In e na ional Jou nal o Li e Science and Ag icul u e Resea ch
ISSN (P in ): 2833-2091, ISSN (Online): 2833-2105
Volume 04 Issue 11 No embe 2025
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.55677/ijlsa /V04I11Y2025-09
Impac Fac o : 7.88 , Page No : 694-700
www.ijlsa .o glable a : iA a 700| 694 P a g e
In eg a i e Applica ion o USLE and GIS o Modeling Soil E osion
Dynamics and Conse a ion P io i iza ion in he Poboya Wa e shed,
Indonesia
Adam Malik1*, Naha uddin2, Sudi man Dg. Massi i3, Mis ah4, Sus i5
1,2,3,4,5Depa men o Fo es y, Facul y o Fo es y, Tadulako Uni e si y, Palu, Cen al Sulawesi, 94119, Indonesia.
ABSTRACT
Land-co e change d i en by ag icul u al expansion, mining ac i i ies, and o es con e sion is
a majo cause o declining hyd ological unc ion in wa e shed ecosys ems. The loss o ege a ion
accele a es soil e osion, sedimen a ion, and ecological ins abili y. This s udy aims o model and
quan i y soil e osion a es ac oss land uni s in he Poboya Wa e shed by in eg a ing he Uni e sal
Soil Loss Equa ion (USLE) wi h Geog aphic In o ma ion Sys ems (GIS). Analy ical uni s we e
gene a ed h ough an o e lay o slope, soil ype, and land-use maps, and subsequen ly alida ed
h ough ield su eys. The USLE ac o s (R, K, LS, C, and P) we e de i ed om clima e da a,
labo a o y soil analyses, a Digi al Ele a ion Model (DEM), ege a ion indices, and obse a ions
o conse a ion p ac ices. The esul s indica e ha 56% o he Poboya Wa e shed a ea alls wi hin
he e y low o low e osion classes; howe e , 33% o he a ea exhibi s mode a e o e y se e e
e osion, pa icula ly in zones wi h s eep slopes, highly e odible soils, and a eas a ec ed by
mining and d yland ag icul u e. These condi ions highligh he p esence o e osion ho spo s ha
may accele a e downs eam sedimen a ion and in ensi y land deg ada ion. The indings
unde sco e he need o c i ical-land ehabili a ion, enhanced ege a i e and mechanical
conse a ion measu es on s eep slopes, and o es p o ec ion o sus ain he wa e shed’s ecological
unc ions.
KEYWORDS: USLE, GIS, e osion, sedimen a ion, wa e shed
Published Online:
No embe 26, 2025
Co esponding Au ho :
Adam Malik
INTRODUCTION
Soil e osion is a na u al geomo phic p ocess in luenced by ain all in ensi y, soil p ope ies, slope g adien , and land-co e
condi ions. Howe e , accele a ed e osion is p edominan ly d i en by human ac i i ies such as o es con e sion, land clea ing
wi hou app op ia e conse a ion measu es, and unsus ainable mining p ac ices (Ahmad e al., 2020; Panagos e al., 2021).
Uncon olled e osion esul s in he loss o opsoil, educed land p oduc i i y, inc eased i e sedimen a ion, and widesp ead
en i onmen al deg ada ion a he wa e shed scale.
The Poboya Wa e shed, which o ms pa o he Palu Wa e shed, is cha ac e ized by a ela i ely high le el o land deg ada ion due
o ex ensi e land con e sion o d yland ag icul u e and adi ional gold mining. Da a om he Palu–Poso Wa e shed Managemen
Agency indica e ha app oxima ely 1,338.14 ha (18.31%) o he o al wa e shed a ea has been classi ied as c i ical land. This
condi ion is u he exace ba ed by p onounced seasonal ain all and s eep slopes ha in ensi y e osion p ocesses and su ace uno .
Modeling soil e osion po en ial a he wa e shed scale is essen ial o o mula ing e ec i e managemen s a egies. The Uni e sal
Soil Loss Equa ion (USLE; Wischmeie & Smi h, 1978) and i s subsequen ad ancemen s, including he Re ised Uni e sal Soil
Loss Equa ion (RUSLE; Rena d e al., 1997; Panagos e al., 2015), a e widely used wo ldwide due o hei eliabili y in quan i ying
soil-loss es ima es. The in eg a ion o USLE wi h Geog aphic In o ma ion Sys ems (GIS) enhances model accu acy h ough
imp o ed spa ial compu a ion and isualiza ion o e osion- isk dis ibu ion (Bekele & Gemi, 2021; Negese e al., 2021; Lu ai e al.,
2022). Recen s udies also highligh he impo ance o combining USLE–GIS app oaches wi h ield-based alida ion o be e
cap u e local biophysical condi ions and an h opogenic p essu es (Abdo e al., 2020; Sha ma e al., 2023).
Adam Malik e al, Modeling Soil E osion Dynamics Th ough The In eg a ion o Usle and Gis:Implica ions o
Wa e shed Conse a ion in The Poboya Ca chmen , Indonesia
www.ijlsa .o glable a : iA a 700| 695 P a g e
Gi en hese conce ns, his s udy aims o analyze soil-e osion dynamics in he Poboya Wa e shed h ough he in eg a ion o USLE
and GIS and o iden i y p io i y conse a ion a eas o suppo hyd ome eo ological disas e mi iga ion and sus ainable land- esou ce
managemen .
MATERIALS AND METHODS
S udy A ea
This s udy was cen e ed in he Poboya Wa e shed, Palu Ci y, Cen al Sulawesi, wi h he p ima y da a acquisi ion pe iod ex ending
om Ap il o No embe 2025. A mul i-s age hyb id me hodology was implemen ed, encompassing s uc u ed ield su eys, soil
sampling o physicochemical cha ac e iza ion, and clima e da a acquisi ion, all in ended o he accu a e pa ame e iza ion o USLE
model inpu s.
Resea ch P ocedu es
1. Delinea ion and Gene a ion o Land Uni Maps
Land uni s we e es ablished as he main analy ical amewo k by o e laying slope, soil- ype, and land-use maps. Geog aphic
In o ma ion Sys ems (GIS) we e used o p ocess hese spa ial laye s, esul ing in land-uni polygons ha ep esen unique
combina ions o he h ee biophysical pa ame e s.
2. Field Da a Collec ion and Labo a o y Analysis
Field in es iga ions we e conduc ed o ob ain da a on e ec i e soil dep h, ex u e, s uc u e, and pe meabili y. Soil samples we e
analyzed in he labo a o y o de e mine he soil e odibili y ac o (K). Rain all da a we e acqui ed om he Indonesian Agency o
Me eo ology, Clima ology, and Geophysics (BMKG) and ele an ins i u ions o calcula e he ain all e osi i y ac o (R). Land-
use and ege a ion condi ions we e de i ed om ecen sa elli e image y such as Landsa 8 OLI/TIRS o Sen inel-2 MSI using
ege a ion-index analysis o de e mine he co e -managemen ac o (C). Conse a ion p ac ices (e.g., e acing, s ip c opping,
con ou idges, and o he soil- and wa e -conse a ion measu es) we e documen ed h ough ield obse a ions and communi y
in e iews o de e mine he suppo -p ac ice ac o (P).
Da a P ocessing and Analysis
Soil e osion a es we e es ima ed using he Uni e sal Soil Loss Equa ion (USLE) (Wischmeie & Smi h, 1978; upda ed in Rena d
e al., 1997; Panagos e al., 2015; Naha uddin e al., 2019; Lu ai e al., 2022):
A=R*K*LS*CP
Whe e: A: annual soil loss ( ons·ha⁻¹·yea ⁻¹), R: ain all e osi i y ac o (MJ·mm·ha⁻¹·h⁻¹·yea ⁻¹), K: soil e odibili y ac o de i ed
om soil ex u e, o ganic ma e , s uc u e, and pe meabili y, LS: slope leng h and s eepness ac o calcula ed om a 30-m Digi al
Ele a ion Model (DEM), C: co e -managemen ac o ob ained om ege a ion indices (e.g., NDVI) de i ed om sa elli e image y,
P: suppo -p ac ice ac o de e mined om ield obse a ions and local conse a ion p ac ices.
The es ima ed soil-loss alues o each land uni we e classi ied acco ding o he E osion Haza d Le el (EHL) ollowing c i e ia
om he Indonesian Minis y o Fo es y (2009) and FAO guidelines (2015). Spa ial dis ibu ion maps o e osion se e i y we e hen
gene a ed using GIS o iden i y e osion ho spo s and p io i y a eas o conse a ion wi hin he Poboya Wa e shed.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Rain all E osi i y (R)
The spa ial analysis o he Poboya Wa e shed e eals a dominan p esence o he low ain all class (2,000–2,200 mm/yea ), which
co e s 74.5% o he wa e shed, whe eas he medium ain all class (2,200–2,400 mm/yea ) accoun s o 25.5%. No ably, despi e i s
smalle a ea, he medium ain all class exhibi s a subs an ially highe R- ac o (1,683.96) compa ed o he low ain all class
(1,230.02). This dispa i y sugges s ha a eas wi h mo e in ense ain all pa icula ly hose in he uppe wa e shed wi h s eepe slopes
a e c i ical sou ces o e osi e ene gy and po en ial sedimen yield.
Such pa e ns a e consis en wi h s udies showing ha ain all e osi i y in opical and humid en i onmen s is s ongly linked o
p ecipi a ion in ensi y, equency, and kine ic ene gy (Das e al., 2025). Seasonal and opog aphic a iabili y in e osi i y can
signi ican ly in luence he spa ial dis ibu ion o soil e osion isk (Das e al., 2025). In line wi h his, ou esul s highligh ha
medium ain all concen a ed in s eep e ain ampli ies uno ene gy, p omo ing soil de achmen and anspo .
Gi en his spa ial he e ogenei y, a zone-based conse a ion s a egy is impe a i e: conse a ion e o s should p io i ize uppe ,
s eep, medium- ain all zones because o hei disp opo iona ely high e osi i y po en ial. This is in line wi h wa e shed managemen
p ac ices ha a ge “ho spo s” o e osi i y o mi iga ion (Adeye i e al., 2024).
Soil E odibili y Index (K)
The soil e odibili y (K) index ac oss Poboya anges be ween 0.20 and 0.30, indica ing mode a e o high suscep ibili y o e osion.
Dis ic Cambisol, which domina es 61.4% o he wa e shed, exhibi s a high K alue o 0.28. This is indica i e o cohesi e ye
s uc u ally uns able soils on s eep slopes, which a e easily de ached unde high ene gy ain all.
Adam Malik e al, Modeling Soil E osion Dynamics Th ough The In eg a ion o Usle and Gis:Implica ions o
Wa e shed Conse a ion in The Poboya Ca chmen , Indonesia
www.ijlsa .o glable a : iA a 700| 696 P a g e
In con as , Us ic A enosols (18.3%) ha e he lowes K (0.20), ye hey emain ulne able o splash e osion, especially when
ege a ion co e is emo ed. O he soils, such as Eu ic and Us ic Cambisols (app oxima ely 20% o a ea), show mode a e o high
e odibili y (K = 0.25–0.27), ein o cing he o e all sensi i i y o land co e o e osion.
The highes K alue (0.30) is ound in se lemen a eas (0.4% o a ea), likely e lec ing an h opogenic deg ada ion, compac ion, and
educed o ganic ma e . Such human-impac ed soils a e mo e ulne able because o al e ed s uc u e and pe meabili y an
obse a ion suppo ed by ecen s udies in opical mining and dis u bed landscapes (Rehman e al., 2024).
F om a p ocess-based pe spec i e, soil ex u e, o ganic ma e con en , and s uc u e a e key con ols o K (Han e al., 2023). In
opical con ex s, K a iabili y can be s ongly in luenced by spa ial di e ences in clay, sil , and o ganic ca bon con en , as well as
by slope and land managemen (Nahib e al., 2024; Teku e al., 2025). Mo eo e , eedback mechanisms be ween e osion and soil
hinning ( unca ion) can al e e odibili y o e ime, as subsoil ho izons wi h di e en physical p ope ies become exposed (Ba is a
e al., 2023).
The e o e, he p e alence o high-K soils ac oss mul iple soil ypes in Poboya unde sco es he compounded isk posed by land-
co e change (e.g., mining, se lemen ) and opog aphic ac o s. I emphasizes he u gen need o conse a ion measu es such as
e- ege a ion, soil s uc u e s abiliza ion, and con olled land use especially in s eepe , highly e odible zones.
Slope Leng h and S eepness Index (LS)
The LS analysis e eals ha he Poboya Wa e shed is p edominan ly composed o s eep (25–45%) and e y s eep (>45%) slopes,
co e ing app oxima ely 91% o he o al a ea. These slope ca ego ies exhibi LS alues anging om 6.8 o 9.5, signi ican ly highe
han hose obse ed in la o gen ly sloping e ains (0.4–1.3). Such opog aphic dominance indica es a s ong g a i a ional and
hyd ological o ce, which g ea ly enhances uno eloci y and sedimen anspo capaci y (Wischmeie & Smi h, 1978; Rena d e
al., 1997).
High LS alues ha e been widely demons a ed as one o he mos in luen ial con ibu o s o soil e osion, especially in moun ainous
opical wa e sheds. S udies in E hiopia and India show ha s eep slopes wi h LS > 7 consis en ly gene a e disp opo iona ely high
e osion a es due o he combined e ec o slope g adien , slope leng h, and low accumula ion (Gashaw e al., 2017; Ka amage e
al., 2020). Simila indings we e also epo ed in Sou heas Asia, whe e s eep o es ed and mined landscapes expe ienced accele a ed
soil loss when ege a ion co e was dis u bed (Phuong e al., 2019).
Al hough he majo i y o hese e y s eep lands in Poboya a e unsui able o ag icul u e, many ha e been con e ed o small-scale
gold mining and land clea ing. Such dis u bances emo e p o ec i e ege a i e co e , educe soil cohesion, and expose highly
e odible su aces, he eby ampli ying soil de achmen and mass mo emen isks (Bo elli e al., 2017; Panagos e al., 2020). The
in e ac ion be ween high LS, e odible soil, and declining ege a ion c ea es a cumula i e e ec ha se e ely inc eases e osion
haza ds, sedimen yield, and landslide suscep ibili y ac oss he wa e shed.
Gi en his condi ion, slope-speci ic conse a ion s a egies such as e acing, con olled d ainage, bioenginee ing, and slope
s abiliza ion a e u gen ly equi ed. P io i izing hese high-LS zones is essen ial o educe downs eam sedimen a ion and main ain
ecological s abili y in he Poboya landscape.
Co e -Managemen Fac o (C)
The C ac o in he Poboya Wa e shed shows a high deg ee o spa ial a iabili y, anging om 0.001 o 1.00, indica ing subs an ial
con as s in ege a ion s uc u e, canopy densi y, and g ound co e condi ions. P ima y o es domina es he landscape (52.73%)
and is associa ed wi h an ex emely low C = 0.001, emphasizing he p o ec i e ole o in ac o es co e in educing aind op impac ,
enhancing in il a ion, and main aining soil s abili y. Recen s udies con i m ha dense o es ecosys ems signi ican ly supp ess soil
e osion by imp o ing o ganic ma e accumula ion and oo ein o cemen (Ka amage e al., 2020; Li e al., 2023).
Sh ubland, which occupies 43.22% o he wa e shed, has a mode a e C = 0.05, e lec ing pa ial p o ec ion bu inc eased
suscep ibili y when subjec ed o biomass emo al o i e. Meanwhile, d yland ag icul u e (2.01%; C = 0.20) shows ele a ed e osion
ulne abili y due o pe iodic illage and limi ed canopy co e du ing plan ing cycles. Simila pa e ns o high C alues in cul i a ed
uplands ha e been widely epo ed ac oss Sou heas Asia, pa icula ly in smallholde sys ems whe e soil conse a ion measu es a e
inconsis en ly implemen ed (Phinzi & Nge a , 2019; Wijayan o e al., 2022).
Mining a eas (0.19%) exhibi he highes C = 1.00, indica ing o al exposu e o soil su aces. The emo al o ege a ion and
con inuous dis u bance c ea e condi ions conduci e o splash e osion, gully ini ia ion, and mass was ing p ocesses. E idence om
ecen opical mining s udies shows ha landscapes wi h C alues close o 1.00 con ibu e disp opo iona ely o sedimen yield and
downs eam sil a ion (Sima ele e al., 2021).
O e all, he dis ibu ion o C alues highligh s he decline in ecological bu e ing capaci y esul ing om land-use change,
pa icula ly in dis u bed o unmanaged a eas. High-C zones ep esen p io i y a ge s o ecosys em-based in e en ions, including
e ege a ion, ag o o es y expansion, and e osion con ol h ough biological ba ie s.
Adam Malik e al, Modeling Soil E osion Dynamics Th ough The In eg a ion o Usle and Gis:Implica ions o
Wa e shed Conse a ion in The Poboya Ca chmen , Indonesia
www.ijlsa .o glable a : iA a 700| 697 P a g e
Suppo P ac ice Fac o (P)
The P ac o ac oss he wa e shed e lec s he deg ee o which soil conse a ion p ac ices a e applied. The spa ial pa e n shows ha
p ima y o es , sh ubland, and mining si es gene ally exhibi P = 1.0, indica ing he absence o enginee ed soil conse a ion
s uc u es. This aligns wi h indings in o he opical wa e sheds whe e unmanaged slopes and un egula ed mining in ensi y su ace
uno and soil de achmen (V ieling e al., 2021).
In con as , d yland ag icul u al a eas demons a e lowe P alues (P = 0.5–0.7), depending on he p esence o con ou a ming o
minimal soil conse a ion in e en ions. Al hough hese measu es educe uno eloci y o some ex en , hei e ec i eness emains
limi ed when applied inconsis en ly o on s eep slopes, as obse ed in nume ous s udies conduc ed in monsoonal and equa o ial
egions (Pham e al., 2020; Mandal e al., 2021).
The combina ion o high C and high P alues in dis u bed landscapes pa icula ly mining zones and newly clea ed lands c ea es
e osion “ho spo s” ha equi e p io i y managemen . S eng hening conse a ion p ac ices h ough e acing, mulching, ege a i e
con ou s ips, and check-dams is essen ial o educe sedimen yield om hese high- isk a eas.
E osion Haza d Le el (EHL)
Based on he analysis, he Poboya Wa e shed (7,376.65 ha) is classi ied in o i e EHL ca ego ies, anging om e y ligh o e y
se e e. Spa ial dis ibu ion shows ha mos o he wa e shed (56%) alls in o he e y ligh ca ego y, while only 0.7% is classi ied
as e y se e e. The dis ibu ion is p esen ed below:
Table 1. E osion Haza d Le els in he Poboya Wa e shed
Class
A ea (ha)
Pe cen age (%)
E osion Ra e ( on/ha/yea )
Ve y Ligh
4,136.65
56%
< 15
Ligh
766.43
10%
15–60
Mode a e
1,404.06
19%
60–180
Se e e
1,017.67
14%
180–480
Ve y Se e e
51.85
0.7%
> 480
To al
7,376.65
100%
O e all, 75% o he Poboya Wa e shed is classi ied wi hin he e y ligh o mode a e e osion haza d ca ego ies, indica ing ha he
majo i y o he landscape s ill main ains a ela i ely s able ecological unc ion due o he p esence o p ima y/seconda y o es s and
minimally dis u bed land co e . This condi ion is consis en wi h e osion dynamics in opical wa e sheds whe e o es -domina ed
ca chmen s con ibu e o lowe sedimen de achmen and uno gene a ion (Li e al., 2023; Ka amage e al., 2020).
Howe e , app oxima ely 15% o he wa e shed, comp ising he se e e and e y se e e e osion classes, demons a es a high
ulne abili y o soil loss. Al hough he p opo ion o e y se e e a eas appea s small, hese zones exe disp opo iona e in luence
on wa e shed s abili y. S udies ha e epea edly shown ha se e ely e oded pocke s— ypically cha ac e ized by s eep slopes,
exposed soils, o mining-dis u bed land— unc ion as p ima y sedimen sou ces, con ibu ing up o 60–80% o o al sedimen yield
despi e occupying limi ed spa ial ex en (Bo elli e al., 2021; Mandal e al., 2021).
In he Poboya Wa e shed, hese c i ical zones a e gene ally associa ed wi h s eep physiog aphy, high LS alues, and an h opogenic
dis u bances including a isanal gold mining and land clea ing. Simila indings in opical upland sys ems indica e ha s eep ba en
slopes accele a e mass was ing p ocesses, ill–gully o ma ion, and sedimen connec i i y, ul ima ely inc easing downs eam
sedimen a ion and educing i e con eyance capaci y (Sima ele e al., 2021; Phinzi & Nge a , 2019).
The e o e, he small bu ecologically signi ican ac ion o e y se e e e osion a eas ep esen s managemen p io i y ho spo s.
Immedia e in e en ion—such as ege a i e ehabili a ion, e osion ba ie s, and pos -mining ecological es o a ion—is c ucial o
p e en u he deg ada ion and mi iga e he downs eam impac s o excessi e sedimen anspo . As emphasized in ecen
wa e shed managemen li e a u e, a ge ed es o a ion o c i ical e osion ho spo s yields he highes educ ion in sedimen loads
ela i e o in es men compa ed o blanke conse a ion measu es (Pham e al., 2020; V ieling e al., 2021).
Analysis o E osion Haza d Classes
a. Ve y Ligh Class
This class domina es he wa e shed, co e ing 4,136.65 ha (56%). The e osion a e (<15 on/ha/yea ) is below he soil loss ole ance
h eshold o mos Indonesian soils ( ypically 30 on/ha/yea ). This condi ion indica es ha a eas in his ca ego y likely ha e good
ege a ion co e such as p ima y/seconda y o es s o well-managed land se ing as essen ial bu e s o wa e shed ecosys em
in eg i y. Main aining hese a eas is c ucial o long- e m sus ainabili y.
Adam Malik e al, Modeling Soil E osion Dynamics Th ough The In eg a ion o Usle and Gis:Implica ions o
Wa e shed Conse a ion in The Poboya Ca chmen , Indonesia
www.ijlsa .o glable a : iA a 700| 698 P a g e
b. Ligh Class
This class co e s 766.43 ha (10%) wi h e osion a es o 15–60 on/ha/yea . Al hough s ill ela i ely con olled, he alues exceed
he ole ance h eshold o shallow o ine- ex u ed soils. Ligh e osion o en occu s in d yland ag icul u al a eas o spa se
sh ublands. Wi hou p ope managemen , hese a eas may ansi ion in o he mode a e o se e e ca ego ies.
c. Mode a e Class
Mode a e e osion co e s 1,404.06 ha (19%) wi h a es o 60–180 on/ha/yea . Soil loss a his le el is signi ican enough o educe
soil e ili y, deple e nu ien s, and inc ease i e sedimen a ion. These a eas a e ypically loca ed on s eep o e y s eep slopes wi h
sh ubland o d yland ag icul u e lacking conse a ion measu es. Ac i e soil conse a ion in e en ions a e u gen ly needed.
d. Se e e Class
The se e e ca ego y occupies 1,017.67 ha (14%) wi h e osion a es o 180–480 on/ha/yea — a exceeding soil loss ole ance. These
highly deg aded a eas a e commonly ound on s eep slopes wi h e odible soils (e.g., Dis ic Cambisol) and egions unde going o es
con e sion. Human ac i i ies, including mining, signi ican ly con ibu e o ele a ed e osion in his class.
e. Ve y Se e e Class
Al hough limi ed o 51.85 ha (0.7%), a eas wi h e osion a es >480 on/ha/yea ep esen c i ical poin s wi hin he Poboya
Wa e shed. Such ex emely high e osion sugges s ba e land on e y s eep slopes. These a eas a e gene ally unp oduc i e o
ag icul u e and highly p one o landslides and lash loods due o ele a ed sedimen supply o i e sys ems.
CONCLUSION
This s udy p o ides a comp ehensi e assessmen o he spa ial dynamics o e osion isk in he Poboya Wa e shed by in eg a ing
ain all e osi i y (R), soil e odibili y (K), slope leng h and s eepness (LS), and land-use managemen (CP). The esul s collec i ely
demons a e ha e osion po en ial in he wa e shed is p edominan ly go e ned by he in e ac ion be ween in ense ain all in uppe
ca chmen a eas, highly e odible soils, s eep physiog aphy, and apidly changing land co e . Al hough a eas wi h low o mode a e
ain all domina e he landscape, he medium- ain all zones loca ed mainly in uppe and s eepe e ain p oduce disp opo iona ely
high e osi e ene gy, making hem c i ical con ibu o s o sedimen yield.
Soil cha ac e is ics u he ampli y his ulne abili y. The dominance o Dis ic Cambisol, wi h i s inhe en ly high e odibili y (K =
0.28), combined wi h he p esence o o he mode a ely e odible soil g oups, indica es ha much o he wa e shed is na u ally
p edisposed o deg ada ion. Human dis u bances, pa icula ly se lemen expansion and a isanal gold mining, exace ba e soil
ins abili y, e lec ed in he highes K alues eco ded in dis u bed a eas. These indings highligh he s ong in luence o
an h opogenic p essu es in accele a ing land deg ada ion, especially when ege a i e co e is signi ican ly educed.
Topog aphy plays a cen al ole in shaping e osion pa e ns. Wi h 91% o he wa e shed classi ied as s eep o e y s eep, LS alues
a e excep ionally high, in ensi ying su ace uno and sedimen mobiliza ion. Such e ain is in insically unsui able o ag icul u e
o se lemen s, ye land clea ing and mining ac i i ies a e widesp ead. This misma ch be ween land capabili y and land use c ea es
a compounded e osion e ec , ein o cing he u gency o landscape-le el co ec i e measu es.
The sepa a ion o C and P ac o s e eals a clea ela ionship be ween land-co e dis u bance, absence o conse a ion p ac ices,
and inc eased e osion suscep ibili y. Mining si es and d yland ag icul u al zones ep esen c i ical e osion ho spo s due o hei high
C and P alues, while p ima y o es s se e as he mos e ec i e na u al e osion bu e . These indings unde sco e he need o
spa ially a ge ed e osion mi iga ion s a egies, pos -mining ehabili a ion, and landscape-scale es o a ion o imp o e wa e shed
esilience.
The E osion Haza d Le el (EHL) classi ica ion shows ha al hough 75% o he wa e shed alls wi hin e y ligh o mode a e e osion
classes, app oxima ely 15% o he a ea is ca ego ized as highly ulne able (se e e o e y se e e). Despi e i s small spa ial
p opo ion, he e y se e e class ep esen s ecological ho spo s wi h ex eme e osion a es (>480 on/ha/yea ) and subs an ial
downs eam impac s.
O e all, his s udy unde sco es he u gen need o in eg a ed wa e shed managemen ocused on es o ing ege a ion co e ,
en o cing land-use egula ions, ehabili a ing mined a eas, and implemen ing soil conse a ion p ac ices—pa icula ly in s eep uppe
ca chmen s. These in e en ions a e essen ial o educe sedimen yield, p o ec downs eam ecosys ems, and enhance he long- e m
sus ainabili y o he Poboya Wa e shed.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like o hank he Rec o o Tadulako Uni e si y and he Head o he Tadulako Uni e si y Resea ch Ins i u e o hei
suppo in unding esea ch unds om he Tadulako Uni e si y Public Se ice Agency Budge Implemen a ion Fund. This unding
is in acco dance wi h he Dec ee o he Rec o o Tadulako Uni e si y Numbe 4620/UN28/HK.02/2025, da ed June 2, 2025.
Adam Malik e al, Modeling Soil E osion Dynamics Th ough The In eg a ion o Usle and Gis:Implica ions o
Wa e shed Conse a ion in The Poboya Ca chmen , Indonesia
www.ijlsa .o glable a : iA a 700| 699 P a g e
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