Attitude of mass communication trainees of joseph Ayodele Babalola University (JABU) and Adeyemi College of Education (ACE) towards journalism as a career

 Corresponding author: ADINLEWA BISODUN JOSEPH Copyright © 2025 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article. This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Liscense 4.0. Attitude of mass communication trainees of joseph Ayodele Babalola University (JABU) and Adeyemi College of Education (ACE) towards journalism as a career BISODUN JOSEPH ADINLEWA * Department of mass communication, faculty of communication, Adeyemi college of Education Ondo, Nigeria. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 27(02), 1781-1796 Publication history: Received on 16 July 2025; revised on 24 August 2025; accepted on 26 August 2025 Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2025.27.2.3061 Abstract This study is aimed at examining the attitude of mass communication trainees of Joseph Ayo Babalola University (JABU) and Adeyemi College of Education (ACE) towards journalism as a career. The perception and social cognitive theories were used as theoretical foundation. The researcher adopted purposive sampling technique and as a result; a total number of 347 respondents filled the questionnaire 110 (JABU Mass communication trainees) and 237 (ACE Mass communication trainees). Findings revealed that Mass communication trainees chose to study the course due to their personal decision but majority of them do not want to choose journalism as a career. The study recommends that school management and department board should introduce more practical oriented courses to mass communication curriculum, Government should not interfere in the activities of journalists, and Career journalists should discharge their duties without fear or favor. Keywords: Mass Communication; Trainee; Career; Journalism; Attitude 1. Introduction Journalism arguably is a profession that is most widely sought after across the world. While it has been discovered also that most females prefer studying journalism as a course, the same cannot be said of them making career in the profession after graduation. Apke (2016) cited in Patricia, Samuel, Calusa, Fisayo, Ifeoluwa and Omolayo (2015) states that since the inception of journalism as an area of specialization in mass communication studies among Nigerian universities in the 1960s, enrollments have been largely populated by female students. However, further studies have equally revealed that only very few female students usually venture into the practice of journalism after graduation. Journalism is the collection, preparation and distribution of news, related commentary and feature materials through the media such as pamphlets, newsletters, magazines, radio, television, billboards, internet and books. Journalism as a profession is an essential part of the society. Apart from news and information dissemination, it involves going extra miles in getting news worthy information by way of investigative and interpretative journalism in order to bring out hidden facts and information through the media to the people (Ali, 2010). Okoro and Chiweobo – Onuoha (2013) define journalism as a veritable tool for information dissemination, social mobilization and control. A means of educating the society and sensitizing them on very important issues affecting the lives of the people. Historically, journalism as a course of study started in Nigeria in the early 1960s, with only two Federal Universities offering courses in journalism. While University of Nigeria, Nsukka started in 1961, the University of Lagos, commercial these programmes in 1967 with the introduction of Diploma in Mass Communication which allowed students to take courses in journalism. Presently, almost all higher institutions of learning in Nigeria offer mass communication courses leading to the award of various degrees and certificates and well as diplomas at National and Higher levels up to World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 27(02), 1781-1796 1782 Bachelor and Masters and Ph.D Degrees level. This is in a sharp contrast to what it used to be when candidates were reluctant to enroll in journalism as the preferred career choice as against courses such as Medicine, Accounting, Law and Architecture. Journalism is a very important institution in every society. It is the practice of investigating and reporting newsworthy events of human interest as they occur through the mass media. Journalists can be said to mirror the society through their reports and discourse of issues which span from diverse areas of the policy (Chioma, 2015). In contribution, Okoro and Chinweobo-Onuoha (2013) as cited in Chioma (2015) defines journalism to be “a veritable tool for information dissemination, social mobilization, and control. It is a means of public education and sensitization on important issues affecting the lives of the people”. This means that Journalism is the collection, preparation and distribution of news and related commentary and feature materials through such media as a pamphlet, newsletter, magazines, radio, motion pictures, television, Bill Boards, the internet and Books (Ali, 2010). Journalism is the collection, preparation and distribution of news, related commentary and feature materials through the media such as pamphlets, newsletters, magazines, radio, television, billboards, internet and books. Journalism as a profession is an essential part of the society. Apart from news and information dissemination, it involves going extra miles in getting news worthy information by way of investigative and interpretative journalism in order to bring out hidden facts and information through the media to the people (Ali, 2010). Okoro and Chiheb – Onuoha (2013) define journalism as a veritable tool for information dissemination, social mobilization and control. A means of educating the society and sensitizing them on very important issues affecting the lives of the people. Historically, journalism as a course of study started in Nigeria in the early 1960s, with only two Federal Universities offering courses in journalism. While University of Nigeria, Nsukka started in 1961, the University of Lagos, commercial these programmed in 1967 with the introduction of Diploma in Mass Communication which allowed students to take courses in journalism (Apuke, 2016). Presently, almost all higher institutions of learning in Nigeria offer mass communication courses leading to the award of various degrees and certificates and well as diplomas at National and Higher levels up to Bachelor and Masters Degrees level. This is in a sharp contrast to what it used to be when candidates were reluctant to enroll in journalism as the preferred career choice as against courses such as Medicine, Accounting, Law and Architecture. Journalism arguably is a profession that is most widely sought after across the world. While it has been discovered also that most female prefer studying journalism as a course, the same cannot be said of them making career in the profession after graduation while more men take it as a profession. Apuke (2016) cited in Patricia, Samuel, Celuwa, Fisayo, IfeoluwaandOmolayo (2015) states that since the inception of journalism as an area of specialization in mass communication studies among Nigerian universities in the 1960s, enrollments have been largely populated by female students. However, further studies have equally revealed that only very few female students usually venture into the practice of journalism after graduation. Although there are far more female students in the discipline of mass communication, studies have revealed that only a few of these ladies become journalists. Ali (2010p.5) submit that Almost all institution of higher learning in Nigeria offers mass communication courses leading to the award of various degrees and certificates, including National Diploma, higher National Diploma, Bachelor, and Masters Degrees. The increase in the number of female graduates from all these Institutions is not reflected in the media of communication in the country. Each Year, hundreds of female students graduate as mass communicators. A close look shows that the number of female Journalists students surpassed the number of males. But in the field today, a good number of these female graduates are not seen working in the various media houses scatted all over the country Scholars of all stripes have examined the status of women in journalism through the prisms of their own disciplines, from historians documenting the careers of pioneers to cultural studies experts theorizing about how women tweet (McCluskey, 2011) in (Rauhala, and Lindgren 2012). In addition, Sociologists and communication scholars have measured the gender gap in newsrooms and investigated the media’s reinforcement of stereotypes. Researchers have gathered data on content, extracting meaning from clippings and video by counting bylines or conducting interviews. As in so many areas, the multidisciplinary of journalism scholarship, while enriching, mixes methodologies and confounds efforts to summarize findings and generalize themes (Rauhala and Lindgren 2012) Most of these scholars have found out that there is a high rate of enrolment into journalism as a study and not as a profession. This implies that women love to study communication courses in tertiary institutions but do not wish to World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 27(02), 1781-1796 1783 practice the profession, while more men love it as a profession. This could be due to fear, stereotyping, the attitude of people towards women as journalists or even husband’s decision on the female journalist. 1.1. Overview of Journalism and Journalism Profession Over the years, journalism as a profession has been seen as men’s job due to its dominance by the men folk. So many factors have been attributed to why female folk are not fully involved in the practice of journalism. Umar (2015) defines journalism as the occupation of reporting writing, editing, photographing or broadcasting news or of conducting any news organization as a business. The word “journalism” according to Umar (2015) is derived from the word “journal” which implies a daily register or a diary or a book containing each day’s business or transaction. Journalism as a profession is not limited to a particular gender. Rather, it is a profession that is seen as suitable for both men and woman (Ememyeonu, 1991). But most female prefer flamboyant roles in radio, television, advertising or public relations genres of journalism. This is where the idea of choice comes from for female graduates of mass communication in Nigeria. Journalism is as media profession which offers a variety of career possibilities. In journalism, there are different career option opened to interested graduates to choose from. They include: Include: Photo journalism, news reporting, sports writing, investigative and interpretative journalism, freelancing or newspaper columns, news blogging, advertising and public relations etc. Aina (2004) distinguished some of the careers available in journalism: a reporter differentiates various career in journalism, stating that a reporter is a journalist who seeks out some information using researches and interviews. Whereas, investigative journalism requires a “keener news-sense” than the traditional reporting technique. Ojomo (2008) described photo journalism as “telling a story with photographs-reporting with the aid of picture”. Photo journalists are not ordinary photographers, they are professional photographers trained in the art of telling or reporting the news through the camera lens. In addition, we have sports presenters whose focus in all about reporting sporting automatics across the globe but nothing more. Same with political analysts, business analysts, health analysts, financial analysts and the new trend, the citizen journalism or news blogging news blogging is about using the internet network to report news activities and make it available to heterogonous audience as it happens through any form of social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp etc. Historically, journalism as a course of study started in Nigeria in the early 1960s, with only two Federal Universities offering courses in journalism. While University of Nigeria, Nsukka started in 1961, the University of Lagos, commercial these programmes in 1967 with the introduction of Diploma in Mass Communication which allowed students to take courses in journalism. Presently, almost all higher institutions of learning in Nigeria offer mass communication courses leading to the award of various degrees and certificates and well as diplomas at National and Higher levels up to Bachelor and Masters Degrees level. This is in a sharp contrast to what it used to be when candidates were reluctant to enroll in journalism as the preferred career choice as against courses such as Medicine, Accounting, Law and Architecture. There is no doubt that journalism is a profession that needs both male and female gender. However, it has been observed that there are more female students studying mass communication than those practicing or aspiring to become journalists unlike their male counterparts. Various studies conducted across institutions offering journalism in Nigeria also indicate that there are more female students studying mass communication than their male counterparts. (Ali, 2010). Unfortunately, only a few of these female students follow through to make a career in journalism as it has been discovered that they prefer to have career in other areas of mass communication, such as public relations, advertising, broadcasting, photo-journalism, news casting, news blogging and publishing. 1.1.1. Career The influence of career choice has a lasting impact on an individual. It serves to be a predictor and determinant of their prospective level of income, nature of work and consequently leaves a mark on the personality, demeanor and outlook of an individual. Thus, one wrong decision can change the fate of an individual. It is difficult for everyone to make a decision regarding their career. This individual action is manifested on a larger scale in the economic prosperity of a nation. Individuals who are misfits in their workplace tend to be less productive and efficient, and therefore are unable to achieve their goals. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 27(02), 1781-1796 1784 The concept has been explained by Omeika (as cited in Jones and Larke, 2005), who defines occupation as a means of living, which has the power to change personalities, determine social status, predict expected earnings, determine social groups etc. Thus, its importance cannot be undermined. Given its complexity, it is then a point to ponder upon as to how career decisions are made. These are elucidated by Piaye (as cited in Alemu, 2013), who elaborates the importance of dialogue with peers, sessions with college counsellors, and discussions with parents and teachers on career selection as “career convention” or “career conference”. According to him “career convention is an instrument of career information”, and entails the following • To create awareness regarding areas of interest and prospective career fields. • To help in shortlisting preferable jobs. • Provides opportunities in which parents, employees and career counsellors can exchange views. A crucial influence in decision making regarding career is the home environment (James, 2000) as it lays the foundation of a child’s personality. It’s the parent’s upbringing which is the basis of the outcome of the personality. The values of the parents are transferred into the child. Besides the home, another major determinant of career choice is media. It provides exposure at the earliest stage. Media highlights social travails, global issues, trends and fashions, portrays the glamour of a culture, and the glitter of the consumer world. Moreover, talk shows, documentaries, movies and dramas portray careers such as law, media and advertising as very glamorous and appealing, thus drawing students towards them. Sometimes the choices of the peers also become a determining factor in choosing a profession. Other factors which influence career choice are family, parents, friends, culture, academic achievement, health factors, existing income level and financial constraints, media influences, prospective levels of income, employment opportunities, the social acceptability of profession, recognition, and work satisfaction among others. The purpose of this research was to investigate the various choices which have an influence on students’ career choice. It looked into the interplay of various decision-making influences on MS students’ chosen field. It sought answers to queries whether MS students chose their respective fields, had to reconcile with circumstances or had a say in the decisions. It gives an insight into the various factors which influence students’ decision making. 1.1.2. Public Relations Practice Public Relation (PR) is the business of creating, sustaining and promoting good mental image for public and private organizations. It is a good career path someone who studied Mass Communication but doesn’t have taste for practicing traditional journalism. This career path can be trailed in two different forms. One has the option of working as an employee of the organization for which he practices PR. The other option is to work for PR firm to practice PR as consultant to other organizations. Whichever way, PR practitioner will have to work hand-in-hand with journalists who are in the field. He would want to influence some positive media attention to his client. A challenging part of the PR is when one works as Crises Communication expert. This entails designing and executing the appropriate communication between the management and the employees of an organization in the time of crises. Generally speaking, job growth projection in this career path is anticipated at 21% in 10 years between 2010 and 2020. Although this is the condition in USA, is being reflected across the globe. The Nigerian condition of economic growth is a positive sign for the same above average growth in PR career to be replicated. In terms of salary, PR practitioners are among the highest earners among those who studied Mass Communication. Whereas those working directly in the PR units of private or public organizations earn up to $54,940 annually, those working as consultants or as employees of PR firms earn up to $77,010 (U.S. BLS, 2013). Beyond the traditional journalism and PR practice, there are many other career paths that can be trailed with a great success. This includes career in Campaign Management, Independent Photojournalism, Press Secretary ship, Information Officer of an organization or a blogger. Teaching journalism in the academe is though one of the noblest professions, it is arguably one of the most tasking and least paying jobs with degrees in Mass Communication. This explains why there is dearth academic human resource in Mass Communication field around the globe. Very few people are interested in spending seven more years in the university and additional thousands of dollars only to earn less. What is likely to compensate is winning research grants and competition within which is stiffer than imaginable. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 27(02), 1781-1796 1785 1.2. Theoretical Framework According to McQuail (2007), theory is a general proposition, it is based on observation and logical argument that states the relationship between observed phenomenon and seeks either to explain or predict the relations. Theoretical framework on its own is the conscious and deliberate decision that a researcher has made in terms of theory or combination of theories, which guide his research effort. The theories to be used for this study are the perception and social cognitive theory. The validity of this study is solely hinged on these theories and shall form the base of the study. 1.2.1. Perception Theory The perception theory is an account of attitude change developed by psychologist Daryl Bem. It asserts that people develop their attitudes by observing their behaviour and concluding what attitudes must have caused them. The theory is counterintuitive in nature, as the conventional wisdom is that attitude comes prior to behaviours. Furthermore, the theory suggests that a person induces attitudes without accessing internal cognition and mood states. The person reasons their own overt behaviours rationally in the same way they attempt to explain others’ behaviours. The issue of perception or image is so complex that it has to be analysed within a fitting theoretical framework. This is so because there is a strong likelihood that individuals have different perceptions of objects. According to Huffman and Vernoy (2000), perception is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory data into useable mental representation of the world. On the other hand, according to Worchel and Shebilske (1989), perception is the process of interpreting information. Besides, Szilagyi and Wallace defined perception as a process by which individuals attend to incoming stimuli, organize, and interpret such stimuli into message that in turn indicate an appropriate action or behavior. Thus, perception is an action in which someone gives the stimulus and response about something which happens in the reality. Although some people are facing a similar object, they may have a different perception about it. It is because everyone has their own experience in the past. There are many experts that describe the relation between the people’s experience and perception. Mouly (1973) stated that two persons looking at the same phenomenon may see very different things. Wick and Pick also stated that there is a connection between perception and experience. According to Slameto, perception is the process by which a message or information concerning the entry into the human brain. Through continuous human perception, held a relationship with its environment. This connection is done via the senses, such as sensory-viewer, listen, touch, and taste. This theory is relevant to this study because it explains how JABU and ACE students perceive journalism as a career and how their choice is shaped by such perception. 1.2.2. Social Cognitive Theory The study also adopted social cognitive theory. The theory was propounded by Philip and Ziller (1992). Only social category theory has been observed to have similar modes of orientation and behavioring which relate people in the same social category to such phenomena as mass communication in similar ways. They theory posits that “members of contemporary urban-industrial societies could be structured into social categories based on common characteristics into social categories based on common characteristics like social class, religion ethnic identity and rural residence, and that such categorization has implementations for mass communication message”. According to Ibraheem (2018) in Aina (2003), its origin stems from the need of advertisers for specialized audiences. It is assumed that the categories to which individuals belong provide them with similar frame of reference and cognition. Agbo, Ojobor and Ezinwa (2008) also stressed that “members of a particular social category will select more or less similar communication content and will respond to it roughly in equal way”. Therefore, most female mass communication students, who belong to the same social category in the society, develop negative attitudes towards journalism as a career. As most of the female communicators are negatively affected by the discriminations from the society and their families, it implies that they have responded to the idea of not accepting the choice of journalism as a career. 2. Data Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation The study aimed to examine the attitude of mass communication trainees of Joseph Ayo Babalola University (JABU) and Adeyemi college of Education (ACE) towards journalism as a career. The researcher adopted purposive sampling technique and as a result; a total number of 347 respondents filled the questionnaire 110 (JABU Mass communication trainees) and 237 (ACE Mass communication trainees). The data were presented in frequency and percentage distribution of the different categories of variables that were displayed in the table. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 27(02), 1781-1796 1786 2.1. Demographic Information Table 1 The gender of the respondents Gender Frequency Percentage (%) Male 161 46.4 Female 186 53.6 Total 347 100 Source: Field survey, 2025 Table 1 above shows that 161(representing 46.4%) of the respondents are male while 186(representing 53.6%) of the respondents are female. Data above shows that majority of the respondents for this study is female, and that the data were significantly fairly distributed between the two genders. Figure 1 Bar Chart showing sex distribution of the respondents Table 2 The age bracket of the respondents Age bracket Frequency Percentage (%) 18 - 30 256 73.8 30 – 40 71 20.4 40 above 20 5.8 Total 347 100 Source: Field survey, 2025 Table 2 reveals that out of the total number of the respondents, 256 (representing 73.8%) of the Mass Communication trainees of ACE and JABU were between age 18-30, 71(representing 18.2%) were between age 30 – 40 while 20 (representing 5.8%) of the respondents were aged 40 and above. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 27(02), 1781-1796 1787 From the analysis presented in Table 2 above, it was discovered that majority of the respondents were between the ages 15-25. Figure 2 Bar Chart showing age distribution of the respondents Table 3 The institution of respondents Name of institution Frequency Percentage (%) AAUA 237 68.3 JABU 110 31.7 Total 347 100 Source: Field survey, 2025 Table 3 above shows that 237(representing 68.3%) of the respondents are Mass Communication trainees of Adeyemi college of Education (ACE), while 110(representing 31.7%) of the respondents are Mass communication trainees of Joseph Ayo Babalola University (JABU). Analysis above shows that majority of the respondents are Mass Communication trainees of Adeyemi College of Education (ACE). Table 4 The level of respondents Level of respondents Frequency Percentage (%) 100 37 10.6 200 67 19.2 300 108 31.1 400 135 39.1 Total 347 100 Source: Field survey, 2025 Table 4 above shows that 37 (representing 10.6%) of the respondents are in 100 level, 67 (representing 19.2%) are in 200 level, 108(representing 31.1%) are in 300 level, and 135 (representing 39.1%) are in 400 level. The analysis in the World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 27(02), 1781-1796 1788 table above shows that most of the respondents for this study are 400 level Mass Communication trainees of ACE and JABU. 2.1.1. Data presentation on the various attitudes of Mass Communication trainees of JABU and ACE towards journalism as a career? This aims to ascertain the various attitudes of Mass Communication trainees of ACE and JABU towards journalism as a career. Items 1 to 5 from the structured questionnaire were used to answer this question; responses to each item on the questionnaire are therefore presented in tables 5-9 below. Table 5 If respondents like journalism Responses Frequency Percentage (%) Yes 193 55.3 No 155 44.7 Total 347 100 Source: Field survey, 2025 Data from the table 5 above shows that 193(representing 55.3%) of Mass Communication trainees of ACE and JABU says they like Journalism, while 155(representing 44.7%) of Mass Communication trainees of ACE and JABU says they don’t like Journalism. The data presented above reveals that majority of Mass Communication trainees of ACE and JABU like Journalism. Table 6 The reason respondents are studying Mass Communication as a course Responses Frequency Percentage (%) Personal decision 169 48.7 The institution gave me the course 92 26.5 Parents/guardians factor 86 24.8 Total 347 100 Source: Field survey, 2025 In table 6 above, data shows that 169(representing 48.7%) of Mass Communication trainees of ACE and JABU says they are studying Mass Communication as a course because they desire to study mass communication, 92(representing 26.5%) of Mass Communication trainees of ACE and JABU says they studying Mass Communication as a course because the institution of study gave them the course, and 86(representing 24.8%) of Mass Communication trainees of ACE and JABU says they are studying Mass Communication as a course because their parents/guardians made them to study the course. The data presented above shows that majority of Mass Communication trainees of ACE and JABU are studying mass communication because of their personal decision to study the course, while few are because of parent/guardian’s factor. Table 7 If respondents will you choose journalism as a career Responses Frequency Percentage (%) Yes 158 45.5 No 189 54.5 Total 347 100 Source: Field survey, 2023 Data from the table 7 above shows that 158(representing 45.5%) of Mass Communication trainees of ACE and JABU says they like Journalism as a career, while 189(representing 54.5%) of Mass Communication trainees of ACE and JABU World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 27(02), 1781-1796 1789 says they don’t like Journalism as a career. The data presented above reveals that majority of Mass Communication trainees of ACE and JABU don not like Journalism as a career. Table 8 The aspect of journalism preferable to respondents Responses Frequency Percentage (%) News writing/reporting 59 17.0 News casting 94 27.1 On-Air-Personality (OAP) 106 30.5 News blogging/online media 69 19.9 Investigative journalism 19 5.5 Total 347 100 Source: Field survey, 2025 Data from table 8 above show that 59 respondents (representing 17.0%) of Mass Communication trainees of ACE and JABU says they prefer the news writing/reporting aspect of journalism, 94(representing 27.1%) of Mass Communication trainees of ACE and JABU say that they prefer the news casting aspect of journalism, 106 respondents (representing 30.5%) of Mass Communication trainees of ACE and JABU say they prefer the On-Air-Personality (OAP) aspect of journalism, 69(representing 19.9%) of Mass Communication trainees of ACE and JABU says that they prefer news blogging/online media aspect of journalism, and 19 respondents (representing 5.5%) of Mass Communication trainees of ACE and JABU say they prefer investigative journalism aspect of journalism. It can be deduced from the data presented above that Mass Communication trainees of ACE and JABU prefers the aspect of journalism in this order; On-Air-personality, news casting, news blogging/online media, news writing/ reporting and the less preferred is investigative journalism. Table 9 Respondents view on if Journalism as a profession is gender biased Responses Frequency Percentage (%) Strongly agree 63 18.2 Agree 61 17.6 Disagree 90 25.9 Strongly disagree 115 33.1 Undecided 18 5.2 Total 347 100 Source: Field survey, 2023 In data 9 above, data show that 63(18.2%) of Mass Communication trainees of ACE and JABU strongly agree that journalism as a profession is gender biased, 61(representing 17.6) agree to the same motion, while 90(representing 25.9%) of Mass Communication trainees of ACE and JABU disagree that journalism as a career is gender biased, 115(representing 33.1%) of Mass Communication trainees of ACE and JABU strongly disagree that journalism as a career is gender biased and 18(representing 5.2%) were undecided. The data presented above reveal that Mass Communication trainees of ACE and JABU have a positive attitude towards journalism as a career as majority of them sees journalism as an unbiased profession. 2.1.2. Data presentation on the prospects and challenges of Mass Communication trainees of JABU and ACE towards journalism as a study/career? This seeks to ascertain the prospects as well as the challenges of Mass Communication trainees of JABU and ACE towards journalism as a study and career. Items 6 to 14 from the structured questionnaire were used to answer this question; responses to each item on the questionnaire are therefore presented in tables 10-19 below. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 27(02), 1781-1796 1796 [2] Alemu, Y. (2013). Assessment of the provisions of guidance and counselling services in secondary schools of East Harerge Zone and Harari Region, Ethiopia. Middle Eastern and African Journal of Educational Research, 2, 28-37. [3] Ali, I. E. (2010). The attitude of female mass communication students towards journalism as a [4] career in nnamdi azikwe university, awka. Southwestern mass communication journal. 1(1). [5] Apuke, D. O. (2016). 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