Hal sil e , hal gold
Modole olk s o ies and a i s ske ch
g amma
Ma ia Zielenbach
language
science
p ess
Open Tex Collec ions 6
Open Tex Collec ions
Chie Edi o : Ch is ian Döhle
Edi o s: Rogie Blokland, Ma Cole , Nick Emlen, Diana Fo ke , Je Good, Ka olina G zech,
And eas Hölzl, Ca olyn O’Mea a, Michael Rießle , Alena Wi zlack-Maka e ich, Kilu on P ince
In his se ies:
1. Döhle , Ch is ian. Speaking he map: Komnzo ex s.
2. Zah e , Alexande . Child en o he sago: Muyu ex s.
3. Vogel, Alan. The S o ies o Siko and Yowao: Ja awa a ex s.
4. Mohammadi ad, Masoud. Echoes o he pas : Hew amî na a i es.
5. Lindsey, Ka e L. The Ende way: Sho s o ies and songs om Limol p epa ed wi h he Ende
Language Commi ee.
6. Zielenbach, Ma ia. Hal sil e , hal gold: Modole olk s o ies and a i s ske ch g amma .
ISSN (p in ): 3052-9948
ISSN (elec onic): 3052-9956
Hal sil e , hal gold
Modole olk s o ies and a i s ske ch
g amma
Ma ia Zielenbach
language
science
p ess
Ma ia Zielenbach. 2026. Hal sil e , hal gold: Modole olk s o ies and a i s
ske ch g amma (Open Tex Collec ions 6). Be lin: Language Science P ess.
This i le can be downloaded a :
h p://langsci-p ess.o g/ca alog/book/542
© 2026, Ma ia Zielenbach
Published unde he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion 4.0 Licence (CC BY 4.0):
h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/
ISBN: 978-3-96110-548-9 (Digi al)
978-3-98554-168-3 (Ha dco e )
ISSN (p in ): 3052-9948
ISSN (elec onic): 3052-9956
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17511782
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Co e and concep o design: Ul ike Ha bo
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S o age and ca aloguing done by FU Be lin
I humbly dedica e his book o he o iginal na a o s o
he s o ies whose names ha e been los in his o y.
I hope his book p esen s you s o ies in a way ha you
would ha e app ecia ed.
Con en s
Acknowledgmen s
Abb e ia ions ii
I P elimina ies 1
1 In oduc ion 3
2 The Modole, hei land and hei language 5
2.1 His o y o he Modole people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Modole olk ale adi ion and adi ional eligious belie s . . . . 8
2.3 TheModoleland........................... 9
2.4 The Modole language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3 G.J. Ellen and he Halmahe a mission o he U ech se
Zendings e eeniging 15
4 P o enance o he ex s and his edi ion 19
4.1 The p o enance o he ex s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.2 Thisedi ion ............................. 21
4.3 O e iew o he ex s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
II Ske ch g amma 25
5 G amma ical o e iew 27
5.1 In oduc ion ............................. 27
5.2 O hog aphy............................. 28
5.2.1 Onse mu a ion....................... 30
5.2.2 Reduplica ion........................ 31
5.3 Pa so speech............................ 32
5.4 Pe sonal p onouns and indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5.4.1 Pe sonal p onouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Con en s
5.4.2 P edica e indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.5 Fu he g amma ical elemen s p eceding he e b . . . . . . . . 40
5.5.1 Applica i e: dV- ....................... 40
5.5.2 Causa i e: hi- ........................ 41
5.5.3 Middle: ma ......................... 42
5.5.4 Recip ocal: ma- ’a ...................... 43
5.5.5 O he Mo phemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5.6 Nounma ke s ............................ 44
5.7 Di ec ionals and Loca ionals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
5.7.1 Di ec ionals......................... 47
5.7.2 Loca ionals ......................... 50
5.7.3 Combina ions o loca ionals and di ec ionals . . . . . . 52
5.7.4 Tempo al usage o di ec ionals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.8 O he su ixes ............................ 54
5.8.1 ‘S ill, i s ’: -ohi ....................... 54
5.8.2 ‘No ye ’ -ua-ohi ...................... 55
5.8.3 ‘Al eady’ and ocus: -ou .................. 56
5.8.4 ‘Anymo e’: -ua-ou ..................... 58
5.8.5 Limi a i e: -o’a ....................... 58
5.8.6 Pe ec : -o’au ........................ 59
5.8.7 Sequen ial epe i ion?: -o’a-ohi .............. 60
5.8.8 ‘Again, oo’: -oli ....................... 60
5.9 Nume als............................... 61
5.9.1 A ibu i e nume als . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
5.9.2 Nume al classi ie s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.9.3 P onominal nume als . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.9.4 Nume als wi h e bs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.9.5 O dinal nume als . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
5.10 Demons a i es ........................... 65
5.10.1 Ne and ge .......................... 65
5.10.2 Neena and geena ...................... 67
5.10.3 ’one and ’ogeena ....................... 68
5.10.4 Beneena and begeena .................... 69
5.10.5 Na ne,naga and nage .................... 69
5.10.6 Geena’a ........................... 70
5.10.7 Geena plus loca ionals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
5.10.8 Ge plusdi ec ionals..................... 70
5.11 Possession .............................. 71
5.11.1 Possessi es ......................... 71
ii
Con en s
5.11.2 The pa icle o ........................ 72
5.11.3 Rela ional cons uc ion wi h ma .............. 72
5.11.4 Complex a ibu i e possession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5.11.5 P edica i e possession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5.12 Ve blessclauses ........................... 74
5.12.1 Exis en ial clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5.12.2 P esen a ional and iden i ica ional clauses . . . . . . . . 75
5.12.3 Ve bless equa i e clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5.13 Ve balclauses ............................ 75
5.13.1 In ansi i e ac o clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.13.2 In ansi i e unde goe clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5.13.3 T ansi i e clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
5.13.4 Impe a i e clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.14 Complexclauses........................... 81
5.14.1 Rela i e clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5.14.2 Se ial e b cons uc ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5.15 Nega ion............................... 82
5.15.1 P ohibi i e clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.15.2 Nega ed possession and exis ence . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.16 Ques ions............................... 83
5.16.1 Pola ques ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
5.16.2 Con en ques ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
5.17 O he ................................. 86
5.17.1 Coo dina ion and subo dina ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
5.17.2 Modali y ma ke ?: anu .................. 87
5.17.3 Focus: ’a ........................... 88
5.17.4 Emphasis?: ’o ........................ 88
III Tex s 89
AO lagudi ma howo’o wo djaga-djaga’a – The gua dian o he
legundi ui s 91
BO Bibi i – The bibi i ish 117
CO Goda – The goda spi i 139
DO Gogunane – The an s 149
iii
1 In oduc ion
The ex s in his collec ion we e eco ded among he Modole people o Halma-
he a Island a he beginning o he wen ie h cen u y in he con ex o he mis-
sion o he U ech se Zendings e eeniging (UZV). They we e published by he
missiona y G.J. Ellen unde he i le Ve halen en abelen in he Modòle me e -
alingen (‘Tales and ables in Modole wi h ansla ions’) in he jou nal Bijd agen
o de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde an Nede landsch-Indië in 1916. Toge he wi h
a Modole wo dlis , published in he same jou nal, and ano he wo dlis 1 hey e-
main o his day he only p in ed publica ions in o abou he Modole language.
The aim o his book is o make he ex s accessible o a la ge linguis ic audience.
The con ex in which he ex s we e collec ed is no documen ed. Nei he he
name(s) o he na a o (s) no he exac ime and place o eco ding is known. To
amend his lack o documen a ion I p o ide backg ound in o ma ion abou he
Modole and hei language (Chap e 2), abou G.J. Ellen and his mission (Chap-
e 3), and abou he ex s hemsel es (Chap e 4). I also include an ex ensi e
ske ch g amma (Chap e 5) – he i s published g amma ical desc ip ion o
Modole. Nex a e he 10 ex s (Pa III); each wi h a sho in oduc ion and sum-
ma y, Ellen’s o iginal Du ch ansla ion, my English ansla ion, and he in e lin-
ea lized Modole ex . No es on he ex s a e p o ided in oo no es. Th oughou
his book, I e e o he Malay a ie ies spoken in Indonesia as Indonesian, e en
hough he ex s p ecede he Indonesian na ion s a e.
1One o he Holle lis s, published in S okho & Saleh-B onkho s (1980a,b).
2 The Modole, hei land and hei
language
In his chap e , I p o ide in o ma ion abou he his o y o he Modole people (Sec-
ion 2.1), hei adi ional eligious cus oms and olk ale adi ions (Sec ion 2.2),
hei geog aphical su oundings (Sec ion 2.3) and hei language (Sec ion 2.3).
Much o his in o ma ion comes om colonial sou ces, o en w i en in he con-
descending and pa onizing one common o hese sou ces.
2.1 His o y o he Modole people
The Modole a e one o he e hnic g oups (Indonesian suku) o he no he n penin-
sula o Halmahe a island. Halmahe a is pa o he No h Moluccas in mode n-
day eas e n Indonesia. The Modole ha e occupied an a ea along he uppe Kao
i e in he mode n dis ic Kao Ba a since a leas he 17 h cen u y. They we e
o me ly subjec s o he Sul an o Te na e, an island o he wes o Halmahe a
ha gained powe and weal h h ough he spice ade. The No h Moluccas a e
he na i e home o he clo e ee (Syzygium a oma icum) and ade s om Ja a,
India, China, A abia and Eu ope isi ed he islands in medi al and ea ly mode n
imes o buy he p ecious commodi y.
Since hey li ed a in he in e io o Halmahe a, he Modole emained ou -
side he ocus o Eu opean colonize s longe han hei neighbo s. They a e i s
men ioned in an Eu opean sou ce in a epo by he e i ing Du ch Go e no o
Te na e, Jacob Lobs, da ing o 1686 (published in an Dam e al. 1931). Lobs men-
ions a place-name called Mondole wo hou s away om Pagu. The inhabi an s
a e desc ibed as “wil , schuw en eesag ig” (‘wild, shy and app ehensi e’, an
Dam e al. 1931: 113). The e we e 30 able-bodied men among hem.
A e Lobs’ epo , he Modole a e no men ioned in Eu opean sou ces un il
he 19 h cen u y. Fo he end o he 19 h cen u y, de Cle cq (1890: 62, 66) s a es
ha he sangaji (a kind o local ule ) o he dis ic Modole (spelled Madolé) is
subjec o he sangaji o Kao Bay, and ha he nego ij (small illage) Madolé does
no pay egula axes o he Sul an o Te na e (i s o mal ule ).
2 The Modole, hei land and hei language
Acco ding o Ellen (1916a), he e we e a ound 2,000 Modole a he beginning
o he 20 h cen u y.1In 1909, he Ci iele Gezaghebbe (adminis a o ) o he eas
coas o Halmahe a, G.J.J. de Jongh, included se e al adi ions abou he o i-
gin o he Modole in one o his epo s. He s a es ha hey a e ela ed o he
Taba u and “came om elsewhe e wi h hem, likely om Sulawesi, because he
Madole a e s ill called ‘o ang bugis’ [Buginese]” (de Jongh 1909: 755).2The e
we e immig an s om Sulawesi in he a ea a ound he ime, bu a connec ion
o he Modole is no men ioned elsewhe e. De Jongh u he epo s ha he il-
lages Gogala ma lako, Bailengi and Tolabi , which oday a e inhabi ed by Mod-
ole, we e ounded by people who o iginally li ed a ound Lake Lina (see Map
in Figu e 2.1). O he inhabi an s o he Lake Lina a ea became he mode n-day
Tobelos, implying ha Modole and Tobelo ha e a sha ed o igin (de Jongh 1909:
756). The s o y is conside ed implausible by an F aassen (1980: 125-126) on lin-
guis ic g ounds. Acco ding o de Jongh (1909: 756), he Modole om he illages
o Toegoeis (Tuguis), Hoekoem (Soahukum), Sengadji (Soasengaji) and Ta au
(To awa ) o iginally li ed wi h he Gamkono a and we e a ac ed by he Sago
o es s in he Modole egion. Lei h (1999) also co obo a es ha he popula ion
o To awa we e immig an s.
The Modole had an in amous epu a ion in he ea ly 20 h cen u y. In 1906,
UZV missiona y G.J. Ellen epo ed ha he had no been able o isi he Modole
ye “since all o he ibes a e sca ed o hese people”3(Ellen 1906: 166). De Jongh,
howe e , had isi ed he Modole and Ellen s a es ha “ om his epo s, as well
as hose o he gu us4and my own obse a ions i seems ha his ibe is no
as hos ile as hough . I mos ly seems o be inci emen o he Mohammedans,
who wan o use his a he la ge ibe in hei ha ed o Ch is iani y and he
go e nmen ”5(Ellen 1906: 166). I mus be no ed ha local Muslims we e seen as
an agonis s by he Du ch missiona ies and we e he e o e accused o all manne
o misdeeds (compa e Ellen n.d.(b): 6-7 and he p e ace o Ellen n.d.(a)). In any
case, he Modole did no li e up o he s o ies ha Ellen had been old abou hem.
1P ecise numbe s o Modole cong ega ion membe s can be ound in U ech sche Zend-
ing e eeniging (1915: 136). I decided agains including hem he e since hey only co e Ch is-
ians and hence a ac ion o he o al Modole popula ion.
2“me deze an elde s kwamen, waa schijnlijk an Celebes, wan de Madolé’s wo den hans nog
wel doo de ande en ‘o ang boegies’ genoemd”
3“omda alle ande en s ammen bang zijn oo deze menschen”
4helpe s om o he pa s o Indonesia (MZ)
5“Ui zijne mededeelingen, alsmede die de goe oes en mijn eigen be indingen is mij gebleken
da die s am nie zoo ijandig is als wel we d e moed. He schijn eelal ops oke ij an de
Mohammedanen e zijn, die dezen amelijk g oo en s am willen geb uiken in hun haa egen
he Ch is endom en he Gou e nemen .”
6
2.1 His o y o he Modole people
He u he epo s ha Modole om he illages o Pe seba and Bailengi wished
o become Ch is ians and la e , gu us we e placed he e (Ellen 1906: 166).6
A e he Indonesian independence, in e es in he Modole did no inc ease.
Lei h (1999) ou lines he ecen his o y o he Modole and appea s o be he only
e hnological s udy conce ning hem. A sho ideo ilmed in he Modole illage
Soamahukum in 2022 can be ound a h ps://you u.be/x kSKQTlDpQ?si=wz
V9ST8u8bBEjQob (accessed 4 Oc obe 2025). The map in Figu e 2.1 shows he
loca ion o he o iginal Modole illages oday.7
Figu e 2.1: Posi ion o he o iginal Modole illages oday ( he illage o
Soasengaji is now called Sangaji Jaya) [c ea ed by he au ho ]
Un o una ely, no de ailed accoun s abou he daily li e o he Modole a ound
he ime when he ex s we e collec ed a e a ailable. When he ex s in his col-
lec ion we e eco ded, many Modole had only ecen ly come in o close con ac
wi h he Du ch colonialis s and hei Ch is ian ai h ha hey we e now encou -
aged o adop . Repo s by ci il colonial adminis a o s ocus on popula ion num-
be s and axes, while missiona ies like Ellen mos ly epo ed on he p og ess o
Ch is ianiza ion and he changes b ough abou by i . Fo example, one o he
p e equisi es o becoming Ch is ian was o se le pe manen ly in a illage and
6Fo mo e in o ma ion on he mission among he Modole see Chap e 3.
7Due o he ansmig a ion p og am o he Indonesian go e nmen , illages o he same name
now exis u he sou h in he Mali u a ea (see Lei h 1999).
7
2 The Modole, hei land and hei language
gi e up o aging. Be o e, people had o en spen ex ensi e pe iods o ime in
hei inland ga dens and c ea ed income by collec ing damma gum (Ellen 1908:
159). The mos comp ehensi e e hnog aphic desc ip ion o a No h Halmahe an
e hnic g oup was published by Ellen’s missiona y colleague Hue ing (1921, 1922)
abou he Tobelo people. Many aspec s o his desc ip ion pe ain o he Modole
as well.
2.2 Modole olk ale adi ion and adi ional eligious
belie s
We may call he ex s published in Ellen’s (1916a) collec ion ‘ olk s o ies’. They
show simila i ies o olk s o ies collec ed among o he No h Halmahe a g oups.
Fo example, he s o y O Bia a (Chap e G) s ongly esembles he s o y O Radja-
Moloko de o ngo Namo-Bilala ma ngadje-ngadje (‘The s o y o Raja-Moloko and
Namo-Bilala’) in Fo gens’s (1928) Taba u s o y collec ion.8
Be o e hei con e sion o Ch is iani y, he Modole adhe ed o a eligion simi-
la o hose o o he No h Halmahe an e hnic g oups. The eis no comp ehensi e
s udy o Modole adi ional eligious belie s. Some in o ma ion is ound in Lei h
(1999).9Elemen s o hese adi ional eligious belie s a e s ill p ese ed oday
and ha e been inco po a ed in o local Ch is iani y. The adi ional eligious be-
lie s include ances o wo ship as well as he belie in a numbe o spi i s and o he
supe na u al beings. Some o hem popula e he enchan ed coun y in which he
s o ies in his collec ion a e se ; among hem he o’a a (a kind o e il spi i ), he
goda spi i , jini ‘jinns’ and widada i ‘nymphs’ (see oo no es in espec i e ex s
o mo e in o ma ion).
The in e io o Halmahe a may appea emo e oday bu his o ically i was
connec ed o he wo ld h ough he spice ade and he Modole adop ed many
o eign cul u al p ac ices. The belie in jinns had been adop ed om Muslims
a some poin in ime. Immig an s om Te na e and local con e s li ed in he
coas al se lemen s o Kao bay. The p o agonis s o he ex Naga o njawa ja
mididi jo puaha (Chap e H) a e Muslims. The wo d widada i is o Ja anese (and
ul ima ely Sansk i ) o igin. Ja anese cul u e was b ough o Te na e by ade s
and sp ead om he e o Halmahe a (see Schappe & Zielenbach (2025)). Hue ing
8No ably, he e is no e sion o he ‘Monkey and To oise’ s o y popula h oughou Eas e n
Indonesia, see an S aden (2000: 411) o a Tido e e sion and in o ma ion on he s o y in
gene al.
9No e ha he pape is conce ned wi h sou he n Modole illages, while he ex s likely we e
collec ed in he no he n illages.
8
2.3 The Modole land
(1908b: 12-13) belie ed ha many o he Tobelo s o ies o igina ed elsewhe e and
obse ed simila i ies o s o ies collec ed on he Sangi islands no h o Sulawesi.
The missiona ies u he no ed ha some o he olk s o ies hey eco ded
appea o be a combina ion o se e al s o ies (see o example an Baa da 1904:
454). This was s ill obse ed in 2000 by an S aden (2000: 337). A candida e o
such a combined s o y is Tex A.
The Si z im Leben o he s o ies is no documen ed. The only in o ma ion e-
ga ding he unc ion and meaning o olk ales o he daily li es o he people o
No h Halmahe a a he beginning o he 20 h cen u y is ound in he in oduc-
ion o Hue ing’s (1908b) Tobelo s o y collec ion:
“These s o ies do no play an impo an ole in he li es o he Tobelo. Only
ew know hem and one can spend qui e a long ime among hem wi hou
knowing ha such s o ies a e known a all. They a e no old du ing public
e en s o eas s bu a he in p i a e ci cles. Usually his happens – only in
a ew amilies – a nigh , when hey ha e al eady gone o bed bu canno all
asleep. [...] Some imes someone will say: I know a s o y. Jus ell i , o he s
eply. The s o y elle s a s by saying “S o ies” and e e y one eplies “ éde”,
which means “we a e lis ening”. Then he s o y ollows. A e wa ds he
s o y is dissec ed, o someone else eels inspi ed o ell one oo, and so i
con inues un il e e ybody has allen asleep. [...] In ac , he s o ies do no
eel as eal o he people as one may hink. [...] Also, wha one eads abou
supe na u al ma e s o abou he spi i wo ld and he li e he ea e ha dly
co esponds o he common belie abou hese hings, and I ha e ne e
known anyone o be he leas dis u bed by wha appea s in he s o ies in his
espec , o ha any hing is claimed based on hem. They a e an amusemen ,
no hing mo e.” (Hue ing 1908b: 13) (my ansla ion)
One in e es ing ea u e o he s o ies is he la ge numbe o asse i e emale
p o agonis s. Mos cha ac e s and almos all p o agonis s a e women o gi ls. Fo
mo e mo i es ound in he s o ies, see he oo no es o he in e linea ized ex s.
Se e al common mo i es o Loloda olk ales, some o which also occu in he
Modole s o ies, a e discussed in an Baa da (1904: 322–329).
2.3 The Modole land
The mos de ailed desc ip ion o geog aphic su oundings o he Modole a ound
he ime he ex s we e eco ded can be ound in Campen (1884). Ellen’s (n.d.(a))
epo o one o his ips o he Modole illages p o ides u he in o ma ion.
9
2 The Modole, hei land and hei language
Acco ding o Campen (1884: 277), he i s Modole illage is eached om he
coas a e eigh hou s’ walk.10 The in e io o Halmahe a was domina ed by
hick ain o es , as i is oday. Mos pa s o he island a e co e ed by moun ain
anges wi h se e al ac i e olcanoes, bu he Modole land a ound he Kao i e
o ms a alley wi h ma shy soil. Ri e s cons i u e he main means o anspo a-
ion. The la ges o hese is he Kao i e (see Figu e 2.2).11 T a eling by boa
plays a ole in almos all o he s o ies in he collec ion. Sago o es s p o ided
he s aple ood sou ce a he ime (compa e Tex C and Tex E), supplemen ed by
ishing and hun ing (compa e Tex B, Tex C, see Hue ing 1922: 252-274).
Figu e 2.2: Pho og aph i led Kano op de Kaoe- i ie in Halmahe a (‘Ca-
noe on he Kao i e on Halmahe a’) om he KITLV a chi e (da ed
ca. 1910). [Public domain]
Modole illages we e cen e ed a ound a communi y house ha also se ed
as illage emple. Houses we e made o bamboo and buil on poles (compa e
Tex I). A pho og aph o such a house ( hough belonging o a amily om he
10Campen calls i Babawa . This name is no eco ded elsewhe e.
11Link o he pho og aph: h p://hdl.handle.ne /1887.1/i em:829037 (accessed 4 Oc obe 2025)
10
2.4 The Modole language
neighbo ing e hnic g oup called “Tugu il”12) om he KITLV a chi e in Leiden
is displayed in Figu e 2.3.13 The people also spen an ex ensi e amoun o ime
in hei ga dens (compa e Tex B, Tex D) ha we e cul i a ed h ough swidden
ag icul u e (see Lei h 1999, Hue ing 1922: 214-215).
Figu e 2.3: Pho og aph i led Gebouw e Toegoe ils in Halmahe a (‘Build-
ing o he Tugu ils in Halmahe a’) om he KITLV a chi e (da ed ca.
1910). [Public domain]
2.4 The Modole language
Modole [mqo] (in some sou ces spelled Madole) is a Papuan language belong-
ing o he No h Halmahe a language amily. A map o he No h Halmahe a
languages om 1908 can be ound in Figu e 2.4. Modole p obably ne e had
mo e han abou 2,000 speake s – he numbe o membe s o he g oup eco ded
h oughou he ea ly wen ie h cen u y un il oday.
12“Tugu il” is commonly used o Tobelo-speaking g oups li ing in he in e io o Halmahe a.
Acco ding o Duncan (1997) he name is ega ded as o ensi e by people i is applied o.
13Link o he pho og aph: h p://hdl.handle.ne /1887.1/i em:827860 (accessed 4 Oc obe 2025)
11
3 G.J. Ellen and he Halmahe a mission o he U ech se Zendings e eeniging
g amma ical desc ip ions and e hnological pape s abou he languages and peo-
ple hey encoun e ed. Ellen p e e ed o discuss aspec s o his mission in his
w i ings. In o ma ion abou he li e o he people o Halmahe a is only included
whene e he lamen s he poo li ing s anda ds. In o ma ion ega ding Ellen’s
pe sonal li e is likewise absen . E en in his au obiog aphic wo k Ui mijn e a -
ing (Ellen n.d.[b]) he does no discuss his li e be o e he came o Halmahe a o
why he chose o become a missiona y. I he e o e know no hing abou his educa-
ional backg ound. Missiona ies o he UZV wen o a missiona y semina whe e,
among o he hings, hey s udied Malay and some imes also a local language el-
e an o hei mission (Ad iani 1906). Mos likely, Ellen had no academic educa-
ion in linguis ics.
18
4 P o enance o he ex s and his
edi ion
In his chap e , I a emp o shed some ligh on he p o enance o he ex s (Sec-
ion 4.1). I also p o ide in o ma ion on he s uc u e and p ocess o my edi ion
o he ex s (Sec ion 4.2).
4.1 The p o enance o he ex s
As men ioned abo e, he p o enance o he ex s is unclea . Nei he he s o y
collec ion no he accompanying wo dlis (Ellen 1916b) con ains any in o ma ion
abou who old he s o ies, and whe e and when hey we e eco ded. To my
knowledge, he Modole a e now un amilia wi h he collec ion and p ese e no
memo y o i s eco ding. Ellen i s made con ac wi h he Modole a ound 1906.
He wen on lea e in July 1913 and s ayed in he Ne he lands un il Ma ch 1915
(Ellen 1913, 1915). I is likely ha he p epa ed and submi ed he collec ion o
publica ion du ing his s ay in he Ne he lands, which pinpoin s hei ime o
eco ding o be ween 1906 and 1913.
I Voo hoe e’s (1988) asse ions a e co ec , he ex s a e eco ded in he no h-
e n Modole dialec , since hey e lec P o o-Co e No h Halmahe a *s as /h/. This
is e en mo e likely since he no he n Modole illages came unde he in luence
o he mission a an ea lie ime han he sou he n illages (see Chap e 3). Po-
en ial places o collec ion a e he illages o Pe seba and Bailengi whe e gu us
we e placed a he collec ion ime.
I is by no means ce ain ha i was Ellen who w o e down he ex s. Since
Ellen did no spend much ime in he Modole illages, hey could well ha e been
collec ed by one o mo e o he gu us who li ed he e pe manen ly.1
I conduc ed no analysis o linguis ic di e ences be ween he indi idual ex s
bu i is no able ha elemen s oughly meaning ‘ hen’, used o s uc u e he
discou se, a y om ex o ex (see Table 4.1 o numbe o occu ences). The
1The a chi e o Ellen’s UZV colleague J. Fo gens in Leiden hos s manusc ip s in many di e en
hands and some no ebooks ha e he name o a gu u on he co e .
4 P o enance o he ex s and his edi ion
mos equen o hese elemen s is geena(’a) de and i is he only one used in
Tex s A and B. I is, howe e , absen om Tex s C and (wi h one excep ion) Tex
D. These wo ex s use i’a and ena ins ead. The o m geena’adau de only occu s
in Tex s E, F and G and in Tex H done is used bu does no occu in any o he
ex . This obse a ion may be due o coincidence – o i may poin o di e en
speake s, maybe e en speake s om di e en illages.
Table 4.1: Discou se-s uc u ing elemen s
geena’a de i’a ena geena’adau de done
Tex A 7 – – – –
Tex B 8 – – – –
Tex C – 1 1 – –
Tex D 1 8 1 – –
Tex E 2 – 4 1 –
Tex F 4 3 3 1 –
Tex G 2 4 – 4 –
Tex H 3 1 – – 2
Tex I 1 – – – –
Tex J – – – – –
The backg ound o he o iginal edi ing and publica ion o he ex s is as ob-
scu e as hei collec ion. I is unknown whe he Ellen ansla ed he ex s on his
own o oge he wi h speake s o Modole. Ellen li ed among Tobelo speake s and
he was also acquain ed wi h Pagu. Wi h he help o he al eady published dic io-
na ies and desc ip ions o o he No h Halmahe a languages, he may ha e been
able o p oduce easonable ansla ions on his own. The e a e se e al mis akes
in he ansla ion ha poin o his scena io.
One mis ake conce ns he ansla ion o a ce ain ac o –unde goe combina-
ion. Modole shows a me a hesis in he combina ion o a i s pe son plu al
exclusi e ac ing on a second pe son plu al. Regula ly, he o m should be mi ni
and occu s as such in Pagu. Modole, on he o he hand, has ni mi. The Du ch
ansla ion mis ook ni mi o a second pe son plu al ac ing on a i s pe son
plu al exclusi e in se e al cases.2Ellen’s ansla ion should he e o e always be
2Mos o hese cases a e ound in Tex D. Acco ding o he Du ch ansla ion, he an s ask he
old people o sea ch hem o lice (2pl>1pl.ex). They hen ell he old people o look up and
h ow lime in o hei eyes. This si ua ion makes mo e sense i he an s sea ch he old people
who a e sea ed wi h hei back o he an s o lice (1pl.ex>2pl).
20
4.2 This edi ion
checked wi h he o iginal Modole ex and he English ansla ion p o ided by
me.
4.2 This edi ion
Fo my analysis and ansla ion o he ex s, I used he FieldWo ks Language Ex-
plo e (FLEx).3I copied he Modole ex as well as he Du ch ansla ion om
an OCRed e sion o Ellen (1916a) in o FLEx and impo ed he a ailable Mod-
ole wo dlis s (Ellen 1916b, S okho & Saleh-B onkho s 1980b, Wada 1980). I hen
compa ed he Du ch ansla ion wi h he Modole ex and he au oma ic ma ch-
ing o lexicon en ies and wo d o ms p o ided by FLEx. Fo unclea wo d o ms
o g amma ical ea u es, I checked dic iona ies and desc ip ions o o he No h
Halmahe a languages. Some emaining ques ions we e checked wi h a Modole
speake ia an online messenge app. Un o una ely, i was no possible o check
he comple e ansla ion wi h a Modole na i e speake .
Each o he ex s is p esen ed as ollows in Chap e s A–J. A e a sho in o-
duc ion and summa y o he ex , I ep oduce he Modole ex in an adjus ed
spelling based on Indonesian o hog aphy. This o hog aphy is now used by
Modole speake s, whe eas no all o hem a e amilia wi h he Du ch-based o -
hog aphy used by Ellen.4I ha e he e o e gi en p e e ence o he mode n o -
hog aphy he e as well as in my mo phemic analysis (see below) and he ske ch
g amma . De ia ions om he o hog aphy used by Ellen a e displayed in Ta-
ble 4.2.
Table 4.2: De ia ions be ween Ellen’s and con empo a y Modole o -
hog aphy
phoneme ellen con empo a y
/j/ <dj> <j>
/c/ < j> <c>
/y/ <j> <y>
/ny/ <nj> <ny>
The le e s <a> and <o> a e o en con used. This may be due o inconsis en-
cies in ansc ip ion o ypos in oduced by he p in e s. I ha e no co ec ed
3See h ps://so wa e.sil.o g/ ieldwo ks/ (accessed 4 Oc obe 2025)
4No ice ha se e al g amma ical i ems spelled sepa a ely by Ellen a e nowadays conjoined wi h
ano he wo d. I did no adop his p ac ise since he e s ill is a ia ion.
21
4 P o enance o he ex s and his edi ion
any ypos in o de o p ese e he o iginal ex bu I ha e adjus ed punc ua ion
ega ding di ec speech. In he Modole ex , colons and pa en heses a e o en
absen e en whe e hey occu in he Du ch ansla ion. I inse ed hem so ha
now he Modole ex and he Du ch as well as English ansla ion co espond. I
ha e no changed punc ua ion o he wise, e en hough i does no always eel ad-
equa e o he Modole language.5Line b eaks we e in oduced a he heu is ically
and a e based bo h on Modole conjunc ions such as de ‘and’, and punc ua ion.
Nex is my English ansla ion, which is based on he Modole ex and di e s in
many poin s om Ellen’s Du ch ansla ion in he nex sec ion. See abo e o how
I a i ed a his ansla ion. The Du ch ansla ion is ai h ul o he ansla ion
in Ellen (1916a) wi h he excep ion o he addi ion o some missing colons and
quo a ion ma ks.
Nex comes he in e linea glossed Modole ex . The in e linea glossing is
s uc u ed as ollows: The i s line is he o iginal Modole ex and in mos e-
ga ds ai h ul o Ellen (1916a). Ellen’s Du ch-based o hog aphy is p ese ed he e
bu missing colons and pa en heses a e added. The second line p esen s my mo -
phemic analysis (in mode n o hog aphy). The hi d line con ains he gloss o
he mo phemes ound in he second line. In many cases, mul iple glosses a e
possible. This is especially ue o homog aphic mo phemes like <ma> (‘ ela-
ional noun ma ke , ‘middle ma ke ’, ‘bu ’, o ‘3sg >3nh’), <o> (‘noun ma ke ’,
o inco ec spelling o he empha ic mo pheme ’o) and <’a> (loca i e -o’a, limi-
a i e -o’a, o i i e di ec ional -i’a). I was o en le o guess and he glossing o
hese mo phemes should hence always be aken wi h a g ain o sal . Ques ion
ma ks indica e unclea glosses. Glosses a e solely used as labels o o en b oade
unc ions. Fo an analysis, he eade is poin ed o he g amma ske ch.
The ansla ion in he ou h line is mo e li e al han he one p esen ed abo e.
I ied o imi a e he o iginal syn ax as much as possible which in se e al cases
leads o unidioma ici y in English. Mos no ably, I consis en ly ansla e he Mod-
ole di ec ionals o’o and iha as ‘landwa d’ and ‘seawa d’, espec i ely, in an a -
emp o ep oduce his e y p e alen ea u e o spa ial o ien a ion (see Sec ion
5.7). Punc ua ion ollows he Modole o iginal and hence is o en inconsis en . Un-
ce ain ansla ions a e p eceded by a ques ion ma k and al e na i e ansla ions
a e discussed in he oo no es in he in e linea e sion o he ex s.
5Commas and semicolons in he Modole ex likely e lec Du ch con en ions a he han b eaks,
o example.
22
4.3 O e iew o he ex s
4.3 O e iew o he ex s
Table 4.3 p o ides an o e iew o he ex s included in his collec ion.
Table 4.3: The ex s in his collec ion.
ex i le wo ds
AO lagudi ma howo’o wo djaga-djaga’a - The gua dian o he
legundi ui s
817
BO bibi i - The bibi i ish 699
CO Goda - The goda spi i 279
DO Gogunane - The an s 658
EO lia’a de o dodo o - The olde and he younge b o he 1161
FO uho - The cuscus 1298
GO Bia a - The bia a plan 547
HNaga o njawa ja mididi jo puaha - Two people who as ed 479
IO Lolabi mi adi- adi’a - She is s abbed by a k is 173
JCumu cagulu - Riddles 128
o al 6239
23
Pa II
Ske ch g amma
5 G amma ical o e iew
5.1 In oduc ion
In his chap e , I will ou line he g amma ical s uc u e o Modole based on he
ex s in his collec ion. Re e ences o examples om he ex s a e in he o ma
“[A.1]”, whe e he le e e e s o he ex and he second digi e e s o he espec-
i e line. Wo king wi h a co pus o such limi ed size has consequences o he
g amma ical desc ip ion. Na u ally, some phenomena will be una es ed in he
ex s. Especially in he a ea o syn ax he da a is o en inconclusi e. Occasionally
I asked a na i e speake o Modole o judgmen s ega ding ce ain s uc u es
bu I e ained om inco po a ing any o he Modole sou ces so ha his ske ch
g amma would ai h ully e lec he language o only he ex s. My Modole in-
o man ound he ex s comp ehensible in gene al bu s uggled wi h he phasal
pola i y sys em, which seems o ha e changed a lo in he pas 100 yea s.
Modole is s uc u ally e y simila o he closely ela ed languages Taba u
and Pagu. I am o cou se in luenced by desc ip ions o he la e wo languages
(especially by Pe angin Angin’s (2018) Pagu g amma ). The iden i ica ion o mo -
pheme bounda ies is pa ly based on desc ip ions o Pagu and Taba u. None he-
less, I ha e ied as much as possible o desc ibe he g amma o Modole in i s
own e ms. The e o e, I only d aw compa isons o o he languages o imp o e
unde s anding o a ely a es ed ea u es. I also kep no es on diach onic issues
o a minimum. The chap e is longe han wha may be expec ed o a g amma
ske ch. Since his is he i s ex ensi e linguis ic desc ip ion o Modole, I discuss
as many ea u es as possible.
Modole is a head-ma king language. P edica es a e mo phologically mo e com-
plex han a gumen s. The alignmen is nomina i e–accusa i e in he sense ha
he single a gumen o a in ansi i e p edica e is ma ked like he ac o o an
ansi i e e b. P edica es usually occu wi h ac o and unde goe indices. Ve bs
a e p eceded by a numbe o mo phemes ha mos ly ma k changes in alency.
Tense is no ma ked bu he e is a se o su ixes pe aining o he empo al do-
main, such as phasal pola i y ma ke s. Nominal modi ie s (“adjec i es”) ha e
he o m o in ansi i e e bs. P onominals and indices dis inguish clusi i y and
human s. non-human e e en s. The e is no nominal numbe o o e gende
5 G amma ical o e iew
5.4.1 Pe sonal p onouns
The pe sonal p onouns o Modole a e displayed in Table 5.4. They unc ion as ex-
p essions o ac o (8a), unde goe (8b), and possesso oles (8c), and as p edica es
(8d). They can co-occu wi h indices.
Table 5.4: Modole independen p onouns
1sg ngoi
2sg ngona
3sg. muna
3sg.m una
1pl.in ngone
1pl.ex ngomi
2pl ngini
3hpl ona
3nh ena
(8) a. de
conn
ngoi
p o.1sg
o
1sg.a
hila-u
i s -al eady
‘ hen I will [go] o wa d’ [A.14]
b. o
nm
ja a
ho se
i
3nh.a
na
1pl.in.u
ulu
anspo
ngone
p o.1pl.in
‘a ho se will pick us (in.) up’ [H.32]
c. neena
p ox:p o.3nh
o
poss.hum
ngona
p o.2sg
ani
2sg.poss
lagudi
legundi
ma
nm
howo’o?
ui
‘a e hese you (sg.) legundi ui s?’ [A.94]
d. o’ia-no
wha -di . en
ngini
p o.2pl
ma
nm
nyawa?
pe son
‘whe e ha e you (pl.) [come om] he e?’ [F.150]
The hi d pe son non-human pe sonal p onoun ena has addi ional unc ions
bu he ull scope is no clea o me. In he example in (9) i seems o sepa a e
cons i uen s in a clause, signaling ha do’a modi ies manga ngio’a ‘ hei place’
and no ma wu u umudingi ‘se en nigh s’.
34
5.4 Pe sonal p onouns and indices
(9) ma
nm
wu u
nigh
umudingi
se en
ena
p o.3nh
do’a
loc
manga
3hpl.poss
ngi-o’a
place-loc
yo
3hpl.a
a ababu
na i e. iolin
‘[a e ] se en days he e a hei place hey we e playing he iolin’
[C.38]
5.4.2 P edica e indices
Ac o 10 and unde goe 11 indices a e he only obliga o y e bal in lec ion.12 They
p ecede he e b in he o de ing ac o –unde goe .
5.4.2.1 Ac o indices
The ac o indices a e displayed in Table 5.5. The label ac o may be misleading
since he e e en o he ac o index does no always ha e he seman ic ole o
an agen . I can also be a heme (in loca ional clauses) o expe ience .13
Table 5.5: Ac o indices
1sg o
2sg no
3sg. mo (mu)
3sg.m wo (u)
1pl.in po
1pl.ex mio (mi)
2pl nio (ni)
3hpl yo
3nh i
The i s pe son plu al exclusi e and he second pe son plu al indices occu
wi hou he inal /o/ as mi and ni, espec i ely, be o e he middle ma ke ma:
mi mao’o ‘we (ex.) de eca e’ [B.64], ni ma guguule ‘you (pl.) play’ [F.82] (see
Sec ion 5.5.3 on he middle ma ke ). The hi d pe son singula eminine and
10an agen - ype ole
11a pa ien - ype ole
12See Næss (2007: 80) o an o e iew on he e ms ‘ac o ’ and ‘unde goe ’.
13I chose he labels ac o and unde goe o e subjec and objec since he da a does no allow o
subjec hood es s.
35
5 G amma ical o e iew
masculine indices ha e he allomo phs mu and u, espec i ely, be o e he middle
ma ke ma:de ami u u mu ma bilinganaau ‘and she sp ead ou he hai ’ [B.53],
de una u ma iuno’a ‘and he hid himsel ’ [E.113].
The hi d pe son non-human ac o index iis some imes used o hi d pe son
plu al human e e en s i hey a e con inued ac o s (10).
(10) de
conn
yo
3hpl.a
iha
di .land
de
conn
i
3nh.a
lio-o
e u n-al eady
de
conn
i
3nh.a
emo
say
‘and hey wen landwa ds and hey e u ned and hey said’ [E.41]
Some ac o indices change hei o m when hey a e combined wi h ce ain
unde goe indices. This is discussed in Sec ion 5.4.2.3.
5.4.2.2 Unde goe indices
The o ms o he isola ed unde goe indices a e gi en in Table 5.6. The unde -
goe indices comp ise mo e seman ic oles han Pa ien , including Recipien and
Bene icia y. In e ms o g amma ical oles, hey ma k bo h di ec and indi ec
objec s (see Sec ion 5.13.3.1).
Table 5.6: Unde goe indices
1sg i
2sg ni
3sg. mi
3sg.m wi
1pl.in na
1pl.ex mi
2pl ni
3hpl ’i
3nh a
Unde goe indices (wi h he excep ion o he hi d pe son plu al human and
he hi d pe son non-human) o en occu wi hou ac o indices. This is discussed
in he nex sec ion.
5.4.2.3 Ac o -unde goe combina ions
A e b can occu wi h bo h ac o and unde goe indices. The unde goe ei he
exp esses he pa ien o a ansi i e e b o he (human) ecipien o bene icia y
36
5.4 Pe sonal p onouns and indices
o a di ansi i e e b. In some combina ions, one o he wo indices has a o m
di e en om he index in isola ion, and some imes he wo indices ha e used.
The hi d pe son plu al human ac o index yo only occu s in combina ions i he
unde goe is hi d pe son plu al human as well yo ’i. O he wise, hi d pe son
plu al human ac o s a e ma ked like hi d pe son non-human ac o s. Howe e ,
he ac o index only su aces in combina ions wi h i s pe son plu al inclusi e
(i na) and hi d pe son non-human unde goe s (ya).
Table 5.7 shows he a es ed combina ions o ac o and unde goe indices. The
label mid indica es ha he middle ma ke ma (see Sec ion 5.5.3) is used ins ead
o an unde goe index. En-dashes symbolize una es ed combina ions.
Table 5.7: A es ed ac o -unde goe combina ions
1sg.u 2sg.u 3sg. .u 3sg.m.u 1pl.in.u 1pl.ex.u 2pl.u 3hpl.u 3nh.u
1sg.a mid o ni o mi o wi mid mid i ni o ’i a
2sg.a no i/ni mid no mi no wi no na ni mi mid no ’i na
3sg. .a mo i – – mi –mi –mo’i ma
3sg.m.a – – wi wi –wi –wo ’i wa
1pl.in.a mid – – po wi mid mid mid po ’i pa
1pl.ex.a mid – – – mid mid ni mi –mia
2pl.a ni mid ni mi – – ni mi mid nio ’i nia
3hpl.a – – – – – – – yo ’i –
3nh.a – ni mi wi i na mi ni –ya
As men ioned abo e, he hi d pe son non-human ac o index isu aces in
combina ion wi h i s pe son plu al inclusi e unde goe s (i na, (11a))14 and hi d
pe son non-human unde goe s (ya < *i-a, (11b)). The same o m ya is used o
hi d pe son plu al human ac o s ac ing on hi d pe son non-human unde goe s.
The e is no example o a hi d pe son non-human ac o ac ing on a hi d pe son
plu al human unde goe .
(11) a. o
nm
ja a
ho se
i
3nh.a
na
1pl.in.u
ulu
anspo
ngone
p o.1pl.in
‘a ho se will pick us (in.) up’ [H.32]
b. ai
1sg.poss
pihanga
banana
o
nm
gogunane
an
ya
3nh>3nh
odomo
ea
‘my bananas [we e] ea en by an s’ [D.13]
14The same excep ion is ound in Taba u (Hol on 2008: 262).
37
5 G amma ical o e iew
Fo he second pe son singula and plu al he same unde goe index ni is used.
Howe e , numbe is disambigua ed by a p eceding singula ac o index which
ends in /o/ i he unde goe is a second pe son singula (e.g. o ni ‘1sg>2sg’, see
(12a)) and in /i/ i he unde goe is a second pe son plu al (e.g. i ni ‘1sg>2pl’, see
(12b)).
(12) a. o
1sg.a
ni
2sg.u
modoa-’a
ma y-lim
‘I will ma y you (sg.)’ [B.74]
b. i
1sg.a
ni
2pl.u
modo’a
ma y
‘I will ma y you (pl.)’ [D.83]
Likewise, hi d pe son singula eminine and he i s pe son plu al exclusi e
unde goe e e en s a e bo h exp essed by mi. They a e only disambigua ed wi h
a second pe son singula ac o : no mi ‘2sg>3sg. ’ (13a) s. ni mi ‘2sg>1pl.ex’
(13b).
(13) a. ua
p oh
no
2sg.a
mi
3sg .u
hi-gu-mada
caus-?-abandon
‘don’ abandon he ’ [C.31]
b. uwa
p oh
ni
2sg.a
mi
1pl.ex.u
poha
hi
‘don’ s ike us (ex.)’ [D.10]
The isola ed hi d pe son singula eminine unde goe index is mi (14a) bu
mi also exp esses a hi d pe son singula eminine ac o ac ing on a hi d pe son
singula masculine unde goe (14b), o i s pe son plu al exclusi e undegoe
(14c).
(14) a. o
nm
goda
k.o.spi i
mi
3sg. .u
hai i-au
seize-al eady
‘ he goda spi i seized he ’ [C.29]
b. de
conn
mi
3sg. >3sg.m
ma’e
see
i
3nh.a
iai
s aigh
‘and she saw him well’ [B.35]
38
5.4 Pe sonal p onouns and indices
c. nia
2pl.poss
eha
mo he
muna
p o.3sg
dai
loc.sea
mu
3sg .a
o
emph
e∼ eng-o’a
dpl∼alone-lim
mi
3sg >1pl.ex
hi-dupuhu-ie
caus- ollow-di .up
‘you (pl.) mo he is by he sea, she is alone, [and] she will ollow us
(ex.) up’ [F.169]
Likewise, wi exp esses an isola ed hi d pe son singula masculine unde goe
(15a) bu also a hi d pe son singula masculine ac o ac ing on a hi d pe son
singula eminine unde goe (15b), a hi d pe son singula masculine unde goe
(15c) o a i s pe son plu al exclusi e unde goe (15d).
(15) a. ami
3sg. .poss
pahi a’a
mask
wi
3sg.m.u
da-haba’a
appl- ouch.by.acciden
una-’a
p o.3sg.m-di .i
‘he mask hi him by acciden ’ [E.87]
b. wi
3sg.m>3sg.
ma’e-o
mee -al eady
o
nm
be e’i
old.pe son
mo
3sg. .a
moi
one
‘he me an old woman’ [A.17]
c. ’o-ne
emph-p ox
ma
nm
lia’a
olde .sibling
wi
3sg.m>3sg.m
omang-ou
wake.up-al eady
ma
nm
dodo o
younge .sibling
‘so he olde b o he woke up he younge one’ [H.36]
d. wi
3sg.m>1pl.ex
palia a
aise
hiadono
un il
mio
1pl.ex.a
lamo’o’au
big:pe
‘he aised us (ex.) un il we (ex.) had g own up’ [F.161]
The expec ed combina ion o a i s pe son plu al exclusi e ac o ac ing on
a second pe son plu al unde goe (1pl.ex>2pl) is **mi ni bu he combina ion
exhibi s me a hesis and only ni mi occu s (16a).15 The same combina ion ma ks
he e e sed scena io (16b), a second pe son singula ac o ac ing on i s pe son
plu al exclusi e unde goe (16c) and second pe son plu al ac ing on hi d pe son
singula eminine (16d).
15This was con i med by a Modole speake .
39
5 G amma ical o e iew
(16) a. ni
2pl.u
mi
1pl.ex.a
dodoa-wa16
do-neg
‘we (ex.) don’ do any hing o you (pl.)’ [D.46]
b. o
nm
gogunane
an
ni
2pl.a
mi
1pl.ex.u
hi-baumu
caus-pou
mia
1pl.ex.poss
la’o’o
eye
ho
‘you (pl.), an s, h ew [lime] in ou (ex.) eyes’ [D.47]
c. apu
g andmo he
uwa
p oh
ni
2sg.a
mi
1pl.ex.u
poha
hi
‘g andmo he , don’ s ike us’ [D.10]
d. ni
2pl.a
mi
3sg .u
hi-bai i
caus-bu y
de
conn
ngoi
p o.1sg
‘bu y he wi h me’ [I.22]
5.5 Fu he g amma ical elemen s p eceding he e b
A numbe o g amma ical elemen s occu be ween Modole indices and e bs.
Some o hem a e w i en independen ly by Ellen. They can be combined in he
ollowing o de :
ma ‘middle’ – hi- ‘causa i e’ – u- ( unc ion unknown) – dV- ‘applica i e’ – ’o
‘empha ic’ – a- ‘plu ac ionali y’ – ho- ( unc ion unknown).17
I is e y likely ha he occu ence o hese mo phemes is go e ned by he lex-
ical alency and lexical aspec o a e b, e.g. a e b ha is lexically in ansi i e
and s a i e equi es ce ain ma ke s in o de o be used as a ansi i e, dynamic
e b. De e mining hese p ope ies o each e b goes beyond he scope o his
g amma ske ch and would equi e a much la ge co pus, as well as u he elic-
i a ion.18
5.5.1 Applica i e: dV-
The owel in he p e ix dV- assimila es o he ollowing owel. Hence, he allo-
mo phs da,de,di,do and du occu . I inc eases he alency o e bs by opening
an addi ional slo o an unde goe a gumen and is hence glossed ‘applica i e’
16I ni mi was ‘2pl>1pl.ex’ he p ohibi i e ma ke uwa would be expec ed.
17No all elemen s a e a es ed oge he bu his is he mos likely o de ing based on he da a.
18See Hol on (2008) o he impac o lexical aspec on he indexing sys em o No h Halmahe a
languages.
40
5.5 Fu he g amma ical elemen s p eceding he e b
(appl). dV- occu s wi h in ansi i e e bs19 when hey go e n an objec (see ex-
amples in (17)).
(17) a. ami
3sg. .poss
baili
ga den
mo
3sg. .a
da-apu’u
appl-pull.ou
‘she weeded he ga den’ [D.19]
b. de
conn
mo
3sg. .a
da-hano
appl-ask
ma mi
nm:3sg. .poss
bia a
bia a
‘and she asked o he bia a’ [G.13]
I dV- is ma ked on a ansi i e e b, i s unde goe index e e s o an indi ec
objec – a goal in (18a) and a bene icia y in (18b) – no he di ec objec (see
Sec ion 5.13.3.1).
(18) a. de
conn
ma
nm
eha
mo he
mo
3sg. .a
mau
wan
mi
3sg. >3sg.m
di-oma-li
appl- e u n-again
‘and he mo he wan ed o e u n o him’ [A.12]
b. de
conn
ami
3sg. .poss
huhu
b eas
ma
nm
hongona
hal
mi
3sg. >3sg.m
do- owi
appl-b eak
‘and she b oke o hal o he b eas o him’ [G.53]
In con as o causa i e hi- and middle ma,dV- pa icipa es in eduplica-
ion, o example in yo ma hi-du∼du- uumo ‘3hpl.a mid caus- dpl∼appl-
? ollow.wi h. a ’ [B.75] whe e he eduplica ed syllable /du/ is he applica i e
p e ix.
5.5.2 Causa i e: hi-
The p e ix hi- seems o be a kind o causa i e ma ke (caus) whose main unc ion
is o open an addi ional slo o an ac o a gumen . This a gumen does no need
o be a cause hough since hi- also unc ions as a e balize . In he example in
(19) whe e he loanwo d bunga ‘ lowe ’ is used in he meaning ‘ o blossom’.
(19) i
3nh.a
hi-bunga
caus- lowe
o
nm
moha,
sa ong
o
nm
papago,
k.o.clo hing
o
nm
haana,
pan s
o
nm
baju
k.o.shi
‘i blossomed sa ongs, whi e shi s, pan s, bajus’ [G.64]
19In ansi i e e bs a e he e de ined as e bs ha occu wi h only an ac o index. I make no
claims abou he in insic alency o hese e bs.
41
5 G amma ical o e iew
Mos ly, hi- occu s in p o o ypical causa i e si ua ions, ma king ha he e e -
en o he ac o index is he cause (20). The causee can op ionally be exp essed
by he unde goe index (20b).
(20) a. yo
3hpl.a
hi-ie
caus-di .up
‘ hey b ough [ hem] up’ (li . ‘ hey made [ hem] go up’) [E.100, E.130]
b. mi
3sg. .u
hi-balene
caus-emba k
o
nm
ngoo il-u’u
p oa-di .down
‘ hey loaded he in o he p oa’ (li . ‘ hey made he emba k in he
p oa’) [B.59]
The causee can be an ins umen (21).
(21) de
conn
ami
3sg. .poss
bebeo o
kni e
mo
3sg. .a
hi-legono
caus-ca ch
‘and she caugh [i ] wi h he kni e’ (li . ‘she made he kni e ca ch [i ]’)
[F.124]
5.5.3 Middle: ma
The mo pheme ma akes he slo o he unde goe index and is incompa ible
wi h i . I s basic unc ion is o signal ha he ac o is also he unde goe o he
e b. This includes e lexi e si ua ions bu hey a e a e in he da a. Ma also
is pa o ecip ocal ma king (see Sec ion 5.5.4). I gloss ma as a middle ma ke
(mid), ollowing Bah (2021) in calling he sync e ism o e lexi e and ecip ocal
‘middle’. Examples include g ooming (22a) and ansla ional mo ion e bs (22b),
which commonly occu wi h middle ma ke s c oss-linguis ically (see Kemme
1993).
(22) a. gena-’a-de
dis :p o.3nh-loc -conn
yo
3hpl.a
ma
mid
ohi’i
ba he
‘ hen hey wen ba hing’ [A.44]
b. mu
3sg. .a
ma
mid
po∼poli ana
dpl∼ un
ma
3sg. >3nh
iha
di .land
‘she an landwa ds’ [F.58]
While ma p ecludes he occu ence o an unde goe index, di ec objec s some-
imes occu in he o m o noun ph ases (23).
42
5.5 Fu he g amma ical elemen s p eceding he e b
(23) o
nm
dodo o
younge .sibling
ami
3sg. .poss
baba ihi
b oom
a
oc
mu
3sg. .a
ma
mid
gaha
ake
‘ he younges ook he b oom wi h he ’ [A.87]
Some imes he e b acqui es a passi e-like eading.20
(24) ho
hus
manga
3hpl.poss
damunu,
d um
de
conn
manga
3hpl.poss
liwanga
gong
a
oc
i
3nh.a
ma
mid
hididio au
bea
‘so hei d ums and hei gongs [we e] bea en’ [D.88]
5.5.4 Recip ocal: ma- ’a
The e a e wo a es a ions o he middle ma ke ma- ollow by he plu ac ion-
ali y mo pheme ’a in he ex s. In combina ion, hese wo mo phemes ha e a
ecip ocal unc ion (25). The mo pheme ’o- can be inse ed be ween ma and ’a
(see Sec ion 5.5.5).
(25) a. o
nm
Cina
China
ma
nm
nyawa
pe son
de
conn
o
nm
Papua-’a
Papua-loc
ma
nm
nyawa
pe son
yo
3hpl.a
ma-’a
mid- pl
pa anga
igh
‘ he Chinese and he Papuans igh each o he ’ [J.14]
b. de
conn
a
oc
yo
3hpl.a
ma-’a
mid- pl
ili’u -ou
u n.back-al eady
‘and hey u ned hei backs o each o he ’ [E.35]
5.5.5 O he Mo phemes
A p e ix a- is a es ed se e al imes be ween he oo and he causa i e p e ix
hi- (26). These a e p obably ins ances o he mo pheme ’a also ound in ecip o-
cal si ua ions (see Sec ion 5.5.4). Based on he e idence om o he Co e No h
Halmahe a languages, I analyze pcnh *ka ( om which Modole ’a is de i ed) as
a ma ke o plu ac ionali y (glossed pl o ‘ e bal plu al’). In Taba u, he cog-
na e p e ix ka (wi hou ma) exp esses ha se e al objec s a e a ached o each
o he (Fo gens 1928: 379). This unc ion is ound in examples (26b) and (26c).
Plu ac ionali y may be he unc ion o ’a in (26a).
20Re lexi e- ecip ocal-passi e sync e ism also alls unde Bah ’s (2021) middle sync e ism.
43
5 G amma ical o e iew
(37) a. ma
nm
wali-ie
doo -di .up
ena
p o.3nh
ona
p o.3hpl
do’a
loc
ena-u
p o.3nh- oc
‘? hey [came] up o he doo ’ [C.41]
b. ho
hus
ma
nm
aunu
blood
ami
3sg. .poss
giam-u’u
hand-di .down
‘so blood [d ipped] down on he hand’ [F.125]
c. ena
p o.3nh
ma
nm
heleo-iha
s one-di .land
o
nm
wo’a
house
o
nm
u u
class
moi
one
‘ he e [on] he landwa d s ones was one house’ [G.49]
d. de
conn
ma moi
once
ma
nm
be e’i
old.pe son
mo
3sg. .a
agi
go
ami
3sg. .poss
bail-i’a
ga den-di .i
‘and once he old woman wen o he ga den’ [D.18]
e. de
conn
ma
nm
holoibi
hummingbi d
ami
3sg. .poss
hae’-ino
head-di . en
i
3nh.a
boa
come
‘and a hummingbi d came he e o he head’ [F.124]
Di ec ion can be exp essed bo h on he noun and as a di ec ed mo ion e b
wi hin he same clause (38). No ice ha he goal ad e bial o a’el-u’u ‘down he
wa e ’ is ma ked wi h -u’u ins ead o -o’a and p ecedes he e b ins ead o ol-
lowing i .
(38) de
conn
o
nm
a’el-u’u
wa e -di .down
yo
3hpl.a
u i-o’u
descend-di .down
‘and hey descended in o he wa e ’ [E.115]
5.7.2 Loca ionals
Loca ionals deno e places in ou di ec ions (a sea, on he land side, e c.) and
mos ly unc ion as ad e bs. The o hog aphy o he ex s does no always dis-
inguish be ween he down loca ional dau (< pcnh *dahu) and he up loca ional
da’u (< pcnh *daku). In he example in (39) bo h a e spelled dau.
(39) awi
3sg.m.poss
ilingi
ee h
ma
nm
dau-ie
loc.up-di .up
o
nm
hala’a,
sil e
dau-u’u
loc.down-di .down
o
nm
gu ahi
gold
‘his uppe ee h (we e) sil e and his lowe (we e) gold’ [B.83]
50
5.7 Di ec ionals and Loca ionals
The o m daue occu s se e al imes in S o y 4 ([D.63,67,70,73,76,80,84]). I do
no know wha he unc ion o his o m is in compa ison o he down loca ional
dau bu no ice ha Galela ea u es p oxima e loca ionals wi h inal /e/ (Shelden
1991: 148,150) and ha daue is ansla ed as ‘hie beneden’ (‘down he e’) in Ellen’s
(1916b) Modole wo dlis . The o m dauwe ha occu s in [B.68] may be a spelling
a ian o daue.
Ba e loca ionals unc ion as ad e bials (see examples in (40)).29
(40) a. de
conn
da’u
loc.up
ma
nm
ubu∼ ubu-o’a-u
op∼ op-loc - oc
de
conn
o
nm
bo ua
ches
moi
one
i
3nh.a
hidel-u’u
hang-di .down
‘and om up a he op hung down a ches ’ [G.69]
b. dau
loc.down
manga
3hpl.poss
bai i
g a e
ma
nm
doda’a
inside
’a
oc
yo
3hpl.a
ma
mid
bangiheli
lu e
‘down inside hei g a e hey played he lu e’ [I.26]
c. dai
loc.sea
o
nm
a’el-o’a
wa e -loc
mi
1pl.ex.a
ma
mid
guguule
play
ho
hus
‘seawa ds by he wa e we (ex.) will play’ [F.81]
d. do’a
loc
manga
3hpl.poss
ngi-o’a
place-loc
yo
3hpl.a
a ababu
na i e. iolin
‘ he e a hei place hey we e playing he iolin’ [C.38]
The e a e wo examples o loca ionals ollowed by he hi d pe son non-human
p onoun ena in adnominal unc ion (41). This is eminiscen o he demons a-
i es ge-ena and ne-ena (see Sec ion 5.10.2). Indeed, dau ena unc ions as a ad-
nominal demons a i e in (41a). The unc ion o do’a ena-u in (41b) is unclea .
(41) a. o
nm
gogunane
an
dau
loc.down
ena
p o.3nh
ai
1sg.poss
pihanga
banana
ya
3hpl>3nh
odo∼odomo
dpl∼ea
‘ he an s down he e a e ea ing my bananas’ [D.8]
b. ma
nm
wali-ie
doo -di .up
ena
p o.3nh
ona
p o.3hpl
do’a
loc
ena-u
p o.3nh- oc
‘? hey [came] up o he doo ’ [C.41]
29The landwa ds loca ional dina is no a es ed in his unc ion in he ex s.
51
5 G amma ical o e iew
5.7.3 Combina ions o loca ionals and di ec ionals
Di ec ionals can be su ixed o loca ionals o o m complex demons a i es (42)
and ad e bials (43).
(42) a. awi
3sg.m.poss
ilingi
oo h
ma
nm
dau-ie
loc.up-di .up
o
nm
hala’a
sil e
‘his uppe ee h (we e) sil e ’ [B.83]
b. dau-u’u
loc.down-di .down
o
nm
gu ahi
gold
‘ he lowe [ ee h] we e gold’ [B.83]
(43) a. dau-ie
loc.up-di .up
yo
3hpl.a
i
3hpl.u
hi-duba
caus- all
‘ om abo e hey ell’ [D.55]
b. ena
p o.3nh
dau-ie
loc.up-di .up
yo
3hpl.a
u u’u
a i e
‘when hey a i ed upwa ds’ [E.73]
c. dina-o’o
loc.land-di .sea
‘[we’ e come] om he land seawa ds’ [F.145]
In a numbe o examples (44), loca ionals and di ec ionals a e sepa a ed by
<ng> (glossed n). These may be mu a ed o ms o he di ec ionals (see Sec-
ion 5.2.1). Thei unc ion is unclea .30
(44) a. ’o-ne
emph-p ox
ani
2sg.poss
’o’a a
man
dae-ngo’o
loc.sea-n:di .down
wo
3sg.m.a
u i
descend
ja’o
na u e
ma
nm
weha a
ugly
‘like his you (sg.) husband ?[shall] descend seawa ds [wi h] his ugly
appea ance’ [F.10]
b. abei’a
well
dauwe-ngo’o
loc.down-n:di .sea
mi
1pl.ex.a
ma
mid
hi-dudu uumo
caus- ake.a. a
‘?come, [le ]’s (ex.) ollow he i e wi h a a down o he sea’ [B.68]
30Acco ding o Yoshida (1980: 41), hese o ms a e p oxima e in Taba u (bu see Taylo 1984: 104).
52
5.7 Di ec ionals and Loca ionals
c. ma
nm
dodoao
a e
ena
p o.3nh
dai-ngiha
loc.sea-n:di .land
manga
3hpl.poss
hide e
sail
’a
oc
i
3nh.a
ho i∼ho i
nea
‘and ollowing ha hei sail came close and close landwa ds om
he sea’ [F.101]
d. ma
bu
ma
nm
heli
spou
de
conn
o
nm
upa upaha
bamboo.join
ho
hus
o
emph
doa-ngu’u
loc -n:di .down
aha
as.a.consequence
i- ubu’u
3nh.a- op:di .down
‘bu he spou [he le ] h ough a bamboo join and so i d ipped down
a away’ [F.117–118]
5.7.4 Tempo al usage o di ec ionals
In combina ion wi h ce ain nouns and e bs, en i e and i i e di ec ionals ino
and i’a o m empo al ad e bials. I’a is a es ed wi h his unc ion in isola ion.
These o ms se e o shi he na a i e ime o a poin a e he p e ious e en s.
Ino is amply a es ed wi h duanga ‘ inish’. Duangino p eceded by he ela ional
noun ma ke ma o he hi d pe son non-human ac o index imeans ‘a e wa ds’
o ‘a e ha ’ (see examples in (45)).
(45) a. de
conn
yo
3hpl.a
odomo
ea
ma
nm
duang-ino
inish-di . en
i
3nh.a
wu u-oau
nigh -pe
‘and a e hey had ea en, i had become nigh ’ [E.52]
b. de
conn
yo
3hpl.a
odomo;
ea
ho
hus
i
3nh.a
duang-ino
inish-di . en
de
conn
wo
3sg.m.a
agi
go
o
nm
’aho
dog
wo
3sg.m.a
aho’o
call
‘and hey a e; and a e ha he wen [and] called he dogs’ [F.73–74]
In isola ion, i’a means ‘ hen, la e ’ (46).
(46) de
conn
mi
3sg. >3sg.m
hi-huhu-oa-hi
caus-b eas -lim-s ill
ma
nm
bilanga;
sis e
i’a
di .i
’o-geena
emph-dis :p o.3nh
awi
3sg.m.poss
ngomaha
h oa
i
3nh.a
dudungu
d y
‘and she, he sis e , nu sed him i s ; la e his h oa was d y [again]’
[G.46–47]
53
5 G amma ical o e iew
F equen ly, i’a is combined wi h ogumu ‘ inish’ o mean ‘a e ha ’ (47).
(47) ma
bu
a
oc
mo
3sg. .a
olu’u;
e use
i
3nh.a
ogum-ia-de
inish-di .i -conn
wo
3sg.m.a
u i-ou
descend-al eady
‘bu she e used, a e ha he descended’ [B.31–32]
5.8 O he su ixes
This sec ion deals wi h a numbe o su ixes ha occu wi h e bs, nouns
and o he pa s o speech bu ha do no belong o he spa ial domain:31 ‘Al-
eady’/Focus -ou, Limi a i e -o’a, Pe ec -o’au,-ohi ‘s ill, i s ’ and -oli ‘again,
oo’. All hese su ixes sha e a simila phonological o m and o en lose hei
ini ial <o> when a ached o a hos .
In combina ion wi h he he nega o -ua,-ua-ou means ‘no anymo e’ (li . ‘al-
eady no ’) and -ua-ohi means ‘no ye ’ (li . ‘s ill no ’). In his way, Modole shows
ea u es o a phasal pola i y sys em (see K ame 2017).
5.8.1 ‘S ill, i s ’: -ohi
The su ix -ohi (also spelled <hi> and <ahi>) usually means ‘s ill’ (48a) bu can
also mean ‘ i s ’, especially in impe a i e con ex s (48b).32 I always gloss -ohi as
s ill.
(48) a. gena-’a
dis :p o.3nh-loc
de
conn
yo
3hpl.a
agi
go
ho
hus
o
nm
de’u
moun ain
umudingi
se en
de
conn
o
nm
ngaili
i e
umudingi
se en
ya
3nh>3nh
paha,
lea e
ma
bu
a
oc
yo
3hpl.a
ihen-ohi
hea -s ill
wo
3sg.m.a
ali
c y
‘ hen hey wen , o e se en hills and se en i e s hey le , bu hey
s ill hea d him c y’ [A.10–11]
31No e ha I use ‘su ix’ o elemen s ha a e w i en conjoined wi h he p eceding wo d.
32The co-lexi ica ion o ‘s ill’ and ‘ i s ’ is e y common c oss-linguis ically, see Pe sohn (2024:
112).
54
5.8 O he su ixes
b. na’o
cond
no
2sg.a
i
1sg.u
modo’a-de,
ma y-conn
halingou
necessa y
ani
2sg.poss
halalomu
sla e
moi
one
o
1sg.a
wi
3sg.m.u
opo’o-ahi
s ab-s ill
‘i you (sg.) wan o ma y me, I i s mus s ab one o you (sg.) sla es
[dead]’ [B.75]
In one example, -ohi means ‘mo e’ (49; compa e Du ch ‘Kom, nog (‘s ill’) wa
landwaa s’).
(49) abei’a
well
iha-hi
di .land-s ill
‘come, a li le bi mo e landwa ds’ [B.57]
In combina ion wi h a pe sonal p onoun, -ohi is a es ed in he meaning ‘ i s ’
(50).
(50) de
conn
muna-hi
p o.3sg. -s ill
mu
3sg. .a
ma
mid
gowo
wash.hai .wi h.coconu .milk
‘and she i s washed and oiled he hai ’ [F.20]
5.8.2 ‘No ye ’ -ua-ohi
The nega o -ua and -ohi combined exp ess ‘no ye ’. The e is no example o his
combina ion ma ked on a e b. Toge he wi h he empha ic ma ke ’o ,-ua-ohi
o ms an independen exclama ion ‘no ye !’ (51).
(51) o-ua-hi
emph-neg-s ill
o
emph
a
1sg>3nh
bo -ua-hi
inish-neg-s ill
‘no ye , I’m no ye done wi h i ’ [D.22]
The su ix -hi is once a es ed wi h he p ohibi i e uwa, also meaning ‘no ye ’.
(52) be e’i
old.pe son
uwa-hi
p oh-s ill
mia
1pl.ex.poss
ngagoo ili
p oa
mio
1pl.ex.a
diai-ohi
inish-s ill
ho
hus
‘old woman, no ye , we (ex.) a e s ill making ou (ex.) p oa’ [F.88]
55
5 G amma ical o e iew
5.8.3 ‘Al eady’ and ocus: -ou
The analysis o -ou (also spelled <u>, <o> and <au>) is di icul .33
When ma ked on e bs, -ou exp esses an e io i y (bu no comple ion) o
e en s, especially in a se ies o e en s; and i con eys a p ospec i e eading, espe-
cially in di ec speech. These wo, seemingly con a y, unc ions a e commonly
ound exp essed by he same ma ke s in languages o Sou heas Asia and Indone-
sia (Olsson 2013). I gloss -ou as al eady. I p o ide a mo e ex ensi e discussion
o i s unc ions below. Wi h nouns, -ou unc ions as a ocus ma ke (glossed oc.
The unc ional di e ence o -ou ma ked on e bs and nouns may go back o he
same unc ion in an ea lie s age o he language bu I keep hem apa synch on-
ically.
O en, -ou occu s on e bs ma king a se ies o e en s building up on each o he .
I hen exp esses an e io i y o p e ious e en s. In he example in (53), he i s
e en ( he king i ing a cannon) is ma ked wi h -ou (53a) while he nex e en
( he olde sis e s e u ning) is no (53b). The e en o he olde sis e s’ e u n is
exp essed again in a ail-head-linkage–like cons uc ion bu his ime he e b
lio ‘ e u n’ is ma ked wi h -ou (53c). The nex e en ( he old woman asking) is
again no ma ked wi h -ou (53d). As in his example, he las e en in he e en
se ies commonly in oduces di ec speech, i.e. emo ‘say, speak’.
(53) a. ena
p o.3nh
ma
nm
’oana
king
o
nm
hupe a
cannon
wo
3sg.m.a
u’u-au
i e-al eady
‘ hen he king i ed a cannon’ [E.91]
b. de
conn
ona
p o.3hpl
ma
nm
lia’a
olde .sibling
yo
3hpl.a
lio
e u n
‘and hey, he olde sis e s, e u ned’ [E.92]
c. ona
p o.3hpl
ma
nm
a
oc
lio-au
e u n-al eady
‘ hey had e u ned’ [E.93]
d. De
conn
ma
nm
be e’i
old.pe son
mo
3sg. .a
emo
say
‘And he old woman said’ [E.94]
33My a emp s o shed ligh on he unc ion o -ou in he ex s wi h he help o a Modole na i e
speake p o ed unsuccess ul since i s usage has changed a lo in he pas 100 yea s. Fo he
mode n speake , -ou is only a p ospec i e ma ke ha ansla es Indonesian hampi ‘almos ’.
I appa en ly no longe occu s in any o he o he e bal unc ions discussed he e.
56
5.8 O he su ixes
Howe e , -ou does no always ma k an e io i y. In one example, displayed in
(54), wo agiou ‘he wen ’ is p eceded by de wak u ‘when’, exp essing simul anei y
o e en s. Analyzing -ou as an an e io i y ma ke is hence no app op ia e.
(54) de
conn
wak u
ime
wo
3sg.m.a
agi-ou
go-al eady
ma
nm
lia’a
olde .sibling
wa
3sg.m>3nh
hoana
? ake.away
ma
nm
dodo o
younge .sibling
awi
3sg.m.poss
ali~ali
ing
‘and when he olde b o he wen , he ook away he ings o he younge
one’ [H.38]
The su ix -ou can exp ess comple ion (55) bu i does no en ail i . In he ex-
ample in (56), he e en exp essed by he e b ma ked wi h -ou,wi omangou ‘he
woke him up’, ails and is hence uncomple ed. The e o e, -ou canno be analyzed
as a pe ec i e ma ke .
(55) be e’i,
old.pe son
’aano
a.momen .ago
neena
p ox:p o.3nh
mia
1pl.ex>3nh
iha
di .land
de
conn
yo
3hpl.a
a i
weed
a
oc
ma moi
once
de
conn
a
oc
i
3nh.a
ma
mid
hi-dapa -ou
caus-?open-al eady
‘old man, a momen ago we (ex.) wen landwa ds and hey weeded and a
once i was done’ [D.32–33]
(56) ’o-ne
emph-p ox
ma
nm
lia’a
olde .sibling
wi
3sgm>3sgm
omang-ou
wake.up-al eady
ma
nm
dodo o,
younge .sibling
ma
bu
wo
3sg.m.a
maoa
wake.up:neg
‘so he olde b o he woke up he younge one, bu he did no wake up’
[H.36]
In o he examples s ill, -ou has a p ospec i e eading (57). In he example, he
olde b o he p oposes o his younge b o he ha hey should e u n home bu
he younge b o he does no end up doing so. The p ospec i e unc ion o -ou
is only ound in di ec speech while he an e io i y unc ion is p esen bo h in
na a ion and di ec speech.
(57) de
conn
ma
nm
lia’a
olde .sibling
wo
3sg.m.a
emo:
say
“na
2sg>3nh
inou
di . en:al eady
po
1pl.in
liou.”
e u n:al eady
‘and he olde one said: “Come he e, [le ]’s (in.) e u n!” ’ [E.33]
57
5 G amma ical o e iew
When occu ing on nouns and p onouns, -ou seems o ma k ocus (58a). Some-
imes, e bs ma ked wi h -ou a e in ocus as well (58b). Howe e , he e a e lo s
o examples o e bs in ocus wi hou -ou (see [B.40–41]).
(58) a. na’o
cond
o
emph
geena
dis :p o.3nh
de
conn
ngoi-ou
p o.1sg- oc
‘i ha ’s he case, i ’s me’ [E.156]
b. na’o
cond
no
2sg.a
wi
3sg.m.u
dioma-hi
e u n-s ill
de
conn
ngoi
p o.1sg
o
1sg.a
hila-u
i s -al eady
‘i you (sg.) e u n o him, hen I will [go] o wa d’ [A.14]
5.8.4 ‘Anymo e’: -ua-ou
Pa allel o ‘no ye ’, which is o med as he nega ion o -ohi ‘s ill’, ‘anymo e’ is
exp essed by he nega ion o -ou (59). The po man eau su ix is usually spelled
<wau>.
(59) a. gena-’a-de
dis :ap o.3nh-loc -conn
mi
3sg. >3sg.m
’ula,
gi e
ho
hus
o
emph
wo
3sg.m.a
ali-wau
c y-neg:al eady
‘ hen she ga e [i ] o him, so ha he wouldn’ c y anymo e’ [G.10–11]
b. ma
bu
ma
3sg. >3nh
ino,
di . en
ena
p o.3nh
ma mi
nm:3sg. .poss
pihanga
banana
o
nm
u u
bunch
moi
one
’oiwa-u
neg.exis -al eady
‘bu she wen he e, and o he bananas one bunch was no he e
anymo e’ [H.59]
5.8.5 Limi a i e: -o’a
The unc ion o -o’a (also spelled <oa> and <’a>) is as di icul o disce n as ha
o -ou. I gloss -o’a as Limi a i e (lim). I is somewha simila in unc ion o -ou
and bo h ma ke s a e some imes ansla ed as ‘al eady’.34
In con as o -ou,-o’a does no occu in e en se ies. I equen ly occu s
wi h s a es (‘sleep’; see (60)) o achie emen s leading o s a es (‘close’, ‘hide’; see
34In he No h Halmahe a languages Galela, Tobelo and Loloda, -oka, cogna e o -o’a means
‘al eady’ while no cogna es o -ou a e ound. Pagu and Taba u, on he o he hand, ha e bo h
-oka and -ou.
58
5.8 O he su ixes
(61)). Maybe -o’a ma ks he onse o such e en s and hei subsequen du a ion,
hence he e m Limi a i e. The example in (61b) also shows ha -o’a can ha e a
p ospec i e eading.
(60) ’ano
a.momen .ago
o
1sg.a
nihu’u-o’a
sleep-lim
de
conn
o
nm
iba
bamboo
mo
3sg. .a
obi’i
hack
de
conn
o
nm
goda
k.o.spi i
mi
3sg. .u
hai i-au
seize-al eady
‘jus now I was sleeping and and she chopped bamboo and he goda spi i
seized he ’ [C.28–29]
(61) a. de
conn
una
p o.3sg.m
ma
nm
doguulu
young.man
u
3sg.m.a
ma
mid
iun-o’a
hide-lim
o
nm
manu u
jasmine
ma
nm
goa-’a
?lowe .pa -loc
‘and he, he young man, hid unde a jasmine [bush]’ [E.86]
b. wo
3sg.m.a
emo:
say
“no
2sg.a
ma
mid
uwu -o’a,”
close.eyes-lim
de
conn
mu
3sg. .a
ma
mid
uwu -o’a
close-lim
‘[and] he said: “close you (sg.) eyes,” and she closed he eyes’
[F.22–24]
5.8.6 Pe ec : -o’au
The su ixes -o’a and -ou can be combined. The po man eau su ix is spelled
<o’au> o <oau> and glossed pe . I con eys a pe ec meaning, i.e. “ he con-
inuing p esen ele ance o a pas si ua ion” (Com ie 1976: 52); see examples in
(62).
(62) a. de
conn
na’o
cond
wo
3sg.m.a
lamo’-o’au,
big-pe
ma moi
once
wo
3sg.m.a
hupu-o
exi -al eady
o
nm
a’ele
wa e
I io
I io
‘and when he had g own up, he once le he I io i e ’ [A.16]
b. de
conn
yo
3hpl.a
odomo
ea
ma
nm
duang-ino
inish-di . en
i
3nh.a
wu u-oau
nigh -pe
ho
hus
yo
3hpl.a
ma
mid
idu
sleep
‘and a e hey had ea en, i had become nigh , so hey slep ’ [E.52–53]
59
5 G amma ical o e iew
Table 5.10: Modole demons a i es
nominal ad e bial p edica i e exis .
adn. p on. loc. emp. manne p es. iden .
ne,ge,
neena
ge ne,ge,
geena
(+o’a)
ne,
geena
+o’a +
de
’one,
’oneena,
’ogeena
neena,
geena,
be-
neena,
begeena,
na ne
neena,
geena
naga,
nage
Abb e ia ions: adn. = adnominal, p on. = p onominal, loc. = loca ional, p es. = p esen a i e
iden . = iden i ie , exis . = exis en ial, emp. = empo al
(78) ona
p o.3hpl
ge
dis
ya
3nh>3nh
umudingi
se en
yo
3hpl.a
hila
i s
‘and hey, hose se en, [wen ] i s ’ [B.70]
Ge is also a es ed in p onominal unc ion (79).
(79) a
oc
ge
dis
mo
3sg. .a
u∼ uulu
dpl∼ ollow
‘ he one ha ollows’ [E.71]
Ne and ge also unc ion as loca ionals (80) and empo al ad e bs (81), i.e. ne
means ‘he e’ and ‘now’ and ge ‘ he e’ and ‘ hen’.35
(80) a. apu,
g andmo he
po
1pl.in.a
wi
3sg.m.u
ila
push
ne
p ox
o
nm
hum-u’u
well-di .down
‘g andmo he ! [le ]’s (in.) push him he e down he well’ [A.46]
b. de
conn
ge
dis
ma
nm
’oana
king
awi
3sg.m.poss
we’a a
wi e
yo
3hpl.a
ngamo
ang y
‘and he e he wi es o he king we e ang y’ [B.61]
(81) de
conn
ne
p ox
ma
nm
we’a a
wi e
mo
3sg. .a
emo
say
‘and now he wi e said’ [F.63]
35The e is no clea example o ge as a empo al ad e b. In mos cases, bo h a empo al and a
loca ional in e p e a ion is possible.
66
5.10 Demons a i es
Ge and ne can hen be combined wi h a numbe o o he elemen s which will
be in oduced in he ollowing sec ions. Like all pa s o speech, hey can also be
ma ked wi h -ou. Some imes, ge- o ms a e su ixed wi h he connec o de. Fo ms
based on ge a e mo e equen and a ied in he co pus.
5.10.2 Neena and geena
Ne and ge can be combined wi h he hi d pe son non-human p onoun ena, yield-
ing neena (also spelled <nena>) and geena (also spelled <gena>). The e appea s
o be no clea -cu unc ional di e ence be ween he o ms wi h and wi hou ena.
Neena equen ly occu s in adnominal unc ion (82) and geena is a es ed once
as a loca ional ad e b (83).
(82) a. ai
1sg.poss
pihanga
banana
neena
p ox:p o.3nh
o’ia
wha
ya
3nh>3nh
odomo?
ea
‘ hese bananas o mine, who has ea en hem?’ [D.3]
b. ngona
p o.2sg
neena
p ox:p o.3nh
o’ia-’a
wha -loc
ngona
p o.2sg
de
conn
na
2sg>3nh
ino?
di . en
‘you (sg.) he e, whe e a e you (sg.) coming om?’ [A.23]
(83) de
conn
gena
dis :p o.3nh
mu
3sg. .a
ma
mid
idu
lie
‘and he e she slep ’ [B.52]
In con as o ne and ge,neena and geena also unc ion as p edica i e demon-
s a i es. In he examples in (84), hey se e as p esen a i e demons a i es ha
“help o ganize he empo al low o discou se” (Killian 2022: 19).
(84) a. ho
hus
na’o
cond
una
p o.3sg.m
wo
3sgm.A
hawu,
climb
geena
dis :p o.3nh
muna
p o.3sg.
mo
3sg. .a
u i
descend
‘so when he climbed (a moun ain), hen she descended’ [B.43]
b. neena
p ox:p o.3nh
nia
2>3nh
u’u
di .down
nio
2pl.a
hi-a ubele
caus-p o oke
o
nm
hepa∼hepa
dpl∼kick
‘now you (pl.) go down o play ball’ [A.57]
67
5 G amma ical o e iew
In (85), neena and geena se e as demons a i e iden i ie s (see Killian 2022:
20).36
(85) a. o
nm
ngo’u
o es .pigeon
i
3nh.a
angi,
pe ch
o
nm
wogono
c ow
i
3nh.a
hoho,
ly
geena
dis :p o.3nh
o’ia?
wha
‘ he [whi e] o es pigeon si s down, he [black] c ow lies [away],
wha ’s ha ?’ [J.10]
b. neena
p ox:p o.3nh
o
poss.hum
ngona
p o.2sg
ani
2sg.poss
lagudi
legundi
ma
nm
howo’o?
ui
‘a e hese you (sg.) legundi ui s?’ [A.94]
5.10.3 ’one and ’ogeena
Ne (86) and geena (87) can be p e ixed wi h o be p eceded by he elemen ’o o
o m manne ad e bs (Dixon 2003) meaning ‘like his, in his way’ and ‘like ha ,
in ha way’.
(86) a. uwa-u!
p oh- oc
’o-ne
emph-p ox
ani
2sg.poss
dea
a he
de
conn
ani
2sg.poss
eha
mo he
ni
2sg.u
ngamo-ho
ang y- hus
‘don’ do ha ! Because hen (= like his) you (sg.) a he and you
(sg.) mo he will be ang y wi h you (sg.)’ [B.38]
b. ole,
sis e
ho
hus
’o-ne
emph-p ox
awi
3sg.m.poss
’iau
pa
wa
3sg.m.a
gowo
wash.wi h.coconu
‘sis e , so like his wha pa o him [shall] he wash and oil’ [F.16]
(87) a. na’o
cond
o
emph
geena
dis :p o.3nh
de
conn
ngoi-ou
p o.1sg- oc
nia
2pl.poss
dea
a he
‘i ha ’s he case, I am you (pl.) a he ’ [F.165]
36Acco ding o Killian (2022), demons a i e iden i ie s bu no p esen a i e demons a i es can
answe o ask he ques ion ‘Wha is ha ?’. I conside he ques ion in (85b) as an answe o his
ques ion since i is o mally iden ical o he decla a i e clause ‘These a e you legundi ui s’.
68
5.10 Demons a i es
b. ma
nm
lia’a
olde .sibling
awi
3sg.m.poss
baju
shi
u
3sg.m.a
ma
mid
nani
laye
umuding-i’a,
se en-di .i
awi
3sg.m.poss
haana
pan s
ma
nm
’o-geena
emph-dis :p o.3nh
‘ he olde b o he [wo e] se en laye s o shi s [and] his pan s [we e]
like ha ’ [H.42–43]
5.10.4 Beneena and begeena
Neena and geena can also be p e ixed wi h be-. These o ms unc ion as p esen-
a i e p edica i e demons a i es (see Killian 2022: 14).
(88) a. be-neena
?he e-p ox:p o.3nh
’a
oc
o
nm
holaibi
hummingbi d
ma
nm
aunu
blood
‘he e, [i ] is jus he blood o he hummingbi d’ [F.126]
b. be-geena
?he e-dis :p o.3nh
’a
oc
o
nm
u’u
i e
bobi ino,
bu ned.objec ,
de
conn
o
nm
puni i
coconu .husk
‘he e a e only cha coal and coconu ba k’ [F.53]
5.10.5 Na ne,naga and nage
In one ins ance (89), ne occu s a e na, meaning ‘now’. This is p esumably also
a p esen a ional p edica i e demons a i e.
(89) na
?he e
ne
p ox
ma
nm
anu
mod
ani
2sg.poss
we’a a
wi e
ma
nm
ya
3nh>3nh
u umiding-o’a
se en-loc
‘now you (sg.) wi es su ely numbe se en al eady’ [B.63]
Na po en ially also o ms pa o he wo exis en ials naga and nage. The la e
some imes seem o unc ion as an adnominal demon a i e (90).
(90) o
nm
igono
coconu
nage
exis .p ox
no
2sg.a
na
1pl.in.u
du-puni i
appl-coconu .husk
‘s ip his coconu o i s husk o us (in.)’ [F.14]
69
5 G amma ical o e iew
5.10.6 Geena’a
Geena is o en su ixed wi h -o’a meaning ‘ he e’, o ‘ hen’ in combina ion wi h
de.37
(91) a. gena-’a
dis :p o.3nh-loc
de
conn
yo
3hpl.a
agi
go
ho
hus
o
nm
de’u
moun ain
umudingi
se en
de
conn
o
nm
ngaili
i e
umudingi
se en
ya
3nh>3nh
paha
lea e
‘ hen hey wen , o e se en hills and se en i e s hey le ’ [A.10]
b. ma
bu
a
oc
wi
3sg.m.u
dioma-ali
e u n-again
gena-’a
dis :p o.3nh-loc
‘bu hey e u ned o him again o e he e’ [A.8]
5.10.7 Geena plus loca ionals
Geena can be combined wi h loca ionals and hen exp esses ‘ he e in he di ec-
ion designa ed by he loca ional’ (92). In (92b), geena is ma ked wi h he loca i e
-o’a. The o m gena’adau(de) (ge-ena-o’a-dau-de) se es as a empo al ad e bial
meaning ‘ hen’.
(92) a. ge-da’u
dis -loc.up
ma
nm
inomo
ood
o
1sg.a
wi
3sgm.u
’ula
gi e
‘ he ood up he e I ga e o him’ [G.23]
b. de
conn
genaa-dau
dis :p o.3nh:loc -loc.down
de
conn
yo
3hpl.a
ma
mid
ogumu
s op
‘and he e hey [bo h] s opped’ [E.27]
5.10.8 Ge plus di ec ionals
Ge is once combined wi h a di ec ional p e ixed wi h ng- (93). The complex o m
unc ions as a p onominal.
(93) ’aano
a.momen .ago
ge-ngu’u
dis -n:di .down
umudingi
se en
‘a momen ago, hese se en down he e’ [E.70]
37The seman ic dis inc ion be ween geena’a and geena’a de was con ibu ed by a na i e speake .
70
5.11 Possession
5.11 Possession
In Modole, he possessi e ph ase ollows he s ic o de [possesso –possessed].
The possesso is exp essed by a possessi e ma ked o pe son and gende and
op ionally a noun ph ase.
5.11.1 Possessi es
Possessi es dis inguish he same pe son-numbe combina ions as ac o and un-
de goe indices. They a e clea ly de i ed om he unde goe indices (wi h he
excep ion o he hi d pe son plu al human and he hi d pe son non-human pos-
sessi es). To o m he singula possessi es, an ini ial /a/ is added o he unde goe
indices. In he i s pe son plu al exclusi e and he second pe son plu al posses-
si es, /a/ ollows he index. The i s pe son plu al inclusi e possessi e consis s
o he unde goe index plus an elemen nga. The same elemen occu s in he
hi d pe son plu al possessi e, bu he o m manga is un ela ed o he unde goe
index ’i. The o m o he hi d pe son non-human possessi e is iden ical o he
ela ional noun ma ke ma. The possessi es a e displayed in Table 5.11.
Table 5.11: Modole Possessi es
1sg ai
2sg ani
3sg. ami
3sg.m awi
1pl.in nanga
1pl.ex mia
2pl nia
3hpl manga
3nh ma
Possessi es always p ecede he head, i.e. he possessed. Examples a e gi en
in (94). The e is no example o a genuine possessi e ph ase wi h a non-human
possesso (e.g. o an animal possessing some hing) bu see Sec ion 5.11.3 o quasi-
possessi e ela ional cons uc ions.
(94) a. ai baili ‘my ga den’ [B.15]
b. ani dea de ani eha ‘you (sg.) a he and you (sg.) mo he ’ [B.38]
c. ami u u ‘he hai ’ [B.53]
71
5 G amma ical o e iew
d. awi oehe ‘his body’ [A.49]
e. nanga danongo ‘ou (in.) g andchild en’ [F.72]
. mia ilanga ‘ou (ex.) b o he ’ [A.43]
g. nia eha ‘you (pl.) mo he ’ [F.169]
h. manga damunu ‘ hei (human) d um’ [D.88]
5.11.2 The pa icle o
The pa icle o obliga o ily p ecedes pe sonal p onouns and noun ph ases e e -
ing o human possesso s. The o-ph ase is usually ollowed by a possessi e ha
also exp esses he possesso , and he possessed (see examples in (95)).
(95) a. o
poss.hum
ngoi
p o.1sg
ai
1sg.poss
hohan-iha
landing.place-di .land
‘my landing place landwa ds’ [F.147]
b. neena
p ox:p o.3nh
o
poss.hum
ngona
p o.2sg
ani
2sg.poss
lagudi
legundi
ma
nm
howo’o?
ui
‘a e hese you (sg.) legundi ui s?’ [A.94]
c. o
poss.hum
muna
p o.3sg.
ami
3sg. .poss
io’o
exc emen
‘he exc emen ’ [B.65]
Possessi e cons uc ions wi h o can be headless. In he example in (96), o
p ecedes he possesso noun ph ase ai mana’i ‘my iends’ and he pe sonal
p onoun ona ‘ hey’. The possessed noun ph ase (‘ga den’) is implici .
(96) hababu
because
o
poss.hum
ai
1sg.poss
mana’i
iend
o
poss.hum
ona
p o.3hpl
yo
3hpl.a
do- odanga
appl-cu .down
ya
3nh>3nh
bo o-au
inish-al eady
ho
hus
‘because hose o my iends a e al eady weeded’ (li . ‘because my
iend’s hei [ga den] ...’) [B.16]
5.11.3 Rela ional cons uc ion wi h ma
O en, wo nouns connec ed wi h ma a e no in a possessi e ela ionship, s ic ly
speaking. The ela ionship is a he a pa -whole ela ionship, gene al associa-
ion o a ibu ion (see examples in (97)). I will call hese ela ional cons uc ions.
72
5.11 Possession
(97) a. o
nm
lagudi
legundi
ma
nm
howo’o
ui
‘legundi ui s’ [A.1]
b. o
nm
wange
sun
ma
nm
dumun-o’a
di e-loc
‘Wes ’ (li . ‘a he di ing o he sun’) [A.116]
c. yo
3hpl.a
ma
mid
pali ana
jump.up
ma
nm
go a
wood
ma
nm
homoa-’a,
o he -di .i
‘bu when i ell down, hey jumped o ano he ee’ [D.49]
5.11.4 Complex a ibu i e possession
Possessi e ph ases can be ecu si e. In he he example in (98a) he possesso ma
’oana ‘ he king’ is a ibu ed by a ela ional cons uc ion o wanga ma dumuno’a
ollowed by he possessi e awi ‘his’ plus he possessed noun ph ase humu ma
jojaga ‘well gua dian’, which i sel is a ela ional cons uc ion. The whole pos-
sesso noun ph ase [ma ’oana] [o wange ma dumuno’a] ‘Wes e n King’ is no a
ela ional cons uc ion since wange occu s wi h he noun ma ke o, no ma. This
is p obably o signal ha he second noun ph ase is no dependen bu a ibu i e
o he i s one (‘Wes e n King’ o ‘king in he wes ’ no ‘king o he wes ’). The
same is he case in he example in (98b) whe e o ’uho ‘cuscus’ in he possesso
noun ph ase is jux aposed o he possesso ma ’oana ‘king’, yielding ‘King Cus-
cus’ no ‘ he king’s cuscus’. Compa e his o he use o owi h ma e ials discussed
in Sec ion 5.6.
(98) a. ma
nm
’oana
king
o
nm
wange
sun
ma
nm
dumun-o’a
di e-loc
awi
3sg.m.poss
humu
well
ma
nm
jojaga
gua dian
‘ he well gua dian o he Wes e n King’ (li . ‘ he king a he sun’s
di ing his well’s gua dian’) [A.17]
b. ngomi
p o.1pl.ex
neena
p ox:p o.3nh
ma
nm
’oana
king
o
nm
’uho
cuscus
awi
3sg.m.poss
ngoa’a
child
‘we (ex.) a e he child en o King Cuscus’ [F.152]
5.11.5 P edica i e possession
The e is jus one example o a i ma i e p edica i e possession in he ex s (99).
The possesso ani ‘you (sg.)’ is p eceded by he connec o de. The possessed
73
5 G amma ical o e iew
noun igono ‘coconu ’ is ma ked wi h he loca i e -o’a, which may ha e an exis-
en ial unc ion he e.38 Fo he cons uc ion o nega ed p edica i e possession
see Sec ion 5.15.2.
(99) bo e
maybe
de
conn
ani
2sg.poss
igon-o’a
coconu -loc
‘do you (sg.) maybe ha e coconu s?’ (li . ‘wi h you exis coconu s?’)
[A.27]
5.12 Ve bless clauses
Clauses in Modole can be di ided in o e bal clauses and e bless clauses. Ve bal
clauses con ain a p edica e ma ked wi h ac o and/o unde goe indices.39 As
p e iously men ioned, p edica es in Modole ep esen a wide ange o seman ic
classes and include oo s ha a e nominal in many languages.
Ve bless clauses a e de ined as clauses ha do no con ain a e b. Modole has
no copula. The e a e wo main ypes o e bless clauses: exis en ial clauses and
p esen a ional/iden i ica ional clauses. In addi ion, equa i e clauses a e some-
imes e bless as well.
5.12.1 Exis en ial clauses
In exis en ial clauses, ‘exis ’ is exp essed by he pa icles naga o nage (100).
These a e usually ound in clause-ini ial posi ion. While naga seems o be he
de aul exis en ial, nage only occu s in p oxima e scena ios ‘ he e is he e’. All
s o ies bu wo (Tex A and Tex J) s a wi h an exis en ial clause.
(100) a. naga
exis
o
nm
be e’i
old.pe son
moi
one
‘ he e was an old woman’ [D.2]
b. o
nm
igono
coconu
ena
p o.3nh
naga
exis
‘ he e a e coconu s’ [A.29]
c. nage
exis .p ox
ani
2sg.poss
bilanga
sis e
o
1sg.a
mi
3sg. .u
modoa-’a
ma y-lim
‘you (sg.) sis e he e, I [wan ] o ma y he ’ [F.111]
38This cons uc ion is also epo ed by Pe angin Angin (2018: 87-89) o Pagu.
39The e a e no in ini e e bs in Modole.
74
5.13 Ve bal clauses
5.12.2 P esen a ional and iden i ica ional clauses
P esen a ional (‘ his is X’, (101a)) and iden i ica ional clauses (‘i is X’, (101b)) a e
o en no ma ked in any special way, bu some imes demons a i es occu (see
Sec ion 5.10).
(101) a. o
poss.hum
ngoi
p o.1sg
ai
1sg.poss
lagudi
legundi
ma
nm
howo’o
ui
‘ hese a e my legundi ui s’ (li . ‘my legundi ui s’) [A.96]
b. ena
p o.3nh
a
oc
ma
nm
omo~omo
annelid
‘i was a wo m’ [E.61]
5.12.3 Ve bless equa i e clauses
Equa i e clauses (‘X is Y’, ‘X is also Y’, ‘X has he a ibu e Y’, e c.) a e some imes
e bless in Modole (see Sec ion 5.13.1.1 o e bal equa i e clauses).
(102) a. awi
3sg.m.poss
ilingi
oo h
ma
nm
da’u-ie
loc.up-di .up
o
nm
hala’a
sil e
‘his uppe ee h we e sil e ’ [B.83]
b. ngomi
p o.1pl.ex
neena
p ox:p o.3nh
ma
nm
’oana
king
o
nm
’uho
cuscus
awi
3sg.m.poss
ngoa’a
child
‘we (ex.) a e he child en o King Cuscus’ [F.152]
5.13 Ve bal clauses
Ve bal clauses con ain a p edica e ma ked wi h an ac o and/o unde goe index.
Based on he index/indices p esen , I dis inguish in ansi i e ac o clauses (only
ac o index), in ansi i e unde goe clauses (only unde goe index) and ansi i e
clauses (ac o and unde goe indices). No e ha his classi ica ion is solely based
on he indices (and he seman ic ole o hei e e en s) and no on he occu ence
o ex e nal a gumen s.40
40I acknowledge ha his is an uncon en ional way o labeling, bu since a s udy o he lexical
alency o e bs and he u he igge s o he p esence o absence o unde goe indexing is
impossible gi en he small size o he co pus, his is he bes op ion a hand.
75
5 G amma ical o e iew
5.14.2 Se ial e b cons uc ions
Fo he pupose o his g amma ske ch, I de ine a se ial e b cons uc ion in
Modole as wo e b o ms wi hou any hing in be ween. Bo h e b o ms occu
wi h indices. This is simila o he de ini ion in an S aden & Reesink (2008).
The e a e wo e y common ypes o se ial e b cons uc ions in which bo h
e bs sha e he same ac o e e en . In he i s , a e b o speaking is ollowed
by emo ‘say’ (119a). The second common ype consis s o a di ec ed mo ion e b
combined wi h ano he e b (119b).
(119) a. ma
nm
be e’i
old.pe son
mo
3sg. .a
hano
ask
mo
3sg. .a
emo
say
‘ he old woman asked, saying:’ [E.69]
b. o
nm
dogulu
young.man
moi
one
wa
3sg.m>3nh
ino
di . en
wo
3sg.m.a
ahe
cou
‘a young man came o cou [he ]’ [I.4]
Ad e bials a e also cons uc ed as in ansi i e ac o p edica es in se ial e b
cons uc ions (120).
(120) de
conn
mi
3sg. >3sg.m
ma’e
see
i
3nh.a
iai
s aigh
‘and she saw him well’ [B.35]
5.15 Nega ion
Modole has one gene al nega ion ma ke -ua (121). I is su ixed o he inal lex-
eme o he clause (usually a e b) o ph ase i has scope o e . I can only be ol-
lowed by he empo al su ixes. A e owels, -ua is spelled <wa>. The spelling
<uwa> occu s as well.
(121) a. mo
bu
ma
nm
’o’ana
king
a
oc
wo
3sg.m.a
nga’u-wa
belie e-neg
‘bu he king did no belie e [i ]’ [F.113]
b. o
emph
o
1sg.a
ngoi-wa-u
p o.1sg-neg-al eady
ai
1sg.poss
lagudi
legundi
ma
nm
howo’o
ui
‘my legundi ui s a e no mine’ [A.105]
82
5.16 Ques ions
5.15.1 P ohibi i e clauses
P ohibi i e clauses a e in oduced wi h uwa (122), a a ian o -ua.
(122) a. uwa
p oh
na
2sg>3nh
poha
bea
‘don’ bea i dead’ [B.6]
b. uwa
p oh
no
2sg.a
ali
c y
‘don’ c y’ [E.121]
Uwa is also used in isola ion o ‘no’.
(123) o
emph
uwa,
neg
o
1sg.a
mi
3sg.m.u
hi-gu-mada-wa
caus-gu-abandon-neg
‘no, I won’ le he alone’ [C.8]
5.15.2 Nega ed possession and exis ence
Possession is nega ed in he o m o a nega i e exis en ial clause. I is o med
ei he wi h ’a-ua ‘ oc-neg’ o ’o’iwa. The la e ce ainly ea u es empha ic ’o
and ua bu I do no know wha exac ly he middle elemen (’)i is. I he e o e
gloss i as exis .neg ‘nega i e exis en ial’.
(124) a. ai
1sg.poss
danongo
g and.child
ma
bu
’a-ua
oc-neg
‘I don’ ha e a g andchild’ (li . ‘my g andchild doesn’ exis ’) [E.46]
b. o
poss.hum
muna
p o.3sg.
ami
3sg. .poss
pahi a’a
mask
’oiwa-u
exis .neg-al eady
‘he mask was gone’ (li . ‘he mask is no anymo e’) [E.117]
5.16 Ques ions
Modole dis inguishes pola and con en ques ions. Pola ques ions a e o med
liked decla a i e clauses. Con en ques ions con ain a ques ion wo d.
83
5 G amma ical o e iew
5.16.1 Pola ques ions
Pola ques ions a e no mo phologically o syn ac ically ma ked in any way (125).
(125) a. neena
p ox:p o.3nh
o
poss.hum
ngona
p o.2sg
ani
2sg.poss
lagudi
legundi
ma
nm
howo’o?
ui
‘a e hese you (sg.) legundi ui s?’ [A.94]
b. ngoi
p o.1sg
o
1sg.a
wi
3sg.m.u
na’o?
know
‘do I know abou him?’ [E.21]
c. bo e
maybe
ngona
p o.2sg
ani
2sg.poss
lolabi
k is
mi
3sg. .u
adi?
s ab
‘maybe you (sg.) k is has s abbed he ?’ [I.16]
5.16.2 Con en ques ions
Con en ques ions a e o med wi h ques ion wo ds.
O’ia means ‘wha ?’ o ‘who?’ i he ac o is assumed o be non-human o hei
gende is unknown (126). I occu s in subjec posi ion.
(126) a. apu
g andmo he
o’ia
wha
ma
nm
ame?
eas
‘g andmo he , wha eas is his?’ [E.75]
b. ai
1sg.poss
pihanga
banana
neena
p ox:p o.3nh
o’ia
wha
ya
3nh>3nh
odomo?
ea
‘ hese bananas o mine, who has ea en hem?’ [D.3]
I o’ia is he p edica e i occu s a he end o he clause (127).
(127) a. o
nm
a’ele
wa e
ma
nm
muhu i’a
pea l
o’ia?
wha
‘wha a e he pea ls o wa e ?’ [J.2]
b. wange
sun
ca’o
hou
mo
3sg. .a
dodengo,
k.o.dance
wange
sun
cumu
?e ening
mo
3sg. .a
halai;
k.o.dance
geena
dis :p o.3nh
o’ia?
wha
‘?in he mo ning she dances he dodengo dance, in he e ening she
dances he cakalele dance, wha is ha ?’ [J.6]
84
5.16 Ques ions
In one example, o’ia in combina ion wi h he op a i e pa icle anu ansla es
as ‘how?’ (128).
(128) yai,
mo he
o
nm
hininga
hea
o’ia
wha
anu
mod
po
1pl.in.a
lio-u?
e u n-al eady
‘mo he , how may we (in.) e u n?’ [G.52]
O’ia’a (< o’ia-o’a) is used o ask ‘ om whe e?’ (129). I is p obably used when
he ocus is on he sou ce loca ion.
(129) ngona
p o.2sg
neena
p ox:p o.3nh
o’ia-’a
whe e-loc
ngona
p o.2sg
de
conn
na
2sg>3nh
ino?
di . en
‘you (sg.) he e, whe e a e you (sg.) coming om?’ [A.23]
When he ocus is on he goal loca ion ( he deic ic cen e ), o’iano (<o’ia-ino
‘whe e he e?’ is used ins ead (130).
(130) a. o’ia-no
whe e-di . en
ngini
p o.2pl
ma
nm
nyawa?
pe son
‘whe e ha e you (pl.) [come om] he e?’ [F.150]
b. o
nm
’e o’o
sago
o’ia-no?
wha -di . en
‘sago b ead, whe e he e [do I ha e ha ]?’ [E.15]
I dodoa (< i dodoa ‘3nh.a do’) means ‘why?’ (131). I occu s a he beginning o
he ques ion.
(131) a. i dodoa
why
ho
hus
o-na
emph-p o.3hpl
dawong-ua?
ake-neg
‘why don’ you (sg.) ake hem?’ [A.80]
b. i dodooa
why
ho
hus
no
2sg.a
agi?
go
‘why did you (sg.) go [away]?’ [E.30]
When asking ‘who?’ wi h a human e e en in mind, nagoona (< naga-ona) is
used o bo h ac o (132) and unde goe (133).
(132) a. ai
1sg.poss
’uho,
cucus
nagoona
exis :3hpl
ya
3nh>3nh
ana?
aise
‘my cuscus, who shall aise i ?’ [F.4]
85
5 G amma ical o e iew
b. nagoona
exis :3hpl
yo
3hpl.a
u u’u
a i e
ai
1sg.poss
hohan-o’a?
landing.place-loc
‘who is a i ing a my landing place?’ [F.142]
(133) danongo
g andchild
’a’ano
a.momen .ago
ma
nm
’oana
king
awi
3sg.m.poss
ngoa’a
child
ya
3nh>3nh
bu anga
six
ani
2sg.poss
hininga
hea
ma
nm
hu’a
like
nagoona?
exis :3hpl
‘g andson, o he six daugh e s o he king a momen ago, who do you
(sg.) desi e?’ [E.107]
Ho ‘ hus, hen so’ also se es as a ques ion wo d oughly meaning ‘how abou ?’
(134). In his unc ion i always occu s in he same kind o ques ion, asking abou
he condi ion o s a e o a human o objec .
(134) a. ole,
sis e ,
ho
hus
ma
nm
ngo’a?
child
‘sis e s, how a e he kids?’ [F.51]
b. ho
hus
m’ai
nm:1sg.poss
bia a?
bia a
‘how abou my bia a?’ [G.14]
5.17 O he
In his sec ion, I will discuss miscellaneous pa icles and o he elemen s.
5.17.1 Coo dina ion and subo dina ion
Ph ases and clauses a e coo dina ed using de ‘and, wi h’ (see below), e’ola ‘o ’
and ma ‘bu ’ (see [A.58]). Subo dina o s a e na’o ‘i , when’, la ‘so ha ’, aha ‘as a
consequence, he e o e’, ho ‘ hus’ and nga o ‘jus , e en i ’. Subo dina ed clauses
do no di e om ma ix clauses besides he p esence o he subo dina o . I de ine
hem as subo dina ed since hey a e in some sense seman ically dependen on he
ma ix clause. La ge chunks o ex a e sepa a ed by a ious elemen s meaning
‘ hen’ (gena’a de,i’a,ena and done) o ‘a e ’ (ma duangino,i ogumi’a).
De coo dina es bo h ph ases (135a) and clauses (135b). De has a wide unc ion
han ‘and’ in English. In (135a), i sepa a es he empo al ad e bial o oeae’a ‘du -
ing a io ’ om he es o he sen ence. I he e o e gloss i as conn ‘connec o ’
in he ex s. An example o de meaning ‘wi h’ is gi en in (135c).
86
5.17 O he
(135) a. o
nm
oeae-’a
io :loc
de
conn
yo
3hpl.a
loa
lee
ma
nm
eha
mo he
de
conn
ma
nm
dea
a he
‘du ing a io hey led, he mo he and he a he ’ [A.2]
b. de
conn
yo
3hpl.a
loa,
lee
de
conn
ya
3nh>3nh
i’a
di .i
de
conn
o
nm
go a
ee
de
conn
yo
3hpl.a
doa-de
climb-conn
‘and hey an away, and hey wen away and climbed a ee’ [D.42]
c. de
conn
ami
3sg. .poss
bebeo o
kni e
mo
3sg. .a
hi-legono
caus-ca ch
‘and she caugh [i ] wi h he kni e’ (li . ‘she made he kni e ca ch
[i ]’) [F.124]
5.17.2 Modali y ma ke ?: anu
In he ex s, I labeled anu mod ‘modali y ma ke ’, o wan o a be e analysis. In
wo o he ou a es a ions, anu in oduces a eques and may be ansla ed as
‘please’ (136a, 136b). In ano he example, i seems o exp ess epis emic modali y
(136c). In he ou h example, i ansla es as ‘may’ in a deon ic modali y sense
(136d).
(136) a. aba!
a he
anu
mod
no
2sg.a
da-pa’o
appl-nail
o
nm
ngo ili
boa
moi
one
la
so. ha
o
1sg.a
hi-noa
caus-pu
ai
1sg.poss
bibi i
bibi i
‘ a he ! please make a p oa (li le boa ), so ha I can pu my bibi i
ish [in he e]’ [B.11]
b. aba,
a he
anu
mod
ma moi
once
de
conn
ai
1sg.poss
baili
ga den
no
2sg.a
do- odang-ohi
appl-cu -s ill
‘ a he ! you (sg.) s ill ha e o weed my ga den’ [B.15]
c. na
?he e
ne
p ox
ma
nm
anu
mod
ani
2sg.poss
we’a a
woman
ma
bu
ya
3nh>3nh
u∼ umiding-o’a
dpl∼se en-lim
‘now you (sg.) women su ely numbe se en al eady’ [B.63]
d. yai,
mo he
o
nm
hininga
hea
o’ia
wha
anu
mod
po
1pl.in.a
lio-u?
e u n-al eady
‘mo he , how may we (in.) e u n?’ [G.52]
87
5 G amma ical o e iew
5.17.3 Focus: ’a
’a, also spelled <a> is a ocus ma ke , i.e. i highligh s one scena io among se e al
al e na i es (see examples in (137)).
(137) a. Neena
p ox:p o.3nh
ngomi
p o.1pl.ex
mia
1pl.ex>3nh
u’u,
di .down
‘And now we’ll (ex.) go down,’
b. mio
1pl.ex.a
hi-a- ubele,
caus- pl-p o oke
o
nm
hepa∼hepa
dpl∼kick
ma
nm
’o-ua,
emph-neg
‘we’ll (ex.) play oo ball, no,’
c. o
nm
namo
chicken
ma
nm
’o-ua,
emph-neg
‘[we’ll le ] he cocks [ igh ], no,’
d. ho
hus
a
oc
ngomi
p o.1pl.ex
mio
1pl.ex.a
papahia a.
go. o .a.walk
‘so we’ll (ex.) jus go o a walk.’ [A.59– 62]
5.17.4 Emphasis?: ’o
’o (also spelled <o>) may likewise be a ocus ma ke . In he ex s, I en a i ely
gloss i emph ‘empha ic’ (138). In he example in (138a), i is ansla ed as ‘o
cou se no ’ (‘welneen’).
(138) a. ngoi
p o.1sg
’o
emph
i
1sg.u
o’a -ua
wi ch-neg
‘I am no a wi ch’ [A.21]
b. de
conn
awi
3sg.m.poss
hogo
pubic.hai
wo
3sg.m.a
hi-do-dowanga
caus-appl-ex end
de
conn
wo
3sg.m.a
’i
3hpl.u
li’o
bind
ma
bu
o
emph
ya
3nh>3nh
adon-uwa
each-neg
‘and he ex ended his pubic hai o bind hem bu i did no each i ’
[F.96–97]
88
Pa III
Tex s
AO lagudi ma howo’o wo
djaga-djaga’a – The gua dian o he
legundi ui s
In oduc ion & summa y
O lagudi ma howo’o wo djaga-djaga’a s a s ou as a s o y abou an abandoned boy
who is aken in by a mys e ious woman. In he middle o he s o y, he na a i e
ocus shi s o se en p incesses, one o whom is cou ed by he legundi ui
gua dian. I am no su e whe he he legundi ui gua dian and he abandoned
boy a e supposed o be one and he same pe son.
English ansla ion
The gua dian o he legundi ui s
Du ing a io hey led, he mo he and he a he , and hei child hey ca ied on
hei backs, and he c ied; and he a he said: “I jus said, don’ ca y him.”
A e ha hey wen inland and pu him down on an an hill and le , bu la e
hey e u ned o him again and pu him down on he oo spu o a ee.
Then hey wen away, o e se en hills and se en i e s, bu hey s ill hea d him
c y, and he mo he wan ed o e u n o him bu he a he did no wan ha . He
said: “I you e u n o him, hen I will keep going.”
And ha child a e only eggplan s, and when he had g own up, he once le he
I io i e , and he me an old woman, he well gua dian o he Wes e n King, and
he, he child, said: “G andmo he , maybe you (a e) a wi ch,” and she said: “Child!
I am no a wi ch.”
A
O lagudi ma howo’o wo djaga-djaga’a
– The gua dian o he
legundi
ui s
(7) o daduhulu ma igu u’u de wi hodoau,
o
nm
daduhulu
?an
ma
nm
igu u-u’u
nes -di .down
de
conn
wi
3sg.m.u
ho-doa-ou
?-pu -al eady
‘[and] pu him down on an an hill,’3
(8) ma a wi diomaali gena’a,
ma
bu
’a
oc
wi
3sg.m.u
dV-oma-oli
appl- e u n-again
geena-o’a
dis :p o.3nh-loc
‘bu hey e u ned o him again o e he e’
(9) de o go a ma beleulu’u wi hodoau.
de
conn
o
nm
go a
wood
ma
nm
beleulu-u’u
? oo .spu -di .down
wi
3sg.m.u
ho-doa-ou
?-pu -al eady
‘and pu him down on he oo spu o a ee.’4
(10) Gena’a de jo agi ho o de’u umudingi de o ngaili umudingi ja paha,
geena-o’a
dis :p o.3nh-loc
de
conn
yo
3hpl.a
agi
go
ho
hus
o
nm
de’u
moun ain
umudingi
se en
de
conn
o
nm
ngaili
i e
umudingi
se en
ya
3nh>3nh
paha
lea e
‘Then hey wen , o e se en hills and se en i e s hey le ,’5
(11) ma a jo ihenohi wo ali;
ma
bu
’a
oc
yo
3hpl.a
ihene-ohi
hea -s ill
wo
3sg.m.a
ali
weep
‘bu hey s ill hea d him c y,’
(12) de ma eha mo mau mi diomali,
de
conn
ma
nm
eha
mo he
mo
3sg. .a
mau
wan
mi
3sg. >3sg.m
dV-oma-oli
appl- e u n-again
‘and he mo he wan ed o e u n o him’
3MZ: Daduhulu was no ecognized by my in o man .
4MZ: Beleulu is ansla ed by Ellen as ‘ oo spu ’ (“wo elui loope ”). In he wo dlis , i is gi en
as ‘washed up sand in he sea o i e ’ and in Pagu, i means ‘ i e del a’ (Pe angin Angin
2014).
5MZ: The numbe se en plays a special ole in Co e No h Halmahe an ales (Hue ing 1908a:
295). The cul u al backg ound is unknown o me.
98
(13) ma ma dea a wo olu’u, wo emo:
ma
bu
ma
nm
dea
a he
’a
oc
wo
3sg.m.a
olu’u
e use
wo
3sg.m.a
emo
say
‘bu he a he did no wan ha , he said:’
(14) “Na’o no wi diomahi de ngoi o hilau.”
na’o
cond
no
2sg.a
wi
3sg.m.u
dV-oma-ohi
appl- e u n-s ill
de
conn
ngoi
p o.1sg
o
1sg.a
hila-ou
i s -al eady
‘“I you (sg.) e u n o him, hen I will [go] o wa d.”’
(15) De ma ngoa ge wa odomo duga-duga a o heleene,
de
conn
ma
nm
ngoa
child
ge
dis
wa
3sg.m>3nh
odomo
ea
duga~duga
only
’a
oc
o
nm
heleene
k.o.plan
‘And ha child a e only eggplan s,’6
(16) de na’o wo lamo’o’au, ma moi wo hupuo o a’ele I io
de
conn
na’o
cond
wo
3sg.m.a
lamo’o-o’au
big-pe
ma
nm
moi
one
wo
3sg.m.a
hupu-ou
exi -al eady
o
nm
a’ele
wa e
I io
[place_name]
‘and when he had g own up, he once le he I io i e ,’7
(17) de wi ma’eo o be e’i mo moi ma ’oana o wange ma dumuno’a awi humu ma
djodjaga,
de
conn
wi
3sg.m>3sg.
ma’e-ou
see-al eady
o
nm
be e’i
old.pe son
mo
3sg. .a
moi
one
ma
nm
’oana
king
o
nm
wange
sun
ma
nm
dumunu-o’a
di e-loc
awi
3sg.m.poss
humu
well
ma
nm
jojaga
gua dian
‘and he me an old woman, he well gua dian o he Wes e n King,’8
6MZ: Acco ding o my in o man , heleene is he name o a ho ny, eggplan -like plan ha g ows
in he o es .
7MZ: I ha e been unable o de e mine whe he he I io i e exis s. I was no ecognized by
people li ing on Halmahe a.
8MZ: The cha ac e o he well gua dian also occu s in s o ies in o he Co e No h Halmahe an
languages and is always a woman (see Hue ing 1908a: 170, an Baa da 1904: 418).
99
A
O lagudi ma howo’o wo djaga-djaga’a
– The gua dian o he
legundi
ui s
(18) de una ma ngoa’a ge wo emo:
de
conn
una
p o.3sg.m
ma
nm
ngoa’a
child
ge
dis
wo
3sg.m.a
emo
say
‘and he, he child, said:’
(19) “Apu, bo e ni o’a a;”
apu
g andmo he
bo e
maybe
ni
2sg.u
o’a a
wi ch
‘“G andmo he , maybe you (sg.) [a e] a wi ch,”’9
(20) de muna mo emo:
de
conn
muna
p o.3sg.
mo
3sg. .a
emo
say
‘and she said:’
(21) “Onu, ngoi ’o i o’a ua.”
onu
child[add ess]
ngoi
p o.1sg
’o
emph
i
1sg.u
o’a a-ua
wi ch-neg
‘“Child, I am no a wi ch.”’
(22) De muna mo hano mo emo:
de
conn
muna
p o.3sg.
mo
3sg. .a
hano
ask
mo
3sg. .a
emo
say
‘And she asked, saying:’
(23) “Ngona neena o’ia’a ngona de na ino?”
ngona
p o.2sg
neena
p ox:p o.3nh
o’ia-o’a
wha -loc
ngona
p o.2sg
de
conn
na
2sg>3nh
ino
di . en
‘“You (sg.) he e, whe e a e you (sg.) coming om?”’
(24) De una wo emo:
de
conn
una
p o.3sg.m
wo
3sg.m.a
emo
say
‘And he said:’
9MZ: To’a a (< pcnh *coka ) is always ansla ed as ‘wi ch’ (‘heks’) by Ellen. Acco ding o o he
sou ces, i is a kind o e il spi i (Hue ing 1921: 266).
100
(25) “Ngoi o a’ele I io de a o’o”;
ngoi
p o.1sg
o
nm
a’ele
wa e
I io
[place_name]
de
conn
a
1sg>3nh
o’o
di .sea
‘“I ha e come om he I io Ri e seawa ds,”’
(26) de ma ngoa’a ge wo hano o igono,
de
conn
ma
nm
ngoa’a
child
ge
dis
wo
3sg.m.a
hano
ask
o
nm
igono
coconu
‘and he child asked o coconu s,’
(27) wo emo:“Apu! bo e de ani igono’a?”
wo
3sg.m.a
emo
say
apu
g andmo he
bo e
maybe
de
conn
ani
2sg.poss
igono-o’a
coconu -loc
‘he said: “G andmo he ! do you (sg.) maybe ha e coconu s?”’
(28) De muna mo emo:
de
conn
muna
p o.3sg.
mo
3sg. .a
emo
say
‘And she said:’
(29) “O igono ena naga, ma bo e o no doa-doawa?”
o
nm
igono
coconu
ena
p o.3nh
naga
exis
ma
bu
bo e
maybe
’o
emph
no
2sg.a
doa~doa-ua
dpl~climb-neg
‘“The e a e coconu s he e, bu maybe you (sg.) don’ climb?”’
(30) de una wo emo:
de
conn
una
p o.3sg.m
wo
3sg.m.a
emo
say
‘And he said:’
(31) “Apu, a a na’o o doa”;
apu
g andmo he
’a
oc
a
1sg>3nh
na’o
know
o
1sg.a
doa
climb
‘“G andmo he , I know [how o] climb;”’
101
A
O lagudi ma howo’o wo djaga-djaga’a
– The gua dian o he
legundi
ui s
(32) gena’ade wa doa ma igono,
geena-o’a-de
dis :p o.3nh-loc -conn
wa
3sg.m>3nh
doa
climb
ma
nm
igono
coconu
‘ hen he climbed he coconu [ ee],’10
(33) o o i umudingi, ho muna o o i hoa a, una o o i haange.
o
nm
o i
class. ound_ hing
umudingi
se en
ho
hus
muna
p o.3sg.
o
nm
o i
class. ound_ hing
hoa a
ou
una
p o.3sg.m
o
nm
o i
class. ound_ hing
haange
h ee
‘se en [coconu s], ou [ o ] he , h ee [ o him].’
(34) Gena’ade j’odomo,
geena-o’a-de
dis :p o.3nh-loc -conn
yo-odomo
3hpl.a-ea
‘Then hey a e’
(35) de i duangou de mo emo:
de
conn
i
3nh.a
duanga-ou
inish-al eady
de
conn
mo
3sg. .a
emo
say
‘and a e ha she said:’
(36) “Onu! po ma hio u-o u”;
onu
child[add ess]
po
1pl.in.a
ma
mid
hi-o u~o u
caus- dpl~ ow
‘“Child! [shall] we (in.) go owing?”’
(37) de una wo emo:
de
conn
una
p o.3sg.m
wo
3sg.m.a
emo
say
‘and he said:’
10GJE: picked hem
102
(38) “Ma i’au apu, po ma hio u-o u.”
ma
nm
i’a-ou
di .i - oc
apu
g andmo he
po
1pl.in.a
ma
mid
hi-o u~o u
caus- dpl~ ow
‘“Tha ’s good g andmo he , [le ]’s (in.) [go] owing.”’11
(39) Gena’ade jo ma hio u-o u
geena-o’a-de
dis :p o.3nh-loc -conn
yo
3hpl.a
ma
mid
hi-o u~o u
caus- dpl~ ow
‘Then hey wen owing’
(40) ho jo i ma’eiha ma ’oana o wange ma dumuno’a awi moholehe jo umudingi
ho
hus
yo
3hpl.a
’i
3hpl.u
ma’e-iha
see-di .land
ma
nm
’oana
king
o
nm
wange
sun
ma
nm
dumunu-o’a
di e-loc
awi
3sg.m.poss
moholehe
maiden
yo
3hpl.a
umudingi
se en
‘and landwa d hey me he se en maidens o he Wes e n King,’
(41) o a’ele jo hiono’o,
o
nm
a’ele
wa e
yo
3hpl.a
hi-ono’o
caus-scoop.wa e
‘ hey scooped up wa e ,’
(42) de jo emo:
de
conn
yo
3hpl.a
emo
say
‘and hey said:’
(43) “Uai apu mia ilanga.”
hai
hey
apu
g andmo he
mia
1pl.ex.poss
ilanga
b o he
‘“Hey g andmo he , ou (ex.) b o he .”’
11MZ: (Ma) i’a occu s se e al imes as a kind o in e jec ion and is ansla ed as ‘good’ by Ellen.
I do no know whe he his is an addi ional unc ion o he i i e di ec ional o an un ela ed
oo .
103
A
O lagudi ma howo’o wo djaga-djaga’a
– The gua dian o he
legundi
ui s
(44) Gena’ade jo ma ohi’i,
geena-o’a-de
dis :p o.3nh-loc -conn
yo
3hpl.a
ma
mid
ohi’i
ba he
‘Then hey wen ba hing,’
(45) de ona ma moholehe ja umudingi jo emo:
de
conn
ona
p o.3plh
ma
nm
moholehe
maiden
ya
3nh>3nh
umudingi
se en
yo
3hpl.a
emo
say
‘and hey, he se en maidens, said:’
(46) “Apu, po wi ila ne o humu’u”,
apu
g andmo he
po
1pl.in.a
wi
3sg.m.u
ila
push
ne
p ox
o
nm
humu-u’u
well-di .down
‘“G andmo he ! [le ]’s (in.) push him he e down he well,”’
(47) de wi ila.
de
conn
wi
3sg.m.u
ila
push
‘and hey pushed him [in].’
(48) Ho wo puda,
ho
hus
wo
3sg.m.a
puda
loa
‘Bu he loa ed’
(49) de awi oehe ma hongona o hala’a, ma hongona o gu ahi;
de
conn
awi
3sg.m.poss
oehe
body
ma
nm
hongona
hal
o
nm
hala’a
sil e
ma
nm
hongona
hal
o
nm
gu ahi
gold
‘and one hal o his body was sil e , and he [o he ] hal was gold,’12
(50) awi u u ma o geena.
awi
3sg.m.poss
u u
hai
ma
nm
’o
emph
geena
dis :p o.3nh
‘his hai was like ha as well.’
12MZ: Being hal sil e and hal gold seems o be a ma ke o supe na u al beings (compa e
Tex E). I also occu s equen ly in Tobelo olk ales (see Hue ing 1908a).
104
(51) Gena’ade ma ’oana o wange ma hiwa’a awi ngoa’a ja umudingi ja u’u jo
ma pahia a,
geena-o’a-de
dis :p o.3nh-loc -conn
ma
nm
’oana
king
o
nm
wange
sun
ma
nm
hiwa-o’a
shine-loc
awi
3sg.m.poss
ngoa’a
child
ya
3nh>3nh
umudingi
se en
ya
3nh>3nh
u’u
di .down
yo
3hpl.a
ma
mid
pahia a
walk
‘Then he se en child en o he Eas e n King walked sou hwa ds,’
(52) i ogumia de jo i imaju;
i
3nh.a
ogumu-i’a
inish-di .i
de
conn
yo
3hpl.a
’i
3hpl.u
imayu
se e.be el
‘and a e ha hey se ed hem be el,’
(53) de manga ilanga wo hupu,
de
conn
manga
3hpl.poss
ilanga
b o he
wo
3sg.m.a
hupu
exi
‘and hei b o he came ou ,’13
(54) ho jo i henewu uo’a,
ho
hus
yo
3hpl.a
’i
3hpl.u
henewu u-o’a
ain -lim
‘so hey ain ed,’14
(55) de manga mumuu’u wa uu’u aha jo mo odo’ana.
de
conn
manga
3hpl.poss
mumu-u’u
head-di .down
wa
3sg.m>3nh
u-u’u
?-di .down
aha
as.a.consequence
yo
3hpl.a
ma
mid
odo’ana
s a le
‘and he ?came down on hei heads so ha hey we e s a led.’
13GJE: o he well
14MZ: The index combina ion yo ’i ‘3hpl>3hpl’ is unexpec ed he e since he b o he ( he cause
o he ain ing) is singula . In Taba u, joki occu s as hi d pe son plu al human unde goe index
wi h expe ience p edica es, e.g. jokisawini ‘ hey a e hung y’ (Fo gens 1928: 352). This may
also be he case in Modole. Simila unclea occu ences o jo ’i can be ound in [B.71] and [D.55].
105
A
O lagudi ma howo’o wo djaga-djaga’a
– The gua dian o he
legundi
ui s
(56) De ma ’oana o wange ma dumuno’a wo hano wo emo:
de
conn
ma
nm
’oana
king
o
nm
wange
sun
ma
nm
dumunu-o’a
di e-loc
wo
3sg.m.a
hano
ask
wo
3sg.m.a
emo
say
‘And he Wes e n King asked, saying:’
(57) “Neena nia u’u nio hia ubele o hepa-hepa,
neena
p ox:p o.3nh
nia
2pl>3nh
u’u
di .down
nio
2pl.a
hi-’a- ubele
caus- pl-p o oke
o
nm
hepa~hepa
dpl~kick
‘“Now you (pl.) go down15 o play ball16,’
(58) e’ola nio hia ubele o namo?”
e’ola
o
nio
2pl.a
hi-’a- ubele
caus- pl-p o oke
o
nm
namo
chicken
‘o will you (pl.) le he cocks igh ?”’
(59) de ona jo emo: “Neena ngomi mia u’u,
de
conn
ona
p o.3plh
yo
3hpl.a
emo
say
neena
p ox:p o.3nh
ngomi
p o.1pl.ex
mia
1pl.ex>3nh
u’u
di .down
‘And hey said: “Now we’ll (ex.) go down,’
(60) mio hia ubele, o hepa-hepa ma ’oua,
mio
1pl.ex.a
hi-’a- ubele
caus- pl-p o oke
o
nm
hepa~hepa
dpl~kick
ma
bu
’o-ua
emph-neg
‘we’ll (ex.) play ball, no,’
(61) o namo ma ’oua,
o
nm
namo
chicken
ma
nm
’o-ua
emph-neg
‘[we’ll le ] he cocks [ igh ], no,’
15GJE: he King’s abode is usually on an ele a ion
16MZ: Hepa-hepa is some kind o ball game. Hue ing (1908a: 296) no es ha i was explained o
him as ‘ ossing up and ca ching ui ’ bu ha he had ne e seen i played among he Tobelo
(also see an Baa da 1904: 326). In Indonesian, sepa means ‘kick’ bu an Baa da (1904: 327)
no es ha he seman ic connec ion is a he ague. He connec s i o he homonymous lexeme
in Sangi (compa e Sneddon (1984: 102): Sangi sepa ‘ o play wi h a a an ball’).
106
(62) ho a ngomi mio papahia a.”
ho
hus
’a
oc
ngomi
p o.1pl.ex
mio
1pl.ex.a
CV~pahia a
dpl~walk
‘so we’ll (ex.) jus go o a walk.”’
(63) De gena’ade ma ’oana o hupe a ’a wo uoau,
de
conn
geena-o’a-de
dis :p o.3nh-loc -conn
ma
nm
’oana
king
o
nm
hupe a
k.o.small.cannon
’a
oc
wo
3sg.m.a
u’u-ou
shoo -al eady
‘And hen he king i ed a cannon,’
(64) ho a jo lioau,
ho
hus
’a
oc
yo
3hpl.a
lio-ou
e u n-al eady
‘so hey e u ned,’17
(65) de onali ja ie jo ma pele i ’a jo ma boha.
de
conn
ona-oli
p o.3plh-again
ya
3nh>3nh
ie
di .up
yo
3hpl.a
ma
mid
pele i
do.hai
’a
oc
yo
3hpl.a
ma
mid
boha
pu .hai .in.w ea h
‘and hey climbed up again [and] hey did hei hai in a w ea h.’
(66) De ’a jo ma ena’a,
de
conn
’a
oc
yo
3hpl.a
ma
mid
ena’a
a eca
‘And hey chewed be el,’18
17GJE: Ins ead o calling his child en, he king i ed a cannon as a sign ha hey ha e o come
back.
18MZ: Ena’a is he name o he a eca nu (Indonesian pinang). I is chewed in combina ion wi h
be el lea es (Modole bidoho, Indonesian si ih). The e o e, he nu is also known as ‘be el nu ’
in English. I ha e ansla ed ena’a used as a e b as ‘chew be el’ e en hough echnically i is
he nu and no he lea es ha a e e e ed o.
107
A
O lagudi ma howo’o wo djaga-djaga’a
– The gua dian o he
legundi
ui s
(105) o o ngoi- wau ai lagudi ma howo’o;
’o
emph
o
poss.hum
ngoi
p o.1sg
-ua-ou
-neg- oc
ai
1sg.poss
lagudi
legundi
ma
nm
howo’o
ui
‘ ha my legundi ui s a e no longe mine;’
(106) i hano jo emo:
i
3nh.a
hano
ask
yo
3hpl.a
emo
say
‘ hey asked, saying:’
(107) ‘O ’ia’a de na ino no habea?’
o’ia-i’a
wha -di .i
de
conn
na
2sg>3nh
ino
di . en
no
2sg.a
habea
g ee
‘‘Whe e ha e you (sg.) come om he e o g ee [us]?’’
(108) De o emo:
de
conn
o
1sg.a
emo
say
‘And I said:’
(109) ‘Limau ma i uo’a de a u’u o habea.’”
Limau ma i uo’a
[place_name]
de
conn
a
1sg>3nh
u’u
di .down
o
1sg.a
habea
g ee
‘ ‘I came down om Limau ma i uo’a o g ee [you].’”’
(110) De una, ma dea wo emo:
de
conn
una
p o.3sg.m
ma
nm
dea
a he
wo
3sg.m.a
emo
say
‘And he, he a he , he said:’
(111) “Gemu u o o ngona-wau ani lagudi ma howo’o.”
gemu u
? hus
’o
emph
o
poss.hum
ngona-ua-ou
p o.2sg-neg- oc
ani
2sg.poss
lagudi
legundi
ma
nm
howo’o
ui
‘“Thus you (sg.) legundi ui s a e no longe you s (sg.).”’
114
(112) De una wo emo:
de
conn
una
p o.3sg.m
wo
3sg.m.a
emo
say
‘And he said:’
(113) “na’o ’ogeena de ’a i ogumo’u.”
na’o
cond
’o-geena
emph-dis :p o.3nh
de
conn
’a
oc
i
3nh.a
ogumu-u’u
inish-di .down
‘“I ha ’s he case, hen le i be so.”’
(114) De ma ’oana o wange ma dumunuali awi ngo’a wa modo’a,
de
conn
ma
nm
’oana
king
o
nm
wange
sun
ma
nm
dumunu-oli
di e-again
awi
3sg.m.poss
ngo’a
child
wa
3sg.m>3nh
modo’a
ma y
‘?And he wed he child o he Wes e n King oo,’24
(115) de ma ’o’ano o wange ma hiwa’a awi ngoa’a mo modo’a,
de
conn
ma
nm
’oana
king
o
nm
wange
sun
ma
nm
hiwa-o’a
shine-loc
awi
3sg.m.poss
ngoa’a
child
mo
3sg. .a
modo’a
ma y
‘and he child o he Eas e n King wed’
(116) ma ’o’ana o wange ma dumuno’a awi doguulu moi,
ma
nm
’oana
king
o
nm
wange
sun
ma
nm
dumunu-o’a
di e-loc
awi
3sg.m.poss
doguulu
young.man
moi
one
‘ he son o he Wes e n King’
(117) de mi hi ame- ame o wu u umudingi de o wange umudingi.
de
conn
mi
3sg. .u
hi- ame~ ame
caus- dpl~ eas
o
nm
wu u
nigh
umudingi
se en
de
conn
o
nm
wange
sun
umudingi
se en
‘and hey celeb a ed he se en nigh s and se en days.’
24MZ: The index combina ion wa ‘3sg.m>3nh’ is unexpec ed he e. Usually he pe son who is
wedded is e e ed o by he unde goe index.
115
BO Bibi i – The bibi i ish
In oduc ion & summa y
O Bibi i is he s o y o a gi l who ca ches a supe na u al bibi i ish. A e he ish
has comple ed se e al magical asks, he gi l is cou ed by a man who leads he
away om he home. The e she is ound by a king who ma ies he and she u ns
ou o be a supe na u al being he sel .
English ansla ion
The bibi i ish
Once hey wen ishing wi h a ne – a mo he and he child – and hey caugh a
bibi i ish.
The mo he said: “Le ’s s ike i dead.” And she said: “Don’ s ike i dead, le
i be my play hing,” hen she placed i up in a gohapana a ee. Bu look! she
wen o see i and he ish had g own/mul iplied o ill ou he gohapana a ee
comple ely, and he child said: “Fa he ! please make a p oa, so ha I can pu my
bibi i ish in he e.”
Then she pu i in he e, bu look! She looked he e and saw ha hey had illed
i .
And she said: “Fa he , you s ill ha e o weed my ga den, because hose o my
iends a e al eady weeded.”
And he said: “I’ll weed i , bu you go landwa ds i s ,” and she wen landwa ds,
and look, when she came landwa ds hey had al eady weeded i and he oo s
had been pulled ou .
And she wen seawa ds and she said: “Fa he , don’ go inland, I’m al eady done
wi h he weeding.”
B
O Bibi i
– The
bibi i
ish
And a nigh someone came o cou he , and she e used, saying: “I didn’ come
he e o cou .” And he said: “I ha ’s he case, will you jus do my hai ?” bu she
e used. “Will you jus oil me?” bu she e used. “Bu jus peel be el nu s o us,
so ha we can chew be el.” Bu she e used. A e wa ds, he descended. He be el
box was a be el bag (which is ca ied on he back).
And hen he sun shone on him and she saw him well and she said: “Come he e
so ha I can make up you hai ,” bu he e used, saying: “Don’ do ha ! Because
hen you a he and you mo he will be ang y wi h you,” and she e used and
ollowed him.
And when he descended om he op o a elled ee, she climbed up on i s lowe
end, bu when he climbed up, she descended.
Then hey ollowed se en i e s and c ossed o e se en moun ains, bu when he
climbed, she descended, and when he descended, she climbed.
And hey ound a i e o e which a liana hung, hen she awai ed him, and hey
chewed be el, and he said: “Re u n! O he wise, you will no ind you mo he and
you a he anymo e,” and she said: “I don’ wan o, I will ollow you,” hen he
said: “Then close you eyes,” and she closed hem, bu look! she opened hem a
he cen e o he moun ain op. A liana hung he e and she slep and she sp ead
ou he hai o e wo i e bays. And ish illed he hai up o he op, igh like
a case ne ha is comple ely ull.
Once someone ished wi h a ne , and caugh he hai , and he said: “He e now,
whose hai is his?” He said: “Come, a li le bi mo e owa ds he bank,” and hey
wen inland and she slep on a liana and hey loaded he in o he p oa. And hey
wen and he e he wi es o he king we e ang y. They said: “You collec women;
now you wi es su ely numbe se en al eady.” And hey said: “She is beau i ul;
well, le ’s poop!” Then hey pooped, bu he smell o he exc emen was swee ,
and hey said again: “She is beau i ul; come, le ’s a ,” and hey a ed, bu look!
he smell o he a was swee .
And hey said again: “Come, le ’s ollow he i e down o he sea wi h a a ,” and
hey ollowed he i e wi h a a . They, he se en, wen i s , and hey c ashed
agains he bank and wen down in o he wa e a once. And she ook a a oo.
And she also d i ed away wi h i , and she d i ed inland, e u ning.
And he king said: “I will ma y you.” And she said: “I you wan o ma y me, I
i s mus s ab one o you sla es dead.” And she s abbed him, so ha he ell o
he g ound and he was bound wi h a o lea es and hey le him alone in ano he
house. Bu look! a e se en nigh s he played he lu e, and he was ali e again.
118
And hal o his ace was sil e and he o he hal was gold, hal o his hai was
sil e , he o he hal gold, his uppe ee h we e sil e and he lowe ones we e
gold.
And he king said: “S ab me oo,” and she said: “No, because hen you will also
become hal sil e and hal gold.” Bu he wi hs ood he , so she s abbed him; and
he became hal and he did no e u n anymo e.
Modole ex
O Bibi i
Naga ma moi yo labea, ma eha de ami ngoa’a, de o bibi i i moi ya amono.
Ma eha mo emo: “pa poha’a,” de muna mo emo: “uwa na poha, ai guguule ho,”
gena’ade mo hileo ie o gohapana o’a.
Ho a o! ma u umu ena ma gahapana a ma ya oma-omangieu, de ma ngoa’a mo
emo: “Aba! anu no dapa’o o ngo ili moi la o hinoa ai bibi i.”
Gena’ade mo hinoa, ho a o! ma u umu ena ya oma-omangieu. De muna mo
emo: “Aba, anu ma moi de ai baili no do odangohi, hababu o ai mana’i o ona
yo do odanga ya bo oau ho.” De wo emo: “Aba o do odanga, ho no hilahau”; de
mo hihau, ho a o ma iha ena yo do odangoau ma ngu u’u ma ya hia o’a.
De ma o’o de mo emo: “Aba, nga ouwau na iha, a bo oau ho, o do odanga.”
De ma wu u’u o nyawa moi wa ino mi dahe, de muna ’a mo olu’u, mo emo:
“Ngoi neena a ino o o mamanewa.” De una wo emo: “Ma na’o o geenade i i no
i pele i”, ma ’a mo olu’u, “ma i i no i dauhu,” ma a mo olu’u, “ma i i no na dopoga
o ena’a la po ma ena’a,” ma a mo olu’u; i ogumiade wo u iou, ami pa o ma ngi o
be a-be a moi.
De gena’ade wi dihiwa o wange de mi ma’e i iai, de mo emo: “Na inoou la o ni
pele iou,” ma a wo olu’u wo emo: “Uwau! ’one ani dea de ani eha ni ngamoho;”
de a mo olu’u ho a mi ni’i.
Ho na’o una wo u i ma dodanga ma de’u geena muna mo palene ma goade, ma
na’o una wo palene, geena muna mo u i.
Gena’ade ho yo honga o ngaili umudingi, de o de’u umudingi, ho na’o una wo
hawu, geena muna mo u i, ma na’o una wo u i, geena muna mo hawu.
De ya ma’e’a o a’ele moi, ma de’uno o gumooanga moi i au ino, gena’ade mi
damaou, yo ma enaou, de wo emo: “No liou! ’one ani eha, de ani dea o no i
119
B
O Bibi i
– The
bibi i
ish
ma’ewau,” de muna mo emo: “a o olu’u, a o ni ni’i;” gena’ade wo emo: “geenade
no ma uwu o’a,” de mu ma uwu o’a, ho a o ma pelangie ena o de’u ma go o-
nanou. Genade o gumoanga moi i au ino, de gena mu ma idu, de ami u u mu
ma bilinganaau ho a’ele o di’o modidino. De o nao’o i ma noa ho ma ingi ma ja i
ewou. — Ma moi wo duo, de wo hidoduo ami u u, de wo emo: “Neena o’iau bali
a manga u u.” Wo emo: “abei’a ihahi” de ya iha, ona o gumoango’a mo o’uno
mo nihuo’a, de mi hibalene o ngoo ilu’u.
De ya i’a de ge ma ’oana awi we’a a yo ngamo yo emo: “ho ngewe’a no ma
do oomu de; na ne ma anu ani we’a a ma ya u umidingo’a.” De yo emo: “Mo
e o ho; bei’a mi ma o’o”; ma yo ma o’o, ma o muna ami io’o ma bounu i hemo;
de yo emoli: “mo e o ho, bei’a mi o hie,” de yo hie, ma a o! muna ami hie ma
bounu i hemo.
De yo emoli: “abei’a dauwengo’o mi ma hidudu uumo;” de yo ma hidudu uumo.
Ona ge ya umudingi yo hila, de yo i hi adi, ho a ma moiu’u. De munali. De muna
hidahini ho, a mo hiiha mo lio. De ma ’oana wo emo: “To ni modoa’a.” De mo
emo: “na’o no i modo’ade, halingou ani halalomu moi o wi opo’oahi.”
De mi opo’o ho a wo hidulubade, de wi hihao o iwaya; de o wo’a ma homoa’a wi
ingai’a. Ha a o! o wu u umudingi ena a u ma babangiheli, de a wo wangoali. De
awi capa awi hongona o hala’a, ma hongona o gu ahi, awi u u ma ma hongona
o hala’a ma hougona gu ahi, awi ilingi ma dauie o hala’a, dauu’u o gu ahi.
De ma ’oana wo emo: “Ngoioli no i opo’o;” de mo emo: “uwau, ’one a na
hongonaau.” Ma wo ibu u ho de mi opo’o; de a wo hongonaau o wo liowau.
Ellen’s Du ch ansla ion
He Bibi i ischje
Op een kee gingen zij ischscheppen (me een mandje); (’ wa en) een moede
me haa kind en een bibi i ischje ingen zij. De moede zeide: “(La en) wij he
(dood) slaan.” En zij zeide: “Sla he ( och) nie (dood), (laa ) he och mijn speel-
goed (zijn)!” Toen legde zij he in den akoksel an den gohapana aboom. Doch
kijk! zij zag he , zij (de ischjes) ulden den gohapana aboom (de uim e usschen
ak en s am) geheel op, en he kind (meisje) zeide: “Vade ! maak och eene p auw
(boo je), opda ik mijn bibi i ischjes daa in doe.” Toen deed zij ze e in, doch kijk!
zij keek e naa (en zag), da ze (de ischjes) he boo je ulden o bo en oe.
En zij zeide: “Vade ! gij moes och nog eens mijn uin openkappen (de boomen
120
daa in omhakken), wan die an mijn ienden hebben zij eeds opengekap .” En
hij zeide: “Ik zal openkappen, doch ga gij oo ui !” En zij ging landwaa s, en
kijk, oen zij landwaa s kwam had men deze eeds opengekap (en) de wo els
zel s had men e ui ge okken. En zij ging zeewaa s en zij zeide: “Vade , ’ is
nie noodig (da ) gij landwaa s gaa , ik ben eeds me he openkappen klaa .” En
dien nach kwam iemand om me haa e ijen, en zij wilde nie , zij zeide: “Ik
kwam hie heen, nie om e ijen.” En hij zeide: “Als he zoo is, wil dan (maa
e en) mijn haa opmaken!” (een doo de jongens zee gewaa dee d eeken an
genegenheid), maa zij wilde nie , “wil dan mijn haa beoliën!” maa zij wilde
(da ) ook nie , “maa als gij dan oo ons pinangno en an de schil on doe , op-
da wij si ihpinang p uimen!” maa zij wilde ook (da ) nie , daa na daalde hij a
( an he huis op palen) (en) zijn p uimdoos was een pinang-si ih asch, (welke op
den ug ged agen wo d ).
En oen bescheen de zon hem en zij zag hem goed (’ was dus goed lich gewo -
den) en zij zeide: “Kom hie opda ik je haa opmaak,” maa ( oen) wilde hij nie ,
hij zeide: “Doe da nie ! wan dan zullen je ade en je moede boos op je zijn” en
zij ond da nie goed ( an hem) dus zij olgde hem. En als hij a daalde an de
omgehak e booms ammen klom zij op aan ’ onde eind an de s ammen, maa
als hij opklom, (dan) daalde zij nee . Alzoo e olgden zij hun weg o o e ze en
i ie en en o e ze en be gen, doch als hij (een be g) bes eeg, dan daalde zij a ,
en als hij a daalde dan beklom zij (een be g). En zij onden eene i ie waa bo en
een boschliaan naa beneden hing, aldaa wach e zij hem, (en) zij p uimden si -
ihpinang, en ( oen) zeide hij: “Kee e ug! ande s (zullen) je moede en je ade
je nie inden” en zij zeide: “Ik wil nie , ik (wil) je olgen,” (en) oen zeide hij:
“doe dan je oogen dich ,” en zij deed ze dich , doch zie ! ( oen) zij ze wee opende
(was) zij hie midden op den be g. Aldaa hing een boschliaan (naa beneden)
en aldaa legde zij zich nee en haa hoo dhaa sp eidde zij ui zel s o e wee
i ie boch en. En de isschen ze en zich in da haa o bo en aan oe, gelijk
een we pne da geheel ol is. Eens isch e hij (iemand) me een ne en k eeg
haa haa in da ne , en hij zeide: “Hie nu, an wie is di hun haa och?” Hij
zeide: “Kom, nog wa landwaa s,” en zij (e schijnen nu wee pe sonen gewees
e zijn) gingen landwaa s (en) hie op den boschliaan lag zij e slapen en zij
laadden ( ilden) haa in de p auw. En zij gingen en aldaa (wa en) de ouwen
des konings boos, zij zeiden: “gij e zamel maa ouwen; nu zijn uw ouwen
zeke wel ze en.” (De issche blijk dus een koning gewees e zijn). En zij (die
ouwen) zeiden: “Zij (is) och mooi; welaan, laa ons poepen” zij dan poep en,
maa de luch an haa on las ing was aangenaam (geu ig), en zij zeiden wee :
“zij (is) mooi, kom, la en wij een wind la en,” en zij lie en een wind, doch kijk!
121
B
O Bibi i
– The
bibi i
ish
de luch an haa wind was aangenaam (geu ig). En zij zeiden wee : “Kom, la en
wij an hie me een lo den s oom olgen naa zee,” en zij olgden me een
lo den s oom. Zij die ze en (gingen) ee s , en zij s oo en e mee (me da lo
egen den oe e ) en (zij) in eens naa beneden ( e ongeluk en allen). En zij ook
(ging op een lo ). En zij d ee e ook mee weg, doch zij (d ee ) e mee landwaa s
(dus egen den s oom in) zij kee de (dus) e ug. En de koning zeide: “Ik zal je
ouwen.” En zij zeide: “dan moe ik ee s een an uwe bedienden (dood) s eken.”
En zij s ak hem, zooda hij e bij om iel (dood nee iel) en men omwond hem
me kaladiblade en, en zij lie en hem ach e in he huis an iemand ande s. Doch
kijk! Na ze en nach en alhie gewees e zijn speelde hij op de lui , en hij lee de
wee . En de hel an zijn ui e lijk was zil e (en) zijn (ande e) hel (was) goud,
de hel zijne ha en (was) zil e , zijn (ande e) hel goud, zijne bo ens e anden
(wa en) zil e en zijn onde s e (wa en) goud. En de koning zeide: “S eek gij mij
ook!” en zij zeide: “(Laa ik da ) nie doen; wan dan wo d gij ook hal .” Maa
hij haalde haa o e (om he och maa e doen) alzoo s ak zij hem; en hij is hal
gewo den en hij is nie e ug gekee d, (d. w. z. oo de hel zil e en de hel
goud).
Glossed ex
(1) O Bibi i
o
nm
bibi i
k.o. ish
‘The bibi i ish’1
(2) Naga ma moi jo labea,
naga
exis
ma
nm
moi
one
yo
3hpl.a
labea
ish.wi h.ne
‘Once hey wen ishing wi h a ne ;’
(3) ma eha de ami ngoa’a,
ma
nm
eha
mo he
de
conn
ami
3sg. .poss
ngoa’a
child
‘a mo he and he child,’
1MZ: Acco ding o an Baa da (1895: 62), a bibi i is “a sea- ish wi h a plump, ound body and a
spiny skin” (“een zee isch me dik ond lichaam en s ekelige huid”). I is said o be poisonous.
122
(4) de o bibi i i moi ja amono.
de
conn
o
nm
bibi i
k.o. ish
i
3nh.a
moi
one
ya
3nh>3nh
amono
ca ch. ish
‘and hey caugh a bibi i ish.’
(5) Ma eha mo emo: “pa poha’a,”
ma
nm
eha
mo he
mo
3sg. .a
emo
say
pa
1pl.in>3nh
poha-’a
hi -?lim
‘The mo he said: ”[Le ]’s (in.) s ike i [dead].”’
(6) de muna mo emo: “uwa na poha,
de
conn
muna
p o.3sg.
mo
3sg. .a
emo
say
uwa
p oh
na
2sg>3nh
poha
hi
‘And she said: “Don’ s ike i [dead],’
(7) ai guguule ho,”
ai
1sg.poss
gugule
oy
ho
hus
‘[le i be] my play hing,”’
(8) gena’ade mo hileo ie o gohapana o’a.
geena-o’a-de
dis :p o.3nh-loc -conn
mo
3sg. .a
hi-leo o-ie
caus-supine-di .up
o
nm
gohapana a-o’a
k.o. ee-loc
‘ hen she placed [i ] up2in a gohapana a ee3.’
(9) Ho a o! ma u umu ena ma gahapana a ma ja oma-omangieu,
ho
hus
a o
excl
ma
3sg. >3nh
u umu
go.see
ena
p o.3nh
ma
nm
gohapana a
k.o. ee
ma
bu
ya
3nh>3nh
(C)V(C)V~omanga-ie-ou
dpl~ ull-di .up- oc
‘Bu look! she wen o see i [and] [ he ish]4 illed he gohapana a ee
comple ely,’5
2GJE: [in] a o ked b anch
3MZ: I ha e been unable o iden i y he gohapana a (also spelled <gahapana a>).
4MZ: The bibi i is/a e hence o h ea ed as plu al in he Du ch ansla ion. I is impossible o
ga he om he Modole ex whe he he e is one e y la ge ish o many small ones.
5GJE: he space be ween he b anch and s em
123
B
O Bibi i
– The
bibi i
ish
(44) ma na’o una wo u i, geena muna mo hawu.
ma
bu
na’o
cond
una
p o.3sg.m
wo
3sg.m.a
u i
descend
geena
dis :p o.3nh
muna
p o.3sg.
mo
3sg. .a
hawu
climb
‘and when he descended, hen she climbed.’
(45) De ja ma’e’a o a’ele moi, ma de’uno o gumooanga moi i au ino,
de
conn
ya
3nh>3nh
ma’e-o’a
see-lim
o
nm
a’ele
wa e
moi
one
ma
nm
de’u-ino
moun ain-di . en
o
nm
gumoanga
liana
moi
one
i
3nh.a
au u-ino
?pull-di . en
‘And hey ound a i e ?o e which a liana hung,’17
(46) gena’ade mi damaou, jo ma enaou, de wo emo:
geena-o’a-de
dis :p o.3nh-loc -conn
mi
3sg. >3sg.m
dama-ou
wai -al eady
yo
3hpl.a
ma
mid
ena-ou
a eca-al eady
de
conn
wo
3sg.m.a
emo
say
‘ hen she awai ed him, [and] hey chewed be el, and he said:’
(47) “No liou! ’one ani eha, de ani dea o no i ma’ewau,”
no
2sg.a
lio-ou
e u n-al eady
’o-ne
emph-p ox
ani
2sg.poss
eha
mo he
de
conn
ani
2sg.poss
dea
a he
’o
emph
no
2sg.a
’i
3hpl.u
ma’e-ua-ou
see-neg-al eady
‘“Re u n! O he wise, you (sg.) will no ind you mo he and you a he
anymo e,”’
(48) de muna mo emo: “a o olu’u, a o ni ni’i;”
de
conn
muna
p o.3sg.
mo
3sg. .a
emo
say
’a
oc
o
1sg.a
olu’u
e use
’a
oc
o
1sg.a
ni
2sg.u
ni’i
ollow
‘and she said: “I don’ wan o, I [will] ollow you (sg.),”’
17MZ: Tau u means ‘ o pull’ in se e al Co e No h Halmahe a languages.
130
(49) gena’ade wo emo: “geenade no ma uwu o’a,”
geena-o’a-de
dis :p o.3nh-loc -conn
wo
3sg.m.a
emo
say
geena-de
dis :p o.3nh-conn
no
2sg.a
ma
mid
uwu u-o’a
close.eyes-lim
‘ hen he said: “Then close you (sg.) eyes,”’
(50) de mu ma uwu o’a,
de
conn
mu
3sg. .a
ma
mid
uwu u-o’a
close.eyes-lim
‘and she closed hem,’
(51) ho a o ma pelangie ena o de’u ma go onanou.
ho
hus
a o
excl
ma
3sg. >3nh
pelanga-ie
open-di .up
ena
p o.3nh
o
nm
de’u
moun ain
ma
nm
go ona-ino-ou
middle-di . en- oc
‘bu look, she opened hem he e in he middle o he moun ain.’18
(52) Genade o gumoanga moi i au ino, de gena mu ma idu,
geena-de
dis :p o.3nh-conn
o
nm
gumoanga
liana
moi
one
i
3nh.a
au u-ino
?pull-di . en
de
conn
geena
dis :p o.3nh
mu
3sg. .a
ma
mid
idu
sleep
‘The e hung a liana and he e she slep ,’
(53) de ami u u mu ma bilinganaau ho a’ele o di’o modidino.
de
conn
ami
3sg. .poss
u u
hai
mu
3sg. .a
ma
mid
bilingana-ou
sp ead-al eady
ho
hus
a’ele
wa e
o
nm
di’o
bay
modidi-ino
wo-di . en
‘and she sp ead ou he hai o e wo i e bays.’
18MZ: The o m go ona is he onse mu a ed equi alen o P o o-Mainland No h Halmahe a
*ko ona ‘middle, cen e ’. I is a es ed in se e al languages. In his line as well as in [H.31]
and [H.35], he oo has a inal <n> no a es ed in any o he language. He e I analyze i as
he en i e di ec ional -ino, as sugges ed by Ellen’s ansla ion ‘he e on he middle o he
moun ain’ (“hie midden op den be g”). The o he wo occu ences do no sugges his analysis.
The ph ase o de’u ma go onanou li e ally ansla es as ‘ he middle o he moun ain’. Acco ding
o my Modole in o man , his e e s o he moun ain idge, no he peak o he moun ain.
131
B
O Bibi i
– The
bibi i
ish
(54) De o nao’o i ma noa ho ma ingi ma dja i ewou.
de
conn
o
nm
nao’o
ish
i
3nh.a
ma
mid
noa
pu
ho
hus
ma
nm
ingi
? igh
ma
nm
ja
ne
i
3nh.a
ewo-ou
ull-al eady
‘And ish illed [he hai ] up o he op, igh like a case ne ha is
comple ely ull.’
(55) Ma moi wo duo, de wo hidoduo ami u u,
ma
nm
moi
one
wo
3sg.m.a
duo
? ish
de
conn
wo
3sg.m.a
hi-dV-duo
caus-appl-? ish
ami
3sg. .poss
u u
hai
‘Once he ? ished, and caugh he hai ,’
(56) de wo emo: “Neena o’iau bali a manga u u.”
de
conn
wo
3sg.m.a
emo
say
neena
p ox:p o.3nh
o’ia-ou
wha - oc
bali
? ille
’a
oc
manga
3hpl.poss
u u
hai
‘and he said: “He e now, whose hai is his?”’
(57) Wo emo: “abei’a ihahi”
wo
3sg.m.a
emo
say
abei’a
well
iha-ohi
di .land-s ill
‘He said: “Come, a li le bi mo e owa ds he land,”’
(58) de ja iha, ona o gumoango’a mo o’uno mo nihuo’a,
de
conn
ya
3nh>3nh
iha
di .land
ona
p o.3plh
o
nm
gumoanga-o’a
liana-loc
mo
3sg. .a
o’u-ino
?ac oss-di . en
mo
3sg. .a
nihu-o’a
sleep-lim
‘and hey19 wen landwa ds [and] ?she slep on a liana’20
(59) de mi hibalene o ngoo ilu’u.
de
conn
mi
3sg. .u
hi-balene
caus-emba k
o
nm
ngo ili-u’u
p oa-di .down
‘and hey loaded he in o he p oa.’
19GJE: he e seem o be wo people now
20MZ: To’u is ansla ed as ‘s ep o e some hing’ (‘o e ie s s appen’) in he wo dlis .
132
(60) De ja i’a
de
conn
ya
3nh>3nh
i’a
di .i
‘And hey wen ’
(61) de ge ma ’oana awi we’a a jo ngamo
de
conn
ge
dis
ma
nm
’oana
king
awi
3sg.m.poss
we’a a
wi e
yo
3hpl.a
ngamo
ang y
‘and he e he wi es o he king we e ang y,’
(62) jo emo: “ho ngewe’a no ma do oomu de;
yo
3hpl.a
emo
say
ho
hus
ngewe’a
woman
no
2sg.a
ma
mid
dV- oomu
appl-ga he
de
conn
‘ hey said: “You (sg.) collec women;’
(63) na ne ma anu ani we’a a ma ja u umidingo’a.”
na
?he e
ne
p ox
ma
bu
anu
mod
ani
2sg.poss
we’a a
wi e
ma
bu
ya
3nh>3nh
CV~ umidingi-o’a
dpl~se en-loc
‘now you (sg.) wi es su ely numbe se en al eady.”’21
(64) De jo emo: “Mo e o ho; bei’a mi ma o’o”;
de
conn
yo
3hpl.a
emo
say
mo
3sg. .a
e o
beau i ul
ho
hus
abei’a
well
mi
1pl.ex.a
ma
mid
o’o
de eca e
‘And hey22 said: “She is beau i ul; well, [le ]’s (ex.) poop;”’
(65) ma jo ma o’o, ma o muna ami io’o ma bounu i hemo;
ma
bu
yo
3hpl.a
ma
mid
o’o
de eca e
ma
bu
o
poss.hum
muna
p o.3sg.
ami
3sg. .poss
io’o
exc emen
ma
nm
bounu
smell
i
3nh.a
hemo
swee
‘ hen hey pooped, bu he smell o he exc emen was swee ,’23
21GJE: The ishe man seems o ha e been a king.
22GJE: he women
23MZ: A swee smell seems o be a sign o a supe na u al being (compa e [E.65]).
133
B
O Bibi i
– The
bibi i
ish
(66) de jo emoli: “mo e o ho, bei’a mi o hie,”
de
conn
yo
3hpl.a
emo-oli
say-again
mo
3sg. .a
e o
beau i ul
ho
hus
abei’a
well
mio
1pl.ex.a
hie
a
‘and hey said again: “She is beau i ul; come, [le ]’s (ex.) a ,”’
(67) de jo hie, ma a o! muna ami hie ma bounu i hemo.
de
conn
yo
3hpl.a
hie
a
ma
bu
a o
excl
muna
p o.3sg.
ami
3sg. .poss
hie
a
ma
nm
bounu
smell
i
3nh.a
hemo
swee
‘and hey a ed, bu look! he smell o he a was swee .’
(68) De jo emoli: “abei’a dauwengo’o mi ma hidudu uumo;”
de
conn
yo
3hpl.a
emo-oli
say-again
abei’a
well
dauwe-ngo’o
loc.down-n:di .sea
mi
1pl.ex.a
ma
mid
hi-CV~dV- uumo
caus- dpl~appl-? ollow.wi h. a
‘And hey said again: “Come, [le ]’s (ex.) ? ollow he i e wi h a a
down o he sea,”’24
(69) de jo ma hidudu uumo.
de
conn
yo
3hpl.a
ma
mid
hi-CV~dV- uumo
caus- dpl~appl-? ollow.wi h. a
‘and hey ollowed he i e wi h a a .’
(70) Ona ge ja umudingi jo hila,
ona
p o.3plh
ge
dis
ya
3nh>3nh
umudingi
se en
yo
3hpl.a
hila
i s
‘They, he se en, [wen ] i s ,’
(71) de jo i hi adi, ho a ma moiu’u.
de
conn
yo
3hpl.a
’i
3hpl.u
hi- adi
caus- h us
ho
hus
’a
oc
ma
nm
moi-u’u
one-di .down
‘and hey c ashed25 and wen down a once26.’
24MZ: The o m hidudu uumo is unclea o me. I is ansla ed as ‘ ollow wi h a a ’ bu does
no occu in he wo ld lis o any dic iona y o a Co e No h Halmahe a languages. I may be
de i ed om pcnh * uu u ‘ ollow’.
25GJE: wi h ha a agains he bank
26GJE: all pe ished
134
(72) De munali.
de
conn
muna-oli
p o.3sg. -again
‘And she oo.’27
(73) De muna hidahini ho, a mo hiiha mo lio.
de
conn
muna
p o.3sg.
hi-dahini
caus- loa
ho
hus
’a
oc
mo
3sg. .a
hi-iha
caus-di .land
mo
3sg. .a
lio
e u n
‘And she [also] d i ed away wi h i , [and] she [d i ed] landwa ds
e u ning.’28
(74) De ma ’oana wo emo: “To ni modoa’a.”
de
conn
ma
nm
’oana
king
wo
3sg.m.a
emo
say
o
1sg.a
ni
2sg.u
modo’a-’a
ma y-?lim
‘And he king said: “I will ma y you (sg.).”’
(75) De mo emo: “na’o no i modo’ade, halingou ani halalomu moi o wi
opo’oahi.”
de
conn
mo
3sg. .a
emo
say
na’o
cond
no
2sg.a
i
1sg.u
modo’a-de
ma y-conn
halingou
necessa y
ani
2sg.poss
halalomu
sla e
moi
one
o
1sg.a
wi
3sg.m.u
opo’o-ohi
s ab-s ill
‘And she said: “I you (sg.) wan o ma y me, I i s mus s ab one o you
(sg.) sla es [dead].”’
(76) De mi opo’o ho a wo hidulubade,
de
conn
mi
3sg. >3sg.m
opo’o
s ab
ho
hus
’a
oc
wo
3sg.m.a
hi-dV-luba-de
caus-appl- all.down-conn
‘And she s abbed him, so ha he ell down’29
(77) de wi hihao o iwaja;
de
conn
wi
3sg.m.u
hi-hao
caus-w ap
o
nm
iwaya
kind.o . a o
‘and he was bound wi h a o [lea es]’
27GJE: ook a a
28GJE: hus agains he cu en
29GJE: ell down dead
135
B
O Bibi i
– The
bibi i
ish
(78) de o wo’a ma homoa’a wi ingai’a.
de
conn
o
nm
wo’a
house
ma
nm
homoa-o’a
o he -loc
wi
3sg.m.u
inga-i’a
sepa a e-di .i
‘and hey sepa a ed him in ano he house.’
(79) Ha a o! o wu u umudingi ena a u ma babangiheli,
ho
hus
a o
excl
o
nm
wu u
nigh
umudingi
se en
ena
p o.3nh
’a
oc
u
3sg.m.a
ma
mid
CV~bangiheli
dpl~ lu e
‘Bu look! a e se en nigh s he played he lu e,’
(80) de a wo wangoali.
de
conn
’a
oc
wo
3sg.m.a
wango-oli
li e-again
‘and he was ali e again.’
(81) De awi japa awi hongona o hala’a, ma hongona o gu ahi,
de
conn
awi
3sg.m.poss
capa
ace
awi
3sg.m.poss
hongona
hal
o
nm
hala’a
sil e
ma
nm
hongona
hal
o
nm
gu ahi
gold
‘And hal o his ace was sil e [and] he [o he ] hal was gold,’
(82) awi u u ma ma hongona o hala’a ma hougona gu ahi,
awi
3sg.m.poss
u u
hai
ma
nm
ma
nm
hongona
hal
o
nm
hala’a
sil e
ma
nm
hongona
hal
gu ahi
gold
‘hal o his hai was sil e , he [o he ] hal gold,’
(83) awi ilingi ma dauie o hala’a, dauu’u o gu ahi.
awi
3sg.m.poss
ilingi
oo h
ma
nm
da’u-ie
loc.up-di .up
o
nm
hala’a
sil e
dau-u’u
loc.down-di .down
o
nm
gu ahi
gold
‘his uppe ee h we e sil e [and] he lowe ones we e gold.’
(84) De ma ’oana wo emo: “Ngoioli no i opo’o;”
de
conn
ma
nm
’oana
king
wo
3sg.m.a
emo
say
ngoi-oli
p o.1sg-again
no
2sg.a
i
1sg.u
opo’o
s ab
‘And he king said: “S ab me oo,”’
136
(85) de mo emo: “uwau, ’one a na hongonaau.”
de
conn
mo
3sg. .a
emo
say
uwa-ou
p oh- oc
’o-ne
emph-p ox
’a
oc
na
2sg>3nh
hongona-ou
hal -al eady
‘and she said: “No, because hen you (sg.) will [also] become hal .”’
(86) Ma wo ibu u ho de mi opo’o;
ma
bu
wo
3sg.m.a
ibu u
wi hs and
ho
hus
de
conn
mi
3sg. >3sg.m
opo’o
s ab
‘Bu he wi hs ood he , so she s abbed him;’
(87) de a wo hongonaau o wo liowau.
de
conn
’a
oc
wo
3sg.m.a
hongona-ou
hal -al eady
’o
emph
wo
3sg.m.a
lio-ua-ou
e u n-neg-al eady
‘and he became hal [and] he did no e u n anymo e.’30
30GJE: i.e. became hal sil e and hal gold
137
CO Goda – The goda spi i
In oduc ion & summa y
In he s o y O Goda, a man ies o p e en his wi e om being seized by he goda
spi i . This spi i is an in eg al elemen o No h Halmahe an adi ional eligion.
The man ails in his endea o , bu he and his wi e can e en ually escape he goda
spi i .
English ansla ion
The goda spi i
The e was someone, a ma ied woman. He husband was a hun e , he wen
and called he dogs, and he u ged his mo he , saying: “Mo he ! Don’ le you
daugh e -in-law s ay on he own, because hen he goda spi i will seize he .”
And she said: “No, I won’ lea e he alone, jus go.” And he le , and was gone.
And she, he woman, said: “Child, le ’s ba he and wash ou hai wi h coconu
milk.” And he daugh e -in-law said: “Tha ’s good, le ’s ba he, and wash ou hai
wi h coconu milk.” And hey ba hed and washed hei hai ; and a e ha , hey
emba ked in a p oa. And he daugh e -in-law hough and said: “Mo he -in-law,
le ’s sleep,” and she said: “Tha ’s good.” And hey lay down, so he mo he -in-law
ell asleep. The wi e o he hun e wen o cu bamboo, she pu he bamboo close
o he goda spi i and he goda spi i seized he . In his momen , he husband
came and he asked his mo he , saying: “Mo he , how is you daugh e -in-law?”
And she said: “I was sleeping and she chopped bamboo and he spi i seized he .”
And he said: “I jus said, don’ le he alone,” and he wen away o look o he
and abo e he ankle he spi i had seized he .
And he ook he sil e and he hai pins and pu hem on he bu look! He looked
a he and he spi i had al eady d owned he .
F
O uho
– The cuscus
(150) “O’iano ngini ma njawa?”
o’ia-ino
wha -di . en
ngini
p o.2pl
ma
nm
nyawa
pe son
‘“Whe e ha e you (pl.) [come om] he e?”’
(151) De ona jo emo:
de
conn
ona
p o.3plh
yo
3hpl.a
emo
say
‘And hey said:’
(152) “Ngomi neena ma ’oana o ’uho awi ngoa’a.
ngomi
p o.1pl.ex
neena
p ox:p o.3nh
ma
nm
’oana
king
o
nm
’uho
cuscus
awi
3sg.m.poss
ngoa’a
child
‘“We (ex.) he e a e he child en o King Cuscus.’
(153) Ma mudua awi uae de wo agi,
ma
nm
mudua
?
awi
3sg.m.poss
uae
? oubled
de
conn
wo
3sg.m.a
agi
go
‘He wen wi h ?a bu dened hea ’58
(154) de wo djadji mia eha’a wo emo:
de
conn
wo
3sg.m.a
jaji
p omise
mia
1pl.ex.poss
eha-i’a
mo he -di .i
wo
3sg.m.a
emo
say
‘and he p omised ou (ex.) mo he , saying:’
(155) ‘Ngona neena no ngoa’a, de ani ngoa’a modidi,
ngona
p o.2sg
neena
p ox:p o.3nh
no
2sg.a
ngoa’a
child
de
conn
ani
2sg.poss
ngoa’a
child
modidi
wo
‘‘You (sg.) he e [shall] gi e bi h, and you (sg.) child en [will be] wo,’
(156) moi de ma mede ma giauo’a, de moi de ma wange ma njonjie’a.’
moi
one
de
conn
ma
nm
mede
moon
ma
nm
giau-o’a
new-loc
de
conn
moi
one
de
conn
ma
nm
wange
sun
ma
nm
nyonyie-o’a
sun ise-loc
‘and one [will be bo n] a new moon and one a sun ise.’’
58MZ: The o m <mudua> is comple ely obscu e o me. Based on he ansla ion, i could mean
‘hea ’ bu no po en ial cogna es a e a es ed. Also no e ha he pa allel line [F.35] does no
con ain i .
242
(157) De o ngo jai mo ngoa’a, de ami la’o ja di i’o,
de
conn
o
nm
ngo
hon. em
yai
mo he
mo
3sg. .a
ngoa’a
child
de
conn
ami
3sg. .poss
la’o
eye
ya
3nh>3nh
dV- io’a
appl-?seal
‘And mo he ga e bi h, and hey sealed he eyes’
(158) de ami oleha o u’u ma bi ino jo hongodaika de o puni i,
de
conn
ami
3sg. .poss
ole-iha
? agina-di .land
’o
emph
u’u
di .down
ma
nm
bi ino
bu ned.objec
yo
3hpl.a
ho-ngoda-ika
?-?pu -di .i
de
conn
o
nm
puni i
coconu .husk
‘and in he agina hey pu cha coal and coconu ba k’59
(159) i ogumi’a de ma ngo jai o lia’a o bo uau mi hihipu’u de mi hidaahini.
i
3nh.a
ogumu-i’a
inish-di .i
de
conn
ma
nm
ngo
hon. em
yai
mo he
o
nm
lia’a
olde .sibling
o
nm
bo ua-ou
box- oc
mi
1pl.ex.u
hi-hipu’u
caus-pu .in o
de
conn
mi
1pl.ex.u
hi-dahini
caus- loa
‘and a e ha he olde mo he s60 pu us (ex.) in o a box and [le ] us
(ex.) loa away.’
(160) De mio u u’u ma Djindaali awi hohaniha
de
conn
mio
1pl.ex.a
u u’u
a i e
ma
nm
jindaali
gene al
awi
3sg.m.poss
hohana-iha
landing.place-di .land
‘And we (ex.) a i ed landwa ds a he landing place o he gene al’
(161) de wi palia a hiadono mio lamo’o’au.
de
conn
wi
3sg.m>1pl.excl
palia a
aise
hiadono
un il
mio
1pl.ex.a
lamo’o-o’au
big-pe
‘and he aised us (ex.) un il we had g own up.’61
59MZ: The o m <hongodaika> is en a i ely analyzed he e. The <k> sugges s ha i is bo owed
since Modole has no na i e /k/. Taba u has a o m songoda ‘ ill, pu inside.’
60GJE: he olde sis e s o he mo he who a e he e usually called ‘olde mo he s’
61MZ: The o m hiadono is de i ed om hi-adono ‘caus- each.’
243
F
O uho
– The cuscus
(162) De o ’aho wo aho’o’a,
de
conn
o
nm
’aho
dog
wo
3sg.m.a
aho’o-o’a
call-lim
‘And he62 called he dogs’63
(163) de mio agi mia ngo iliau aha u mia diai.”
de
conn
mio
1pl.ex.a
agi
go
mia
1pl.ex.poss
ngo ili-ou
p oa- oc
aha u
s one
mia
1pl.ex>3nh
diai
make
‘and we (ex.) wen , we (ex.) made ou (ex.) p oa o s one.”’
(164) De ma ’oana wo emo:
de
conn
ma
nm
’oana
king
wo
3sg.m.a
emo
say
‘And he king said:’
(165) “Na’o o geena de ngoiou nia dea,
na’o
cond
’o
emph
geena
dis :p o.3nh
de
conn
ngoi-ou
p o.1sg- oc
nia
2pl.poss
dea
a he
‘“I ha ’s he case, I am you (pl.) a he ,’
(166) ho nio u ihau,”
ho
hus
nio
2pl.a
u i-iha-ou
descend-di .land-al eady
‘so disemba k landwa ds,”’
(167) de jo hano jo emo: “Ho ma ngo jai?”
de
conn
yo
3hpl.a
hano
ask
yo
3hpl.a
emo
say
ho
hus
ma
nm
ngo
hon. em
yai
mo he
‘and hey asked, saying: “How abou mo he ?”’
(168) De una wo emo:
de
conn
una
p o.3sg.m
wo
3sg.m.a
emo
say
‘And he said:’
62GJE: he gene al
63GJE: wen hun ing
244
(169) “Nia eha muna dai mu o e engo’a mi hidupuhuie.”
nia
2pl.poss
eha
mo he
muna
p o.3sg.
dai
loc.sea
mu
3sg. .a
’o
emph
CV~ engo-o’a
dpl~alone-lim
mi
3sg. >1pl.ex
hi-dupuhu-ie
caus- ollow-di .up
‘“You (pl.) mo he is by he sea, she is alone, [and] she will ollow us
(ex.) up.”’64
(170) De ona jo emo: “Na’o mio u i,
de
conn
ona
p o.3plh
yo
3hpl.a
emo
say
na’o
cond
mio
1pl.ex.a
u i
descend
‘And hey said: “When we (ex.) disemba k,’
(171) halingou ani we’a a nage ja bu anga mia ngoo ili’a mio hilangi.”
halingou
necessa y
ani
2sg.poss
we’a a
wi e
nage
exis .p ox
ya
3nh>3nh
bu anga
six
mia
1pl.ex.poss
ngoo ili-’a
p oa-?loc
mio
1pl.ex.a
hi-langi
caus- olle
‘you (sg.) six wi es mus se e as olle s [ o ] ou (ex.) p oa [when] we
(ex.) d ag i up.”’65
(172) De ma ’o’ana wo emo: “I’au,”
de
conn
ma
nm
’oana
king
wo
3sg.m.a
emo
say
i’a-ou
di .i - oc
‘And he king said: “Tha ’s good,”’
(173) de wo hilangi ho manga ’obongo i obi- obi’e’a.
de
conn
wo
3sg.m.a
hi-langi
caus- olle
ho
hus
manga
3hpl.poss
’obongo
bone
i
3nh.a
(C)V(C)V~ obi’i-’a
dpl~b eak-?lim
‘and he used [ hem as olle s], so hei bones b oke.’66
64GJE: he esidence o a king is usually on a hill by he sea
65MZ: A mo e li e al ansla ion o his line may be ‘We mus olle up ou p oa wi h you
six wi es’ wi h he causa i e p e ix hi- in hilangi ma king ani we’a a nage ya bu anga as an
ins umen .
66MZ: Ellen ansla es he second pa o his line as ‘dus hunne beende en b aken en de ui ein-
den gingen naa bo en s aan’ (‘ hus hei bones b oke and hei ends wen upwa ds’). The
la e pa o his ansla ion does no co espond o he Modole o iginal, as a as I can ell.
245
F
O uho
– The cuscus
(174) I ogumi’a de ma eha mï ehe,
i
3nh.a
ogumu-i’a
inish-di .i
de
conn
ma
nm
eha
mo he
mï
3sg. .u
ehe
e ch
‘A e ha , hey e ched he mo he ’
(175) de o puni i mï iili,
de
conn
o
nm
puni i
coconu .husk
mi
3sg. .u
iili
ub
‘and hey ubbed he wi h coconu ba k,’
(176) ma duangino o e o ma a’elu’u mï hiohi’i,
ma
nm
duangaino
inish.di . en
’o
emph
e o
beau i ul
ma
nm
a’ele-u’u
wa e -di .down
mi
3sg. .u
hi-ohi’i
caus-wash
‘a e ha , hey washed he beau i ul in wa e ,’
(177) aha de hala’a ma a’elu’u mï hiohi’i, aha de o gu ahi ma a’elu’uli.
aha
as.a.consequence
de
conn
hala’a
sil e
ma
nm
a’ele-u’u
wa e -di .down
mi
3sg. .u
hi-ohi’i
caus-wash
aha
as.a.consequence
de
conn
o
nm
gu ahi
gold
ma
nm
a’ele-u’u-oli
wa e -di .down-again
‘[and] hen hey washed he wi h sil e wa e and and a e ha wi h
gold wa e .’
(178) Ho ami u u ma hongona o hala’a, ma hongona o gu ahi,
ho
hus
ami
3sg. .poss
u u
hai
ma
nm
hongona
hal
o
nm
hala’a
sil e
ma
nm
hongona
hal
o
nm
gu ahi
gold
‘So hal o he hai was sil e [and] he [o he ] hal gold,’
(179) ami ilingi ma hongona o hala’a, ma hongona o gu ahi.
ami
3sg. .poss
ilingi
oo h
ma
nm
hongona
hal
o
nm
hala’a
sil e
ma
nm
hongona
hal
o
nm
gu ahi
gold
‘he ee h we e hal sil e , [and] he [o he ] hal was gold.’
246
GO Bia a – The bia a plan
In oduc ion & summa y
In O Bia a a mo he lea es he child en because he daugh e has ed he mo he ’s
bia a plan o he b o he . The child en ollow he since he son needs o be
nu sed by his mo he . Finally, he mo he cu s o one o he b eas s and he
child en plan i . The b eas g ows in o a magical ee ha spou s all manne o
clo hes and jewel y – and inally he mo he he sel .
English ansla ion
The bia a plan
Once he mo he wen o he ga den, and she u ged he daugh e , saying: “Nene,
when you b o he c ies, gi e him ood o ea , only don’ gi e him my bia a.”
Then she wen and a e she had le he c ied, and she ga e him ood, bu he
e used i , he only wan ed he bia a, so she ga e i o him so ha he wouldn’
c y anymo e.
Look, a e ha he mo he had come back, and she asked o he bia a, saying:
“How abou my bia a?” And hey said: “Mo he , a momen ago, he li le one
c ied o i , so I ga e i o him.”
And he mo he said: “I u ged you, I said: ‘Don’ gi e him my bia a, e en i he
c ies o i ,’ I said: ‘E en i you gi e him all he ood a ailable, un il he e is
no hing le , don’ gi e him my bia a.’” And she he daugh e said: “Bu mo he ,
he ood up he e I ga e o him, bu he e used i , he wan ed only he bia a.”
And she said: “He has ea en my bia a, he e o e I will go away,” hen she wen
away, and hey said: “Mo he , he li le one did ea he bia a, bu don’ go away.”
Bu she said: “I e use, I will go away.”
G
O Bia a
– The
bia a
plan
And hey ollowed he , bu she said: “Don’ ollow me, so ha you s ay wi h you
a he ,” bu hey e used, hey ollowed he , and he sis e called, saying: “Mo he !
he h oa o he King o he Moluccas is d y, so nu se him i s .”
And she, he mo he , said: “Re u n o you a he and s ay he e,” hen she p essed
ou he milk o him in a palm lea and hey wen landwa ds and she, he sis-
e , nu sed him, la e his h oa was d y again and hey called o he mo he :
“Mo he , he h oa o he King o he Moluccas is d y, so nu se him i s again.”
Then she p essed ou he b eas in o a palm lea again, so hey wen landwa ds
and she, he sis e , i s nu sed him, la e his h oa was d y again, and he sis e
called, saying: “Mo he , he h oa o he King o he Moluccas is d y, so nu se
him i s ,” and she again p essed ou he b eas in o a palm lea o him, and hey
wen away and she, he sis e , nu sed him i s ; la e his h oa was d y again,
and hey called: “Mo he , he h oa o he King o he Moluccas is d y, so nu se
him i s ,” he e on he s ones inland was one house and he e she wai ed o
hem. And hey wen landwa ds and she nu sed him so ha he was comple ely
sa is ied, and she said: “Go ahead, e u n home,” and hey said: “Mo he , how a e
we supposed o e u n?” And she b oke o hal o he b eas o him. And she
u ged hem, saying: “Take his hal o my b eas o him, so ha you may nu se
him wi h i , bu when he doesn’ nu se anymo e, hen plan he b eas .” Then
when he did no nu se anymo e, hey plan ed i .
And look, a e wa ds i sp ou ed, and la e he child en climbed i , bu hey did
no all down om i .
And look, hen i blossomed, and i bo e as ui sa ongs, whi e shi s, pan s,
bajus, choppe s, hoes, axes, beads, sil e ings, gold ings, hai pins, ea ings, ea
pendan s, ankle s.
And wha ma els he wo ld holds, up he e he ee bo e hem as ui s, and
om he op a ches hung down.
And look, hey opened i up and he e was he mo he he sel .
Modole ex
O Bia a
Naga ma moi mo agi ami baili’a, de mo jaji mo emo: “Nene, na’o ani ilanga wo
ali, de o inomo no wi ’ula’a ma i i uwa ai bia a no wi ’ula.”
248
Genaade mo agi ho mo paha’a de wo ali, de mi ’ula ma inomo, ma ’a wa olo’u,
wo mau ’a o bia a, gena’ade mi ’ula, ho o wo aliwau.
Ho a o, ma dadaauena ma eha mo boaau, de mo dahano ma mi bia a, mo emo:
“Ho m’ai bia a?” De ona yo emo: “Yai, ’a’ano o nonu wo gali ho, ho o wi ’ulaau.”
De ma eha mo emo: “To jaji o emo: ‘uwa no wi ’ula ai bia a, nga o wo gali
ma;’” o emo: ‘nga o gedau o inomo no wi ’ula no wi dodobo i’a ma, ma i i uwa
ai bia a no wi ’ula.’”
De muna mo emo: “Ma ’a mo yai, geda’u ma inomo o wi ’ula, ma ’a wo olu’u,
wo mau a ma bia a.”
De muna mo emo: “Ai bia a ma wa odomoau ho o agiou,” gena’adaude mo agi
de ona yo emo: “Yai, ’a o bia a ho o nonu wa odomoau ho uwa no agi.” Ma muna
mo emo: “’a o olu’u o agiou.”
De ona ma a yo ni’i, ma muna mo emo: “Uwau nio ni’i, la nio gogogelou nia
dea’a;” ma ’a yo olu’u, a yo ni’i, de ma bilanga mo aho’o mo emo: “Yai, aja
Molo’u awi ngomaha i dudungu ho no wi huhuo’ahi.”
De muna ma eha mo emo: “’A nio liou nia dea’a la nio gogogelo’u, gena’adau de
o mo’a ma ho’a’a mi de ege’u, ho ya iha de mi hihuhuoahi ma bilanga, i’a o geena
awi ngomaha i dudungu yo aho’o ma eha’a: “Yai, o aja Molo’u awi ngomaha i
dudungu, ho no wi huhuoahi.”
Gena’adau de o mo’a ma ho’aali mi de ege’u, ho ya iha de mi hihuhuoahi ma
bilanga; i’a ’ogeena awi ngomaha i dudungu, ma bilanga mo aho’o mo emo:
“Yai, o aja Molo’u awi ngomaha i dudungu ho no wi huhuoahi;” de o mo’a ma
ho’aali mi de ege’u, ho ya i’a de mi hihuhuoahi ma bilanga; i’a ’ogeena awi ngom-
aha i dudungu, yo aho’o: “Yai, o aja Molo’u awi ngomaha i dudungu ho no wi
huhuoahi,” ena ma heleoiha o wo’a o u u moi de gena’adauou mo’i dama.
De ya iha de mi huhu ho mi punu-punuhu’u, de mo emo: “I’aau nio liou o wo’a’a,”
de yo emo: “Yai, o hininga o’ia anu po liou?” De ami huhu ma hongona mi
do owi.
De mo jaji, mo emo: “Ai huhu ne ma hongona no wi gaha, la no wi hihuhu, la
na’o ’o wo huhuwau, de nia uduu’u.” Gena’adau de o wo huhuwau de ya udu’u.
Hoa o ma dadaao ena i oolide’u, i’a ma dadaao ena o ngoa’a ya doa ma ’o yo i
hidulubawau.
Hoa o, ’ogeena ena i bungaau, de i hibunga o moha, o papago, o haana, o baju, o
dia, o pa u, o ipaha, o gudele, o ali-ali o hala’a, o gu ahi, o cucu’ode, o auge, o
douno, o hia a.
249
G
O Bia a
– The
bia a
plan
De geda’u o’iano o dunia ma doda’a i upa- upa i hibunga, de da’u ma ubu-
ubuo’au de o bo ua moi i hidelu’u.
Hoa o, ya pa ie, ena ama aha mu ma hongodau’u.
Ellen’s Du ch ansla ion
De bia aplan (een soo plan me lange blade en op een langen
s ams engel; de blade en wo den als g oen e gege en)
Op een kee ging zij (ui he e haal blijk zij eene moede e zijn an wee
kinde en) naa haa uin, en zij deed haa (doch e je) belo en, zij zeide: “Nene”
(een meisjesnaam) “als je b oe je huil , gee hem dan e en, doch gee hem mijn
bia a nie .”
Zij ging dus en oen zij weg was huilde hij, en zij ga hem ( e) e en, maa hij
wilde (da ) nie , hij wilde slech s die bia a (hebben), oen ga zij die, en hij huilde
nie mee .
Kijk, daa na was de moede gekomen en zij oeg naa haa bia a, zij zeide: “Hoe
s aa he me mijn bia a?” En zij zeiden: “Moede , zooe en huilde de kleine e om,
dus heb ik ze hem gege en.”
En de moede zeide: “Ik deed (je) belo en, ik zeide: ‘gij moog hem mijn bia a
nie ge en, al huil hij e ook om’; ik zeide: ‘al gee gij hem (ook) al he e en, da
hie is, o e nie s mee o e is, als ge hem maa nie mijn bia a gee .’” En zij (de
doch e ) zeide: “maa moede , he e en daa ginds heb ik hem gege en, maa hij
wilde (he ) nie (e en), hij wilde slech s de bia a (hebben)” (in he gewone le en
de inlande s gaa he s eeds zooals hie e haald wo d , dwingende kinde en
k ijgen namelijk s eeds hun zin.)
En zij zeide: “Mijn bia a hee hij opgege en, dus ga ik (weg)”; oen ging zij, en zij
(de kinde en namelijk) zeiden: “Moede , de kleine hee wel de bia a opgege en,
doch ga och nie (weg).” Maa zij zeide: “Ik wil nie (blij en), ik ga (weg).”
En zij olgden (haa ) maa , doch zij zeide: “ olg mij ( och) nie , opda gij bij uw
ade blij ,” maa zij wilden nie , zij olgden slech s, en de zus e iep, zij zeide:
“Moede ! de koning de Molukken (haa b oe je namelijk) zijn keel is d oog (hij
hee do s ) dus gee hem ee s de bo s .”
En zij de moede zeide: “Kee och e ug o uw ade en blij aldaa ;” oen
d uk e zij ha e melk ui in een palmblad en zij gingen landwaa s en zij (de zus e )
250
ga hem e an e d inken, e olgens was zijn keel (wee ) d oog (en) zij iepen
de moede : “Moede , de koning de Molukken zijne keel is d oog, dus gee hem
ee s (wee ) e d inken.” Toen d uk e zij haa bo s wede om ui in een palmblad,
ook (gingen) zij landwaa s en zij, de zus e , ga hem ee s wee melk, e olgens
was zijn keel (alwee ) d oog, (en) de zus e iep, zij zeide: “Moede , de koning de
Molukken zijn keel is d oog, dus gee hem ee s de bo s ;” en zij d uk e haa
bo s wee ui in een palmblad, en zij gingen en de zus e ga hem die ee s e
d inken; daa na (we d) zijn keel wee d oog, (en) zij iepen: “Moede : de koning
de Molukken zijn keel is d oog, dus gee hem ee s de bo s ;” daa landwaa s
op de s eenen s ond een huis en aldaa wach e zij hen. En zij gingen landwaa s
en zij ga hem de bo s o hij geheel e zadigd was, en zij zeide: “Voo ui , kee
och naa huis e ug,” en zij zeiden: “Moede , hoe kunnen wij nu e ugkee en?”
En ( oen) b ak zij haa eene bo s a oo hem. En zij deed (hen) belo en, zij zeide:
“Neem deze mijne eene bo s oo hem mee, opda gij hem e mee oed , doch
als hij geen moede melk mee geb uik , plan haa (die moede bo s ) dan (s op
die dan in den g ond, zooals men uch en plan .)” Toen hij dan de moede melk
nie mee geb uik e, plan en zij die (bo s ).
Zie , daa na on sp oo zij en g oeide op (als een boom) en la e ( oen die boom
g oo gewo den was) klommen de kinde en e in, maa zij ielen e nie mee om.
Zie , oen bloeide die (boom), en de bloesems die hij oo b ach wa en kains (li-
jnwaden), wi e baadjes, b oeken, baadjes, hakmessen, pa jols, bijlen, k alen, zil -
e en ingen, gouden ( ingen), haa kammen, oo ingen, enkel ingen, oo hange s.
En aldaa , wa e ook oo e schillende dingen in de we eld zijn, hij (die boom
namelijk) bloeide ze (b ach ze oo ) en daa aan zijn op hing een kis .
Kijk, zij b aken die open (en) hie de moede zel (was daa in).
Glossed ex
(1) O Bia a
o
nm
bia a
k.o.plan
‘The bia a plan ’1
1GJE: a kind o plan wi h long lea es on a long s alk, he lea es a e ea en as ege ables; MZ:
The Indonesian Wikipedia iden i ies bia a as he Donnax canni o mis (h ps://id.wikipedia.o g
/wiki/Bemban, accessed 4 Oc obe 2025) ci ing Heyne (1987). Howe e , I was unable o e i y
he e e ence and he name does no occu in he Du ch o iginal (see Heyne 1913: 242-243).
251
G
O Bia a
– The
bia a
plan
(38) i’a o geena awi ngomaha i dudungu jo aho’o ma eha’a:
i’a
di .i
’o
emph
geena
dis :p o.3nh
awi
3sg.m.poss
ngomaha
h oa
i
3nh.a
dudungu
d y
yo
3hpl.a
aho’o
call
ma
nm
eha-i’a
mo he -di .i
‘la e his h oa was d y [and] hey called o he mo he :’
(39) “Jai, o adja Molo’u awi ngomaha i dudungu, ho no wi huhuoahi.”
yai
mo he
o
nm
aja
king
Molo’u
Moluccas
awi
3sg.m.poss
ngomaha
h oa
i
3nh.a
dudungu
d y
ho
hus
no
2sg.a
wi
3sg.m.u
huhu-o’a-ohi
b eas -lim-s ill
‘“Mo he , he h oa o he King o he Moluccas is d y, so nu se him
i s .”’
(40) Gena’adau de o mo’a ma ho’aali mi de ege’u,
geena-o’a-dau-ou
dis :p o.3nh-loc -loc.down- oc
de
conn
o
nm
mo’a
?k.o.palm
ma
nm
ho’a-oli
lea -again
mi
3sg. >3sg.m
dV- ege-u’u
appl-d ip-di .down
‘Then she p essed ou [he b eas ] in o a palm lea again,’
(41) ho ja iha de mi hihuhuoahi ma bilanga;
ho
hus
ya
3nh>3nh
iha
di .land
de
conn
mi
3sg. >3sg.m
hi-huhu-o’a-ohi
caus-b eas -lim-s ill
ma
nm
bilanga
sis e
‘so hey wen landwa ds and she, he sis e , i s nu sed him,’
(42) i’a ’ogeena awi ngomaha i dudungu,
i’a
di .i
’o-geena
emph-dis :p o.3nh
awi
3sg.m.poss
ngomaha
h oa
i
3nh.a
dudungu
d y
‘la e his h oa was d y,’
(43) ma bilanga mo aho’o mo emo:
ma
nm
bilanga
sis e
mo
3sg. .a
aho’o
call
mo
3sg. .a
emo
say
‘[and] he sis e called, saying:’
258
(44) “Jai, o adja Molo’u awi ngomaha i dudungu ho no wi huhuoahi;”
yai
mo he
o
nm
aja
king
Molo’u
Moluccas
awi
3sg.m.poss
ngomaha
h oa
i
3nh.a
dudungu
d y
ho
hus
no
2sg.a
wi
3sg.m.u
huhu-o’a-ohi
b eas -lim-s ill
‘“Mo he , he h oa o he King o he Moluccas is d y, so nu se him
i s ,”’
(45) de o mo’a ma ho’aali mi de ege’u,
de
conn
o
nm
mo’a
?k.o.palm
ma
nm
ho’a-oli
lea -again
mi
3sg. >3sg.m
dV- ege-u’u
appl-d ip-di .down
‘and she again p essed ou [he b eas ] in o a palm lea o him,’
(46) ho ja i’a de mi hihuhuoahi ma bilanga;
ho
hus
ya
3nh>3nh
i’a
di .i
de
conn
mi
3sg. >3sg.m
hi-huhu-o’a-ohi
caus-b eas -lim-s ill
ma
nm
bilanga
sis e
‘and hey wen away and she, he sis e , nu sed him i s ;’
(47) i’a ’ogeena awi ngomaha i dudungu, jo aho’o:
i’a
di .i
’o-geena
emph-dis :p o.3nh
awi
3sg.m.poss
ngomaha
h oa
i
3nh.a
dudungu
d y
yo
3hpl.a
aho’o
call
‘la e his h oa was d y, [and] hey called:’
(48) “Jai, o adja Molo’u awi ngomaha i dudungu ho no wi huhuoahi,”
yai
mo he
o
nm
aja
king
Molo’u
Moluccas
awi
3sg.m.poss
ngomaha
h oa
i
3nh.a
dudungu
d y
ho
hus
no
2sg.a
wi
3sg.m.u
huhu-o’a-ohi
b eas -lim-s ill
‘“Mo he , he h oa o he King o he Moluccas is d y, so nu se him
i s ,”’
259
G
O Bia a
– The
bia a
plan
(49) ena ma heleoiha o wo’a o u u moi de gena’adauou mo’i dama.
ena
p o.3nh
ma
nm
heleo-iha
s one-di .land
o
nm
wo’a
house
o
nm
u u
?class
moi
one
de
conn
geena-o’a-dau-ou
dis :p o.3nh-loc -loc.down- oc
mo-’i
3sg. .a-3hpl.u
dama
wai
‘ he e on he landwa d s ones was one house and he e she wai ed o
hem.’
(50) De ja iha de mi huhu ho mi punu-punuhu’u, de mo emo:
de
conn
ya
3nh>3nh
iha
di .land
de
conn
mi
3sg. >3sg.m
huhu
b eas
ho
hus
mi
3sg. >3sg.m
(C)V(C)V~punuhu-u’u
dpl~sa is ied-di .down
de
conn
mo
3sg. .a
emo
say
‘And hey [wen ] landwa ds and she nu sed him so ha he was
comple ely sa is ied, and she said:’
(51) “I’aau nio liou o wo’a’a,”
i’a-ou
di .i - oc
nio
2pl.a
lio-ou
e u n-al eady
o
nm
wo’a-’a
house-?di .i
‘“Go ahead, e u n home,”’
(52) de jo emo: “Jai, o hininga o’ia anu po liou?”
de
conn
yo
3hpl.a
emo
say
yai
mo he
o
nm
hininga
hea
o’ia
wha
anu
mod
po
1pl.in.a
lio-ou
e u n-al eady
‘and hey said: “Mo he , how may we (in.) e u n?”’
(53) De ami huhu ma hongona mi do owi.
de
conn
ami
3sg. .poss
huhu
b eas
ma
nm
hongona
hal
mi
3sg. >3sg.m
dV- owi
appl-pick. ui
‘And she b oke o hal o he b eas o him.’
(54) De mo djadji, mo emo:
de
conn
mo
3sg. .a
jaji
p omise
mo
3sg. .a
emo
say
‘And she u ged, saying:’
260
(55) “Ai huhu ne ma hongona no wi gaha,
ai
1sg.poss
huhu
b eas
ne
p ox
ma
nm
hongona
hal
no
2sg.a
wi
3sg.m.u
gaha
ake
‘“Take his hal o my b eas o him,’
(56) la no wi hihuhu,
la
so. ha
no
2sg.a
wi
3sg.m.u
hi-huhu
caus-b eas
‘so ha you (sg.) may nu se him [wi h i ],’
(57) la na’o ’o wo huhuwau,
la
so. ha
na’o
cond
’o
emph
wo
3sg.m.a
huhu-ua-ou
b eas -neg-al eady
‘bu when he doesn’ nu se anymo e,’
(58) de nia uduu’u.”
de
conn
nia
2pl>3nh
u-dV-u’u
?-appl-di .down
‘ hen plan i [ he b eas ].”’11
(59) Gena’adau de o wo huhuwau de ja udu’u.
geena-o’a-dau-ou
dis :p o.3nh-loc -loc.down- oc
de
conn
o
nm
wo
3sg.m.a
huhu-ua-ou
b eas -neg-al eady
de
conn
ya
3nh>3nh
u-dV-u’u
?-appl-di .down
‘Then when he did no nu se anymo e, hey plan ed i .’12
(60) Hoa o ma dadaao ena i oolide’u,
ho-a o
hus-excl
ma
nm
dadaao
a e
ena
p o.3nh
i
3nh.a
ooli-de’u
sp ou -?
‘And look, a e wa ds i sp ou ed,’13
11GJE: pu i in o he g ound, as one does wi h plan s
12GJE: he b eas
13GJE: like a ee
261
G
O Bia a
– The
bia a
plan
(61) i’a ma dadaao ena o ngoa’a ja doa
i’a
di .i
ma
nm
dadaao
a e
ena
p o.3nh
o
nm
ngoa’a
child
ya
3nh>3nh
doa
climb
‘[and] la e he child en climbed i ,’14
(62) ma ’o jo i hidulubawau.
ma
bu
’o
emph
yo
3hpl.a
’i
3hpl.u
hi-dV-luba-ua-ou
caus-appl- all.down-neg-al eady
‘?bu hey did no all wi h i .’
(63) Hoa o, ’ogeena ena i bungaau,
ho-a o
hus-excl
’o-geena
emph-dis :p o.3nh
ena
p o.3nh
i
3nh.a
bunga-ou
lowe -al eady
‘And look, hen i blossomed,’
(64) de i hibunga o moha, o papago, o haana, o badju,
de
conn
i
3nh.a
hi-bunga
caus- lowe
o
nm
moha
sa ong
o
nm
papago
k.o.clo hing
o
nm
haana
pan s
o
nm
baju
k.o.shi
‘and i 15 blossomed sa ongs, whi e shi s, pan s, bajus,’16
(65) o dia, o pa u, o ipaha, o gudele,
o
nm
dia
choppe
o
nm
pa u
hoe
o
nm
ipaha
axe
o
nm
gudele
bead
‘choppe s, hoes, axes, beads,’
(66) o ali-ali o hala’a, o gu ahi,
o
nm
ali~ali
ing
o
nm
hala’a
sil e
o
nm
gu ahi
gold
‘sil e ings, gold [ ings],’
14GJE: when he ee had g own
15GJE: he ee
16MZ: A sa ong is a long piece o ab ic w apped a ound he wais . Ellen ansla es moha as
‘kains (lijnwaden)’ (kain is he Indonesian wo d o ab ic, lijnwaden means ‘linnen’) bu in he
wo dlis i is glossed as ‘sa ong’. Papago is ansla ed as ‘wi e baadje’ (‘whi e baju’). A baju is
a kind o shi wo n in Indonesia.
262
(67) o ju ju’ode, o auge, o douno, o hia a.
o
nm
cucu’ode
hai pin
o
nm
auge
ea ing
o
nm
douno
ea .pendan
o
nm
hia a
ankle
‘hai pins, ea ings, ea pendan s, ankle s.’17
(68) De geda’u o’iano o dunia ma doda’a i upa- upa i hibunga,
de
conn
ge-da’u
dis -loc.up
o’ia-ino
wha -di . en
o
nm
dunia
wo ld
ma
nm
doda-o’a
inside-loc
i
3nh.a
upa~ upa
dpl~shape
i
3nh.a
hi-bunga
caus- lowe
‘And up he e, ?all he di e en hings [ ha ] a e [in] he wo ld, i 18
blossomed [ hem]’
(69) de da’u ma ubu- ubuo’au de o bo ua moi i hidelu’u.
de
conn
da’u
loc.up
ma
nm
ubu~ ubu-o’a-ou
dpl~ op-loc - oc
de
conn
o
nm
bo ua
box
moi
one
i
3nh.a
hidele-u’u
hang-di .down
‘and om up a he op hung down a ches .’19
(70) Hoa o, ja pa ie, ena ama aha mu ma hongodau’u.
ho-a o
hus-excl
ya
3nh>3nh
pa a-ie
open-di .up
ena
p o.3nh
ama
mo he
aha
as.a.consequence
mu
3sg. .a
ma
mid
hongoda-u’u
sel -di .down
‘And look, hey opened i up [and] he e was he mo he he sel .’
17MZ: Ellen ansla es cucu’ode as ‘haa kammen’ (‘hai combs’). I is likely a bo owing o Te -
na e cici konde ‘b ooch wo n in he hai bun by women’ ( an F aassen & Voo hoe e n.d.);
konde in Indonesian means ‘hai bun’). Acco ding o Ellen’s ansla ion, douno means ‘ankle s’
(“enkel ingen”) and hia a ‘ea pendan s’ (“oo hange s”) bu in he Modole Holle lis (S okho
& Saleh-B onkho s 1980b: 203-214) hia a is glossed ‘a m ing, b acele ; ankle ’ (“band o ing
(a m); band o ing (enkel)”). I ha e he e o e swi ched he glossings o douno and hia a.
18GJE: he ee
19MZ: Lines [G.68-69] a e e y di icul o in e p e and eph ase li e ally in English. I ollow
Ellen’s ansla ion. Ano he possible ansla ion may be: ‘Up he e – whe e all he hings ound
in he wo ld blossomed – a ches hung down om he op.’
263
HNaga o njawa ja mididi jo puaha –
Two people who as ed
In oduc ion & summa y
In he s o y Naga o njawa ja mididi jo puaha, wo b o he s come home om
as ing in he mosque o lea n ha hei mo he has slaugh e ed hei chicken
agains hei p e ious o de . They he e o e lea e hei home bu ge sepa a ed.
The younge b o he loses his way and encoun e s an old woman who akes him
in. The mo i e o he old woman is also ound in Tex A and Tex E.
English ansla ion
Two People who Fas ed
On one day hey en e ed he mosque, hey as ed, and he olde b o he u ged
he mo he , saying: “Mo he , don’ slaugh e ou chicken, e en i he e is no hing
o ea o us, we will e u n he e.”
And he mo he said: “No, we won’ s ike i dead, jus go.” And when hei as ing
was inished, hey e u ned.
And he olde b o he asked: “Mo he , is ou chicken s ill a ound?” Then he
mo he said: “Hey, child en, I slaugh e ed you chicken,” and hey we e ang y,
hey said: “How is i possible ha you slaugh e ed ou chicken?” And he mo he
said: “Because we had no hing o ea , he e o e I slaugh e ed i .” Then hey said:
“Because you slaugh e ed ou chicken, we will go away.”
A e ha hey wen and hey ook p o isions o he way: se en wa e melons,
se en chicken eggs and one whole coconu .
Then hey walked on, un il hey came o a i e and he e hey es ed, because
nigh had allen.
H
Naga o njawa ja mididi jo puaha
– Two people who as ed
And hey lay down o sleep and he olde one said: “In a li le while I’ll wake
you up, hen wa ch ca e ully, because in a li le while, when i is s ill midnigh ,
a ho se will pick us up,” and he younge one said: “I ha ’s he case, you mus
wake me up, don’ abandon me.”
And when i was s ill midnigh he ho se came, so he olde b o he woke up he
younge one, bu he did no wake up.
Then he olde b o he wen , and when he olde b o he wen , he ook away he
ings o he younge one so ha hey we e exchanged and he olde one pu his
ings on he younge and hose o he younge one he pu on himsel .
The olde b o he wo e se en laye s o shi s and pan s, and when he came o a
c oss oads on he way, he d opped his shi . Then he came o a c oss oads again
and he d opped one shi , he came o a c oss oads again and he d opped one,
un il he only had one shi le and one pai o pan s and a e ha he d opped
his k is shea h and i olled on he le pa h a he c oss oads.
And he olde b o he ollowed he igh wa d pa h and he younge b o he ol-
lowed he le wa d pa h.
And he younge b o he came o an old woman, bu i s he hid unde a banana
plan . And one bunch o bananas was ipe, and down he e he a e hem aw.
Once she wen o he ga den o ha es he ice, and she wen s aigh o he ba-
nanas. Bu she came he e, and o he bananas one bunch was no he e anymo e;
she said: “Hey, who a e his? Maybe he ea wigs.”
And she said: “I I only ind hem, hen I will s ike hem dead.” And he shou ed,
saying: “G andmo he !” Only a he hi d ime she hea d him, and she said: “Hey,
who he e is calling ‘g andmo he , g andmo he ?’” And he e ealed himsel , and
she came seawa ds o him and said: “Hey, my eal son.” Then she cooked ice o
him and he a e.
Modole ex
Naga o nyawa ya mididi yo puaha
Naga o wange moiu yo ’ohama o Higi’a yo puaha; de ma lia’a wo jaji ma eha’a,
wo emo: “Yai, mia namo ua nia poha, nga o o ma ube o’iawa mia odomo, mio
lionoma.”
266
De ma eha mo emo: “Ouwa, ’o mia pahawa, nga o ’a nio agi.” De na’o yo puaha
i duangou yo lio.
De ma lia’a wo hanou, wo emo: “Yai, mia namo ena naga?” Done ma eha mo
emo: “hai, ngoa’a, nia namo a pohaau;” de yo ngamo, yo emo: “i dodooha mia
namo na poha?” De ma eha mo emo: “hebabu ’one o’iawa mia odomo, dadi
a poha.” Gena’ade yo emo: “Hebabu mia namo na pohaau, dadi mio agiou.”
I ogumi’a de yo agi yo ma hibilaono o omo-omo umudingi, o namo ma gohi
umudingi, de o igono o ngodumu moi.
Gena’ade yo agi-yo agi, ho yo do a’a o ngaili moi de gena’a yo ma ogumu,
hebabu o wu uoau. De yo ma idu-idude’u, ma lia’a wo emo: “na’o ’o ma ube o
ni omanga, de no ma u umu mao, hebabu o ma ube o wu u gogo onanohi, o ja a
i na ulu ngone”; de ma dodo o wo emo: “na’o geena, de halingou no i omanga
ua no i mada.”
De gena’a o wu u gogo onanohi o ja a i boau, ’one ma lia’a wi omangou ma
dodo o, ma wo maowa.
Done a wo agiou ma lia’a; de wak u wo agiou ma lia’a wa hoana ma dodo o
awi ali-ali la yo ma hiali i, la o ma lia’a wi hinoa ma dodo ao awi ali-ali, la o ma
dodo o u ma hinoa unao.
Ma lia’a awi baju u ma nani umudingi’a, awi haana ma ’ogeena, de na’o o
nge’omo wa ma’e ma jaga awi baju wo dugumo, i’a wa ma’e wo dugumo, wa
ma’e, wo dugumo, hiadono awi baju moiohi, de awi haana moiohi de ma duulu
awi dopo-dopo ma ha umu wa umo de i paapa o nge’omo ma jaga o gubali’a.
De ma lia’a wa nonu o nge’omo o guida’a, de ma dodo o wa nonu o nge’omo o
gubali’a.
De ma dodo o wo o a o be e’i’a, ma ma didihila’a u ma iunuahi o pihanga ma
goa’a. De ma pihanga o u u moi i umu’u, de gena’u u ma gou-gou. Ma moi ami
baili’a mo agi ami bi a mo u u’u, de mo digila-gila mami pihanga. Ma ma ino, ena
ma mi pihanga o u u moi ’oiwau; “hei, neena o’ia ya odomo? poelua o heheana.”
De mo emo: “A de i i a a ma’ehi la a poha’a ho.” De wo ahoou wo emo: “Apu”
hiadono o ha a ma hange aha mo ihene, de mo emo: “Wah nagoona nena naga,
yo apu-apu?” De u ma himai i, de mi o’o de mo emo: “hai, ai ngoa’a ma aua.”
Gena’a de mi ha’ai o bi a de wo odomo.
267
H
Naga o njawa ja mididi jo puaha
– Two people who as ed
(29) ma lia’a wo emo: “na’o ’o ma ube o ni omanga,
ma
nm
lia’a
olde .sibling
wo
3sg.m.a
emo
say
na’o
cond
’o
emph
ma
nm
ube
li le.bi
o
1sg.a
ni
2sg.u
omanga
wake.up
‘and he olde one said: “In a li le while I’ll wake you (sg.) up,’
(30) de no ma u umu mao,
de
conn
no
2sg.a
ma
mid
u umu
go.see
mao
wake.up
‘? hen wa ch ca e ully,’6
(31) hebabu o ma ube o wu u gogo onanohi,
hebabu
because
’o
emph
ma
nm
ube
li le.bi
o
nm
wu u
nigh
CV~go onan-ohi
dpl~middle-s ill
‘because in a li le while, when i is s ill midnigh ,’
(32) o dja a i na ulu ngone”;
o
nm
ja a
ho se
i
3nh.a
na
1pl.in.u
ulu
anspo
ngone
p o.1pl.incl
‘a ho se7will pick us (in.) up,”’
(33) de ma dodo o wo emo:
de
conn
ma
nm
dodo o
younge .sibling
wo
3sg.m.a
emo
say
‘and he younge one said:’
(34) “na’o geena, de halingou no i omanga ua no i mada.”
na’o
cond
geena
dis :p o.3nh
de
conn
halingou
necessa y
no
2sg.a
i
1sg.u
omanga
wake.up
uwa
p oh
no
2sg.a
i
1sg.u
mada
abandon
‘“I ha ’s he case, you (sg.) mus wake me up, don’ abandon me.”’
6MZ: The meaning o mao is unclea . The cogna e in Tobelo means ‘ eel’ o ‘conscious’ (Hue ing
1908c: 239). The Galela cogna e malo also means ‘wake up’ ( an Baa da 1895: 252) and his
seems o be he seman ics in [H.36]. Howe e , i does no eally i wi h Ellen’s ansla ion.
7GJE: a mys ic ho se
274
(35) De gena’a o wu u gogo onanohi o dja a i boau,
de
conn
geena-o’a
dis :p o.3nh-loc
o
nm
wu u
nigh
CV~go onan-ohi
dpl~middle-s ill
o
nm
ja a
ho se
i
3nh.a
boa-ou
come-al eady
‘And when i was s ill midnigh he ho se came,’
(36) ’one ma lia’a wi omangou ma dodo o, ma wo maowa.
’o-ne
emph-p ox
ma
nm
lia’a
olde .sibling
wi
3sg.m>3sg.m
omanga-ou
wake.up-al eady
ma
nm
dodo o
younge .sibling
ma
bu
wo
3sg.m.a
mao-ua
wake.up-neg
‘so he olde b o he woke up he younge one, bu he did no wake up.’
(37) Done a wo agiou ma lia’a;
done
hen
’a
oc
wo
3sg.m.a
agi-ou
go-al eady
ma
nm
lia’a
olde .sibling
‘Then he olde b o he wen ,’
(38) de wak u wo agiou ma lia’a wa hoana ma dodo o awi ali-ali
de
conn
wak u
ime
wo
3sg.m.a
agi-ou
go-al eady
ma
nm
lia’a
olde .sibling
wa
3sg.m>3nh
hoana
? ake.away
ma
nm
dodo o
younge .sibling
awi
3sg.m.poss
ali~ali
ing
‘and when he olde b o he wen , he ook away he ings o he younge
one,’8
(39) la jo ma hiali i,
la
so. ha
yo
3hpl.a
ma
mid
hi-ali i
caus-exchange
‘so ha hey exchanged [ hem],’
8MZ: Based on Ellen’s ansla ion, <hoana> means ‘ ake away’. This o m is elsewhe e una -
es ed o Modole and o he Co e No h Halmahe a languages. I is possible ha <hoana> is a
ypo o <hoaha> = ho-aha wi h aha meaning ‘ o ca y.’
275
H
Naga o njawa ja mididi jo puaha
– Two people who as ed
(40) la o ma lia’a wi hinoa ma dodo ao awi ali-ali,
la
so. ha
o
poss.hum
ma
nm
lia’a
olde .sibling
wi
3sg.m>3sg.m
hi-noa
caus-pu
ma
nm
dodo o
younge .sibling
awi
3sg.m.poss
ali~ali
ing
‘so ha he olde one pu his ings on he younge ’
(41) la o ma dodo o u ma hinoa unao.
la
so. ha
o
poss.hum
ma
nm
dodo o
younge .sibling
u
3sg.m.a
ma
mid
hi-noa
caus-pu
una-ou
p o.3sg.m- oc
‘and hose o he younge one he pu on himsel .’
(42) Ma lia’a awi badju u ma nani umudingi’a,
ma
nm
lia’a
olde .sibling
awi
3sg.m.poss
baju
k.o.shi
u
3sg.m.a
ma
mid
nani
laye s
umudingi-’a
se en-?loc
‘The olde b o he [wo e] se en laye s o shi s’
(43) awi haana ma ’ogeena,
awi
3sg.m.poss
haana
pan s
ma
nm
’o-geena
emph-dis :p o.3nh
‘[and] his pan s [we e] like ha ,’9
(44) de na’o o nge’omo wa ma’e ma djaga awi badju wo dugumo,
de
conn
na’o
cond
o
nm
nge’omo
way
wa
3sg.m>3nh
ma’e
see
ma
nm
jaga
b anch
awi
3sg.m.poss
baju
k.o.shi
wo
3sg.m.a
dV-gumo
appl- h ow
‘and when he came o a c oss oads on he way, he d opped his shi ,’
(45) i’a wa ma’e wo dugumo,
i’a
di .i
wa
3sg.m>3nh
ma’e
see
wo
3sg.m.a
dV-gumo
appl- h ow
‘ hen he came [ o a c oss oads again] [and] he d opped [one shi ],’
9GJE: hus also se en laye s on op o each o he
276
(46) wa ma’e, wo dugumo,
wa
3sg.m>3nh
ma’e
see
wo
3sg.m.a
dV-gumo
appl- h ow
‘he came [ o a c oss oads again] [and] he d opped [one down],’
(47) hiadono awi badju moiohi,
hiadono
un il
awi
3sg.m.poss
baju
k.o.shi
moi-ohi
one-s ill
‘un il he s ill had one shi [le ]’
(48) de awi haana moiohi
de
conn
awi
3sg.m.poss
haana
pan s
moi-ohi
one-s ill
‘and s ill one pai o pan s’
(49) de ma duulu awi dopo-dopo ma ha umu wa umo
de
conn
ma
nm
duulu
la e
awi
3sg.m.poss
dopo~dopo
k is
ma
nm
ha umu
shea h
wa
3sg.m>3nh
umo
h ow
‘and a e ha he d opped his k is shea h’
(50) de i paapa o nge’omo ma djaga o gubali’a.
de
conn
i
3nh.a
paapa
bounce.back
o
nm
nge’omo
way
ma
nm
jaga
b anch
o
nm
gubali-i’a
le -di .i
‘and i bounced back on he le 10 pa h [a he c oss oads].’11
(51) De ma lia’a wa nonu o nge’omo o guida’a,
de
conn
ma
nm
lia’a
olde .sibling
wa
3sg.m>3nh
nonu
ollow.pa h
o
nm
nge’omo
way
o
nm
guida’a
igh
‘And he olde b o he ollowed he igh wa d12 pa h’
10MZ: Ellen ansla es gubali as ‘ igh ’ (“ ech schen”). Howe e , in he wo dlis i is glossed as
‘le ’ and his is also he seman ics ound in all o he Co e No h Halmahe a languages whe e
i is a es ed.
11GJE: I is a common habi o he na i es o ma k he igh way a a c oss oads in unknown
e i o y by laying a wig on he pa h so ha ollowe s see which way hey mus ake.
12MZ: He e, Ellen ansla es guida’a as ‘le ’ (“links”) while in he wo dlis and elsewhe e i means
‘ igh ’.
277
H
Naga o njawa ja mididi jo puaha
– Two people who as ed
(52) de ma dodo o wa nonu o nge’omo o gubali’a.
de
conn
ma
nm
dodo o
younge .sibling
wa
3sg.m>3nh
nonu
ollow.pa h
o
nm
nge’omo
way
o
nm
gubali-i’a
le -di .i
‘and he younge b o he 13 ollowed he le wa d pa h.’
(53) De ma dodo o wo o a o be e’i’a,
de
conn
ma
nm
dodo o
younge .sibling
wo
3sg.m.a
o a
come. o
o
nm
be e’i-i’a
old.pe son-di .i
‘And he younge b o he came o an old woman,’
(54) ma ma didihila’a u ma iunuahi o pihanga ma goa’a.
ma
bu
ma
nm
CV~dV-hila-’a
dpl~appl- i s -?loc
u
3sg.m.a
ma
mid
iunu-ohi
hide-s ill
o
nm
pihanga
banana
ma
nm
goa-o’a
?lowe .pa -loc
‘bu i s he hid unde a banana plan .’
(55) De ma pihanga o u u moi i umu’u,
de
conn
ma
nm
pihanga
banana
o
nm
u u
oss
moi
one
i
3nh.a
umu’u
ipe
‘And one bunch o bananas [was] ipe,’
(56) de gena’u u ma gou-gou.
de
conn
geena-u’u
dis :p o.3nh-di .down
u
3sg.m.a
ma
mid
gou~gou
ea . aw
‘and down he e he a e [ hem] aw.’
(57) Ma moi ami baili’a mo agi ami bi a mo u u’u,
ma
nm
moi
one
ami
3sg. .poss
baili-i’a
ga den-di .i
mo
3sg. .a
agi
go
ami
3sg. .poss
bi a
ice
mo
3sg. .a
u u’u
ha es
‘Once she wen o he ga den o ha es he ice,’
13GJE: who hence woke up la e
278
(58) de mo digila-gila mami pihanga.
de
conn
mo
3sg. .a
dV-gila~gila
appl-s aigh
ma
nm
ami
3sg. .poss
pihanga
banana
‘?and she wen s aigh o he bananas.’14
(59) Ma ma ino, ena ma mi pihanga o u u moi ’oiwau;
ma
bu
ma
3sg. >3nh
ino
di . en
ena
p o.3nh
ma-ami
nm-3sg. .poss
pihanga
banana
o
nm
u u
oss
moi
one
’oiwa-ou
neg.exis - oc
‘Bu she came he e, and o he bananas one bunch was no he e
anymo e;’
(60) “hei, neena o’ia ja odomo?
hei
hey
neena
p ox:p o.3nh
o’ia
wha
ya
3nh>3nh
odomo
ea
‘[she said]: “Hey, who a e his?’
(61) poelua o heheana.”
poelua
maybe
o
nm
heheana
?ea wig
‘Maybe he ?ea wigs.”’15
(62) De mo emo: “A de i i a a ma’ehi la a poha’a ho.”
de
conn
mo
3sg. .a
emo
say
’a
oc
de
conn
i i
only
’a- a
oc-1sg>3nh
ma’e-ohi
see-s ill
la
so. ha
a
1sg>3nh
poha-’a
hi -?lim
ho
hus
‘And she said: “I I only ind hem, hen I [will] s ike hem [dead].”’
(63) De wo ahoou wo emo:
de
conn
wo
3sg.m.a
aho’o-ou
call-al eady
wo
3sg.m.a
emo
say
‘And he16 shou ed, saying:’
14MZ: As men ioned o [A.88] abo e, gila-gila likely means ‘s aigh ’. Ellen’s ansla ion has‘and
she passed he bananas’ (“en zij kwam oo bij ha e bananen”).
15MZ: I do no know wha species heheana e e s o.
16GJE: he younge b o he who was s ill si ing below he banana plan
279
H
Naga o njawa ja mididi jo puaha
– Two people who as ed
(64) “Apu” hiadono o ha a ma hange aha mo ihene,
apu
g andmo he
hiadono
un il
o
nm
ha a
ime
ma
nm
hange
h ee
aha
as.a.consequence
mo
3sg. .a
ihene
hea
‘“G andmo he !” [Only] a he hi d ime she hea d [him],’
(65) de mo emo: “Wah nagoona nena naga, jo apu-apu?”
de
conn
mo
3sg. .a
emo
say
wah
hey
naga-ona
exis -p o.3plh
neena
p ox:p o.3nh
naga
exis
yo
3hpl.a
apu~apu
dpl~g andmo he
‘and she said: “Hey, who he e [is calling] ‘g andmo he , g andmo he ’?”’
(66) De u ma himai i,
de
conn
u
3sg.m.a
ma
mid
hi-mai i
caus-show
‘And he e ealed himsel ,’
(67) de mi o’o de mo emo:
de
conn
mi
3sg. >3sg.m
o’o
di .sea
de
conn
mo
3sg. .a
emo
say
‘and she came seawa ds o him and said:’
(68) “hai, ai ngoa’a ma aua.”
hai
hey
ai
1sg.poss
ngoa’a
child
ma
nm
aua
genuine
‘“Hey, my eal son.”’17
(69) Gena’a de mi ha’ai o bi a de wo odomo.
geena-o’a
dis :p o.3nh-loc
de
conn
mi
3sg. >3sg.m
ha’ai
cook
o
nm
bi a
ice
de
conn
wo
3sg.m.a
odomo
ea
‘Then she cooked ice o him and he a e.’
17GJE: eal human in con as o a supe na u al being
280
IO Lolabi mi adi- adi’a – She is
s abbed by a k is
In oduc ion & summa y
In he s o y O Lolabi mi adi- adi’a, a sui o acciden ally kills he gi l he came o
cou . He amily demands ha he be killed as well bu he asks o be bu ied wi h
he and in his way e i es he .
English ansla ion
She is s abbed by a K is
The e was a maiden and he house was ex emely high and i had only one pole.
A young man came o cou he and she had closed he doo , so he en e ed
h ough he gable. And his k is ell and s abbed he , and he used his handke chie
as a bandage o he wound. Then he led, going landwa ds o his mo he and he
said: “Mo he , make delicious ood o me, because I’ e caused an acciden o
someone’s child.”
And he nex day, he gi l’s amily wen landwa ds o e ch him, and hey b ough
he seawa ds, hey came seawa ds and said: “Maybe you k is has s abbed he ?”
And he said: “Tha ’s ue, my k is s abbed he ; I en e ed h ough he gable.” And
hey said: “You ha e o pay o he dea h.” And he said: “Don’ kill me, bu bu y
he wi h me.” And hey bu ied hem.
And a e h ee days hey came o look o hem, and look, hey came and down
inside hei g a e hey played he lu e.
And hey dug hei way down in o he g a e and hey we e he e, and hey we e
ali e again.
I
O Lolabi mi adi- adi’a
– She is s abbed by a k is
Modole ex
O Lolabi mi adi- adi’a
Naga o moholehe moi ami wo’a e lalu i aulie, de ma adi’a moio’a. O dogulu moi
wa ino wo ahe, de ami ngo’ana ma beno’a, ho w’ohama ’a o pungaha. De awi
lolabi i o a’a de mi adi, de awi gugugia wo guju ami dabo ma doda’a.
Gena’ade wo lo’a, wa iha ma eha’a de wo emo: “Yai, o inomo i hemo-hemo ni
diaiou, hababu o nyawa manga ngoa’a moi a bodi o’au.”
De ma dewelano de ya iha wi ehe, de yo hio’ou, ya o’o de yo emo: “Bo e ngona
ani lolabi mi adi?” De wo emo: “I goungu, o ngoi ai lolabi mi adi, o pungaha
’ohama de.” De yo emo: “Ngona mangali i!” De wo emo: “Uwa ni ooma, la ’a
ni mi hibai i de ngoi.” De yo ’i hibai i.
De o wu u haange aha ya ino yo ’i u umu, de a o, ya ino ena, dau manga bai i
ma doda’a ’a yo ma bangiheli.
De ya pai oli, ya pai i ena, ona geenaau, de ’a yo wangoali.
Ellen’s Du ch ansla ion
Zij (we d) doo een k is ges oken
E was eene maagd en haa huis (was) op zee hooge palen, en (he huis) zijne
s eunpalen wa en slech s een.
Een jongeling kwam om e ijen en haa deu had zij geslo en, dus ging hij doo
den ge el binnen. En zijn k is iel (ui zijne scheede) en s ak haa , en zijn zakdoek
s ak hij in haa wond. Toen luch e hij, hij ging landwaa s o zijne moede en
hij zeide: “Moede , maak lekke e en oo mij, wan iemands kind heb ik een
ongeluk bezo gd.”
En den olgenden mo gen gingen zij landwaa s (en) hij (om) haa e halen, en zij
(de amilie an de gedoode) kwamen me haa zeewaa s, zij (kwamen) zeewaa s
en zij zeiden: “Misschien hee jouw k is haa ges oken?” En hij zeide: “’ Is waa ,
mijn k is (hee ) haa ges oken; doo den ge el kwam ik binnen.” En zij zeiden:
“Gij moe haa e angen.” (Zij bedoelden: gij heb haa gedood , wij zullen jou
dooden.) En hij zeide: “Dood mij nie , doch beg aa haa (le end) me mij;” en
zij beg oe en hen.
282
En na d ie dagen kwamen zij om naa hen e zien, en kijk, zij kwamen aldaa en
beneden in hun g a speelde men op de lui .
En zij g oe en he (g a ) wee , (maak en he wee open) zij maak en he open,
(en) zij (die men beg a en had) wa en aldaa , en zij he lee den wee .
Glossed ex
(1) O Lolabi mi adi- adi’a
o
nm
lolabi
k is
mi
3sg. .u
adi~ adi-’a
dpl~s ab-?lim
‘She is s abbed by a k is’
(2) Naga o moholehe moi ami wo’a e lalu i aulie,
naga
exis
o
nm
moholehe
maiden
moi
one
ami
3sg. .poss
wo’a
house
e lalu
ex emely
i
3nh.a
aulu-ie
ex ensi e-di .up
‘The e was a maiden and he house was ex emely high’
(3) de ma adi’a moio’a.
de
conn
ma
nm
adi-o’a
pole-loc
moi-o’a
one-loc
‘and i had only one pole.’
(4) O dogulu moi wa ino wo ahe,
o
nm
dogulu
young.man
moi
one
wa
3sg.m>3nh
ino
di . en
wo
3sg.m.a
ahe
cou
‘A young man came o cou [he ]’
(5) de ami ngo’ana ma beno’a,
de
conn
ami
3sg. .poss
ngo’ana
doo
ma
3sg. >3nh
beno-o’a
close-lim
‘and she had closed he doo ,’
283
J
Cumu cagulu
– Riddles
8. A ba el whose inside is all bulle s, wha ’s ha ?
The ke nels o a papaya.
Modole ex
Cumu Cagulu
1. O a’ele ma muhu i’a o’ia?
O abo-abo.
2. Pahi a’a i ma e o, ma ahai egu- egu, geena o’ia?
O a’ele, de o gahi ma a’ele.
3. Wange ca’o mo dodengo, wange cumu mo halai; geena o’ia?
Po pa ihi.
4. Naga o nyawa awi wo’a ma adi’a moio’a; geena o’ia?
O bia a.
5. O ngo’u i angi, o wogono i hoho, geena o’ia?
O wange de o wu u.
6. O ona’a ma muhu i’a o’ia?
O ulu bi anga.
7. O Cina ma nyawa de o Papua’a ma nyawa yo ma’a pa anga, halingou o
Lada’a ya ino, aha yo aunu, geena o’ia?
O ena’a, de o bidoho, de o gau.
8. O dodai ma doda’a a o palengu i ha a-ha a geena o’ia?
O apaya ma mui.
Ellen’s Du ch ansla ion
Raadsels
1. Wa zijn de paa len an he wa e ?
290
He schuim (waa in als paa len glins e ende oogjes oo komen).
2. De o m is gelijk, ’ is alles mooi (gelijk) wa is da ?
He wa e , en he zeewa e .
3. Des mo gens dans zij den dodengo-dans, des a onds dans zij den
jakalele-dans; wa is da ?
Vegen (doo de ouwen des mo gens en des a onds gedaan, waa bij dan
he lichaam gelijk een dansende op en nee gaa .)
4. E is iemands huis me slech s een s eunpilaa ; wa is da ?
De bia aplan .
5. De (wi e) boschdui gaa zi en, de (zwa e) k aai lieg weg, wa is da ?
De dag en de nach .
6. Wa is de pa el an den g ond?
De ingwo m.
7. De Chineezen en de Papua’s ech en me elkaa , en dan moe en de Hollan-
de s e bij komen, waa na zij bloeden; wa is da ?
Si ih, pinang en kalk. (De ing ediën en oo he doo de inlande s zee
gelie koosde be elp uimpje; ee s na de oe oeging an de kalk (blanke
Hollande s) wo d he zoo ood als bloed.)
8. Een a welks inhoud geheel ui kogels bes aa , wa is da ?
De pi jes an de papaja uch (waa honde den zaadpi en in zi en.)
Glossed ex
(1) Tjumu jagulu.
cumu
iddle
cagulu
iddle
‘Riddles’
(2) 1. O a’ele ma muhu i’a o’ia?
o
nm
a’ele
wa e
ma
nm
muhu i’a
pea l
o’ia
wha
‘Wha a e he pea ls o wa e ?’
291
J
Cumu cagulu
– Riddles
(3) O abo-abo.
o
nm
abo~abo
oam
‘The oam.’1
(4) 2. Pahi a’a i ma e o, ma ahai egu- egu, geena o’ia?
pahi a’a
mask
i
3nh.a
ma
mid
e o
beau i ul
ma
nm
ahai
beau i ul
egu~ egu
o he
geena
dis :p o.3nh
o’ia
wha
‘The o m is iden ical, he beau y is di e en , wha ’s ha ?’
(5) O a’ele, de o gahi ma a’ele.
o
nm
a’ele
wa e
de
conn
o
nm
gahi
sal
ma
nm
a’ele
wa e
‘Wa e and seawa e .’
(6) 3. Wange ja’o mo dodengo, wange jumu mo halai; geena o’ia?
wange
sun
ca’o
?hou
mo
3sg. .a
dodengo
k.o.dance
wange
sun
cumu
?e ening
mo
3sg. .a
halai
k.o.dance
geena
dis :p o.3nh
o’ia
wha
‘?In he mo ning she dances he dodengo dance2, in he e ening3she
dances he cakalele dance4, wha ’s ha ?’
(7) Po pa ihi.
po
1pl.in.a
pa ihi
sweep
‘Sweeping.’5
1GJE: In which eyes gli e ing like pea ls a e ound.
2MZ: Dodengo is a kind o wa dance (see an Baa da (1895: 434-435)).
3MZ: Cumu means ‘ iddle’ in mul iple Co e No h Halmahe a languages. The meaning ‘e ening’
as sugges ed by Ellen is no a es ed. Also no e ha cumu is ansla ed as ‘ iddles’ in he i le
(see [J.1]).
4MZ: Halai is a spi i ual dance ha accompanies jinn i uals (see Hue ing 1921: 270-271). Ellen
associa es i wi h he cakalele bu his e m pe ains o wa dances. A ideo o Modole men
dancing he cakalele can be ound a h ps://you u.be/H EemJj64o?si=1UqCcunV K PhYjk
(accessed 4 Oc obe 2025).
5GJE: Done by he women in he mo ning and e ening; he body mo es up and down as du ing
a dance.
292
(8) 4. Naga o njawa awi wo’a ma adi’a moio’a; geena o’ia?
naga
exis
o
nm
nyawa
pe son
awi
3sg.m.poss
wo’a
house
ma
nm
adi-o’a
pole-loc
moi-o’a
one-loc
geena
dis :p o.3nh
o’ia
wha
‘The e is someone whose house has jus one pole, wha ’s ha ?’
(9) O bia a.
o
nm
bia a
k.o.plan
‘The bia a plan .’
(10) 5. O ngo’u i angi, o wogono i hoho, geena o’ia?
o
nm
ngo’u
o es .pigeon
i
3nh.a
angi
si
o
nm
wogono
c ow
i
3nh.a
hoho
ly
geena
dis :p o.3nh
o’ia
wha
‘The [whi e] o es pigeon si s down, he [black] c ow lies [away],
wha ’s ha ?’
(11) O wange de o wu u.
o
nm
wange
sun
de
conn
o
nm
wu u
nigh
‘The day and he nigh .’
(12) 6. O ona’a ma muhu i’a o’ia?
o
nm
ona’a
ea h
ma
nm
muhu i’a
pea l
o’ia
wha
‘Wha is he pea l o he soil?’
(13) O ulu bi anga.
o
nm
ulubi anga
wo m
‘The wo m.’
(14) 7. O Tjina ma njawa de o Papua’a ma njawa jo ma’a pa anga,
293
J
Cumu cagulu
– Riddles
o
nm
Cina
China
ma
nm
nyawa
pe son
de
conn
o
nm
Papua-o’a
Papua-loc
ma
nm
nyawa
pe son
yo
3hpl.a
ma-’a
mid- pl
pa anga
wa
‘The Chinese and he Papuans igh each o he ,’
(15) halingou o Lada’a ja ino, aha jo aunu, geena o’ia?
halingou
necessa y
o
nm
Lada-o’a
Ne he lands-loc
ya
3nh>3nh
ino
di . en
aha
as.a.consequence
yo
3hpl.a
aunu
blood
geena
dis :p o.3nh
o’ia
wha
‘[and hen] he Du ch mus join, hen hey bleed, wha ’s ha ?’
(16) O ena’a, de o bidoho, de o gau.
o
nm
ena’a
a eca
de
conn
o
nm
bidoho
be el
de
conn
o
nm
gau
lime
‘A eca and be el and lime.’6
(17) 8. O dodai ma doda’a a o palengu i ha a-ha a geena o’ia?
o
nm
dodai
ba el
ma
nm
doda-o’a
inside-loc
’a
oc
o
nm
palengu
bulle
i
3nh.a
ha a~ha a
dpl~ ime
geena
dis :p o.3nh
o’ia
wha
‘A ba el whose inside is all bulle s, wha ’s ha ?’
(18) O apaja ma mui.
o
nm
apaya
papaya
ma
nm
mui
ke nel
‘The ke nels o a papaya.’7
6GJE: [These a e] he ing edien s o be el chewing which is highly lo ed by he na i es. Only
a e adding lime ( he whi e Du chmen) i becomes ed as blood.
7GJE: In which hund eds o seeds a e ound.
294
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