XR Technologies, Benefits and Challenges Faced in Education Sector: A Critical Analysis with reference to Urban Bengaluru

8 https://researchtrendsjournal.com Online at: https://researchtrendsjournal.com ISSN No: 2584-282X Indexed Journal Peer Reviewed Journal INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRENDS IN EMERGING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Volume 3; Issue 6; 2025; Page No. 08-13 Received: 04-08-2025 Accepted: 16-09-2025 Published: 04-11-2025 XR Technologies, Benefits and Challenges Faced in Education Sector: A Critical Analysis with reference to Urban Bengaluru 1Dr. Nagaraja C and 2Anuradha GS 1Associate Professor, Department of Commerce, GFGC-Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India 2Associate Professor, Department of Commerce, Government Arts College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17518656 Corresponding Author: Dr. Nagaraja C Abstract Purpose: The preeminent intention of the present research is to know how far the demographics impact on the study of XR Technologies, or Extended Reality or Cross Reality. Further, the study probed about the benefits of XR technology and challenges faced in higher education. The immediate developments in the domain of education is compelling and in certain cases forcing to consider and implement latest technologies, methods and practices in order to attain higher quality of education. Higher education institutions have started using XR technologies which consist of virtual, augmented and mixed reality. XR technologies has intensify the way people experience the physical and virtual environments from observations to immersions (Stephanic Hai - Wan Chauah, 2019). XR technologies has the potential to help faculty and students transcend the boundaries of classroom by providing new variety of environments for presenting, delivering instrumental content and learned experience (Cindy Ziker et al., 2021). XR is intensively developing technology that provides useful tools for displaying and interacting with various information (Gupta et al, 2023). One of the key areas of application is education and training (Wang et al., 2024). Approach: A well drafted previously tested questionnaire was administered as schedule in order to avoid delay, incompleteness and rejection. Primary data gathered by visiting different colleges of different streams. x2, Contingency Co-efficient, Weighted Arithmetic mean and Summated Score quantitative techniques were performed to measure the variation and weightage of opinions of students. Findings: The study found that all demographic profiles showing significant variation in the data with high degree of relationship. The study found benefits of XR Technologies like widens student participation, engages all students and enhances learning activity. The study also found challenges of XR technology that includes lack of trained personnel, finding discomfort while learning immersive VR and limited availability of ready-to-use XR content. Keywords: Immersive, challenge, benefits, eye strain, discomfort, technology, multi-sensory, implement, relationship, higher education, immersion Introduction The concepts of Extended Reality (XR) technologies (XRs) such as Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR) and Mixed Reality (MR) today is very promising technological tools for education (Ahmed Alnagrat et al. 2022) [1]. XR technologies is becoming more common in every day working life (Vasaraimen et al., 2021) [22]. These technologies are user friendly and availabilities of these technologies grow and invest in 3 technologies are often expected to widen both work and efficiency and productivity (Du et al., 2018; Stanton et al. 2020) [8, 20] and adequately research on these technologies also increased (Radianti, et al. 2020) [17]. These technologies are not just important from individuals point of view, but they often transform ways of organising work and working together (Orlikowski, 2007) [14]. The upcoming 5G allows the users to transfer big data instantly and each successful Computed Radiography (CR) content means a huge technical leap. AR and VR can dramatically improve the educational experience of providing a computer generated 3D International Journal of Trends in Emerging Research and Development https://researchtrendsjournal.com 9 https://researchtrendsjournal.com environment that can be explored and interacted with the students. Educators should be looking for ways to leverage existing tools to create meaningful interactions using XR technologies while continuing to explore new opportunities that have not yet been invented (Ziker et al., 2021) [6]. They create new opportunities for students and teachers and assist in the presentation of contents in the class room at low cost (Ahmed Alnagrat, 2022) [1]. XR technologies are transforming various fields including aviation, maritime transport logistic, autonomous vehicles (AVs), pedestrian safety and Intelligent Transport System (ITS). Now XR technologies are used in the areas like pilot and driver training, real time navigation assistance and complex simulations offering solutions to longstanding challenges in transportation safety, efficiency and decision making. With sufficient support XR has the potential to help faculty and students transcend the limits of classroom by providing new type of environment for presenting and delivering instrumental content and creating learned experience (Cindy Zukier et al., 2021) [26]. Universities can generate more income when compare to primary and secondary schools and many private managements are developing and adopting target curriculum that follows XR technologies in specific domains like health, engineering and commerce which helps to prepare the next generation of the market. XR technologies describe all real and virtual considered environments between human and computer input (Ahmed Jannah Ahmed Alphagrant, 2022) [18]. Statement of the problem XR technologies are better for enhancing instructions and learning experiences in out of classes and a better system them traditional education system based on remembrance and board reaching which is largely followed in +2 grade, degrees and post graduation. Some of the best institutions in Bengaluru attempted to adopt technology based teaching at the university level. VR Simulations have been shown to provide effective instructions and tools that can transfer soft skills to the classroom and workplace (Souza, V. et al. 2020) [19]. XR helps to reduce the overall cost and whereas the cognate learning experience was expensive in different respects. XR technologies touches wider audience of learners and offer newer opportunities for the students. Researchers conducted previously reveal that the usage of XR technologies have link with improvement in student academic performance and motivation, XR technologies improves the students performance and hence many private institutions are implementing the XR technologies laboratory. Review of Literature Maryam Biognah et al. (2025) [13] stated that agricultural sector confronts critical challenges like climate change, over population and resource shortage compelling urgent innovate solutions. The researchers further, clarified that XR technologies emerged as a transformative technology offering ground breaking approaches to latest farm practices. The study conducts a thorough literature review to explore the integration of XR technologies in agriculture, livestock farming and aquaculture. The analysis is revealed a significant increase in XR technology adoption over the previous two years. The findings suggest that XR technology can enhance productivity, improve training methods and facilitate remote collaboration. The study by Baichuan Zeng (2025) [3] examine the current state of XR technology, its applications across various domains, and explores future directions, with a particular focus on AI powered spatial intelligence might address existing limitations and enable new capabilities. The analysis of framework components and showcasing commercial products, this study intends to provide a comprehensive review of where XR stands today and where it might be headed in the future. Further, the researcher expressed that XR's application span industries from workforce development and healthcare to entertainment and design, demonstrating their versatility in solving the real world problem and creating a new opportunities for innovative experiences. Research paper delve into the potential advantages and difficulties of suing XR technology in engineering education. The paper also examines the factors influencing the acceptance and intention to continue using XR in teaching practice from instructors' view points. The study identified 5 themes that affect the use of XR in teaching practice. As per the research, professional development, technical support, XR and infrastructures are crucial contextual factors that positively influence the use XR in teaching practice. The paper stress on the need for addressing technical and infrastructure difficulties and providing adequate professional development and social support to facilitate. Senthil Kumar Jagatheesa Perumal et al. (2022) [18] conducted a survey of review of XR solutions and associated challenges in education, training and skill enhancement in different fields through Internet of Everything (IoE) applications from the Metaverse prospective. The study highlighted the important ideas involved in XR and 10E technology as well as vital features incorporated for obtaining and skill enhancement through Metaversa. The researchers contribution helps to know the state of art features of XR and 10E devices and their application capabilities. Valentin Kuleto et al. (2021) [21] express that colleges, universities and other educational institutions like Ed Tech companies can gain competitive advantage over the rivals. These institutions will have to implement in order to meet the growing demand for adoptive and personalised education. Further, the researcher stated that Y&2 group of students are critical for higher education institutions and in order to address and sharing the values requires the use of XR technologies on their content. Materils and Methods Data Source: The current research work depends upon both primary and secondary data. Primary data gathered by proper administration of previously known questionnaire. Interviews held in a natural condition i.e., in the different college campuses. The secondary sources include ejournals, books and magazines. Line of Analysis: The study is descriptive in nature. x2, contingency co-efficient, weighted arithmetic mean and summated score were performed. International Journal of Trends in Emerging Research and Development https://researchtrendsjournal.com 10 https://researchtrendsjournal.com Participants: The participants of this present study belongs to Urban Bengaluru's areas like Yelahanka the upcoming education hub of Bengaluru, Basavanagudi, Indiranagar and Jayanagar area in each area 25 students of different streams and have met the necessary data was gathered. The students respondents belongs to the streams of general degree and PG, Medical, Engineering, Chartered Accountants and cost accountants. Sample and sampling technique: The sample of the study is 100 and convenient sampling technique is followed. The sample respondents from different streams is shown below: Degree and PG 61, Engineering 15, Medical 13, chartered accountants 6, and cost accountants 5. All these students are studying in different semesters of their selected streams. Survey Instrument: A well designed and pre-tested questionnaire was administered as schedule in addition to Google form questionnaire. Both are well administered and reminds were sent to the students to complete the questionnaire and to submit online and gathered questionnaire which was used a schedule keeping in mind the possible delay, incompleteness, rejection and time conscious of respondents. Study variable: Independent and dependent variables The selected demographics constitute the independent variable and XR technologies becomes depended variable. All the benefits and challenges and their drivers becomes independent variable in this study. Objectives 1. To study the impact of demographics profile of the respondents. 2. To analyse the benefits of XR technology. 3. To analyse the challenges faced by respondents students of higher education. Hypotheses 1. There exist no significant variation in the demographics of student respondents and hence do not impact on the study. 2. There are no benefits from XR technologies. 3. Students of higher education is not facing any challenges. Research questions 1. What are the reasons behind demographics not impacting on the study? 2. What are the benefits of XR technology? 3. What are the challenges faced by higher education students at Bengaluru? Limitation 1. The study is very limited to select colleges of Bengaluru Urban. 2. The sample is small. 3. Any dependency on the study needs further study. Survey Findings Table 1 - divulge the demographics of higher education students. There are 21 males and 79 female students and out of 100, 19 only married and 81 remained single. The age details reveal that 61 students belong to 22-26 years followed by 35 between 18-22 years and 4>26 years. The education status of student delve that 35 are studying degree, 26 PG 15 engineering, 13 medical, 6 chartered accountants and 5 cost accountants. The family income reveal that 38 family members fall in the range of 40K-50K per month followed by 22 in between 50K-60K, 18>60K, 15 in between 30K-40K, 4 between 20K-30K and 3 in between 10K-20K. 80 are visiting library, 81 are participating XR technology conferences and web seminars. All the demographics are highly significantly varying with high degree of relationship. Table - 2 proclaim about benefits of XR technology. To measure the benefits weighted arithmetic mean was performed. Likert 3 point scale with corresponding weights were considered for the study. The opinions of students is defined as f and weights as "w". The sum of "fw" is divided by sum of "w" i.e., 3 + 2 + 1 = 6. To get "WA" the sum of "fw" is divided by sum of "W". Based on the highest "WA" ranking is performed. Accordingly the first rank was awarded to the benefit of widens student participation, followed by second rank i.e., engages all students and third rank enhances learning activity. The remaining benefits are ranked as per the strength of "WA". Table - 3 discloses data about challenges faced in highest education application. To measure the challenges summated score (SS) was performed. In order to present bipolar opinions of the student respondents 5 point Likert scale was performed with varying from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree". The multiplication of weights with the covered sum of bipolar has been performed and the summated score has been derived. 400 and above factors with summated score are better performed one and below 400 not performed well. All the SS > greater than 400 except resource limitation to buy equipment. Summate scale was developed by Renis Likert (1932) [25]. Summary & Discussion The main motto of the present study is to know whether demographics impacts on the study or not. Further, the study also conducted to probe the benefits and challenges of XR technologies. The demographic profile of student respondents reveal significant variation in the data with high degree of relationship. The benefits of XR technologies include widens student participation, engages all students and enhances learning activity. The challenges of XR technologies measured by performing summated score that all the factors vary significantly except resource limitation to buy equipment. The survey technique was followed in the present study and the respondent students were interviewed in their respective colleges and collected the data required. Google form questionnaire was also circulated to the student. Concerned quantitative techniques were performed like x2, contingency co-efficient, Kendall's co-efficient of concordance, summated score and weighted arithmetic mean was performed to analyse the data. The data collected was presented in proper tables and particular quantitative techniques were performed to analyse and present the data. International Journal of Trends in Emerging Research and Development https://researchtrendsjournal.com 11 https://researchtrendsjournal.com Table 1: Demographic profile of Respondents Demographics x2 TV @ 0.05 df Result of x2 "c" Result of c Gender 33.64 3.841 1 Significant 0.50 High Degree Marital status 38.44 3.841 1 Significant 0.52 High Degree Age in years 48.86 5.991 2 Significant 0.57 High Degree Education (Studying) 41.32 11.070 5 Significant 0.54 High Degree Family Income (Rs) 50.07 11.070 5 Significant 0.57 High Degree Visiting Library & Computer Laboratory 36.00 3.841 1 Significant 0.51 High Degree Visiting XR Laboratory 38.44 3.841 1 Significant 0.52 High Degree Participation in XR conferences and webinars 46.24 3.841 1 Significant 0.56 High Degree Source: Field Survey Note: x2 = Chi-square 'c' = √(x2 / x2 + N) Where 'c' = Contingency Co-efficient, N = Number of Observations When the value 'c' is equal or nearer to 1, it means that there is high degree of association between attributes. Contingency co-efficient will always to be less than 1. High degree is considered here if 'c' is 0.50 and above. Table 2: Benefits of XR Technology Benefits Weight 3 2 1 T WA Likert Scale SA A SWA Widens student participation f 85 15 - 100 I fw 255 30 - 285 47.50 Improved and enhanced memory f 75 18 7 100 X fw 225 36 7 268 44.67 Engages all students f 82 13 5 100 II fw 246 26 5 277 46.17 No geographical limitation f 71 11 18 100 XXI fw 213 22 18 253 42.17 All purpose and can be used to teach any topic f 72 19 9 100 XV fw 216 38 9 263 43.83 Provides interactive lesson for students f 75 10 15 100 XVII fw 225 20 15 260 43.33 Enhances learning activity f 80 15 5 100 III fw 240 30 5 275 45.83 Universal apporach and ignores socio economic and geographical disputes f 75 20 5 100 VII fw 225 40 5 270 45.00 Contextual learning f 77 15 8 100 XIX fw 231 20 8 259 4317 Active autonomy f 74 17 9 100 XIII fw 222 34 9 265 44.17 Multi sensory experiences f 79 10 11 100 VII fw 239 20 11 270 45.00 Virtual rehearsal f 80 14 6 100 IV fw 240 28 6 274 45.67 Focused immersion f 81 8 11 100 VII fw 243 16 11 270 45.00 Influences emotion & self respect f 75 15 10 100 XIV fw 225 30 10 265 44.16 Creates fun excitements for students, develops learning process f 70 10 10 100 XVII fw 210 40 10 260 43.33 Breaks physical laws & do better in areas which cannot be done in real world f 65 32 3 100 XVI fw 195 64 3 262 43.67 Visiting the past, present & future f 65 16 19 100 XXII fw 195 32 19 246 41.00 AR in education improves and enhances sensory developments f 78 12 10 100 XX fw 224 24 10 258 43.00 Do not required heavy resources as they do not get damage, lost or stolen f 79 14 7 100 VI fw 237 28 7 272 45.33 Remote presence f 81 11 8 100 V fw 243 22 8 273 45.50 Global teleportation visiting places above the means f 76 14 10 100 XII fw 228 28 11 266 44.33 Forward world where students and teacher can go back in time interacting with objects, animals and human beings. f 77 13 10 100 XI fw 231 26 10 267 44.50 Source: Field Survey Likert scale: 3 Point - SA - Strongly Agree, A - Agree, SWA - Somewhat Agree Weights = 3 + 2 + 1 = 6 WA = fw total / sum of weights, e.g. 262 / 6 = 43.67 International Journal of Trends in Emerging Research and Development https://researchtrendsjournal.com 12 https://researchtrendsjournal.com Table 3: Challenges of XR Technologies Application Different Challenges SA A N DA SDA SS XR Technology can be pretty pricey 82 10 - 4 4 410 40 - 8 4 462 Learning to use it takes time 75 20 - 3 2 375 80 - 6 2 463 Ethical and health concerns 80 12 - 5 3 400 48 - 10 3 461 Technological failure 75 16 2 4 3 375 64 6 8 3 456 Need for specialised hardware 73 18 2 3 4 365 72 6 6 4 453 Lack of trained personnel 82 10 8 - - 410 40 24 - - 474 User resistance 76 14 2 3 5 380 56 6 6 5 448 Resource limitation to buy equipment 50 14 18 18 10 250 56 54 16 10 386 Increased teaching leads 73 12 5 6 4 365 48 15 12 4 444 Constraints towards availability of equipment 70 14 4 5 7 350 56 12 10 7 435 Internet Bandwidth 76 14 - 3 7 380 56 - 6 7 449 Dedicated campus space of XR lab 61 8 17 7 7 305 32 51 14 7 409 Difficulty to get XR learning content that fit their specific course 75 18 3 2 2 375 72 9 4 2 462 Finding discomfort while learning immersive VR 76 14 8 4 4 380 56 24 8 4 472 Limited availability of ready to take XR content 74 16 10 - - 370 64 30 - - 464 Female learners feel strangers harassing behaviours 70 15 10 3 2 350 60 30 6 2 448 Danger of eye strain simulator sickness and reality blurring 69 10 12 3 2 345 56 36 6 2 445 VR headsets might create some discomfort or danger for any learners 68 15 10 4 3 340 60 30 8 3 441 Source: Field Survey Note: (1) In the case simulated Score (SS) statistics tool only the sum of multiplication is shown between the sum of observation in each case and multiplied by concerned "w". (2) The weights are 5, 4, 3, 2, 1. Conclusion of the study One of the key areas of application is education and training (Wong et al., 2024) [16]. The other areas of XR application includes Transportation, Education, IoT, Robotics and Ind 4.0, Medical, Engineering. Higher Education at Bengaluru requires highly interactive, learning experiences belonging to structuring information and synthesizing information from different sources. VR can be used in the areas where it is difficult to reach physically and experience in education. Teaching faculty need to undergo experience to install XR strategies in the classroom. Innumerable challenges has to be faced at the time of leveraging the XR technologies application. XR technologies offering benefits to different students of national and international level. The study found that all the characteristics of student respondents are significantly varying with high degree of relationship. 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