region in Western Siberia, and this region became his core territory. After Abulkhair, the grandson of Ibrahim (Ayba), the son of Tugli-Shaykh (Davlat-Shaykh), fought and killed his uncle Mahmudak Khoja, the rule of the Shayban ulus passed to Abulkhair. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF NATURAL AND SOCIAL-HUMANITARIAN SCIENCES Volume 02, Issue 08, 2025 Belgium, Brussels 31 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF NATURAL AND SOCIAL-HUMANITARIAN SCIENCES universalconference.us After Mahmudak Khoja married his widow Janaq Beg, his political influence increased even more. Because Janaq Beg was from the "mangit" clan, and representatives of this clan were one of the largest Turko-Mongol clans in the Dashti-Kipchak. Born in 1413 and dying in 1469, Abulkhair Khan ruled for 40 years between 1428 and 1468, establishing the Abulkhair Khan Horde, also known as the "Uzbek ulus", in a large part of the Shayban ulus. He had 3 wives, from whom he had 11 sons. From the "Burkut" clan, Aganak bekadin Shah Budak and Khoja Muhammad (Khojagam), from the "Kongirot" clan, Haydar, Sayid Baba, Sanjar Sultan, Sheikh Ibrahim, Mirzo Ulugbek's daughter Rabiya Khotun Kuchkunchi, Sevinkhozha and Ak-burun Sultan were the sons of Abulkhair Khan. Abulkhair Khan three times seized the "Takht region" - the main administration of the Golden Horde, and preached sermons in his name in Ordu-bazar. He seized a number of territories under the control of the Timurids - the Syrdarya basins. After the death of Abulkhair Khan, Yodgor Khan from the Arab-Oglon clan came to the head of the Uzbek ulus, but during his rule, this ulus became much weaker, and most of its territories were occupied by the Kazakh khans. During the reign of Shaybak Khan (Muhammad Shaybani Khan - 1500-1510), the grandson of Abulkhair Khan and son of Shah Budak, the Uzbek ulus restored its dominance, and a significant part of the Eastern Steppe of the Kipchaks, the Middle Syr Darya basin, the territory of the Timurid Empire - the Amudarya - Syr Darya interfluve (Movarunnahr), a large part of Khorasan, and the main territories of the Afghan region passed into the hands of nomadic Uzbeks. After the Safavid ruler of Iran, Shah Ismail, killed Muhammad Shaybani Khan in 1510, and the late ruler's uncles and cousins, Kochkunchi Khan, Sevinkhodja Khan, Ubaydullah Khan, and others, maintained Shaybani rule in the middle and lower reaches of the Syrdarya, as well as in Transoxiana, Shah Ismail appointed his viceroys (viceroys) to Khorezm. However, shortly after that, in 1515, Elbars Khan (1515-1525), a descendant of the ruling dynasty of the Shayban ulus (Uzbek ulus), came to Khorezm and expelled the Iranian viceroys, and another branch of the Shayban ulus established its rule there. Literature 1. 1. Kashgari, Mahmud. Dictionary of Turkic Words (Devonu-lugot it-turk) / Translator and editor S. M. Mutallibov. 3 volumes. T. I. – Toshkent: Fan, 1960. – B. 64, 314, 440. 2. Axmedov B. A. Историко-географическая литература Средней Азии XVI– XVIII вв.: письменные памятники. Tashkent: Fan, 1985. – S. 130-131. 3. 181. http://www. sogdcoins. narod. ru – Sogd coins 4. 180. http://www. zeno. ru – Pre-IslamicCentralAsia, Sogd 5. Kafalı M. Ötemiş Hacı’ya Göre Cuci Ulusu’nun tarihi. – S. 58-64