Beliefs towards transformational adaptation Conceptual Map - TransformAr D1.4

Beliefs towards transformational adaptation conceptual map Deliverable 1.4 Accelerating and upscaling transformational adaptation in Europe: demonstration of water-related innovation packages This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon H2020 innovation action programme under grant agreement 101036683. 2 TransformAr Deliverable 1.4 Deliverable Number and Name D1.4 - Beliefs towards transformational adaptation Conceptual Map Work Package WP1 – Innovation ecosystems for transformational adaptation in demonstrators Dissemination Level Public Author(s) José Manuel Sabucedo, Cristina Gómez Román, Andrea Correa Chica Primary Contact and Email José Manuel Sabucedo, [email protected] Date Due 01/10/2023 Date Submitted 06/10/2023 File Name TransformAr_WP1_D1.4_Beliefs_V2_06102023 Status Version 2 Reviewed by (if applicable) Óscar Bernárdez (FEUGA), Amalie Bjornavold (UA), Jan Cools (UA) Suggested citation Sabucedo, J.M., Gómez-Román, C. and Correa-Chica, A. (2023) Beliefs towards transformational adaptation conceptual map. TransformAr Deliverable 1.4, H2020 grant no. 101036683 © TransformAR Consortium, 2021 This deliverable contains original unpublished work except when indicated otherwise. Acknowledgement of previously published material and of the work of others has been made through appropriate citation, quotation, or both. Reproduction is authorised if the source is acknowledged. This document has been prepared in the framework of the European project TransformAR. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 innovation action programme under grant agreement no. 101036683. The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not necessarily represent the opinion of the European Union. Neither the EASME nor the European Commission are responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. 3 TransformAr Deliverable 1.4 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................. 6 LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................... 8 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 9 1. DESCRIPTION OF DATA ANALYZED ..................................................... 10 Stakeholders profile ........................................................................ 11 2. DATA ANALYSIS PROCESS ................................................................. 11 Phase 1. Build a coding system ......................................................... 11 Phase 2. Divide the data set into units to be coded .............................. 12 Phase 3. Test the coding system ....................................................... 12 Phase 4. Summarize and outline the results ........................................ 13 Phase 5. Interpret and present the findings ......................................... 13 3. REPORT OF THE MAIN RESULTS ......................................................... 13 Recommendations regarding the interpretation of the results ................. 14 Climate change .............................................................................. 14 Climate change effects ............................................................................................................................... 15 Consequences of Climate Change in Sectors ............................................................................................. 16 Perception of distance/proximity ....................................................... 18 Psychological distance ............................................................................................................................... 18 Psychological proximity ............................................................................................................................. 19 Stakeholders .................................................................................. 19 Sectorial dynamics ..................................................................................................................................... 20 Sectoral requirements ............................................................................................................................... 21 Attitude and responses with proposed solutions ...................................................................................... 22 4. CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................ 23 Barriers ......................................................................................... 24 Facilitators..................................................................................... 25 REFERENCES ........................................................................................ 26 ANNEX 1: FOCUS GROUP PROTOCOL ........................................................ 27 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 29 2. PURPOSE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FOCUS GROUPS ...................... 30 3. PHASES ........................................................................................... 32 4. FOCUS GROUP PREPARATION .............................................................. 33 1.1 4.1. DEFINE THE MAIN AIM ....................................................... 33 Clarity of Purpose ....................................................................................................................................... 33 Relevance to Research Questions .............................................................................................................. 33 4 TransformAr Deliverable 1.4 Alignment with Hypotheses ....................................................................................................................... 33 Scope and Focus ......................................................................................................................................... 33 Practical Implications: ................................................................................................................................ 33 Ethical Considerations: .............................................................................................................................. 33 1.2 4.2. Questionnaire for Pre and Post Focus Group Phase: ................. 35 Select Established Measures ...................................................................................................................... 35 Response Options ...................................................................................................................................... 35 1.3 4.3. Text for Discussion............................................................. 40 a. Clear and Accessible Language .............................................................................................................. 40 b. Begin with the Region Context .............................................................................................................. 40 c. Present Information on Present and Future Impacts ............................................................................ 40 d. Explain Adaptation Strategies ................................................................................................................ 40 1.4 4.4. Discussion guide ................................................................ 44 a. Prepare a Discussion Guide (Script) ....................................................................................................... 44 b. Start with Icebreaker Questions ............................................................................................................ 44 c. Use Open-Ended Questions ................................................................................................................... 44 d. Sequence Questions Logically ................................................................................................................ 44 e. Submit the Guide to Expert Peer Review ............................................................................................... 44 5. FOCUS GROUP EXECUTION ................................................................. 50 1.5 5.1. Development .................................................................... 50 Execution Sequence: .................................................................................................................................. 50 Moderator Presentation and General Introduction .................................................................................. 50 Ethical Considerations: Explanation and Informed Consent: .................................................................... 50 Recording: Setting Up Audio/Video Recording: ......................................................................................... 51 Discussion Commencement: ...................................................................................................................... 51 1.6 5.2. Tips for Moderator presentation ........................................... 51 a. Express Gratitude for Participation: ............................................................................................. 51 b. Seek Permission to Record and Use Information: ........................................................................ 51 c. Explain Data Privacy Policy: .......................................................................................................... 51 d. Obtain Consent: ............................................................................................................................ 52 e. Discuss Session Duration .............................................................................................................. 52 f. Summarize Research Objectives: .................................................................................................. 52 g. Emphasize Personal Experiences and Perceptions: ...................................................................... 52 1.7 5.3. Tips for the Moderator During the Discussion .......................... 53 a. Maintain Time Management: ....................................................................................................... 53 b. Encourage Equal Participation: ..................................................................................................... 53 5 TransformAr Deliverable 1.4 c. Summarize Key Points:.................................................................................................................. 53 d. Conclude the Discussion: .............................................................................................................. 53 6. FOCUS GROUP DATA ANALYSIS ........................................................... 54 1.8 6.1. Main steps for data analysis ................................................ 54 a. Data Management ........................................................................................................................ 54 b. Transcription: ................................................................................................................................ 54 c. Data Familiarization: ..................................................................................................................... 54 d. Create a Coding System ................................................................................................................ 54 1.9 6.2. Main steps for the report ..................................................... 55 7. CONCLUSION .................................................................................... 56 ANNEX 2: FOCUS GROUP PROTOCOL PRESENTATION .................................. 57 ANNEX 3: CODING SYSTEM .................................................................... 73 6 TransformAr Deliverable 1.4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The TransformAr project aims to demonstrate solutions and pathways to help us adapt better to climate change and improve our social resilience. Among the project's key objectives is gaining insights into the public's level of acceptance regarding these adaptative solutions, while promoting active engagement from both the public and stakeholders. The aim is to ensure that the solutions developed are genuinely embraced through collaborative endeavors. This report serves to present the analyses conducted by the research group COSOYPA from the University of Santiago de Compostela, on evaluating the attitudes and beliefs held by stakeholders that may either hinder or facilitate the adoption of behaviors conducive to transformative change. The findings presented herein pertain specifically to the analysis of different workshops and meetings carried out in three of the sites of the project: Galicia, Guadeloupe and Oristano. COSOYPA's assessment focused on discerning stakeholder attitudes and beliefs that could potentially impact their embrace of transformational behaviors as proposed in WP1 on Innovation ecosystems for transformational adaptation in demonstrators. The core objective of the analysis was to both identify shared elements and discern subtle distinctions within them using a standardized approach. This analytical process is designed to methodically structure and elucidate the available information, thus facilitating a more precise identification of pivotal factors that might impact the reception or dismissal of the proposed solutions. By doing so, this report lays down a robust groundwork to analyse social acceptance. This resource is proposed to support subsequent project phases. The results of this report are expected to yield valuable insights that can significantly benefit both WP6 and WP7. For the WP6, these insights can shed light on how EU citizens perceive the project's solutions and their potential applicability in other EU regions. For the WP7, this report provides a deeper understanding of stakeholder attitudes and preferences, making a meaningful contribution to the evolving climate policy landscape. These insights can be used to tailor planned communication actions, such as social media and the project's public website. Accordingly, this report is structured as following: First, the method followed to analyze the information collected with stakeholders is discussed. In this section, the profile of stakeholders involved in the project is described. The stakeholder profile for the project varies by region, with participants primarily from key economic sectors like agriculture, aquaculture, and tourism. In Galicia, representatives from private sector associations actively participated, while in Oristano, involvement extended to both public and private sector actors. Guadeloupe saw participation from institutional representatives and investors. The data analysis process involved qualitative content analysis using ATLAS.ti version 23. It encompassed several phases: 1) Building a coding system through an inductive approach; 2) Dividing the data into coding units, ensuring single coding per semantic domain; and 3) Testing the coding system for reliability. Next are discussed the results in tables by semantic domain and for site comparisons. The content analysis of stakeholder perceptions yielded insights across seven semantic domains.1) Climate Change (consequences of climate change, such as temperature shifts, ecosystem changes, biodiversity decline, and the proliferation of invasive species); 2) Consequences of Climate Change in Sectors (effects and repercussions of climate change on various economic sectors, including decreased productivity and adverse economic impacts); 3 and 4) Perception of Distance/Proximity: (Within this domain, stakeholders' psychological distance from or proximity to climate change is analysed); 5) Sectorial Dynamics (challenges related to stakeholder coordination, government policies, data availability, and responses to changing market conditions); 6. Sectorial Requirements (needs of various sectors, including economic viability, nature-based solutions, regulatory adjustments, sustainability efforts, societal changes, technological innovations, monitoring systems, and business model transformations); and 7) Attitudes and Responses with Proposed Solutions (how individuals and communities engage with and evaluate proposed climate change solutions. It includes collaboration, adaptation, and questioning). These results are shaped by specific regional contexts, with Galicia emphasizing temperature shifts and data-driven decision-making, Guadeloupe focusing on extreme weather events and challenges in 7 TransformAr Deliverable 1.4 stakeholder coordination, and Oristano highlighting natural resource degradation and sustainability efforts. The analysis identifies both barriers and facilitators, such as a lack of coordination among stakeholders, disconnect in political management, and the importance of using data for decision-making. By aligning strategies with these insights, the project aims to overcome barriers and leverage facilitators to drive positive change and enhance social acceptance of climate change solutions.As the collection of these different stakeholder sensitivities has not followed a similar protocol across all the sites, this document outlines an annex with a comprehensive protocol for conducting Focus Groups as part of stakeholder engagement in various research sites. The protocol make some specific recommendations to carry a focus group and gather stakeholder insights effectively in future stages of the project or similar projects in the future. The protocol defines the key phases of conducting Focus Groups, from preparation to data analysis, ensuring a structured and organized approach. By adhering to this protocol, researchers can ensure standardized data collection and analysis, enhancing the quality of research outcomes and supporting informed decision-making. 8 TransformAr Deliverable 1.4 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES Figure 1 Coding System TABLES Table 1: Documents Analized Table 2: Intercoder Agreement Coefficients, Comparison between the First and Second Round of Coding Table 3: Semantic Domain of Climate Change Effects: Associated Codes and Example Quotes Table 4: Absolute and Relative Frequency of Appearance of Codes Semantic Domain of Climate Change Effects Table 5: Semantic Domain of Climate Change Consequences: Associated Codes and Example Quotes Table 6 Absolute and Relative Frequency of Appearance of Codes Semantic Domain of Consequences of Climate Change in Sectors Table 7: Semantic Domain of Psychological Distance: Associated Codes and Example Quotes Table 8: Absolute and Relative Frequency of Appearance of Codes Semantic Domain of Psychological Distance. Table 9: Semantic Domain of Psychological Proximity: Associated Codes and Example Quotes. Table 10: Absolute and Relative Frequency of Appearance of Codes Semantic Domain of Psychological Proximity Table 11: Semantic Domain of Sectorial Dynamics: Associated Codes and Example Quotes Table 12: Absolute and Relative Frequency of Appearance of Codes Semantic Domain of Sectorial Dynamics. Table 13: Semantic Domain of Sectorial Requirements: Associated Codes and Example Quotes Table 14: Absolute and Relative Frequency of Appearance of Codes Semantic Domain of Sectoral Requirements Table 15: Semantic Domain of Attitude and Responses with Proposed Solutions: Associated codes and example quotes Table 16: Absolute and Relative Frequency of Appearance of Codes Semantic Domain of Attitude and Responses with Proposed Solutions 9 TransformAr Deliverable 1.4 INTRODUCTION This report provides the results of a comprehensive analysis conducted to address the objectives outlined in Task T1.3, which is centered on "Identifying Barriers to Implementation and Behavioral Change" within the TransformAr project. The primary focus of this task is to understand and address various aspects related to climate adaptation and governance. Furthermore, we propose a protocol for gathering this type of information in future occasions. In this task, we delve into the identification of barriers that could potentially hinder the successful implementation of proposed solutions and impede behavioral change. Our goal is to pinpoint obstacles that may obstruct the execution of these solutions. This analysis draws from documents generated after consultations with stakeholders through workshops and meetings where participants were introduced to climate projections and potential solutions related to various project sites. These engagements served as a preliminary assessment to explore stakeholders' attitudes and beliefs in this context. The objective was to comprehend how these factors either hinder or facilitate the adoption of behaviors essential for transformative change. The insights gained from the implementation of transformative adaptation solutions within the project will play an important role in shaping the desired behaviors. By identifying these attitudes and beliefs, we can discern both barriers and facilitators for the adoption of necessary behaviors, thereby offering essential input for subsequent project phases in WP3 on Envisioning transformative pathways for the demonstrators and T4.1. on Behavioural change solutions. Additionally, this report focuses on the qualitative analysis of information gathered during workshops and meetings, specifically related to social acceptance in the first two years of the TransformAr project. In this study, we examined documents collected from three distinct sites to understand stakeholder perceptions of climate change projections, site-specific issues, and their views on proposed solutions. As a result, this study offers both a comprehensive analysis by semantic domain and an analysis based on the three project sites that shared their primary findings from consultations conducted during workshops and meetings with various stakeholders. Here, we present the results of our analysis, which aimed to identify commonalities and nuances within the proposals from each site using a standardized approach (Willig & Stainton-Rogers, 2017). The primary objective of this analysis is to systematically organize and clarify the available information, thus enabling a more precise identification of key factors that could influence the acceptance or rejection of proposed solutions. Ultimately, this report establishes a robust foundation for informed decision-making, with the potential to guide future project stages through its comprehensive and in-depth examination of the data collected on social acceptance. In addition, this report introduces in the annex 1 and 2 a protocol for conducting focus groups to gauge public perceptions and social acceptance of proposed adaptation solutions. Derived from insights gained during the TransformAr project, this protocol offers a standardized approach to data collection with stakeholders. While not implemented within the project, this methodology provides a valuable tool applicable to similar projects for enhanced data collection and analysis. The protocol includes a set of survey items and scales tailored to measure social acceptance-related constructs, offering more targeted insights to augment the data already gathered. Designed to involve a diverse range of participants, the protocol incorporates measures for various variables, including cognitive responses and behavioral intentions. The outcomes from this focus group methodology will furnish valuable insights into the social acceptance of climate change adaptation solutions, benefiting future initiatives in this field. Our hope is that this protocol can also serve as a model for forthcoming studies. 16 TransformAr Deliverable 1.4 Table 4 Absolute and Relative Frequency of Appearance of Codes Semantic Domain of Climate Change Effects Code Galicia Guadeloupe Oristano E % E % E % Degradation of natural resources Gr=57 3 3,57% 6 16,22% 48 26,23% Alteration of ecosystems Gr=52 16 19,05% 5 13,51% 31 16,94% Decrease in biodiversity Gr=43 12 14,29% 4 10,81% 27 14,75% Extreme events Gr=42 9 10,71% 9 24,32% 24 13,11% Temperature alteration Gr=34 18 21,43% 5 13,51% 11 6,01% Indirect pollution Gr=26 8 9,52% 4 10,81% 14 7,65% Proliferation of invasive species Gr=18 12 14,29% 1 2,70% 5 2,73% Socioeconomic and demographic vulnerability Gr=10 0 0,00% 0 0,00% 10 5,46% Health risks Gr=8 0 0,00% 2 5,41% 6 3,28% Vulnerability of infrastructure and equipment Gr=7 0 0,00% 0 0,00% 7 3,83% Alteration of wind currents Gr=5 4 5% 1 3% 0 0% Decrease in salinity Gr=2 2 2,38% 0 0,00% 0 0,00% Totals per site 84 100,00% 37 100,00% 183 100,00% In Galicia, climate change effects most frequently mentioned included temperature alteration, which referred to significant temperature changes in specific areas or ecosystems due to climate change, including heatwaves, seasonal shifts, reduced day-night temperature differences, and increased humidity levels. Ecosystem alterations were also commonly mentioned, encompassing landscape transformations, habitat degradation, disruptions in biogeochemical cycles, and shifts in biological communities. Participants also noted the decrease in biodiversity, manifesting as species extinction, forced population migration, loss of natural habitats, and reduced genetic variability. Additionally, the proliferation of invasive species was frequently mentioned. In Guadeloupe, the most frequently cited effects of climate change were extreme weather events, characterized as extraordinary or unusual climatic events occurring more frequently or intensively, including floods, droughts, hurricanes, storms, wildfires, heatwaves, and extreme precipitation. Participants also highlighted natural resource degradation, which referred to the decline in the capacity of natural resources to regenerate, including disruptions in species reproduction, soil degradation, desertification, and reduced forest regeneration. Temperature and ecosystem alterations were also commonly mentioned. Lastly, in Oristano, participants frequently reported climate change effects, including natural resource degradation, ecosystem alterations, reduced biodiversity, and extreme weather events. Consequences of Climate Change in Sectors This semantic code covers references to the specific effects and repercussions of climate change on a particular economic or industrial sector (e.g., tourism, agriculture, or aquaculture). Consequences can range from the impacts of extreme weather events to changes in product or service demand, as well as 17 TransformAr Deliverable 1.4 financial, regulatory, and operational considerations affecting various key actors within the sector (see table 5 for quotes examples, and table 6 for frequency of appearance of codes in each site). Table 5 Semantic Domain of Climate Change Consequences: Associated Codes and Example Quotes Code Quote Decrease in productivity “They wonder if it will have something to do with the decrease in clam production, if it affects, for example, the larval period” Adverse economic impact “On the other hand, he adds that climate change will have a great impact on the energy costs of the activity” Greater political regulation “Failure to meet certain objectives of the water framework directive” Increase in management tasks “a greater increase in algae and therefore an increase in cleaning tasks” Potential benefits “Before they harvested shellfish for 5-6 months, and now all year round” Commercial quality reduction “Crop failure/poorer quality” Implement sustainable solutions “Regenerations are being made (sometimes with sand from the bank itself)” Table 6 Absolute and Relative Frequency of Appearance of Codes Semantic Domain of Consequences of Climate Change in Sectors Code Galicia Guadeloupe Oristano E % E % E % Decrease in productivity Gr=73 32 46,38% 6 26,09% 35 63,64% Adverse economic impact Gr=33 5 7,25% 15 65,22% 13 23,64% Greater political regulation Gr=13 9 13,04% 0 0,00% 4 7,27% Increase in management tasks Gr=8 7 10,14% 0 0,00% 1 1,82% Potential benefits Gr=9 8 11,59% 1 4,35% 0 0,00% Commercial quality reduction Gr=7 6 8,70% 0 0,00% 1 1,82% Implement sustainable solutions Gr=4 2 2,90% 1 4,35% 1 1,82% Totals per site 69 100,00% 23 100,00% 55 100,00% The most frequently reported types of consequences include a decrease in productivity, which is particularly relevant in Galicia and Oristano. This refers to a decline in the capacity to produce goods, services, or income due to climate-induced factors. These factors encompass disruptions in natural cycles, increased species mortality, soil degradation, and impacts on agriculture, livestock, and tourism. Adverse economic impacts were also frequently mentioned, especially in Guadeloupe and Oristano. This category implies references to increased costs, loss of income, deterioration of economic infrastructure, and other factors that have a negative impact on the stability and economic development of the sector. 18 TransformAr Deliverable 1.4 Perception of distance/proximity The "Distance/proximity" semantic code encompasses the perception of climate change's psychological distance and proximity. It includes references to psychological distance, where individuals may disconnect from or downplay the significance of climate change, considering it a distant or irrelevant problem. On the other hand, psychological proximity refers to expressions showing concern and understanding of climate change and its present or future consequences. Psychological distance The semantic domain of psychological distance grouped all the quotations in which participants expressed disconnection from the issue of climate change or minimized its importance. This involves social aspects, where people may lack awareness of climate change's effects or believe it won't impact them or their close community. It also addresses geographic distance, where climate change is seen as having distant or insignificant repercussions nearby. Additionally, there's a temporal dimension, where climate change might be viewed as a past or future concern, not significant in the present (see table 7 for quotes examples, and table 8 for frequency of appearance of codes in each site). Table 7 Semantic Domain of Psychological Distance: Associated Codes and Example Quotes Code Quote Social “The president indicates that he has not noticed variations due to climate change” Temporal “At the same time, it is detected that they feel that there are more immediate problems on which they are currently focusing their interest and efforts” Geographic “This need is not shared, since the rise in sea level will not be as notable as in other places with more extended coasts” Table 8 Absolute and Relative Frequency of Appearance of Codes Semantic Domain of Psychological Distance. Code Galicia Guadeloupe Oristano E % E % E % Social Gr=10 9 64,29% 0 0,00% 1 100,00% Temporary Gr=3 3 21,43% 0 0,00% 0 0,00% Geographic Gr=2 2 14,29% 0 0,00% 0 0,00% Totals per site 14 100,00% 0 0,00% 1 100,00% The most frequently reported type of distance was social, while geographical distance was the least common. However, differences were observed among the sites regarding psychological distance. In the case of Galicia, psychological distance was reported most frequently, whereas in Guadeloupe, it was not mentioned at all, and in Oristano, social psychological distance was mentioned only once (see Table 8). 19 TransformAr Deliverable 1.4 Psychological proximity Psychological proximity refers to references that demonstrate concern and understanding of climate change and its current or future consequences. This includes social proximity, which involves perceiving climate change as an urgent problem and understanding its effects, with awareness that it impacts oneself and the local community. It also encompasses geographical proximity, where climate change's repercussions are experienced or anticipated nearby, and temporal proximity, with climate change considered a current and relevant concern (see table 9 for quote examples). Table 9 Semantic Domain of Psychological Proximity: Associated Codes and Example Quotes. Code Quote Social “Willingness of local actors to adapt” Temporal “The participants are focusing on issues that are very present at this moment. Water stress, for example, is a problem that could arise in the future, but the issues with the highest percentage are very relevant in the current environment. We relate more to problems that we can see and feel now than in the future” Geographic “Local actors know the field and the needs” The most frequently reported type of psychological proximity was temporal, while social proximity was the least common. However, differences were observed among the sites regarding psychological proximity. This code appeared more frequently in the case of Oristano, where temporal and geographic proximity were reported most often, in contrast to the sites of Guadeloupe and Galicia (see Table 10). Table 10 Absolute and Relative Frequency of Appearance of Codes Semantic Domain of Psychological Proximity Code Galicia Guadeloupe Oristano E % E % E % Temporary Gr=6 1 50,00% 0 0,00% 5 50,00% Geographic Gr=5 0 0,00% 1 33,33% 4 40,00% Social Gr=4 1 50,00% 2 66,67% 1 10,00% Totals per site 2 100,00% 3 100,00% 10 100,00% Stakeholders The semantic code 'stakeholders' encompasses a wide range of semantic domains related to the interaction of different actors in a specific context, such as in the project and at different sites. It addresses issues related to climate change projections and their potential impact on production, as well as the identification of sector-specific dynamics, obstacles in actor coordination, misalignment of government policies with sectoral needs, the importance of data-backed decision-making, and adaptation to market changes. Additionally, expressions related to climate change adaptation are considered, including the assessment of economic viability, nature-based transformations, regulatory and governance changes, sustainability, social changes, technological innovation, monitoring systems, and transformations in business models. Finally, the attitudes and responses of individuals and 20 TransformAr Deliverable 1.4 communities to proposed solutions are explored, including active collaboration, perception of effectiveness, questioning, and adaptation of solutions to address specific climate challenges in different geographical contexts. Below, each of these semantic domains capturing the sensitivities of various stakeholders in different sites is described in detail. Sectorial dynamics The 'Sectorial Dynamics' semantic domain focuses on the dynamics shaping specific economic sectors, encompassing challenges related to stakeholder coordination, government policies, data availability, and responses to changing market conditions (see table 11 for quotes examples, and table 12 for frequency of appearance of codes in each site). Table 11 Semantic Domain of Sectorial Dynamics: Associated Codes and Example Quotes. Code Quote Decision making based on data “They have a laboratory that takes weekly T and S data, they also consult INTECMAR” Lack of articulation between actors “Although she warns that it may be counterproductive to bring the clam sector together with the mussel sector, as there are those who maintain that the increase in mussel production negatively affects clam farming, she personally believes that rather than clashing, we should work together. Solutions should be sought instead of confrontation” Disconnection in political management “There seem to be some administrative obstacles to making fertilizers from seaweed” Dynamic market changes “On the other hand, it is observed that the consumption of cans has decreased, that life is expensive, and they are not replenished as much as before on the supermarket shelves” Decision making without data “They say they are not currently looking at oceanographic data anywhere” Table 12 Absolute and Relative Frequency of Appearance of Codes Semantic Domain of Sectorial Dynamics. Code Galicia Guadeloupe Oristano E % E % E % Decision making based on data Gr=18 15 31,91% 1 10,00% 2 50,00% Lack of articulation between actors Gr=17 11 23,40% 5 50,00% 1 25,00% Disconnection in political management Gr=12 7 14,89% 4 40,00% 1 25,00% Dynamic market changes Gr=9 9 19,15% 0 0,00% 0 0,00% Decision making without data Gr=5 5 10,64% 0 0,00% 0 0,00% Totals per site 47 100,00% 10 100,00% 4 100,00% 21 TransformAr Deliverable 1.4 This sectorial dynamics domain is more prominent in the Galicia Workshops, where participants emphasize they use data (such as oceanographic or meteorological data from research centers and public institutions) for decision-making, which involves making sector-specific decisions based on accurate data and current information from monitoring systems. Additionally, the lack of articulation between actors is frequently mentioned, indicating issues in coordinating and collaborating among diverse stakeholders in a specific context, leading to challenges like poor communication, differing objectives, fragmented sectors, and limited harmonized action. In the case of Guadeloupe, participants also commonly mention the lack of articulation between actors and the disconnection in political management. The latter refers to situations where government decisions and policies do not align with the requirements of an economic sector or project, resulting in issues like conflicting regulations, inadequate support, and a lack of alignment with sector needs. In Oristano, this domain is mentioned less frequently. However, when it is mentioned, the need to base decisions on data is the most commonly expressed aspect. Sectoral requirements The 'Sectoral Requirements' domain encompasses the adaptation needs of various sectors to climate change. It includes economic viability, nature-based solutions, regulatory adjustments, sustainability efforts, societal changes, technological innovations, precise monitoring systems, and business model transformations to enhance sector resilience (see table 13 for quotes examples, and table 14 for frequency of appearance of codes in each site). Table 13 Semantic Domain of Sectorial Requirements: Associated Codes and Example Quotes. Code Quote Social transformations “Awareness campaigns/Roundtable exchanges” Economic viability and financing “Creation of the Fund in relation to supporting actors in the agricultural world to guide them appropriately with a view to sustaining their structures and systems.” R+D+I transformations (technological) “Support from engineers and technicians in charge of climate issues” Transformation based on regulations and governance “We need to completely rethink governance around these priorities” Nature-based transformations (green) “More trees and wildlife” Monitoring systems “Daily data on soil temperature and moisture will hopefully help with nutrient use efficiency, forage choice, etc.” Transformations based on sustainability “Plan cities resilient to climate change to guarantee the continuity of essential services for tourism” Business model transformations “Completely rethink the tourism sector (reinvent yourself, professional recycling)” Table 14 Absolute and Relative Frequency of Appearance of Codes Semantic Domain of Sectoral Requirements. Code Galicia Guadeloupe Oristano E % E % E % 22 TransformAr Deliverable 1.4 Social transformations Gr=80 3 11,11% 52 20,23% 25 16,03% Economic viability and financing Gr=68 2 7,41% 50 19,46% 16 10,26% R+D+I transformations (technological) Gr=67 3 11,11% 47 18,29% 17 10,90% Transformation based on regulations and governance Gr=64 2 7,41% 40 15,56% 22 14,10% Nature-based transformations (green) Gr=50 1 3,70% 18 7,00% 31 19,87% Monitoring systems Gr=39 14 51,85% 10 3,89% 15 9,62% Transformations based on sustainability Gr=36 1 3,70% 9 3,50% 26 16,67% Business model transformations Gr=36 1 3,70% 31 12,06% 4 2,56% Totals per site 27 100,00% 257 100,00% 156 100,00% In the Galicia site, the most frequently mentioned code was 'monitoring systems,' described as easy-toaccess systems that allow for recording, for example, cultivation areas, spawning data, salinity data, and local current data, emphasizing the importance of these systems being regularly updated, providing frequent information, and offering a user-friendly interface. Stakeholders also expressed a need for 'R+D+I transformations (technological),' focusing on strategies and actions involving new technologies and innovative approaches to enhance resilience, mitigate risks, and improve efficiency. Economic viability and financing of proposed solutions were frequently discussed, emphasizing the analysis of financial capacity, available resources, and financing strategies for climate change adaptation projects. For Guadeloupe, the most commonly mentioned needs, in order of frequency, were 'social transformations,' involving strategies to change societal attitudes and behaviors for effective climate adaptation, promoting sustainable practices, altering consumption patterns, and mobilizing communities through campaigns, awareness programs, and policies. Participants also discussed economic viability and financing, 'R+D+I transformations (technological),' and transformations based on regulations and governance, which entail reviewing and modifying existing regulations, policies, and decision-making procedures. In Oristano, participants frequently mentioned 'Nature-based transformations (green),' highlighting strategies to address climate change by strengthening biodiversity and ecosystems. 'Transformations based on sustainability' were also emphasized, aiming to adapt to climate change while fostering sustainable development that balances economic well-being, environmental health, and social welfare. Additionally, participants mentioned social transformations, transformations based on regulations and governance, 'R+D+I transformations (technological),' and the economic viability and financing of proposed solutions. Attitude and responses with proposed solutions This domain explores how individuals and communities engage with and evaluate proposed climate change solutions (see table 15 for quotes examples, and table 16 for frequency of appearance of codes in each site). Table 15 Semantic Domain of Attitude and Responses with Proposed Solutions: Associated codes and example quotes. Code Quote Collaborate “There is another association, Agacomar, Galician Association of Seafood Marketers, perhaps interested in participating” Questioning “The development of payment and support systems has a limited lifespan” 23 TransformAr Deliverable 1.4 Adapt solutions “The adaptation strategies to be adopted will depend on several factors such as: the size of the farm or the current level of resilience of the activity (for example: a monoculture farm is less resilient than a multi-crop farm. Adaptation actions will be different)” Table 16 Absolute and Relative Frequency of Appearance of Codes Semantic Domain of Attitude and Responses with Proposed Solutions. Code Galicia Guadeloupe Oristano E % E % E % Collaborate Gr=20 16 66,67% 1 16,67% 3 18,75% Question Gr=14 2 8,33% 1 16,67% 11 68,75% Adapt solution Gr=12 6 25,00% 4 66,67% 2 12,50% Totals per site 24 100,00% 6 100,00% 16 100,00% In the case of Galicia, participants frequently mentioned the code 'collaborate,' which encompasses the willingness of individuals and communities to actively participate in implementing solutions. This involves offering suggestions, establishing contacts, and providing relevant information for collaboration. Additionally, 'adapt solutions' was commonly referred to, indicating the need to customize and adjust solutions to specific geographical areas or contexts. In Guadeloupe, the most frequently mentioned code was 'adapt solutions.' Participants emphasized the importance of adapting solutions to local conditions. In Oristano, the most frequently mentioned code was 'questioning,' where participants expressed doubts, questions, or criticisms regarding the effectiveness, feasibility, or impact of proposed solutions. 4. CONCLUSIONS This qualitative analysis of the report serves as a significant step toward well-informed decision-making in the subsequent phases of the project. This report serves the task goal of identifying "stakeholders' attitudes and beliefs that hinder or facilitate the adoption of the behaviors that lead to transformative change", evaluating the attitudes and beliefs held by stakeholders that may either hinder or facilitate the adoption of behaviors conducive to transformative change. It systematically collects and organizes the insights from the different workshops, focusing on social acceptance. The approach was carried out using a robust qualitative content analysis process facilitated by the ATLAS.ti version 23 software, ensuring the integrity and reliability of the findings. The results, structured around seven distinct semantic domains, offer a comprehensive perspective on how stakeholders perceive climate change projections and the proposed solutions. What emerges from this analysis is a variety of insights. We have explored the diverse consequences of climate change, ranging from shifts in temperature and extreme weather events to the subtle but impactful transformations in ecosystems and biodiversity. Equally important is the recognition that the effects of climate change are not uniform; they vary significantly across different regions. Moreover, exploring psychological distance and proximity to climate change generated interesting results. Stakeholders' attitudes vary widely, with some perceiving climate change as a distant concern while others are acutely aware of its present and future ramifications. This insight has implications for how we communicate and engage with various stakeholders. 24 TransformAr Deliverable 1.4 We have examined the dynamics within economic sectors and their responses to climate change. These dynamics include the need for coordinated action, the importance of data-driven decision-making, and the specific adaptation requirements of different sectors. Understanding these nuances is critical in crafting strategies that resonate with each sector's unique challenges and opportunities. Finally, our analysis of how stakeholders respond to proposed solutions, such as social transformations, monitoring systems or changes in the business model, reveals various attitudes. Some stakeholders are enthusiastic collaborators, ready to actively participate in implementing solutions, while others approach cautiously, questioning the proposed measures' feasibility and effectiveness. It is necessary to note that the findings are not one-size-fits-all; the specific contexts of each site influence them. Therefore, nuanced interpretation is essential. Decision-makers should pay particular attention to the column percentages in the tables, as they shed light on how codes align with the realities of individual sites. Particularly, per region, participants in Galicia highlighted temperature alterations, landscape transformations, and biodiversity decline as the most common consequences of climate change. They also frequently mentioned the proliferation of invasive species. Regarding the consequences in Sectors, decreased productivity and adverse economic impacts were frequently discussed in this region. Stakeholders here emphasized the importance of using data for decision-making. For Guadeloupe, extreme weather events like floods and droughts were the most frequently cited climate change effects in Guadeloupe. Natural resource degradation and temperature alterations were also commonly mentioned. Similar to Galicia, Guadeloupe faced decreased productivity and adverse economic impacts. The lack of coordination among stakeholders and disconnect in political management were prominent challenges. Oristano participants frequently reported natural resource degradation, ecosystem alterations, reduced biodiversity, and extreme weather events as climate change effects. Reduced productivity and adverse economic impacts were common consequences in Oristano. Stakeholders also emphasized the importance of nature-based transformations and sustainability efforts. These site-specific findings underscore the importance of tailoring strategies to address the unique challenges and opportunities in each region. It's crucial to consider these variations when making decisions related to climate change initiatives, as they directly influence social acceptance and support for proposed solutions. Our comprehensive analysis has not only uncovered regional nuances in stakeholder perceptions of climate change but has also identified key barriers and facilitators that can significantly impact the adoption of the necessary behaviors and the success of our project's adaptive pathways. Barriers: Lack of Coordination Among Stakeholders: In both Galicia and Guadeloupe, a notable barrier emerged in the form of insufficient coordination among stakeholders. This barrier hampers effective decision-making and collaborative efforts, hindering the implementation of climate change solutions. Addressing this challenge should be a priority in our subsequent phases to enhance stakeholder engagement and cooperation. Disconnect in Political Management: Guadeloupe experienced a disconnect between government decisions and the requirements of economic sectors, resulting in conflicting regulations and inadequate support. This poses a significant barrier to the smooth adoption of climate change solutions and necessitates alignment between policy and sectoral needs. Psychological Distance: While not uniform across regions, the presence of psychological distance in certain stakeholders can hinder their engagement with climate change solutions. It is essential to address this psychological barrier through targeted communication and engagement strategies. 25 TransformAr Deliverable 1.4 Facilitators: Use of Data for Decision-Making: Galicia and Oristano emphasized the importance of data-driven decision-making. Leveraging data and information from monitoring systems can facilitate more informed and effective responses to climate change challenges. This facilitator should guide our strategies in WP3 on Envisioning transformative pathways for the demonstrators and WP4 on Actionable adaptive solutions implementation. Nature-Based Transformations: Oristano underscored the significance of nature-based transformations and sustainability efforts. These facilitators can serve as key strategies for addressing climate change impacts while promoting environmental sustainability. Collaboration: In Galicia, stakeholders frequently expressed a willingness to collaborate actively in implementing solutions. This collaborative attitude can be harnessed as a facilitator to drive positive change. Tailoring Strategies for WP3 and WP4: To guide the priorization of adaptive pathways in Task 3.4 and the design of specific activities for citizens and stakeholders in WP4 (T4.1.1, T4.1.2, and T4.1.3), it is imperative that we consider these identified barriers and facilitators. Our strategies should aim to overcome barriers by promoting coordination, addressing disconnects in political management, and bridging psychological distance. Simultaneously, we should leverage facilitators such as data-driven decision-making, nature-based transformations, and collaboration to enhance the adoption of behaviors aligned with our project's goals. By aligning our efforts with these insights, we can tailor our approaches to effectively trigger behavioral changes and advance our project's objectives. The identified barriers will guide us in mitigating challenges, while the facilitators will serve as drivers for successful outcomes in the upcoming phases of our project. This report is a valuable resource, offering a comprehensive and detailed examination of stakeholder perspectives on climate change and the proposed solutions. It provides a solid foundation for strategic decision-making by clarifying the challenges and illuminating the paths forward. Understanding and addressing social acceptance is central to climate change initiatives, and this report equips us with the insights needed to chart that course effectively. 32 TransformAr Deliverable 1.4 3. Phases Our protocol encompasses a series of meticulously planned steps and comprehensive instructions to facilitate the systematic execution of the entire process. For clarification, we present the information framed in the objectives of the TranformAr project. 33 TransformAr Deliverable 1.4 4. Focus group preparation Adequate preparation is necessary for conducting a successful focus group study. Before initiating the focus group sessions, defining the primary aim the study seeks to achieve is necessary. Clarity in outlining this main aim is crucial for guiding the entire research process. 1.1 4.1. DEFINE THE MAIN AIM Clearly outline the main aim the focus group has. The main aim of the focus group study should be articulated with precision and conciseness. It guides the direction of the research and ensures that the objectives remain aligned with the overarching goal. Defining this aim involves several key considerations: Clarity of Purpose: The aim should be unambiguous, leaving no room for misinterpretation. It should answer the fundamental question of what the study seeks to investigate. Relevance to Research Questions: The main aim should directly correlate with the research questions posed at the study's outset. It should reflect the central theme that the study aims to explore, which, in our case, is the influence of source credibility on acceptance levels and inquiries regarding climate change adaptation solutions. Alignment with Hypotheses: The aim should harmonize with the study's hypotheses, ensuring that it encapsulates the anticipated outcomes. Our study aligns with the hypothesis that acceptance will be higher when a scientifically qualified source presents the solution. Scope and Focus: It is essential to delineate the boundaries of the aim, specifying what falls within its scope and what lies outside of it. This prevents the study from becoming overly broad or tangential to the core research objective. Practical Implications: Consideration of the practical implications of the aim is important. How will the findings from the focus group study contribute to the broader project objectives and, ultimately, to the field of climate change adaptation? Understanding the significance of the aim helps contextualize the research within the larger framework. Ethical Considerations: Ensuring that the aim adheres to ethical principles is critical. This includes safeguarding participant confidentiality, obtaining informed consent, and ethically conducting the study. EXAMPLE FOR TRANSFORMAR: The primary aim of our focus group study is to investigate the impact of the presenter's profile—distinguishing between individuals with scientific expertise and those without— on the levels of acceptance and the extent of inquiry regarding climate change adaptation projects. Specifically, we seek to determine whether the presenter's background significantly influences the 34 TransformAr Deliverable 1.4 participants' willingness to accept proposed climate change adaptation solutions and the depth of questioning during the discussions. Our central hypothesis posits that solutions presented by individuals with scientific qualifications will exhibit higher acceptance rates and encounter fewer queries than those presented by non-scientific individuals. 35 TransformAr Deliverable 1.4 1.2 4.2. Questionnaire for Pre and Post Focus Group Phase: Select Established Measures In the preparation phase of the focus group study, carefully selecting measurement tools is important to ensure the reliability and validity of the data collected. We emphasize the utilization of wellestablished and psychometrically validated measures whenever feasible. These measures have undergone rigorous testing in prior research, thus demonstrating their reliability and validity in assessing the constructs of interest. When considering which measures to incorporate, we recommend reviewing existing literature and research to identify instruments that have proven effective in evaluating the specific factors aimed to explore. This process involves scrutinizing the reliability and validity metrics derived from previous studies, guaranteeing that the chosen measures are both dependable and capable of accurately capturing the targeted phenomena. By drawing upon the knowledge accumulated in the field, we recommend employing measures that have already demonstrated their utility in assessing the acceptance and questioning of climate change adaptation projects. This strategic approach enhances the data collection process's robustness and bolsters the findings' credibility. Response Options In designing the questionnaire for both the pre and post-focus group phases, careful consideration is given to providing appropriate response options. The selection of response formats is a critical aspect of ensuring the reliability and validity of the data. We incorporate a variety of response options, including Likert scales, multiple-choice questions, and open-ended queries, to accommodate diverse participant preferences and encourage comprehensive responses. Utilizing these varied response formats allows for a nuanced understanding of participant perspectives, ranging from quantitative assessments to qualitative insights. To minimize response bias and maintain the integrity of the data, we implement balanced scales whenever applicable. Balanced scales encompass an equal number of positive and negative response options, thus mitigating the potential for respondents to exhibit systematic response tendencies. It ensures that the data collected through the questionnaire accurately reflects the nuances of participant perceptions and attitudes, enabling us to draw robust conclusions from the ensuing analysis. EXAMPLE FOR TRANSFORMAR: 36 TransformAr Deliverable 1.4 Construct General statement Adapted item Measurement Application time Perception of effects of Climate Change (CC) Below are some consequences/ transformations associated with climate change. Please indicate how likely you think these consequences/transformations will affect Galicia, taking into account that 1 is "very unlikely" and 7 is "very likely." Changes in the quantity and quality of mussels and clams 5-point Likert scale (1 = very unlikely to 5 = very likely) Pre-phase Post-phase Changes in the quantity and quality of foods produced in the sea, such as fish or shellfish. Increase in sea water temperature Changes in sea level Increase in extreme events in winter (e.g. waves and storms) Increase in extreme events in summer (e.g. heat and fires) Excessive algae growth and the formation of red tides Psychological Distance (DS) With what probability do you think that climate change will significantly affect Galicia? (DS Geographic) With 1 being "Not at all likely" and 5 being "Very likely." Pre-phase Post-phase In what time frame do you think climate change will become a really serious problem in Galicia? (Temporary DS) Never = 1 Long term = 2 Medium term = 3 Short term = 4 Already a problem = 5 How likely do you think climate change will affect you or your family? (DSSocial) With 1 being "Not at all likely" and 5 being "Very likely." Importance of aquaculture How important do you think aquaculture is for Galicia? 5-point Likert scale (1 = not at all important to 5 = very important) Pre-phase Post-phase With what probability do you think that climate change will affect aquaculture in Galicia? With 1 being "Not at all likely" and 5 being "Very likely." 37 TransformAr Deliverable 1.4 Construct General statement Adapted item Measurement Application time Perception of effectiveness of TransformAr solutions Below are a series of technical and engineering solutions to address climate change. Please rate how effective you think each of these solutions is in adapting to climate change in Galicia, using a scale of 1 to 7, where 1 means "totally ineffective" and 7 means "totally effective." Create systems and resources that allow us to have enough water in times of drought to supply the population and agriculture. 5-point Likert scale (1 = completely ineffective to 5 = completely effective) Pre-phase Post-phase Use technology to improve the management of mussel ponds and thus be able to better adapt to climate changes Find ways to grow plants that need less water and can better withstand changes in climate Look for new ways to manage shellfish beds and find places where they can continue to be exploited in an environment of climate change Strengthen structures that are vulnerable to rising water levels, such as bridges, so they do not erode or become damaged Develop a tool that allows identifying areas that need to better adapt to climate change and give them priority in the allocation of resources and adaptation strategies Construct General statement Adapted item Measurement Application time 38 TransformAr Deliverable 1.4 Acceptance of TransformAr solutions On a scale where 1 is "Totally disagree" and 7 is "Totally agree", how much would you agree to implement the following adaptation solutions to climate change in Galicia: Create systems and resources that allow us to have enough water in times of drought to supply the population and agriculture. 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree) Pre-phase Post-phase Use technology to improve the management of mussel ponds and thus be able to better adapt to climate changes Find ways to grow plants that need less water and can better withstand changes in climate Look for new ways to manage shellfish beds and find places where they can continue to be exploited in an environment of climate change Strengthen structures that are vulnerable to rising water levels, such as bridges, so they do not erode or become damaged Develop a tool that allows identifying areas that need to better adapt to climate change and give them priority in the allocation of resources and adaptation strategies Construct General statement Adapted item Measurement 39 TransformAr Deliverable 1.4 Perception of change of opinion Do you consider that the person who prepared the document you have read has competent knowledge of the topic addressed? (Fountain) 5-point Likert scale (1 = not at all competent to 5 = much better) Post-phase Do you think the information presented in the text about climate change projections for Galicia and adaptation solutions offers competent knowledge on the topic addressed? (Fountain) 5-point Likert scale (1 = not at all competent to 5 = much better) To what extent are you concerned about the projections presented on the effects of climate change in Galicia? (projections) 5-point Likert scale (1 = not at all worried to 5 = very worried) To what extent has the information provided by the person in the text and/or the discussion generated in the group influenced your response to this questionnaire? (source vs discussion comparison) • The information provided by the person in the text • The discussion that was generated among the group Not at all = 1 Very little = 2 Neither at all nor much = 3 Quite a bit = 4 A lot = 5 Which of the ideas presented in the text or that emerged from the discussion have interested you the most and for what reason? (source vs discussion comparison) Open question 40 TransformAr Deliverable 1.4 1.3 4.3. Text for Discussion In the context of our focus group study, the Text for Discussion is key in facilitating a meaningful and informed exchange of ideas among participants. It serves as the vehicle through which we present crucial information regarding the projections of climate change effects and the proposed adaptation strategies. To ensure the effectiveness of this text, we adhere to the following guidelines: a. Clear and Accessible Language We recognize the significance of clear and accessible language for effective communication. The text should be crafted to be comprehensible to participants from diverse backgrounds, ensuring that no one is excluded due to linguistic or technical barriers. We recommend using plain language principles to make complex scientific concepts and adaptation strategies accessible to all participants. b. Begin with the Region Context The text commences by providing a contextual backdrop specific to the region under study. By grounding the discussion in the regional context, participants comprehensively understand the geographical, ecological, and sociocultural factors at play. This regional context primes participants to comprehend better the significance of climate change effects and the rationale behind proposed adaptation strategies. c. Present Information on Present and Future Impacts Provide participants with a comprehensive overview of the region's present and anticipated future impacts of climate change. This includes clear and evidence-based descriptions of the challenges posed by climate change, such as rising temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and their consequences on ecosystems, economies, and communities. d. Explain Adaptation Strategies In tandem with elucidating the climate change challenges, the text introduces and explains the adaptation strategies devised within the project. Outline the strategic initiatives and interventions to mitigate the identified risks and enhance the region's resilience to climate change. Each adaptation strategy should clearly describe its objectives, methods, and expected outcomes. Emphasize the practical implications of these strategies, highlighting how they are tailored to address the specific needs and vulnerabilities of the region. The text should focus on 41 TransformAr Deliverable 1.4 the pragmatic aspects of implementation, striving to convey how the strategies will tangibly benefit the community and ecosystem. TRANFORMAR EXAMPLE FOR GALICIAN SITE: Projections of climate change in the estuaries in Galicia and adaptation solutions Galicia is one of the most important fishing regions in the European Union, with a great dependence on income from this sector. However, the Galician coast is very vulnerable to climate change. On the one hand, the concentration of industrial activity and habitability in the Rías Altas and Rías Baixas increases pressure on coastal ecosystems; and fishing and aquaculture activities can unbalance the natural functioning of ecosystems. On the other hand, the rise in sea level and winter storms represent a latent threat to coastal infrastructure, potentially causing flooding and its progressive deterioration. Additionally, the increase in the intensity and frequency of extreme events, such as heat waves, droughts and prolonged fire seasons, will negatively impact shellfish aquaculture and the conservation of marine species. Projections indicate that the water temperature in the estuaries of Galicia will increase by 2.4 degrees Celsius per century and the sea level by 9.8 cm per decade. Likewise, precipitation in wind regimes can accelerate erosion and sedimentation processes and contribute to desertification and the development of arid areas. Additionally, coastal acidification can have negative effects on marine life. Due to this, the aquaculture sector faces threats such as the alteration of nutrient fertilization patterns, the presence of invasive species, the increase in harmful algal blooms and the negative impact of extreme weather events on the structures of the ponds. mussel and the biomass losses associated with the detachment of mussels from the ropes. Furthermore, increasing water temperatures and relevant fluctuations in coastal oceanographic and hydrological variables increase clam mortality and reduced productivity. Consequently, it is urgent to implement adaptation measures to address the challenges posed by climate change in marine and coastal ecosystem. In response to this need, three innovative solutions for adaptation to climate change in the estuaries of Galicia have been proposed. 48 TransformAr Deliverable 1.4 Guiding categories Axis of inquiry Guiding questions Relevance Sufficiency Coherence Syntax and semantics Perception of the proposed solution: people's assessment of the effectiveness and viability of proposed solutions to adapt to climate change. Effectiveness: perception of the capacity of the proposed solution to address and resolve the problems associated with climate change, taking into account the limitations and resources available. What do you think of the proposed solutions? What doubts do you have? Do you think they have positive effects on the aquaculture and shellfish sector? which is it? And in other sectors/actors? Do you think they have negative effects on the aquaculture and shellfish sector? Which ones? And in other sectors/actors? What adaptation measures to climate change would you propose for the sector? How feasible do you think it is to implement the proposed solutions? What do you think would be the main effects that the proposed solutions would have? Do you think the proposed solutions are useful/appropriate for the needs and resources we have in Galicia? 49 TransformAr Deliverable 1.4 Guiding categories Axis of inquiry Guiding questions Relevance Sufficiency Coherence Syntax and semantics Perception of the proposed solution: people's assessment of the effectiveness and viability of proposed solutions to adapt to climate change. Barriers: obstacles or difficulties that people perceive to exist in implementing the proposed climate change adaptation solution, including barriers that structurally disadvantage certain groups (structural barriers), financial barriers, time barriers, and insufficient knowledge and deterrence effect of a complex topic (insufficient knowledge/complexity of the topic). What limitations/barriers do you see to implementing the proposed solutions? Who do you think could be harmed by the proposed solutions? How do you think people involved in the aquaculture sector will view the proposed solutions? Acceptance of the proposed solution: willingness to support and adopt the proposed climate change adaptation solution. What do you think of the proposed solutions to adapt to climate change in Galicia? Do you think that in general these proposed solutions would gain support? What do you think is important to take into account so that the proposed solutions can be accepted? 5. Focus group execution The execution phase of the focus group is characterized by meticulous planning and adherence to established protocols. This phase encompasses several critical steps to ensure focus group sessions' smooth and ethical conduct. 1.5 5.1. Development Before initiating the focus group session, it is necessary to verify that all essential materials and preparations are in place. This includes: • Informed Consent: Ensuring that informed consent forms are readily available for all participants. These forms provide participants with a comprehensive understanding of the study's objectives, procedures, and their rights as participants. • Printed Text Presenting Solutions: Ensuring that printed copies of the text presenting climate change adaptation solutions are available and in suitable condition. These texts serve as the foundation for the discussion and must be easily accessible to all participants. • Recorder: Confirming the functionality of the audio/video recorder, which is instrumental in capturing the dialogue and interactions during the session. This recording is vital for the accuracy of data analysis. • Focus Group Question Guide: Verifying the presence of the meticulously crafted Discussion Guide, which serves as a facilitator and ensures that critical topics are covered during the session. Execution Sequence: MODERATOR PRESENTATION AND GENERAL INTRODUCTION: The session begins with the moderator's introduction, outlining the purpose of the focus group and setting the tone for the discussion. Participants are provided with a general overview of the session's dynamics, ensuring they know what to expect. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS: EXPLANATION AND INFORMED CONSENT: Before delving into substantive discussions, participants are provided with a detailed explanation of the study's ethical principles. This includes emphasizing the voluntary nature of participation, confidentiality of responses, and the right to withdraw from the study at any point without consequences. Participants are then asked to provide informed consent, affirming their willingness to participate based on a clear understanding of these principles. TransformAR Deliverable X.X 51 www.transformar.eu RECORDING: SETTING UP AUDIO/VIDEO RECORDING: The audio/video recording equipment is set up and tested to ensure it functions optimally throughout the session. This recording is conducted with the utmost regard for participant privacy, adhering to ethical standards. DISCUSSION COMMENCEMENT: With all preparations in place and informed consent secured, the facilitator initiates the discussion following the Discussion Guide. The guide serves as a structured framework for the conversation, guiding participants through a systematic exploration of the designated topics and questions. During the execution phase, the focus is on creating a conducive environment for open and candid dialogue while adhering to ethical principles and procedural protocols. This rigorous approach guarantees the integrity of our data collection process and fosters a respectful and constructive atmosphere for participant engagement. 1.6 5.2. Tips for Moderator presentation The role of the moderator in facilitating a focus group session is fundamental in creating an environment of trust, openness, and productive discussion. The moderator's introductory presentation is critical to establishing rapport and ensuring participants' comfort. Here are some tips to guide the moderator's presentation: a. Express Gratitude for Participation: Begin the presentation by expressing genuine gratitude for the participants' willingness to contribute to the research project. Recognize the value of their time and insights, emphasizing the significance of their involvement in advancing the understanding of climate change adaptation. b. Seek Permission to Record and Use Information: Request permission to record the focus group session and utilize the information collected for research purposes. Ensure that participants understand the purpose of recording, primarily to capture their valuable contributions accurately. c. Explain Data Privacy Policy: Provide a concise overview of the privacy policy, highlighting the measures to safeguard participant confidentiality and anonymity. Clarify participants' concerns about data security and reassure them of the commitment to protecting their information. TransformAR Deliverable X.X 52 www.transformar.eu d. Obtain Consent: Ask participants to review and, if they agree, sign the informed consent form. This formalizes their voluntary participation in the study, demonstrating their understanding of the research's ethical framework. e. Discuss Session Duration: Inform participants about the expected duration of the focus group, which typically ranges from one to one and a half hours. This allows them to allocate their time accordingly and ensures they are prepared for the session's duration. f. Summarize Research Objectives: Provide a concise summary of the overarching objectives of the research project. This includes outlining the study's central themes, such as examining the impact of the presenter's profile on the acceptance and questioning of climate change adaptation solutions. Ensure participants have a clear understanding of the study's goals. g. Emphasize Personal Experiences and Perceptions: Highlight the importance of participants' personal experiences, perceptions, and attitudes in contributing to the study. Their unique insights and perspectives are invaluable in shaping the research's outcomes. Encourage them to share openly and honestly. These tips for moderator presentation establish a conducive atmosphere for productive focus group discussions. This approach promotes participant engagement and stresses the commitment to ethical research practices and the respectful treatment of the valued participants. TransformAR Deliverable X.X 53 www.transformar.eu 1.7 5.3. Tips for the Moderator During the Discussion The role of the moderator during the focus group discussion is also critical in steering the conversation toward productive outcomes. To ensure a well-managed and inclusive discussion, here are some tips for the moderator: a. Maintain Time Management: Effective time management is essential to cover all intended topics or questions within the allocated session time. The moderator should keep a watchful eye on the clock and discreetly use cues to manage the pace of the discussion. Gentle reminders help ensure discussions remain focused and on schedule, allowing for comprehensive coverage of all essential points. b. Encourage Equal Participation: One of the moderator's key responsibilities is to foster an environment where all participants feel comfortable sharing their perspectives. It is crucial to actively encourage quieter participants to express themselves and ensure no voice goes unheard. Employ strategies such as direct invitations to quieter individuals and moderation of dominant voices to balance participation. c. Summarize Key Points: Periodically summarizing key points made by participants serves multiple purposes. It helps maintain clarity and understanding within the discussion, ensuring that important insights are not lost in the conversation's flow. Additionally, summarizing allows participants to confirm that their views have been accurately represented, promoting a sense of validation and engagement. d. Conclude the Discussion: As the discussion approaches its conclusion, the moderator should facilitate a smooth wrap-up. Express gratitude to participants for their invaluable contributions to the research project, acknowledging the importance of their insights in advancing the understanding of climate change adaptation. Invite participants' final thoughts or comments to ensure that no critical ideas or perspectives are left unexplored. TransformAR Deliverable X.X 54 www.transformar.eu 6. Focus group data analysis The data analysis phase of the focus group study is a meticulous process aimed at deriving meaningful insights from the collected data. 1.8 6.1. Main steps for data analysis In this section, we will outline the main steps involved in the data analysis process. These steps are integral to our approach, ensuring the effective handling and interpretation of the data we gather. a. Data Management: Managing all recorded audio, video, or written data is central to data analysis. We prioritize the safe storage and management of these materials, ensuring that personal information remains confidential and that data is anonymized when necessary to protect participant identities. b. Transcription: Transcription is a fundamental step in the data analysis process. It involves converting the spoken words from audio or video recordings into written text. We may utilize transcription software or services to enhance efficiency while maintaining a commitment to accuracy and completeness. c. Data Familiarization: Upon obtaining transcribed data, the initial analysis phase involves familiarizing ourselves with the content. This entails reading or listening to the transcripts to understand the discussion's dynamics, participants' contributions, and the context in which the conversation unfolded. d. Create a Coding System: A critical step in data analysis is developing a systematic coding system. We create a codebook that defines each code, offering clear descriptions and illustrative examples of what falls under each code category. This meticulous process ensures consistency and reliability when coding the data. TransformAR Deliverable X.X 55 www.transformar.eu 1.9 6.2. Main steps for the report In this section, we outline the key steps in our report creation process, which are instrumental in presenting the outcomes of our analysis effectively. These steps guide us in transforming raw data into meaningful insights: a. Thematic Analysis: We group related codes to form broader themes or categories during the analysis phase. These themes encapsulate the essence of what participants discussed, allowing us to clarify the core findings from the data. Themes may evolve and be reorganized as the analysis progresses. b. Data Reduction: Data reduction involves condensing the data within each theme. We summarize the content, identifying key quotes or excerpts that exemplify each theme. These selected excerpts serve as evidence to support our findings, enriching the depth of our analysis. c. Data Interpretation: Beyond summarizing, we interpret the meaning behind the themes and patterns identified. This step involves considering the context, nuances, and implications of participants' responses, allowing us to derive deeper insights. d. Discussion and Interpretation: In the final phase of the report, we discuss the implications of our findings and their alignment with our research objectives. We consider the practical implications of our analysis and explore any recommendations from the study. This discussion and interpretation phase provides a comprehensive perspective on the significance of our research in the context of climate change adaptation. TransformAR Deliverable X.X 56 www.transformar.eu 7. Conclusion To understand public perceptions and enhance social acceptance of climate change adaptation solutions, we have presented a comprehensive proposal for a protocol to conduct focus groups within the TransformAr project (Accelerating and upscaling transformational adaptation in Europe: demonstration of water-related innovation packages). This protocol represents a valuable tool for achieving the research objectives. Our focus group protocol encompasses a series of essential elements that ensure the research process's integrity, inclusivity, and rigor. From delineating research objectives to developing a systematic discussion guide, every facet of the protocol is crafted to clarify the methodological procedure. Throughout the proposal, we have emphasized the significance of clear and accessible communication. We recognize our participants' diverse backgrounds and perspectives and are committed to fostering an environment where all voices are heard. Our approach to moderator presentation, participant engagement, and data analysis prioritizes inclusivity and ethical considerations. In the data analysis phase, we emphasize the importance of systematic coding and thematic analysis to clarify meaningful insights from the rich data collected during focus group sessions. By adhering to these established practices, we aim to provide robust findings that inform the implementation of climate change adaptation initiatives. As we contemplate the proposed protocol's potential impact, we recognize its broader applicability beyond the TransformAr project. It is a valuable tool that can be harnessed in similar projects, enhancing data collection, promoting informed dialogue, and improving social acceptance of climate change adaptation solutions. TransformAR Deliverable X.X 57 www.transformar.eu ANNEX 2: FOCUS GROUP PROTOCOL PRESENTATION Accelerating and upscaling transformational adaptation in Europe: demonstration of water-related innovation packages This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon H2020 innovation action programme under grant agreement 101036683. Planning of Focus Group TransformAR Deliverable X.X 64 www.transformar.eu Focus group preparation Text for Discussion Text for discussion Generate a text to present the projections of the effects of climate change and the proposed adaptation strategies a. Use clear and accessible language b. Begin with the region context c. Provide information on the present and future impacts of climate change in the region d. Explain the Adaptation Strategies from TransformAr 3 Focus group preparation Text for Discussion Text for discussion Projections of climate change in the estuaries in Galicia and adaptation solutions 3 Galicia is one of the most important fishing regions in the European Union, with a great dependence on income from this sector. However, the Galician coast is very vulnerable to climate change. On the one hand, the concentration of industrial activity and habitability in the Rías Altas and Rías Baixas increases pressure on coastal ecosystems; and fishing and aquaculture activities can unbalance the natural functioning of ecosystems. On the other hand, the rise in sea level and winter storms represent a latent threat to coastal infrastructure, potentially causing flooding and its progressive deterioration. Additionally, the increase in the intensity and frequency of extreme events, such as heat waves, droughts and prolonged fire seasons, will negatively impact shellfish aquaculture and the conservation of marine species. Projections indicate that the water temperature in the estuaries of Galicia will increase by 2.4 degrees Celsius per century and the sea level by 9.8 cm per decade. Likewise, precipitation in wind regimes can accelerate erosion and sedimentation processes and contribute to desertification and the development of arid areas. Additionally, coastal acidification can have negative effects on marine life. Due to this, the aquaculture sector faces threats such as the alteration of nutrient fertilization patterns, the presence of invasive species, the increase in harmful algal blooms and the negative impact of extreme weather events on the structures of the ponds. mussel and the biomass losses associated with the detachment of mussels from the ropes. Furthermore, increasing water temperatures and relevant fluctuations in coastal oceanographic and hydrological variables increase clam mortality and reduced productivity. TransformAR Deliverable X.X 65 www.transformar.eu Focus group preparation Text for Discussion Text for discussion Projections of climate change in the estuaries in Galicia and adaptation solutions 3 Consequently, it is urgent to implement adaptation measures to address the challenges posed by climate change in marine and coastal ecosystem. In response to this need, three innovative solutions for adaptation to climate change in the estuaries of Galicia have been proposed. The first solution proposed is the digitalization of mussel trays, which improves the management capacity of the aquaculture sector and allows an immediate response to dangers related to climate change through real-time monitoring. This solution has several advantages. On the one hand, it allows you to obtain real-time information on environmental conditions, such as water temperature, water quality, oxygen levels and salinity. This enables early detection of possible alterations and the adoption of preventive or mitigation measures to protect crops and reduce negative impacts. Furthermore, the digitalization of mussel trays optimizes aquaculture management. Data collected in real time provides precise monitoring of environmental conditions and mussel growth, helping to optimize farming processes and improve productivity. It also allows aquaculturists to adjust operations according to environmental conditions and optimize processes related to the supply of food and medicine. In short, it contributes to more profitable and sustainable production. However, it is important to consider the potential economic and technological barriers associated with implementing this solution. The costs of acquiring equipment and technology, as well as training staff, can be significant and represent a barrier for small aquaculture businesses or those with limited financial resources. Additionally, the adoption of digital technology and real-time monitoring systems may require specialized technical skills and knowledge, making it difficult to implement and manage effectively in the absence of access to training and technology experts. Focus group preparation Text for Discussion Text for discussion Projections of climate change in the estuaries in Galicia and adaptation solutions 3 The second solution seeks to characterize and model intertidal sandbanks in order to acquire accurate and detailed data on their current state and predict possible future changes. This resulting information provides a more complete understanding of the factors that influence the distribution and availability of marine resources used in shellfish harvesting. By having this knowledge, the planning and management of shellfishing activities can be improved, achieving greater sustainability and minimizing negative impacts. Furthermore, the characterization of intertidal sandbanks would allow early identification of alterations in the sediment and coastal ecosystems. This early detection is essential to take timely measures and mitigate the negative effects of climate change. However, it is important to consider the possible technological and economic barriers that could arise when implementing this solution. First, characterization and modeling require specialized techniques and technologies, such as sediment sampling, geospatial analysis, and numerical modeling. Lack of access to these tools or lack of adequate technical knowledge can make their implementation difficult. Additionally, the costs associated with data acquisition, implementation of modeling techniques, and staff training can be significant. This may limit the accessibility and viability of the solution, especially for communities or institutions with limited financial resources. Likewise, while the solution would allow for greater knowledge and better projections, the practical application of this data can present challenges. Factors such as regulations, availability of resources, and acceptance of new practices can influence the effectiveness of the solution. Finally, the third proposed solution is to generate a resilience index for the mussel aquaculture value chain, providing stakeholders and policy makers with an assessment and decisionmaking tool. TransformAR Deliverable X.X 66 www.transformar.eu Focus group preparation Text for Discussion Text for discussion Projections of climate change in the estuaries in Galicia and adaptation solutions 3 This index would allow strategically identifying priority areas to focus adaptation efforts, promoting awareness and behavior change. This solution has several significant advantages. Firstly, by providing an approach based on objective data, the resilience index would facilitate informed decision-making, allowing the identification of critical and strategic areas in the mussel aquaculture value chain. Furthermore, the resilience index would be a dynamic tool that will allow monitoring and evaluating changes over time. This facilitates continuous improvement and adaptation of climate change adaptation strategies, through regular assessments, monitoring progress and adjusting actions as necessary. However, there are challenges to consider in implementing the resilience index. On the one hand, existing regulations and institutional structures may not be prepared to incorporate this approach into decision-making. Lack of alignment with existing policies and regulatory frameworks can hinder their effective integration into planning and management processes. Furthermore, the adoption of new tools and approaches may encounter resistance from stakeholders and policy makers, especially if the importance of climate change adaptation in the mussel aquaculture value chain is not fully recognized. This can make it difficult to accept and integrate the resilience index into decision-making processes. Focus group preparation Discussion guide •Develop Discussion Guide: Prepare a discussion guide (script) with a list of open-ended questions and topics to cover during the session. •Start with icebreaker questions •Use open-ended questions •Sequence questions logically •Submit the guide to expert peer review (to review per question: relevance, sufficiency, coherence, syntax and semantics) 4 TransformAR Deliverable X.X 67 www.transformar.eu Focus group preparation Discussion guide Guiding categories Axis of inquiry Guiding questions Relevance Sufficiency Coherence Syntax and semantics Psychological distance: perception that people have about the proximity, in temporal, social and geographical terms, of the effects of climate change on their lives. Temporary: perception that people have about when the effects of climate change will occur. How do you think climate change will affect your future and that of future generations? Social: perception that people have about the closeness or distance they have with the social groups affected by the effects of climate change. Do you think people believe that climate change is currently a problem? Which people do you think could be most affected by climate change in Galicia? Are you worried about anyone in particular? What economic activities do you think may be affected by climate change? Geographic: perception that people have about the physical distance between them and the effects of climate change. How do you think climate change affects/will affect the estuaries (or directly regional seafood/aquaculture production)? Focus group preparation Discussion guide Guiding categories Axis of inquiry Guiding questions Relevance Sufficiency Coherence Syntax and semantics Threat perception: person's assessment of the degree of danger or risk posed by the effects of climate change, including their personal and collective capacity to confront and respond to said threat. Risks: people's assessment of the possible dangers or threats that may arise as a result of climate change. What are the consequences/effects of climate change that concern you most? Personal or collective capacity: It refers to the perception that people have about their individual or collective ability to confront and respond effectively to the consequences of climate change. What measures do you think we should take to adapt to climate change? What personal or collective changes do you think would be necessary to adapt to the effects of climate change? TransformAR Deliverable X.X 68 www.transformar.eu Focus group preparation Discussion guide Guiding categories Axis of inquiry Guiding questions Relevance Sufficiency Coherence Syntax and semantics Perception of the proposed solution: people's assessment of the effectiveness and viability of proposed solutions to adapt to climate change. Effectiveness: perception of the capacity of the proposed solution to address and resolve the problems associated with climate change, taking into account the limitations and resources available. What do you think of the proposed solutions? What doubts do you have? Do you think they have positive effects on the aquaculture and shellfish sector? which is it? And in other sectors/actors? Do you think they have negative effects on the aquaculture and shellfish sector? Which ones? And in other sectors/actors? What adaptation measures to climate change would you propose for the sector? How feasible do you think it is to implement the proposed solutions? What do you think would be the main effects that the proposed solutions would have? Do you think the proposed solutions are useful/appropriate for the needs and resources we have in Galicia? Focus group preparation Discussion guide Guiding categories Axis of inquiry Guiding questions Relevance Sufficiency Coherence Syntax and semantics Perception of the proposed solution: people's assessment of the effectiveness and viability of proposed solutions to adapt to climate change . Barriers: obstacles or difficulties that people perceive to exist in implementing the proposed climate change adaptation solution, including barriers that structurally disadvantage certain groups (structural barriers), financial barriers, time barriers, and insufficient knowledge and deterrence effect of a complex topic (insufficient knowledge/complexity of the topic). What limitations/barriers do you see to implementing the proposed solutions? Who do you think could be harmed by the proposed solutions? How do you think people involved in the aquaculture sector will view the proposed solutions? Acceptance of the proposed solution : willingness to support and adopt the proposed climate change adaptation solution. What do you think of the proposed solutions to adapt to climate change in Galicia? Do you think that in general these proposed solutions would gain support? What do you think is important to take into account so that the proposed solutions can be accepted? TransformAR Deliverable X.X 69 www.transformar.eu Focus group execution Development General explanation of dynamic. Explanation and Obtain Informed Consent Set Up Audio/Video Recording Begin the discussion according to the discussion guide. Et hic Recording Start the Discussion Moderator presentation 01 02 03 04 Before starting, verify that all the material is in condition to carry out the focus group session: •Informed consent •Printed text presenting solutions •Recorder •Focus group question guide TransformAR Deliverable X.X 70 www.transformar.eu Tips for Moderator presentation 01 02 03 04 05 Begin by expressing gratitude for the participation in the research project. Ask for permission to record the interview and use the information collected for research purposes. Provide a brief overview of the data privacy policy and ask for the interviewee's signature on the consent form. . Explain that the focus group will last between one and one and a half hours. Summarize the objective of the research project. 06 Emphasize the importance of the interviewee's personal experiences, perceptions, and attitudes in contributing to the study. . Focus group execution Tips for the moderator during the discussion 01 02 03 04 Maintain Time Management: keep track of time to ensure that each topic or question is addressed within the allocated time. Use subtle cues to manage the discussion's pace. Encourage Equal Participation: ensure that all participants have the opportunity to speak and share their perspectives. Encourage quieter participants to express themselves. Summarize Key Points: periodically summarize key points made by participants to ensure clarity and understanding. Check in with participants to confirm their views. Conclude the Discussion: wrap up the discussion by thanking participants for their contributions. Ask if there are any final thoughts or comments. Focus group execution TransformAR Deliverable X.X 71 www.transformar.eu Focus group data analysis Main steps for data analysis 4 3 2 1 Create a Coding System: Develop a codebook that defines each code, providing clear descriptions and examples of what falls under each code. This helps ensure consistency when coding. Transcription: Transcribe the audio or video recordings of the focus group session. Transcription involves converting spoken words into written text. You can use transcription software or services for efficiency. Data Familiarization: Begin by familiarizing yourself with the transcribed data. Read or listen to the transcripts to gain an overall understanding of the discussion and the context in which it took place. Data Management: Safely store and manage any recorded audio, video, or written data. Ensure that personal information is kept confidential and that data is anonymized if necessary. TransformAR Deliverable X.X 72 www.transformar.eu Main steps for the report Thematic Analysis Group related codes together to form broader themes or categories. These themes should capture the essence of what participants discussed. You may need to reorganize codes and themes as the analysis progresses. Discussion and Interpretation Discuss the implications of your findings and how they relate to your research objectives. Consider the practical implications and any recommendations that arise from the analysis. Data Reduction Condense the data by summarizing the content within each theme. Identify key quotes or excerpts that exemplify each theme. These excerpts can be used as evidence to support your findings. Data Interpretation Interpret the meaning behind the themes and patterns you've identified. Consider the context, nuances, and implications of participants' responses. Focus group data analysis TransformAR Deliverable X.X 73 www.transformar.eu ANNEX 3: CODING SYSTEM STAKEHOLDERS The semantic code 'stakeholders' encompasses a wide range of semantic domains related to the interaction of different actors in a specific context, such as in the project and at different sites. It addresses issues related to climate change projections and their potential impact on production, as well as the identification of sector-specific dynamics, obstacles in actor coordination, misalignment of government policies with sectoral needs, the importance of data-backed decision-making, and adaptation to market changes. Additionally, expressions related to climate change adaptation are considered, including the assessment of economic viability, nature-based transformations, regulatory and governance changes, sustainability, social changes, technological innovation, monitoring systems, and transformations in business models. Finally, the attitudes and responses of individuals and communities to proposed solutions are explored, including active collaboration, perception of effectiveness, questioning, and adaptation of solutions to address specific climate challenges in different geographical contexts. Below, each of these semantic domains capturing the sensitivities of various stakeholders in different sites is described in detail. 1. Sectoral Dynamics: References to the dynamics that characterize a particular economic sector. • Lack of Articulation Among Stakeholders: References to situations where there are obstacles or deficiencies in the coordination and collaboration among different actors or stakeholders within a specific context, such as an economic sector or a project. These obstacles can manifest as a lack of effective communication, disagreements in objectives and strategies, absence of alliances or synergies, fragmentation of an economic sector, confrontation between sectors, or any other limitation that hinders harmonized action among those involved. • Disconnection in Political Management: References to situations where government decisions and policies are not aligned or are inconsistent with the needs and objectives of a specific economic sector or project. This can manifest as contradictory regulations, lack of government support for key initiatives, a lack of understanding of sector dynamics, or a general lack of synchronization between public policy and the needs of the economic sphere in question. • Decision-Making Without Data: References to situations where strategic, operational, production, or commercial decisions within an economic sector are made without the support of accurate data or updated information from monitoring or tracking systems. • Data-Driven Decision-Making: References to the practice of making strategic, operational, production, or commercial decisions within an economic sector based on precise data and updated information from monitoring or tracking systems. • Changes in Market Dynamics: Reference to situations where significant alterations in market dynamics that affect a particular economic sector are observed. These changes can manifest in various ways, such as increased demand for specific products, the need to adapt production practices to meet new demands, increased import or export of products, and the reorganization of production or sales schedules in response to changes in consumption patterns. 2. Sectoral Requirements: References to the needs of sectors in relation to climate change adaptation. • Economic Viability and Financing: References to the importance of evaluating and considering economic viability and the necessary sources of funding for the implementation of solutions aimed at climate change adaptation. It also includes references that highlight the need to analyze