*Co esponding au ho : Bansode Kajal Ashok
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0.
Ex a c ion sepa a ion and e alua ion o e penoids, la onoids, Glycosids and Tannis
o m Ni gudi plan
Bansode Kajal Ashok 1, *, P achi Nandakuma Padwal 2, Layba Muba ak Tamboli 1, Sh eya Ra ind a Bhujbal 1,
Vishakha ishwana h Donga e 1 and Swamini Balu Duka e 1
1 Sama h Ins i u e o Pha macy, Belhe, Pune, Maha ash a, India
2 Depa men o Quali y Assu ance, Sama h Ins i u e o Pha macy, Belhe, Maha ash a, India.
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 24(02), 027-035
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 23 Sep embe 2025; e ised on 28 Oc obe 2025; accep ed on 31 Oc obe 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wjbphs.2025.24.2.0961
Abs ac
Ayu eda, Siddha, and Unani medical adi ions ha e acknowledged he pha macological signi icance o ni gundi (Vi ex
negundo L.), a medicinal sh ub ha is abundan ly ound in opical and sub opical clima es. The plan includes a
numbe o bioac i e phy ocons i uen s wi h an ibac e ial, an i-in lamma o y, an ioxidan , hepa op o ec i e, and
analgesic p ope ies, including e penoids, la onoids, glycosides, and annins. The me hods o ex ac ion, sepa a ion,
and e alua ion o a ious ypes o phy ochemicals om Vi ex negundo a e highligh ed in his e iew. I also highligh s
hese elemen s' medicinal po en ial, which is backed by expe imen al da a and con empo a y analy ical echniques.
Widely dis ibu ed ac oss he na ion, ni gundi is a huge, ag an sh ub o small ee ha can g ow up o 4.5 me e s in
heigh . Mos adi ional medical sys ems employ nigundi in clinical se ings o a a ie y o ailmen s because o i s
a ious he apeu ic bene i s. Baske y, dyeing, uel, ood, ield pes icide, g ow h s imulan , s o ed-g ain p o ec an ,
manu e, and human and animal medicine a e jus a ew o he many uses o he plan in India. I is a pa o Ayu edic,
Siddha, Unani, homoeopa hic, and allopa hic medical sys ems. The pha macological cha ac e is ics and b oad
he apeu ic applica ions o se e al plan componen s a e e iewed in his s udy.
Keywo ds: Vi ex negundo; Ayu eda; Siddha; Unani; Te penoids; Fla onoids; Glycoside
1. In oduc ion
Medicinal plan s ha e been he co ne s one o adi ional medicine, se ing as na u al ese oi s o bioac i e
compounds. Vi ex negundo L. ( amily: Ve benaceae), commonly known as Ni gundi, is a la ge a oma ic sh ub widely
dis ibu ed ac oss India and Sou heas Asia. I has been adi ionally used o manage ailmen s such as heuma ism,
headache, skin diseases, espi a o y diso de s, and in lamma ion. The he apeu ic e icacy o Vi ex negundo is a ibu ed
o he p esence o di e se seconda y me aboli es including e penoids, la onoids, glycosides, and annins. Ex ac ion,
sepa a ion, and e alua ion o hese phy ochemicals a e essen ial o explo e hei pha macological po en ial. (Kha e,e ,al.
2004).
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Figu e 1 Plan o Vi ex negundo; A- plan wi h lea es, B- plan in lowe ing s age
As an essen ial sou ce o bioac i e chemicals wi h he apeu ic po en ial, medicinal plan s ha e long been a mains ay o
con en ional heal hca e sys ems. Among hese, Vi ex negundo L., also e e ed o as Ni gundi, is widely used in Siddha,
Unani, and Ayu edic medicine. I is a huge, ag an sh ub o small ee ha may each a heigh o 4.5 me e s and is
ound h oughou opical and sub opical egions o Asia and A ica. I belongs o he Ve benaceae amily.
Ni gundi has his o ically been used o ea a wide ange o condi ions, such as wounds, heuma ism, espi a o y issues,
in lamma o y illnesses, skin condi ions, and headaches. Many bioac i e componen s, including e penoids, la onoids,
glycosides, annins, and essen ial oils, ha e been iden i ied by con empo a y phy ochemical s udies. These componen s
help o explain he plan 's b oad ange o pha macological ac ions, which include an imic obial, an i-in lamma o y,
an ioxidan , hepa op o ec i e, analgesic, and neu op o ec i e e ec s. (Meena and o he s, 2011).
The main phy ochemical classes e penoids, la onoids, glycosides, and annins ha we e ex ac ed, sepa a ed, and
assessed om Vi ex negundo a e he subjec o his e iew. Addi ionally, i highligh s he medicinal po en ial o hese
phy ocons i uen s by combining da a om con empo a y scien i ic s udy wi h adi ional knowledge.
1.1. T adi ional medicinal uses
The mos ancien and au ho i a i e ex on Ayu eda, Unani, and Chinese adi ional medicine sys ems, he Cha aka
Samhi a, men ions he use o Vi ex negundo. The plan 's pa s se e a a ie y o pu poses: Lea : an i-in lamma o y,
analgesic, an ihis aminic, neu alises snake enom, elimina es wo ms and oe id discha ges om ulce s,
hepa op o ec i e, and CNS dep essi e p ope ies (Mu huswamy e al., 2012); Flowe s a e used o ea li e p oblems
because hey a e as ingen , eb i uge, and an i-dia heic. Oil is gi en on sc o ulous so es and sinuses. F ui s -ne ine
s imulan , emmenagogue and e mi uge; an i oxin in seeds; Whole plan : galac agogue, emenagogue, an igas algic,
an i la ulan , an ipa asi ic, and analgesic; oo : onic, eb i uge, expec o an , and diu e ic. ( A o a e . al., 2011)
Figu e. 2 Ni gundi Plan
1.2. Classi ica ion
• Kingdom: Plan ae
• Phylum: T acheophy a
• Class: Magnoliopsida
• O de : Lamiales
• Subkingdom: T acheobion a
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• Supe Di ision: Spe ma ophy a
• Di ision:Magnoliophy a
• -Subclass: As e idae
• Family: Lamiaceae (also known as Ve benaceae in some sou ces)
• Genus: Vi ex
• Species: Vi ex negundo L.
1.3. Biological Sou ce:
Vi ex negundo Linn., popula ly known as Ni gundi, belongs o he amily Ve benaceae/Lamiaceae
1.4. Mo phological Cha ac e is ics -
• G ow h Habi : Vi ex negundo is a big, woody, a oma ic, deciduous sh ub ha can g ow o a heigh o 2 o 8
me e s. I an e en become a small ee.
• Ba k: Usually eddish-b own in colou .
• Lea es: The lea es ha e palma e lea le s and a e pen a olia e. The e minal lea es a e long (4-10 cm), acu e,
and e iola e (1-1.3 cm long), lanceola e, hai y benea h, and poin ed a bo h ends
• Flowe s: Found on b anching cymes, he blooms a e abundan and bluish-pu ple in hue.
• F ui s: The sphe ical, succulen ui s ha e ou seeds and u n black when ipe.
2. Phy ochemical Cons i uen s o Vi ex negundo
The main sou ce o Vi ex negundo's medicinal po en ial is i s wide ange o seconda y me aboli es. Te penoids,
la onoids, glycosides, annins, alkaloids, lignans, and essen ial oils a e ound in he plan 's lea es, s em, oo s, seeds,
and lowe s, among o he sec ions.
These phy ocons i uen s con ibu e signi ican ly o he pha macological ac ions epo ed in adi ional medicine as well
as in expe imen al s udies.( Ladda e . al., 2012 )
2.1.1. Te penoids
Te penoids ep esen one o he majo classes o compounds in V. negundo.
• Iden i ied e penoids: u solic acid, be ulinic acid, i exilac one, negundoside, and oleanolic acid.
• Biological ac i i ies: an i-in lamma o y, hepa op o ec i e, an icance , and an ioxidan .
• Vola ile e penoids de ec ed h ough GC-MS include sabinene, β-ca yophyllene, limonene, and α-pinene.
2.2. Fla onoids
Fla onoids a e abundan ly p esen in he lea es and lowe s.
• Majo compounds: cas icin, ch ysosplenol-D, lu eolin, o ien in, and ga denin-A.
• Pha macological ele ance: These compounds possess s ong an ioxidan , an imic obial, an i-alle gic, an i-
in lamma o y, and an icance ac i i ies.
Fla onoid glycosides a e o en isola ed om e hanol o me hanol ex ac s.
2.3. Glycosides
V. negundo is ich in i idoid and phenolic glycosides.
• Impo an glycosides: negundoside, aucubin, agnuside, and 5-hyd oxy-3,6,7,3’,4’-pen ame hoxy la one
glycoside.
• Repo ed ac i i ies: ca diop o ec i e, an i-as hma ic, adap ogenic, and an imic obial.
2.4. Tannins
Bo h hyd olysable and condensed annins ha e been epo ed.
Con ibu e o an ioxidan , an imic obial, wound-healing, and hepa op o ec i e p ope ies.
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Quan i ied by Folin-Ciocal eu and anillin-HCl me hods in phy ochemical s udies.
2.5. O he Cons i uen s
• Alkaloids: Found in oo s and ba k, known o analgesic and an i-in lamma o y oles.
• Essen ial oils: Con ain eugenol, ca yophyllene, sabinene, and my cene, con ibu ing o an imic obial and
insec icidal ac i i ies.
• Lignans: Such as negundin-A and negundin-B, epo ed o an ioxidan and es ogenic p ope ies.
3. Ex ac ion Techniques
Ex ac ion is a c i ical s ep o ob ain phy ocons i uen s. Di e en sol en s and me hods ha e been employed:
• Con en ional Sol en Ex ac ion (Mace a ion, Soxhle , Re lux): Me hanol, e hanol, and hyd oalcoholic
ex ac s show high yield o la onoids and glycosides.
• Mace a ion in ol es soaking he plan ma e ial in sol en a oom empe a u e o ex ended pe iods (24–72
hou s) o allow di usion o phy ocons i uen s.
• Soxhle ex ac ion uses con inuous ho ex ac ion, imp o ing yield by epea edly washing he plan ma e ial
wi h esh sol en .
• Re lux ex ac ion applies con olled hea ing o enhance solubili y and ex ac ion e iciency o hea -s able
compounds.
These me hods a e widely used due o hei simplici y and cos -e ec i eness, al hough hey may equi e longe
ex ac ion imes compa ed o mode n echniques.( P. Hu e , al.,2015)
3.1. Ad anced Techniques:
• Ul asound-assis ed ex ac ion (UAE) imp o es ex ac ion yield and educes ime.
• Mic owa e-assis ed ex ac ion (MAE) enhances he mal deg ada ion– esis an compounds.
• Supe c i ical luid ex ac ion (SFE), pa icula ly wi h CO₂, is e icien o e penoids.
4. Sepa a ion and Isola ion
Di e en ch oma og aphic and analy ical echniques a e used o sepa a ion:
4.1. Thin Laye Ch oma og aphy (TLC)
• Pu pose: P elimina y quali a i e analysis and iden i ica ion o phy ochemicals such as la onoids, glycosides,
and e penoids.
• P ocedu e: Ex ac s a e spo ed on silica gel pla es, de eloped in sui able sol en sys ems, and isualized unde
UV ligh o using speci ic eagen s (e.g., aluminum chlo ide o la onoids).
• Ad an ages: Simple, apid, cos -e ec i e, and sui able o sc eening mul iple samples.
4.2. Column Ch oma og aphy
• Pu pose: Isola ion and pu i ica ion o indi idual phy ochemicals om c ude ex ac s.
• P ocedu e: The ex ac is loaded on o a silica gel o Sephadex column and elu ed wi h sol en s o inc easing
pola i y. F ac ions a e collec ed and analyzed u he by TLC o HPLC.
• Applica ions: E ec i e o isola ing e penoids, la onoids, and glycosides. (C.A. Anosike e , al,.2019)
4.3. High Pe o mance Liquid Ch oma og aphy (HPLC)
• Pu pose: Quan i a i e and quali a i e analysis o speci ic compounds.
• Ad an ages: High esolu ion, sensi i i y, and ep oducibili y.
• Applica ions: Widely used o la onoid and glycoside analysis in V. negundo, e.g., cas icin, lu eolin, and
negundoside.
• De ec ion: UV- isible o pho odiode a ay de ec o s (PDA) a e commonly employed.
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4.4. Gas Ch oma og aphy-Mass Spec ome y (GC-MS)
• Pu pose: Iden i ica ion and quan i ica ion o ola ile and semi- ola ile compounds, p ima ily e penoids and
essen ial oils.
• P ocedu e: Ex ac ed ola ile compounds a e apo ized and sepa a ed on a GC column; mass spec ome y
p o ides s uc u al iden i ica ion.
• Applica ions: De ec ion o α-pinene, β-ca yophyllene, sabinene, and o he e penoids.
4.5. O he Techniques
• P epa a i e HPLC: Fo la ge-scale pu i ica ion o bioac i e compounds.
• Liquid-Liquid Pa i ioning: Used o sepa a e compounds based on pola i y be o e ch oma og aphic analysis.
• Spec oscopic Me hods (NMR, IR, MS): Fo s uc u al elucida ion o isola ed compounds.
5. E alua ion o Phy ocons i uen s
5.1. Te penoids
5.1.1. Quali a i e Tes s:
• Liebe mann–Bu cha d Tes : De ec s i e penoids; o ma ion o a blue o g een colo indica es p esence.
• Salkowski Tes : Con i ms s e ols and i e penes by p oducing a ed o pink colo a ion.
5.1.2. Quan i a i e Analysis:
• Gas Ch oma og aphy-Mass Spec ome y (GC-MS) o ola ile e penoids.
• UV-Vis Spec opho ome y o o al e penoid con en .
• Biological E alua ion: An i-in lamma o y, hepa op o ec i e, and an ioxidan assays.
5.2. Fla onoids
5.2.1. Quali a i e Tes s:
• Aluminum Chlo ide Tes : Yellow luo escence indica es la onoids.
• Shinoda Tes : Pink o ed colo a ion con i ms la onoid p esence.
5.2.2. Quan i a i e Analysis:
• UV-Vis Spec opho ome y- o al la onoid con en .
• HPLC- o indi idual la onoids (e.g., cas icin, lu eolin).
• Biological E alua ion: An ioxidan (DPPH assay), an imic obial, and an i-in lamma o y ac i i ies.( De i,
P.Re ,al,.2007)
5.3. Glycosides
5.3.1. Quali a i e Tes s:
• Kelle -Killiani Tes : De ec s ca diac glycosides; b own ing a he in e ace indica es p esence.
• Bo n age ’s Tes : De ec s an h aquinone glycosides.
5.4. Quan i a i e Analysis:
• Spec opho ome ic assays o o al glycoside con en .
• HPLC o indi idual glycosides such as negundoside and agnuside.
• Biological E alua ion: Ca diop o ec i e, an i-as hma ic, and an imic obial ac i i ies.
5.5. Tannins
5.5.1. Quali a i e Tes s:
• Fe ic Chlo ide Tes : Blue-black o g een-black colo indica es hyd olysable o condensed annins.
• Gela in Tes : P ecipi a ion con i ms annin p esence.
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5.5.2. Quan i a i e Analysis:
• Folin-Ciocal eu Me hod o o al phenolic con en .
• Vanillin-HCl Assay o condensed annins.
• Biological E alua ion: An ioxidan , an imic obial, and wound-healing ac i i ies.
6. Pha macological Signi icance
6.1. An i-In lamma o y and Analgesic Ac i i y
By p e en ing p os aglandin syn hesis and lowe ing cy okine p oduc ion, nigundi lea and oo ex ac s ha e s ong
an i-in lamma o y p ope ies.
Te penoids and la onoids suppo adi ional use in heuma ism, a h i is, and musculoskele al pain by con ibu ing
o analgesic bene i s.. (Yunos e . al. (2005)
6.2. An imic obial Ac i i y
• Fla onoids, glycosides, annins, and essen ial oils ha e an i ungal and an ibac e ial p ope ies ha wo k agains
bac e ia like Candida albicans, Esche ichia coli, and S aphylococcus au eus.
Te penoids enhance he an imic obial e icacy o Ni gundi ex ac s.
6.3. An ioxidan Ac i i y
Fla onoids and annins ac as po en ee adical sca enge s, p e en ing oxida i e damage o cells.
These p ope ies suppo p o ec ion agains degene a i e diseases and cellula aging.
6.4. Hepa op o ec i e Ac i i y
Te penoids such as u solic acid and be ulinic acid help p o ec li e cells om chemical-induced oxici y.
Mechanism includes s abiliza ion o cell memb anes, educ ion o lipid pe oxida ion, and enhancemen o an ioxidan
de ense sys ems.
6.5. Ca diop o ec i e and An i-As hma ic E ec s
Glycosides con ibu e o ca diop o ec ion by imp o ing ca diac unc ion and educing oxida i e s ess.
Lea and oo ex ac s show an i-as hma ic ac i i y, likely due o an i-in lamma o y and b onchodila o e ec s o
la onoids and e penoids. (G.L. Galla do e , al.,2004)
6.6. Wound Healing and Skin P o ec ion
Tannins and la onoids enhance wound con ac ion, collagen o ma ion, and mic obial p o ec ion.
T adi ionally used o cu s, bu ns, and skin in ec ions.
6.7. O he Ac i i ies
• Neu op o ec i e e ec s: Fla onoids p o ec neu ons agains oxida i e s ess and in lamma ion.
• An i-cance po en ial: Ce ain e penoids and la onoids induce apop osis in cance cell lines.
• An i-diabe ic ac i i y: Expe imen al in es iga ions ha e shown ha lea ex ac s lowe blood glucose le els.
7. Resul s
The e iew e eals ha Vi ex negundo L. is a ich sou ce o bioac i e compounds such as e penoids, la onoids,
glycosides, and annins, which a e esponsible o i s wide pha macological ac i i ies. Ex ac ion and ch oma og aphic
s udies con i med he p esence o hese phy ocons i uen s in a ious plan pa s. These compounds exhibi signi ican
an i-in lamma o y, an ioxidan , an imic obial, hepa op o ec i e, and analgesic e ec s. The indings alida e he
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adi ional uses o Ni gundi in Ayu eda, Siddha, and Unani sys ems and suppo i s po en ial o de eloping
s anda dized he bal o mula ions.
8. Conclusion
Te penoids, la onoids, glycosides, and annins a e abundan in Vi ex negundo and ha e a a ie y o pha macological
e ec s. The de elopmen o phy opha maceu icals based on Ni gundi equi es s anda dised ex ac ion, accu a e
sepa a ion, and sophis ica ed e alua ion echniques. To ully u ilise hese d ugs' medicinal po en ial, u u e esea ch
should concen a e on o mula ion de elopmen , molecula docking, and bioa ailabili y in es iga ions.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Acknowledgmen s
I would like o exp ess my hea el g a i ude o my guide, P achi Padwal, o hei cons an suppo , aluable guidance,
and encou agemen h oughou his esea ch wo k on he Ex a c ion Sepa a ion And E alua ion O Te penoids,
Fla onoids, Glycosids And Tannis Fo m Ni gudi Plan . Thei expe ise and insigh ul sugges ions we e ins umen al in
he success ul comple ion o his s udy.
I am also hank ul o all he acul y membe s and labo a o y s a o Sama h ins i u e o Pha macy Belhe o p o iding
he necessa y acili ies and echnical assis ance du ing he o mula ion and e alua ion p ocesses.
Finally, I ex end my since e hanks o my amily and iends o hei con inuous mo i a ion and suppo , which helped
me o comple e his wo k success ully.
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
I wo o mo e au ho s ha e con ibu ed in he manusc ip , he con lic o in e es s a emen mus be inse ed he e.
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