Co esponding au ho : Du uamaku C. C
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0.
E ec o combined ex ac o lea es o Medicago sa i um and seeds o Ga cinia kola
on biochemical indices o alloxan-induced diabe ic a s.
Du uamaku C. C *, Olo unshola, D. O and Omeh. Y. N
Depa men o Biochemis y, Michael Okpa a Uni e si y o Ag icul u e Umudike, Umuahia.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1964-1971
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 14 July 2024; e ised on 28 May 2025; accep ed on 31 May 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.27.2.2117
Abs ac
Diabe es is a wo ldwide condi ion wi h complica ions, and he bal he bs such as Ga cinia kola and Medicago sa i um
migh p o ide al e na i e he apies. The aim o his s udy was o in es iga e he po en ial an idiabe ic e ec o he
combined ex ac o Ga cinia kola seeds and Medicago sa i um lea es on biochemical indices o diabe ic a s. The
combined ex ac was p epa ed by mace a ion. A single dose o alloxan 150 mg/kg body weigh , BW) in ape i oneally
injec ed in o he expe imen al g oups caused hem o become diabe ic. Ra s wi h as ing blood glucose le els ≥250
mg/dl we e conside ed diabe ic and we e di ided in o six g oups. G oup 1 se es as a no mal con ol (no induc ion o
diabe es). Th ee g oups (4, 5, and 6) o diabe ic animals we e o ally adminis e ed daily wi h 500 mg/kg G. kola ex ac ,
750 mg/kg M. sa i um + 250 mg/kg G. kola, and 750 mg/kg G. kola + 250 mg/kg, espec i ely. One g oup o alloxan a s
was ea ed as diabe ic con ol (g oup 2), and ano he g oup was o ally adminis e ed 0.5 mg/kg BW glipalamide daily
(g oup 3). Blood glucose le el, li e unc ion indices, kidney unc ion indices, lipid p o ile and an ioxidan enzyme le el
o diabe ic a s ea ed wi h Ga cinia kola seeds and Medicago sa i um lea es combined ex ac . The esul e eals ha
blood glucose le els (BGL) a 0, 7, 14, and 21 days o + e con ol, s d con ol, and all ex ac - ea ed g oups we e
signi ican ly highe and di e en (p<0.05) compa ed o he no mal con ol g oup. Neph opa hy esul shows u ea,
c ea inine u ea, u ic acid and globulin le el o he a s we e also main ained by he ex ac o no mal le el when
compa ed o he heal hy a s. Obse a ion om he s udy shows a signi ican inc ease (p<0.05) in he alanine amino
ans e ase (ALT) and aspa a e amino ans e ase (AST) le el o un ea ed diabe ic a s which con i ms he ac ha
hepa ic inju y is associa ed also wi h diabe es. Ex ac ea ed g oup ALT and AST le els was signi ican ly educed in
compa ison o he no mal con ol g oup. Howe e , he e was no signi ican di e ence in ALP le els among he a s in
any g oups (p>0.05). The indings om his s udy e ealed ha he combina ion o me hanol ex ac o Ga cinia kola
seeds and Medicago sa i um lea es elici s be e amelio a i e e ec s om he dis up ions caused by he induc ion o
alloxan.
Keywo ds: Diabe es; Ga cinia kola; Medicago sa i um; Ra s
1. In oduc ion
Diabe es is linked o an inc ease in eac i e oxygen species gene a ion and a dec ease in an ioxidan de enses (Cheng
e al, 2013). Pa hogene ically signi ican in he de elopmen o diabe es p oblems is he diabe ic-induced oxida i e
s ess (Nai o, 2004). I is a ch onic illness wi h pandemic ai s due o i s widesp ead global dis ibu ion (WHO/IDF,
1999). Globally, he p e alence o all age g oups was expec ed o each 2.8% in 2000 and 4.4% in 2030. Acco ding o
es ima es, 285 million adul s wo ldwide, o 6.6% o he adul popula ion, had diabe es as o 2010. I is expec ed ha by
2030, ha igu e will ha e inc eased o 438 million (IDF, 2009).
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1964-1971
1965
Al al a, some imes known as Medicago, is a pe ennial he b wi h lowe s ha belongs o he Fabaceae amily o peas. One
o he mos well-known medical plan s, al al a may each a heigh o h ee ee and has ib an g een lea es and bluish-
iole lowe s (Baga a hiannan and Van Acke , 2009). Bo h people and animals can bene i om ea ing al al a. Al al a
has heal h bene i s o bo h people and animals. People can bene i om al al a sp ou s, ende s ems, and d ied al al a
lea es (a ailable as a nu i ional supplemen in o ms like able s, powde s, and ea). M. sa i a has a long his o y o
usage as an ayu eda and homeopa hic ea men o p oblems o he cen al ne ous sys em. Acco ding o epo s, he
plan con ains an idiabe ic, an i-in lamma o y, and an ioxidan p ope ies (Kundan and Anupam, 2011). One such plan
ha has ecei ed ex ensi e use o i s he apeu ic and die a y p ope ies is Ga cinia kola. Nume ous e hnobo anical and
pha macological s udies ha e highligh ed all o his plan 's pa s, including he nu , lea , s em, ba k, and oo , howe e ,
he nu is s ill he mos popula one. Ga cinia kola is he name o a species o lowe ing plan ha is a membe o he
Clusiaceae o Gu i e ae amily o opical plan s (Tcheghebe e al., 2016).
2. Ma e ials and Me hods
2.1. Collec ion o plan ma e ial
F esh lea es o Medicago sa i um and Ga cinia kola seeds we e ob ained om a compound in Obazu Mbie i Au onomous
Communi y in Mbai olu L.G.A. o Imo S a e o Nige ia. The plan samples we e iden i ied by a Bo anis , D . Du u, C.N. o
En i onmen al Biology, Fede al Uni e si y o Technology Owe i. F esh lea es o Medicago sa i um and Seeds o
Ga cinia kola we e washed, ai -d ied o wo (2) weeks, g ound in o powde using a pul e ize , and hen s o ed in an
ai - igh con aine .
2.2. Animals
Albino a s (8-12 weeks old) wi h an a e age weigh o 120.11 g we e used o his s udy. These animals we e pu chased
om a local b eede in Ihiagwa, Owe i-Wes L.G.A o Imo S a e. The animals we e kep in well-ae a ed s ainless s eel
wi e cages in he animal house o he Depa men o Biochemis y. The a s we e gi en s anda d eed o a leas wo
weeks a e pu chase o acclima ize hem o he labo a o y en i onmen be o e used o he assay.
2.3. Ex ac ion o plan
F esh lea es o Medicago sa i um and Ga cinia kola seeds we e homogenized wi h he pul e ize and we e ex ac ed
using he Mace a ion me hod in ol ing soaking 250g each o plan s powde in 5000ml o me hanol o 3 days and was
la e il e ed o disca d he esidue. The il a e was u he concen a ed by e apo a ion o ob ain c ude ex ac and
Ro a y e apo a o was used.
2.4. Induc ion o diabe es
Hype glycemia was induced in albino a s by he single dose o alloxan (150 mg/kg, in ape i oneally) econs i u ed in
no mal saline a e o e nigh as ing. Ra s wi h as ing blood glucose le els o 250 mg/dl we e conside ed o he
hype glycemic condi ion (Mis a and Aiman, 2012).
2.5. Expe imen al design
A o al o Twen y- ou (24) Wis a a s o ei he sex was di ided in o i e (6) g oups o ou (4) a s each g ouped as
ollows:
• G oup 1: (No mal con ol) was adminis e ed dis illed wa e .
• G oup 2: (Posi i e con ol g oup) se ed as he posi i e con ol g oup a e being induced.
• G oup 3: (S anda d con ol g oup) adminis e ed wi h 0.5 mg/kg o glibenclamide (s anda d d ug subs ance)
• G oup 4: (Tes g oup) diabe ic a s adminis e ed wi h 500 mg/kg G. kola +
• 500 mg/kg M. sa i um
• G oup 5: (Tes g oup) diabe ic a s adminis e ed wi h 750 mg/kg M. sa i um +
• 250 mg/kg G. kola
• G oup 6: (Tes g oup) diabe ic a s adminis e ed wi h 750mg/kg G. kola + 250 mg/kg M. sa i um
• Fas ing blood glucose le els was measu ed be o e he adminis a ion o ex ac s. The blood glucose le els we e
checked on 0 h, 7 h, 14 h, and 21s day o he ea men pe iod. Blood was collec ed by snipping o he a ail.
Blood glucose le els we e measu ed by using he glucose oxidase pe oxidase eac i e s ips and a glucome e
(One ouch glucome e ).
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1964-1971
1966
2.6. Sac i ice o animals
A he end o 28 days, a ans e se incision was made h ough he en al wall o he abdomen o each a unde sligh
chlo o o m anaes hesia. Blood samples we e also ob ained om he descending abdominal ao a and was cen i uged
a 2000 pm o en minu es hen s o ed in a plain bo le o biochemical assay es ima ion.
3. Li e P o ile es ima ion
3.1. Assay o alanine amino ans e ase (ALT) ac i i y
Se um ALT ac i i y was es ima ed by he me hod o Rei man and F ankel (1957)
P inciple: This me hod is based on he p oduc ion o py u a e by he ansamina ion ac i i y o alanine amino
ans e ase. Py u a e eac s wi h 2, 4 dini ophenylhyd azone (DNPH) o gi e a b own colou ed hyd azone ha is
measu ed colo ime ically a 546 nm.
α-oxoglu a a e + L-alanine ALT
↔
L-glu ama e + py u a e
3.2. Reagen composi ion
• R1 is a eagen con aining Phospha e bu e (100 mmol/L, pH7.4), L- Alanine (200 mmol/L) a-oxoglu a a e (2
mmol/L).
• R2 is a eagen con aining 2, 4dini ophenyl hyd azine (2 mmol/L).
P ocedu e: In wo sepa a e es ubes, a olume, (0.1 ml) o se um and 0.5ml o wa e we e mixed wi h 0.5 ml o R1 as
es and blank, espec i ely. The eac ion mix u e was solu ions we e mixed and incuba ed, espec i ely o 30 minu es
a 37˚C. Nex , 0.5ml o R2 was added o bo h es - ubes ( es and blank), incuba ed o 20 minu es a 25˚C, and ollowed
by adding o 5ml o sodium hyd oxide (NaOH) solu ion. The wo solu ions we e mixed and he abso bance o es sample
agains eagen blank was ead a e 5 minu es a 546 nm.
Calcula ion: The alanine phospha e ac i i y was calcula ed as ollows:
Ac i i y o ALT (IU/L) = 𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 × 100
3.3. Assay o se um aspa a e amino ans e ase (AST) ac i i y
3.3.1. Assay o aspa a e amino ans e ase (AST) ac i i y
Aspa a e amino ans e ase (AST) ac i i y was e alua ed acco ding o he me hod o Rei man and F ankel (1957).
P inciple: Oxaloace a e eac s wi h AST and is deca boxyla ed spon aneously o py u a e. The py u a e is measu ed
by hyd azone o ma ion a e py u a e eac s wi h 2, 4 dini ophenylhyd azine (DNPH) o gi e a b own colou ed
hyd azone which can be measu ed a 546nm.
α-oxoglu ama e + L-Aspa a e AST L-glu ama e + oxaloace a e.
3.4. Reagen composi ion
• R1 is a eagen con aining Phospha e bu e (100 mmol/L, pH7.4), L Aspa a e (100 mmol/L), a-oxoglu a a e (2
mmol/L)
• R2 is a eagen con aining 2, 4-dini ophenyl hyd azine (2 mmol/L).
P ocedu e: A olume,0.1ml o se um and 0.1ml blank in di e en es - ubes we e mixed wi h 0.5 ml o R1. The solu ion
was incuba ed o 30 minu es a 37˚C. Nex 0.5 ml o R2 was added o bo h es - ubes and allowed o s and o 20 minu es
a 25˚C. Then 5 ml o sodium hyd oxide (NaOH) was added, he solu ion was mixed. The abso bance o sample was ead
agains he eagen blank a 546nm a e 5 minu es.
Calcula ion: The aspa a e amino an a ase ac i i y was calcula ed as ollows:
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1964-1971
1967
Ac i i y o AST (IU/l) Abso bance o sample
Abso bance o s anda d × 1746
3.5. Assay o se um alkaline phospha ase (ALP) ac i i y
The ac i i y o alkaline phospha ase (ALP) was assayed using he me hod o Kochma and Moss (1976).
P inciple: The p inciple is ha , in he p esence o magnesium and zinc ions, p-ni ophenol phospha e is hyd olyzed by
phospha ase o o m phospha e and p-ni ophenol. The p-ni ophenol eleased is p opo ional o he alkaline
phospha ase (ALP) ac i i y and can be measu ed pho ome ically a 405 nm.
P-ni ophenolphospha e + H20Alkaline Phospha ase
→
Phospha e + P ni ophenol
P ocedu e: To 0.1ml o se um in a es ube labeled ‘ es ’, 0.5ml o eagen (p-ni ophenol phospha e) was added, mixed
and he ini ial abso bance ead immedia ely while ime was s a ed simul aneously. I was ead again a e I -, 2- and
3minu es in e als. p-ni ophenol concen a ion was es ima ed by eading o i s abso bance a he ime in e als
spec opho ochemically a 405nm.s
3.5.1. Calcula ion
The mean abso bance pe minu e was used in he calcula ion:
Ac i i y o ALP (UI/L) = 𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 ×2760
3.6. Kidney Func ion Tes
U ea
U ea concen a ion was de e mined using he me hod o Ba els and Bohme (1972) as desc ibed in Randox Ki .
P inciple
U ea in se um is hyd olyzed o ammonia in he p esence o u ease. The ammonia is hen measu ed
spec opho ome ically a 230nm.
U ea + H2O u ease
→
2NH3 + CO2
NH3 + Hypochlo i e + Phenol ⬚
→ Indophenol (blue compound)
Reagen s (R)
• R1: EDTA (116mmol/L), Sodium Ni op usside (6 mmol/L) and (1g/L)
• R2: Phenol (120mmol/L)
• R3: Sodium hypochlo i e (27mmol/L) and Sodium (0.14N)
P ocedu e
Ten mic oli e s (10µl) o dis illed wa e (blank), s anda d calib a o (u ea) and sample we e added o h ee es ubes
and labeled app op ia ely. This was ollowed by he addi ion o 100 µl o eagen 1 o each o he es ubes. They we e
subsequen ly mixed and incuba ed a 370C o 10 minu es.
The abso bance o he sample (Asample) and s anda d (As anda d) agains he blank was ead a 546nm
3.6.1. Calcula ion
U ea Conc. = Abs o Sample x S anda d conc (mmol/L o mg/dl)
Abs o S anda d
1 mg o u ea co esponds o 0.467mg o u ea ni ogen.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1964-1971
1968
C ea inine
The se um c ea inine was de e mined using he me hod o Ba els and Bohme (1972) as ou lined in Randox ki .
P inciple
C ea inine in an alkaline solu ion eac s wi h pic ic acid o o m a colou ed complex. The amoun o he colou ed
complex o med is di ec ly p opo ional o he c ea inine concen a ion.
Reagen
R1a: Pic ic acid 35 (mmol/L)
R1b: Sodium hyd oxide (0.32 mol/L)
3.6.2. P ocedu e
Two millili e s (2ml) o he wo king eagen we e mixed wi h 1ml o s anda d (c ea inine) and incuba ed o 30
seconds. The same was done o he blood sample. The abso bance A1 o he sample and s anda d we e aken a 492
nm. Exac ly 2 minu es la e , he abso bances A2 o he sample and s anda d we e aken again. The se um c ea inine
was calcula ed hus:
Se um C ea inine Conc.=ΔAbs o Sample x s anda d conc.(mg/dl)
ΔAbs S anda d
• A1= abso bance 1
• A2= abso bance 2
• ΔA =A2-A1= change in abso bance (ΔA sample o ΔA s anda d)
• This could ei he be in mg/dl o µmol/L
3.6.3. Se um u ic acid
Se um u ic acid le el was de e mined using u icase me hod as desc ibed by T i edi e al. (1978). Tho oughly 1.00 ml
o se um (3) and 3.00 ml o he dilu e ace ic acid we e mixed in s oppe ed cen i uge ubes and Placed in a boiling wa e
ba h o 5 mm, la e cooled unde ap wa e , and cen i uge o 5 mm. A wa e blank and he u ic acid wo king s anda d
we e ea ed simila ly. Then 1.00 ml o he supe na an luid was ans e ed in o 15 mm X 125 mm es ubes. Two
(2.00) ml o u icase eagen was added, hen he es ubes was s oppe ed and he ime eco d, hen mixed gen ly by
in e sion. The eac ion p oceeded o 30 mm a oom empe a u e. 2.0 ml o 0.10 mola hyd ochlo ic acid, was added
ollowed by 3.00 ml o he ch omogen eagen . Then he eac ion p oceeded o 5 mm. The solu ion was gen ly ex ac ed
once wi h 5.00 ml o n-bu yl ace a e and he abso bance o he bu yl ace a e agains he blank was measu ed a 492 nm.
Calcula ions:
U ic acid, mg/li e =Abs o Sample x S anda d conc (mg/L)
Abs o S anda d
3.7. Globulin le els
The concen a ion o abbi ’s se um globulin was calcula ed by using he B ad o d me hod and Simo angki
(Simo angki e al., 2020). Rabbi se um globulin le els in his s udy we e es ed using he B ad o d me hod. In his
me hod, abbi se um globulin le els a e de e mined based on hei abso bance using a UV- is spec opho ome e a a
wa eleng h o 595 nm. Measu emen o abbi se um globulin was ca ied ou by epea ing 3 imes o each ea men
g oup.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1964-1971
1969
4. Resul s
4.1. Blood glucose le el o a s ea ed wi h combined ex ac o G. kola seeds and M. sa i um lea es
Table 1 BGL o diabe ic a s ea ed wi h combined ex ac o G. kola seed and M. sa i um lea es
Blood glucose le el
G oups
0 Day
7 Days
14 Days
21 Days
No mal con ol
99.15 ± 0.13d
102.20 ± 0.12a
104.25 ± 0.96a
101.50 ± 1.29a
Posi i e con ol
102.25 ± 0.13
471.50 ± 1.29e
580.75 ± 0.96e
401.50 ± 1.29
S anda d con ol
101.15 ± 0.13e
351.50 ± 1.29d
170.75 ± 0.96b
141.50 ± 1.29b
500GC:500MS
96.25 ± 0.13a
401.50 ± 1.29
501.00 ± 1.41
350.75 ± 0.96e
750MS:250GC
97.30 ± 0.18b
323.00 ± 1.83c
271.75 ± 1.70c
220.75 ± 0.96c
750GC:250MS
98. 30 ± 0.18c
250.75 ± 0.96b
300.75 ± 0.96d
281.50 ± 1.29d
Key: GC= Ga cinia kola; MS= Medicago sa i um
Table 2 Li e unc ion indices o a s ea ed wi h Combined ex ac o G.kola seeds and M.sa i um lea es.
Li e Func ion indices (U/I)
G oups
ALT
AST
ALP
No mal Con ol
28.75 ± 0.96
47.50 ± 1.29
136.50 ± 1.29
Posi i e Con ol
41.50 ± 1.29
56.50 ± 1.29
142.75 ± 1.70
S d Con ol
30.75 ± 0.96
50.00 ± 0.82
140.75 ± 0.96
500 GC:500 MS
31.50 ± 1.29
52.75 ± 0.96
141.50 ± 1.29
750 MS:250 GC
27.50 ± 1.29
45.50 ± 1.29
130.50 ± 1.29
750 GC:250MS"
26.50 ± 1.29
51.50 ± 1.29
142.50 ± 1.29
Key: GC= Ga cinia kola; MS= Medicago sa i um
Kidney unc ion indices o a s ea ed wi h Combined ex ac o G.kola seeds and M.sa i um lea es.
Kidney P o ile 40.0
Figu e 1 The e ec o ex ac on kidney unc ion indices o diabe ic a s
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1964-1971
1970
5. Discussion
Diabe es is a ch onic disease a ec ing millions o people wo ldwide. The WHO expe commi ee has ap ly sugges ed
ha esea ch should be aimed a in es iga ing he adi ional me hods o ea men o e ac o y diseases like diabe es
(Adiga e al., 2010). Alloxan, a be a-cy o oxic subs ance ha causes diabe es in a a ie y o animal species by damaging
he insulin-sec e ing mwe e gi en alloxan appea o ha e hype glycemia, acco ding o he li e a u e. E en hough he
animals de eloped pe manen diabe es, ea men wi h smalle dosages o alloxan (100 mg/kg b.w .) esul ed in pa ial
loss o panc ea ic -cells (Kalaiya asi, 2017). As a esul , hese animals ha e su i ing be a-cells and a e capable o
egene a ion. Sul onylu ea is widely known o i s abili y o ea mode a e alloxan-induced diabe es by di ec ly
s imula ing he isle s o Lange hans' -cells o gene a e mo e insulin (Kalaiya asi, 2017).
When glucose-loaded no mal a s we e gi en a mixed me hanol ex ac o M. sa i um and G. kola, e e sal o
hype glycemia s a ed on he i s day, an e ec ha inc eased and peaked on he 21s day.i was ound in his s udy
ha mixed me hanol ex ac s signi ican ly egula ed blood glucose le els wi hin accep able limi s in bo h no mal and
alloxan-induced diabe ic a s. This e ec was howe e less e ec i e han ha o s anda d d ug. I is gene ally known
ha glibenclamide p oduce hypoglycemia by causing he panc ea ic be a cells o elease mo e insulin (Adiga e al.,
2010). The combined ex ac 's simila e ec o he s anda d d ug’s hypoglycemic e ec sugges s ha hey migh ha e a
simila mode o ac ion. Na u ally occu ing compounds, he phy ochemicals a e hough o be la gely esponsible o
he p o ec i e heal h bene i s o plan -based oods and be e ages (González-Cas ejón and Rod iguez-Casado, 2011).
Li e enzymes such as AST (aspa a e amino ans e ase), ALT (alanine amino ans e ase), and ALP (alkaline
phospha ase) a e aluable ma ke s o assessing li e unc ion and in eg i y. Howe e , i 's impo an o no e ha
ele a ed le els o hese enzymes can indica e a a ie y o li e condi ions, including bu no limi ed o acu e
hepa o oxici y, mild hepa ocellula inju y, i al hepa i is, a y li e disease, and d ug-induced li e inju y. While
dis up ion o he li e cell memb ane can lead o he elease o cy osolic enzymes in o he bloods eam, he speci ic
pa e n o enzyme ele a ion along wi h pa ien his o y and addi ional es s a e c ucial o accu a ely diagnosing speci ic
li e condi ions. No all ele a ed li e enzymes solely indica e memb ane dis up ion, as some enzymes, like ALT,
p ima ily eside in he cy osol and hei ele a ion o en signi ies di ec inju y o li e cells. In his s udy he signi ican
(p<0.005) ele a ions inc ease in he ALT and AST ac i i ies o he un ea ed diabe ic a s s ongly sugges ed ha hepa ic
inju y is associa ed also wi h diabe es. The mean ALT and AST ac i i ies o he ex ac ea ed g oups we e signi ican ly
(p<0.005) educed in compa ison wi h he no mal con ol g oup. Howe e , ALP ac i i ies o all he a s we e no
signi ican ly (p<0.005) changed ac oss all g oups.
S udies ha e shown ha a s wi h alloxan-induced diabe ic neph opa hy ha e dec eased an ioxidan de ense unc ion
and inc eased oxida i e s ess (Ola unji e al., 2018). Findings om his s udy indica ed ha u ea, c ea inine u ea, u ic
acid and globulin le el o he a s we e all main ained wi hin accep able limi s by he combined ex ac s and signi ican ly
(p<0.005) ended o es o e hem o p e-induc ion le els when compa ed wi h hose o heal hy a s. High ROS
p oduc ion in diabe es leads o oxida i e s ess.
6. Conclusion
The indings om his s udy e ealed ha he combina ion o me hanol ex ac o Ga cinia kola seeds and Medicago
sa i um lea es had signi ican (p<0.05) amelio a i e e ec s on he complica ion caused by he alloxan-induced diabe es
in a s s udied. The an ioxida i e abili y o his combined ex ac showed ha i could p e en diabe es ela ed
complica ion i used in he ea men and managemen o diabe es wi hou any ad e se d ug eac ions.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
No con lic o in e es o be disclosed.
S a emen o e hical app o al
This p esen esea ch ollowed and obeyed he guidelines and s anda d e hics o animal handling h oughou he
du a ion o his wo k.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1964-1971
1971
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