CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR THE HARMONIZATION OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE STANDARDS IN UZBEKISTAN BASED ON INTERNATIONAL REQUIREMENTS

THE VI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE “SCIENTIFIC FOUNDATIONS FOR THE USE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES OF A NEW LEVEL AND MODERN PROBLEMS OF AUTOMATION”, NOVEMBER 20, 2025 63 CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR THE HARMONIZATION OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE STANDARDS IN UZBEKISTAN BASED ON INTERNATIONAL REQUIREMENTS 1Azam Alimov, 2Sabina Tulegenova 1Professor, PhD (Pedagogical Sciences), Head of the Department of metrology, standardization and certification, Joint Belarusian–Uzbek Intersectoral Institute of Applied Technical Qualifications; 2Master’s Degree student in Quality Assurance Joint Belarusian–Uzbek Intersectoral Institute of Applied Technical Qualifications https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17712441 Abstract. The rapid development of electromobility in Uzbekistan requires a coordinated system of charging infrastructure standards ensuring interoperability, safety, and metrological reliability. This study proposes a harmonization model based on the comparison of international IEC/ISO/EN and regional (including GB/T) standards with national documents (UzTR, O‘z DSt, GOST). The methodology applies a four-criteria assessment (technical equivalence, functional compatibility, version relevance, regulatory applicability) with A/B/C categorization and a visual EVI Harmonization Framework. The results highlight priorities such as updating installation requirements to IEC 603647-722:2018, implementing digital protocols ISO 15118 and IEC 63584 (OCPP), integrating metrological standards EN 50470 / IEC 62052 / 62053, and cybersecurity requirements (ISO/IEC 27001, ETSI EN 303 645). The practical value lies in forming a national harmonization roadmap that accelerates infrastructure deployment and strengthens consumer trust. The novelty of the work is a comprehensive quantitative assessment of international standards harmonization adapted to Uzbekistan’s conditions. Keywords: electric vehicles; charging infrastructure; standard harmonization; IEC 61851; ISO 15118; IEC 60364-7-722; IEC 63584 (OCPP); metrological assurance; cybersecurity of charging systems; digital standardization. INTRODUCTION The development of electric transport has become a key direction in modern energy and environmental policy, requiring the creation of a charging infrastructure that is interoperable, safe, and metrologically reliable. For Uzbekistan, the standardization of this system is of strategic importance, as it ensures sustainable development and integration into international markets. The formation of the national regulatory framework began with documents such as UzTR 389:2016, O‘z DSt IEC 62196:2019, and a number of GOST standards harmonized with IEC and ISO. However, most of these standards are based on outdated versions and do not incorporate modern requirements such as ISO 15118 (intelligent communication between EV and grid), IEC 63584 (OCPP), as well as metrological and cybersecurity provisions. According to the analytical report by Steer Group & IFC (2025), standard harmonization is the key to the effective adoption of electric vehicles. The identified priorities include updating installation requirements according to IEC 60364-7-722:2018, implementing digital protocols ISO THE VI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE “SCIENTIFIC FOUNDATIONS FOR THE USE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES OF A NEW LEVEL AND MODERN PROBLEMS OF AUTOMATION”, NOVEMBER 20, 2025 64 15118 and OCPP, and integrating metrological standards EN 50470, IEC 62052, IEC 62053, along with the provisions of the EU Battery Regulation 2023/1542. Harmonization is viewed as a multilevel process encompassing technical, digital, metrological, and legal aspects. For Uzbekistan, the urgent task is to develop a national model that takes into account IEC/ISO/GB/T standards, enabling the creation of a hybrid regulatory and compatibility system. The aim of the study is to develop a conceptual model for harmonizing Uzbekistan’s electric vehicle charging infrastructure standards with international requirements, ensuring interoperability, safety, and regulatory alignment. Main objectives: 1. To compare international and national standards in the field of Electric Vehicle Infrastructure (EVI); 2. To assess the degree of harmonization using four criteria: technical equivalence, functional compatibility, version relevance, and regulatory applicability; 3. To identify priority areas for the update and implementation of key standards (e.g., IEC 603647-722:2018, ISO 15118, IEC 63584); 4. To develop a visual model — the EVI Harmonization Framework — illustrating the interaction between international and national standards. MATERIALS AND METHODS 1. Regulatory and Information Base of the Study The study is based on the analytical report by Steer Group and the International Finance Corporation (IFC, 2025), which assessed the status and prospects of harmonizing electric vehicle charging infrastructure standards in Uzbekistan. This report served as the primary source of empirical data and analytical conclusions regarding the current level of regulatory support and the degree of integration of international standards into the national technical regulation system. The report compared national documents — UzTR 389:2016, O‘z DSt IEC 62196:2019, and GOST R 50571.7.722-2017 — with international standard series including IEC 61851, IEC 62196, IEC 60364-7-722 [1–3], ISO 15118 [4], IEC 63584 (OCPP), IEC 62893, EN 50470, IEC 62052, IEC 62053, ETSI EN 303 645, as well as Chinese standards GB/T 20234, GB/T 18487, and GB/T 27930. Additionally, European regulatory documents such as the EU Battery Regulation 2023/1542 and the UK Electric Vehicle Smart Charging Regulations (2021) were analyzed, as they represent best practices in environmental sustainability and intelligent (smart and bidirectional) charging management. Complementary information sources included the IEC Webstore, ISO Online Browser, official resources of CENELEC, and the regulatory registers of the Agency for Technical Regulation of the Republic of Uzbekistan. This comprehensive approach enabled the construction of a systematic regulatory map covering the technical, metrological, cybersecurity, and environmental dimensions of charging infrastructure. 2. Method of Comparative Regulatory Analysis The research was grounded in the principles of normative benchmarking, where international reference standards (IEC/ISO/EN) were treated as benchmarks, and national documents were assessed for their degree of harmonization. The methodology comprised the following stages: 1. Collection and cataloging of regulatory acts related to electric vehicle charging infrastructure; THE VI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE “SCIENTIFIC FOUNDATIONS FOR THE USE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES OF A NEW LEVEL AND MODERN PROBLEMS OF AUTOMATION”, NOVEMBER 20, 2025 65 2. Classification of standards by application domain: • Electrical safety and design parameters — IEC 61851, IEC 60364-7-722, GB/T 18487; • Connectors, cables, and interfaces — IEC 62196, IEC 62893, GB/T 20234; • Digital communication and system management — ISO 15118, IEC 63584, DIN SPEC 70121, GB/T 27930; • Metrological energy measurement — EN 50470, IEC 62052/62053, OIML G22, Eichrecht; • Sustainability and cybersecurity — ETSI EN 303 645, ISO/IEC 27001, EU Battery Regulation 2023/1542. 3. Comparative analysis of the structure and content of documents — identifying the degree of alignment in technical requirements, terminology, testing procedures, and control methods; 4. Gap analysis — detection of missing or outdated standards and inconsistencies affecting equipment interoperability and operational safety; 5. Integrated harmonization assessment — assigning a conformity category (A/B/C) to each standard based on the developed criteria. 3. Criteria and Harmonization Assessment Scale Each element of the regulatory base was evaluated using four criteria, reflecting its technical, functional, editorial, and regulatory alignment with international standards. Table 1 – Harmonization matrix for electric vehicle charging Infrastructure Standards in the Republic of Uzbekistan № Criterion Description of Assessment Scoring Scale 1 Technical Equivalence Correspondence of parameters, terminology, and requirements between IEC/ISO standards and the national version 0–3 2 Functional Compatibility Ability to integrate into international systems (equipment, interface, and protocol interoperability) 0–3 3 Version Relevance Compliance with the latest version of the standard (year, edition number) 0–2 4 Regulatory Applicability Existence of a legal implementation mechanism (approved decrees, ministerial orders, or references in GOST/UzTR) 0–2 Total Maximum 10 points → Categories A (8–10), B (5–7), C (0–4) Source: Compiled by the author based on data from Steer Group and IFC (2025), IEC 61851, ISO 15118, and UzTR 389. Based on this system, a harmonization matrix was developed to determine the readiness level of each standard for application within the national infrastructure. The matrix was built on four evaluation criteria — technical equivalence, functional compatibility, version relevance, and regulatory applicability — and reflects the overall degree of harmonization of national standards with international ones. • Category A — fully adapted and up-to-date standards (e.g., O‘z DSt IEC 62196:2019); THE VI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE “SCIENTIFIC FOUNDATIONS FOR THE USE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES OF A NEW LEVEL AND MODERN PROBLEMS OF AUTOMATION”, NOVEMBER 20, 2025 66 • Category B — partially harmonized or outdated versions (UzTR 389:2016, GOST R 50571.7.722-2017); • Category C — absent but high-priority standards for adoption (ISO 15118, IEC 63584 (OCPP), EN 50470). The harmonization matrix covers four key clusters of standards defining the architecture of an electric vehicle charging system: 1. Electrical safety and installation — IEC 61851, IEC 60364-7-722, GB/T 18487; 2. Connectors and cable systems — IEC 62196, GB/T 20234, IEC 62893; 3. Digital communication and control — ISO 15118, IEC 63584 (OCPP), DIN SPEC 70121, GB/T 27930; 4. Metrology, cybersecurity, and sustainability — EN 50470, IEC 62052/62053, ETSI EN 303 645, EU Battery Regulation 2023/1542. Table 2 – Harmonization matrix of electric vehicle charging infrastructure standards in the Republic of Uzbekistan № Standard Cluster International Documents National Equivalents Category Current Status Description 1 Electrical Safety and Installation IEC 61851:2023; IEC 60364-7722:2018; GB/T 18487 UzTR 389:2016; GOST R 50571.7.722-2017 B Regulatory framework exists but requires updating to IEC 603647-722:2018. Bidirectional charging (V2G) not yet addressed. 2 Connectors and Cables IEC 62196:2022; IEC 62893; GB/T 20234 O‘z DSt IEC 62196:2019 A Fully harmonized series; allows the use of combined Type 2 and GB/T interfaces. 3 Digital Communication and Control ISO 15118-1…20; IEC 63584 (OCPP); DIN SPEC 70121; GB/T 27930 No national equivalents C Requires adoption of digital communication standards (Plug&Charge, Smart Charging, V2G). No certification mechanism for software or servers. 4 Metrology and Energy Measurement EN 50470; IEC 62052/62053; OIML G22 GOST 31818.11; O‘z DSt IEC 62053 (partial) B Partial alignment with IEC requirements; needs implementation of accuracy class A/B modules for charging stations. 5 Cybersecurity and Sustainability ETSI EN 303 645; ISO/IEC 27001; EU Battery Regulation 2023/1542 No direct equivalents C Absent in the national system; development of data protection and battery disposal requirements is necessary. Source: Compiled by the author based on data from Steer Group and IFC (2025), IEC 61851, ISO 15118, and UzTR 389. The results of the harmonization matrix show that: 1. 20% of the standards (Category A) are already harmonized and implemented — primarily covering equipment and connector systems; THE VI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE “SCIENTIFIC FOUNDATIONS FOR THE USE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES OF A NEW LEVEL AND MODERN PROBLEMS OF AUTOMATION”, NOVEMBER 20, 2025 67 2. 40% (Category B) are partially adapted but require updates to align with the latest IEC/ISO versions; 3. 40% (Category C) are entirely absent from the national regulatory framework, mainly in the areas of digital communication and cybersecurity. These findings indicate that the primary priority for the next stage should be digital harmonization — the adoption of ISO 15118 and IEC 63584 (OCPP), which form the foundation of the smart charging ecosystem. To visually illustrate the distribution of standards by category, a corresponding diagram was developed (see Figure 1). Figure 1 – Level of harmonization of electric vehicle infrastructure (EVI) standards in Uzbekistan Source: Compiled by the author based on data from Steer Group and IFC (2025), IEC 61851, ISO 15118, and UzTR 389. Thus: 1. Category A reflects already implemented technical standards (connectors, physical safety); 2. Category B indicates partial implementation of measurement and electrical safety standards; 3. Category C highlights the absence of key digital and cyber-metrological standards essential for developing a modern smart charging infrastructure. This matrix can serve as the basis for developing a roadmap for EVI standards harmonization in Uzbekistan and for defining priority areas of national standardization up to 2030. 4. Methods of data processing and visualization Quantitative analysis and graphical modeling methods were used to structure and present the results. Based on the evaluation data, a distribution chart of standards by categories (A/B/C) was created, showing the share of harmonized documents by thematic areas: electrical safety, digital communication, metrology, sustainability and cybersecurity. To represent interrelations systematically, a visual model – EVI Harmonization Framework [12], adapted from the Steer Group & IFC (2025) report, was developed. It illustrates the vertical integration of standardization levels: international standards → national adaptation → digital ecosystem → metrology & cybersecurity → sustainable development. The graphical outputs (tables and diagrams) clearly demonstrate the interdependence between technical, metrological, and legal components of harmonization, supporting the development of a national roadmap for EVI standards implementation in Uzbekistan. THE VI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE “SCIENTIFIC FOUNDATIONS FOR THE USE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES OF A NEW LEVEL AND MODERN PROBLEMS OF AUTOMATION”, NOVEMBER 20, 2025 68 5. Methodological Significance The proposed approach has a dual value: 1) Scientific and methodological: enables a quantitative assessment of the degree of standards harmonization; 2) Practical: provides a foundation for developing a national program for the phased implementation of international standards (IEC/ISO/EN/GB/T) into Uzbekistan’s legal and technical framework. Thus, the developed methodology ensures a comprehensive analysis of the regulatory landscape of charging infrastructure and helps identify priorities for standards updating and digital integration. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1. Current state of the national regulatory framework for charging infrastructure According to the analysis conducted jointly with the Uzbek Institute of Standards (UzSTI) [18] and based on the findings of the Steer Group & IFC (2025) report, the regulatory and technical framework governing electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure in the Republic of Uzbekistan is currently in an active development stage. As of February 26, 2025, the Unified Information Database of Standards of the Republic of Uzbekistan includes three national standards related to cables and connecting devices for electric vehicles (see Table 3). Table 3 – National standards of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the field of electric vehicle charging infrastructure № Standard Number Title of the Standard 1 O‘z DSt IEC 62893-1:2019 Charging cables for electric vehicles for rated voltages up to and including 0.6/1 kV – Part 1: General requirements. 2 O‘z DSt IEC 62893-3:2019 Charging cables for electric vehicles for rated voltages up to and including 0.6/1 kV – Part 3: Cables for charging electric vehicle batteries for rated voltages up to and including 450/750 V, in accordance with Modes 1, 2, and 3 of IEC 61851-1. 3 O‘z DSt IEC 62893-12:2019 Charging cables for electric vehicles for rated voltages up to 0.6/1 kV – Part 1: General requirements (in Uzbek language). Source: Data from the Uzbek Institute of Standards (as of 26 February 2025). In addition, the standard O‘z Mst IOML G 22 has been adopted, corresponding to Guide G 22 of the International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML). This document establishes requirements for the accuracy, reliability, and suitability of both AC and DC electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) and includes procedures for testing and metrological verification. It should be noted that OIML Guides are advisory in nature, but in this case, the document provides a foundation for developing future national regulations on metrological control in the EVI sector. 2. Results of comparative regulatory analysis The analysis covered five clusters of standards: technical (electrical safety and installation), connector (cables and plugs), digital (communication and management), metrological (energy measurement and accounting), cybersecurity and sustainability. Each element was evaluated according to four criteria: technical equivalence, functional compatibility, version relevance, and regulatory applicability. THE VI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE “SCIENTIFIC FOUNDATIONS FOR THE USE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES OF A NEW LEVEL AND MODERN PROBLEMS OF AUTOMATION”, NOVEMBER 20, 2025 69 The results are presented in Table 2. The analysis revealed that only about 20% of standards are fully harmonized with international norms (Category A), 40% require updating (B), and another 40% are absent (C). The highest degree of harmonization is observed in the connectors and interfaces cluster (IEC 62196), whereas digital communication, metrology, and cybersecurity remain at the stage of developing regulatory frameworks. The distribution by harmonization level is shown in Figure 1. 3. Technical cluster (electrical safety and installation) Within the cluster comprising IEC 61851, IEC 60364-7-722, and GB/T 18487, it was found that the national standards UzTR 389:2016 and GOST R 50571.7.722-2017 are based on outdated editions. The main discrepancies include the absence of requirements for bidirectional charging (V2G), intelligent power control, modern protection and monitoring tools, and resilience against overvoltages in Smart Grid environments. It is recommended to update UzTR 389 in line with IEC 60364-7-722:2018 and implement conformity assessment procedures according to IEC 61851:2023, ensuring interoperability with European and Asian power supply systems. 4. Digital cluster (Communication and Control) The most significant gaps were identified within the digital cluster. The national system currently lacks equivalents to ISO 15118, IEC 63584 (OCPP), and DIN SPEC 70121, which define the interaction between the electric vehicle (EV), charging station, and network operator. The absence of these standards restricts the development of intelligent charging functions, including: • Plug & Charge — automatic vehicle identification and authentication without physical cards; • Smart Charging — real-time load management and demand response; • Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) — bidirectional energy exchange between the vehicle and the power grid. For Uzbekistan, the adoption of ISO 15118 and IEC 63584 is of strategic importance, as these standards ensure digital interoperability and enable the integration of national charging stations into international management networks (e.g., OCPP 2.0.1). To analyze the interaction of these protocols, an adapted Electric Vehicle Infrastructure (EVI) information flow diagram was used (based on Steer Group & IFC, 2025; Cenex, Elaad.nl), illustrating key relationships among electric vehicles, charging equipment (EVSE), charging station operators, clearing houses, and emobility service providers. THE VI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE “SCIENTIFIC FOUNDATIONS FOR THE USE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES OF A NEW LEVEL AND MODERN PROBLEMS OF AUTOMATION”, NOVEMBER 20, 2025 70 Figure 2 – Overview of the electric vehicle ecosystem and communication protocol interactions (adapted from Cenex / Elaad.nl, 2025) Source: Cenex / Elaad.nl, based on the Steer Group & IFC (2025) diagram, adapted by the author. 5. Metrological cluster (energy accounting and measurement accuracy) The analysis revealed that the national standards partially cover the requirements of EN 50470, IEC 62052, IEC 62053, and OIML G22 [7]. Existing documents, such as GOST 31818.11 and O‘z DSt IEC 62053-21:2018, ensure the basic principles of measurement but do not address the specific features of charging stations, including: accuracy of energy measurement under variable load; automatic data transmission to the billing network; calibration procedures and legal metrological traceability (Eichrecht). It is proposed to develop a national standard O‘z DSt IEC 62053-XX for measuring instruments used in charging devices, and to implement verification procedures according to OIML G22 and EN 50470-3. 6. Cybersecurity and sustainability This cluster is absent in the national standardization system. In international practice, EV charging station security is regulated by ETSI EN 303 645 (IoT Security Baseline) and ISO/IEC 27001 (Information Security Management), while environmental sustainability is governed by the EU Battery Regulation 2023/1542. Implementation of these documents will allow: protection of user data during remote management; resilience of charging stations to cyberattacks; establishment of requirements for battery traceability and recycling, which is crucial for developing the future national battery recycling market. 7. Summary results and strategic conclusions The comparative analysis demonstrated that achieving full harmonization requires a threephase roadmap for updating the regulatory framework in Uzbekistan: 1) Short-term phase (2025–2026): Updating existing standards UzTR 389 and O‘z DSt IEC 62196; preparing translations and adaptation of ISO 15118. THE VI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE “SCIENTIFIC FOUNDATIONS FOR THE USE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES OF A NEW LEVEL AND MODERN PROBLEMS OF AUTOMATION”, NOVEMBER 20, 2025 71 2) Medium-term phase (2026–2028): Implementation of OCPP 2.0.1 (IEC 63584); integration of metrological requirements from EN 50470 and IEC 62052/62053. 3) Long-term phase (until 2030): Development of national standards on cybersecurity (based on ETSI EN 303 645) and sustainable battery management. Thus, the conceptual model of harmonization provides for a stepwise formation of a multilevel EVI standardization system, integrating technical, digital, metrological, and environmental dimensions. The implementation of this model will: • ensure the alignment of the national infrastructure with IEC/ISO international requirements, • create conditions for Uzbek manufacturers and charging network operators to participate in the global electromobility market, and • increase consumer confidence in EV charging systems. CONCLUSION The conducted research has provided a comprehensive assessment of the current state and prospects for harmonizing electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure standards in the Republic of Uzbekistan with international IEC, ISO, and OIML requirements. Based on comparative regulatory analysis, the harmonization level of the national framework is assessed as initial: only about 20% of standards (mainly related to connectors and cables) are fully aligned with international norms, 40% require updating, and another 40% have no national equivalents. As a result, a conceptual EVI harmonization model is proposed for the first time, encompassing four interrelated clusters — technical, digital, metrological, and cyber-resilience. This model reflects a multilevel structure for developing a regulatory environment that ensures: • technical and functional interoperability of equipment; • development of digital communication standards (OCPP, ISO 15118, Smart Charging, V2G); • metrological traceability (OIML G22, EN 50470); • and infrastructure security (ISO/IEC 27001, ETSI EN 303 645). The scientific novelty of the study lies in the proposed author’s harmonization assessment framework, which integrates four criteria — technical equivalence, functional compatibility, version relevance, and regulatory applicability. Based on this system, a harmonization matrix was developed and a national model for full IEC/ISO alignment was constructed. The practical significance of the research is that its results can be utilized by the Uzbek Institute of Standards (UzSTI) and the Agency for Technical Regulation to develop a roadmap for EVI standards harmonization and to implement priority international documents such as IEC 63584 (OCPP), ISO 15118, IEC 63110, and EN 50470. The implementation of the proposed conceptual model establishes a foundation for: integration of the national infrastructure into global Smart Charging and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) systems; expansion of export potential for Uzbek EV charging equipment manufacturers; assurance of metrological reliability and digital interoperability of charging systems and enhancement of consumer confidence in Uzbekistan’s electromobility infrastructure. RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the conducted comparative regulatory analysis and the results of harmonizing