Economics of Maize (Zea mays L.) production in Nigeria and Maize traditional utilization

Adiaha, Monday Sunday A icle — Published Ve sion Economics o Maize (Zea mays L.) p oduc ion in Nige ia and Maize adi ional u iliza ion In e na ional Jou nal o Scien i ic Wo ld Sugges ed Ci a ion: Adiaha, Monday Sunday (2017) : Economics o Maize (Zea mays L.) p oduc ion in Nige ia and Maize adi ional u iliza ion, In e na ional Jou nal o Scien i ic Wo ld, ISSN 2307-9037, Science Publishing Co po a ion, Amman, Jo dan, Vol. 5, Iss. 2, pp. 106-109, h ps://doi.o g/10.14419/ijsw. 5i2.7819 This Ve sion is a ailable a : h ps://hdl.handle.ne /10419/295727 S anda d-Nu zungsbedingungen: Die Dokumen e au EconS o dü en zu eigenen wissenscha lichen Zwecken und zum P i a geb auch gespeiche und kopie we den. Sie dü en die Dokumen e nich ü ö en liche ode komme zielle Zwecke e iel äl igen, ö en lich auss ellen, ö en lich zugänglich machen, e eiben ode ande wei ig nu zen. 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In e na ional Jou nal o Scien i ic Wo ld, 5 (2) (2017) 106-109 In e na ional Jou nal o Scien i ic Wo ld Websi e: www.sciencepubco.com/index.php/IJSW doi: 10.14419/ijsw. 5i2.7819 Resea ch pape Economics o Maize (Zea mays L.) P oduc ion in Nige ia and Maize T adi ional U iliza ion Monday Sunday Adiaha * Depa men o Ag onomy (C op and Soil Science), Facul y o Ag icul u e and Fo es y, C oss Ri e Uni e si y o Technology, Nige ia *Co esponding au ho E-mail: [email p o ec ed] Abs ac A su ey on economics o Maize (Zea mays L.) p oduc ion in Nige ia and i s adi ional u iliza ion was conduc ed. Resul o he su ey p esen ed maize ha ing he po en ial o inc easing he economy o he na ion. Analyzed da a p esen ed maize been able o inc ease he income o he local people and o eign exchange ea nings, as obse ed whe e p ice o he c op du ing 1980 (2500) s ands below p ice a 1989 (14000). Inc eased in land u iliza ion wi h inc ease in yea s was obse ed in da a analyzed as 1980 (95600 hec a es) o land a ea s ands below (211740) in1989. T adi ional u iliza ion o maize has been ound o include whe e he c op is been used as he bal medicine, as ood, in adi ional eligion, in-addi ion o whe e he c op is been u ilized in ma i al i uals. Keywo ds: Economics; Maize, Zea Mays; Land U iliza ion; Maize P oduc ion; Maize U iliza ion. 1. In oduc ion U iliza ion o c ops has always imp o ed Man’s economy om ime immemo ial. Maize (Zea mays L. Poaceae) anks 3 d a e whea and ice, owing o he la ge a eas and o al p oduc ion ou - pu o he c op [1], [2]. The c op was in oduced in o Nige ia p obably by he Po uguese [2]. Maize is also called co n. In Nige- ia, he c op is called wi h many e nacula names ‘agbado’ (Yo- uba), ‘ibokpo ’ (E ik) and ‘masa ’ (Hausa). The c op is ex ensi e- ly cul i a ed in Uni ed S a es wi h abou 50% p oduc ion [3], [4], [1]. Annual maize p oduc ion a abou 5.6 million hec a es ou o 9 million hec a es in A ica has been epo ed by Ha mans [5] o be cul i a ed o maize in Nige ia. Da a o IITA [6] epo ed 8 million ons o maize been p oduced in Nige ia. Ag icul u e has always been a means o o eign exchange ea n- ings. In ensi e p oduc ion o c ops like maize enhance o imp o e he economy o he coun y. P oduc ion o maize in Nige ia has inc ease he income o smallholde a me s, se ing as a local cash c op [7]. In ensi e p oduc ion o maize has been iewed as a measu e o educing hunge while comba ing global ood insecu i- y. Maize is u ilized in a a ie y o ways, depending on he use ’s need. In Nige ia he c op can be used as ood, as he bal medicines as well as eed ing edien in li es ock managemen . Maize can be consumed as ood by boiling o oas ing as pas e. Se e al adi- ional uses o maize ha e been epo ed, and his a ies acco ding o locali ies o e hnic g oups. This in es iga ion seeks o examine he economics o maize p oduc ion in Nige ia and he adi ional u iliza ion o he c op. Fig. 1: Maize Cob. Fig. 2: Co n Silk. In e na ional Jou nal o Scien i ic Wo ld 107 2. Ma e ials and me hods 2.1. The s udy loca ion The s udy was ca ied ou in Obub a, sou he n Nige ia, loca ion o he Facul y o Ag icul u e and Fo es y, C oss Ri e o Technolo- gy(CRUTECH), Nige ia, Obub a is on la i ude 6o 06' N and longi- ude 8o 18' E in he ain o es zone o Nige ia. Obub a is cha ac e - ized by a mean annual ain all dis ibu ion a 2250 mm – 2500 mm wi h annual empe a u e ange a 25oC – 27oC. 2.2. Me hodology O al in e iew on uses o maize in Obub a was ca ied ou . Field c opping was done, using (Ikom Local Whi e Maize a ie y). Field ip o di e en a eas whe e maize is u ilized adi ionally was unde aken alongside close obse a ion o local people who we e gi en la ge quan i ies o maize. Da a on maize p oduc ion end, o al g ain p oduc ion, pe cen age o maize g ain, a ea o land de o ed o maize cul i a ion and p ice o maize was ob ained om Cen al Bank o Nige ia, CBN [8], om 1980 o 1989. And consul a ion o ele an esea ch indings li e a u e was he me h- ods used in collec ion and colla ion o da a o his in es iga ion. 3. Resul s and discussions Resul o analysis o da a indica ed a huge income been gene a ed om maize p oduc ion, managemen and sales, he eby ag eeing wi h he indings o Ayeni [7], whe e he esea che s a ed maize been used as a local ‘cash c op’ o income gene a ion as obse ed in he p ice o Maize om 1980 o 1989, as p esen ed in (Table 1). The a e age o all he da a analyzed indica ed inc eased in he land a ea de o ed o maize cul i a ion, he eby con i ming he esea ch indings o Ha mans [5], which p esen ed Nige ia o be he highes p oduce o he c op in A ica. The analysis also p e- sen ed he ac ha , as he yea doubles, mo e land a ea a e been pu in o maize cul i a ion, owing o he abili y o he c op o be able o s i e in all ag o-ecological zones o he coun y, and pa - ly because he c op could be used o comba global ood sho ages, educing household hunge and malnu i ion, especially in de el- oping coun ies. O icial Exchange a e (whe e N135 = 1US$) Numbe o yea = N, whe e N = 10. Whe e, SUM N = A e age Value Resul o yea s and p ice analysis as ep esen ed in (Figu e 3) indica ed inc eased in p ice owing o he high economic alue o he c op. G oss inc eased obse ed in land a ea de o ed o maize p oduc ion p esen ed he c op as one o he mos impo an ood c ops in he coun y, he eby ag eeing wi h he submission o Pu seglo e [1]; Osagie and Eka [2], we e hei esea ch indings p esen ed maize o be cul i a ed o a la ge a eas o land, owning o he c op impo ance as one o he mos widely u ilized c op glob- ally. Table 1: Economic Con ibu ion o Maize P oduc ion in Nige ia in Thousand Tonnes (1980 – 1989) Yea Maize To al G ain % o Maize A ea o Land Plan ed o Maize (Ha) P ice o Maize (N/ on) 1980 612 7026 8.7 5600 2500 1981 720 7588 9.5 982200 3000 1982 766 8108 9.4 130600 3000 1983 594 7465 8 148800 3000 1984 2,058.00 10719 19.2 11200 3000 1985 1,190.00 10765 11.1 211600 3000 1986 1,336.00 12149 11 211700 7000 1987 4,612.00 15714 29.3 211760 7000 1988 5,268.00 19269 27.3 211740 10000 1989 5,008.00 22432 22.3 211740 14000 Sum 22164 121235 155.8 2426940 55500 A e age 2216.4 12123.5 15.58 242694 5550 Fig. 3: Analyzed P ice/Con ibu ion o Maize o Nige ian Economy om (1980 – 1989). 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 2500 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 7000 7000 10000 14000 P ice o Maize (N/ on) Yea o P oduc ion Yea P ice o Maize 108 In e na ional Jou nal o Scien i ic Wo ld Table 2: Field C opping Analysis o Con ibu ion o Maize (Zea Mays L.) G ain Yield pe Plo and G ain Weigh o Inc eased Food P oduc ion and Eco- nomic G ow h T ea men Weigh o 100 g ains (g) G ain Yield/ plo (kg) Con ol 3 ha−1 6 ha−1 9 ha−1 12 ha−1 LSD (p˂0.05) 25.00 25.00 50.00 50.00 83.00 12.16 0.925 1.333 1.450 1.700 1.691 0.227 Fig. 4: Analyzed Weigh o 100 G ains o Cul i a ed Maize (G). Fig. 5: Analyzed G ain Yield/ Plo (Kg) o Cul i a ed Maize (G). Field esul ob ained a e ha es ing as p esen ed in (Table 2, and ep esen ed in Figu e 4/5) indica ed ha maize g ain p oduced was signi ican (p˂0.05), and s ands o e he con ol. The e o e con- i ming he su ey o Ha mans [5], which p esen ed maize o be widely cul i a ed ac oss all ag o-ecological zones o he coun y, in addi ion o he ac ha he c op is one o he as g owing cash c ops in Nige ia. The ha es ed maize cobs we e gi en o he lo- cals o u he con i m he esul o ield ip. I was obse ed ha 3 ou o 5 locals who we e gi en la ge quan i ies o maize sold he p oduce o gene a e income, while he o he 2 whe e obse ed o use he p oduce as ood o household eeding. This obse a ion u he con i ms he esea ch indings o Ayeni [7]; Deg ande and 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Weigh o 100 g ains (g) Le els o Maize P oduc ion Weigh o 100 g ains (g) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 G ain Yield/ plo (kg) Le els o Maize P oduc ion G ain Yield/ plo (kg) In e na ional Jou nal o Scien i ic Wo ld 109 Duguma [9], whose indings p esen ed maize as ha ing he po en- ial o comba household hunge , apa om gene a ion o income o he locals and o eign exchange ea nings o he coun y. T adi ional u iliza ion o maize has been su eyed by a ious e- sea che s. Resul o his in es iga ion e ealed maize s alk ex ac been used o ea men o gono hea, his indings also con i ms he su ey o AbdulRahaman [10], whe e he esea che epo ed he c op been ac i e as he bal medica ion. In an he bal home su - eyed, in usion ob ained om s igma o maize in lo escence was obse ed o be used o ea men o u ina y ac diso de . Wa e ob ained om maize g ain p ocessing in we lou , pap and o he ela ed p oduc was obse ed o use o he bal ea men o e e and e e - ela ed illness like mala ia, his esea ch indings u he con i ms he su ey o AbdulRahaman and Kolawole [11]. T adi- ional maize u iliza ion also include usage o maize g ain by he local people o Obub a in cha m making, which he locals be- lie ed can keep an indi idual sa e om his enemies. Maize has been obse ed o be u ilized in adi ional i e, including adi ion- al ma iages, whe e pa s o he c op is been used as a ma e ial o incan a ion o s ongly uni e/join wo indi idual (couple) oge he . 4. Conclusion Resul o he su ey p o es ha p oduc ion, managemen , u iliza- ion and sales o maize ha e imp o ed he economy o Nige ia. Analyzed da a indica ed ha p oduc ion o maize inc eased as he numbe o yea inc eases, his could be p obably due o he in- c eased in human popula ion and he abili y o he c op o s i e in all ag o-ecological zones o he coun y. The su ey on adi ional u iliza ion o maize indica ed ha maize has medicinal, spi i ual, including die a y alues, apa om se ing as a means o in- come/ o eign exchange ea nings. 5. Recommenda ion F om he esul o he s udy, i could be ecommended ha mo e hec a es o a able land should be de o ed o maize cul i a ion, owning o he ac ha he c op has been ound o be a mul i- pu pose c op, se ing no only as ood, bu as a pa o he adi- ion o some o he A ican cul u e, while in- u n p esen ing an a enue we e human/animal heal h can be main ain h ough i u ili- za ion in he bal adi ional medicine, as eed o li es ock man- agemen , and as aw ma e ial o indus ial p oduc ion. Re e ences [1] Pu seglo e, J. W. (1992). T opical C ops: Monoco yledones. Longman Scien i ic and Technical, New Yo k. Pp. 300-305. [2] Osagie, A. U. and Eka, O. U. [Eds.] (1998). Nu i ional Quali y o Plan Foods. Pos -Ha es Resea ch Uni , Uni e si y o Benin, Be- nin. Pp. 34-41. [3] Iheko onye, A. L. and Ngoddy, P. O. (1965). In eg a ed Food Sci- ence and Technology o T opics. Macmillan Publishe , Hong Kong. P. 386. [4] Kochha , S. L. (1986). T opical C ops: A Texbook o Economic BOTANY. Macmillan Publishe s, Hong Kong. Pp. 88-95. [5] Ha mans, E. H. (1985). S a egies o Sol ing C op P oduc ion P oblems o Sub-Saha an A ica. In e na ional Ins i u e o T opical Ag icul u e, Ibadan, Nige ia 7 – 8. [6] IITA, In e na ional Ins i u e o T opical Ag icul u e (2014). Maize (Zea mays L.) p oduc ion. h p://www.ii a.o g/maize. Accessed Ap il1 2013. [7] Ayeni, A. O. (1991). “Maize P oduc ion in Nige ia: P oblems and P ospec s”. Jou nal o Food and Ag icul u e, 2: 123-129. [8] CBN, Cen al Bank o Nige ia (1992). Annual Repo and S a e- men o Accoun . Cen al Bank o Nige ia, Lagos. P. 78. [9] Deg ande, A. and Duguma, B. (2000). Adop ion Po en ial o Ro a- ional ow In e c opping in Humid and Ex ension Ne wo k (103): 1- 7. [10] AbdulRahaman, A. A. (1997). Medicinal Impo ance o Plan In: The F on ie s. 1s ed. Edi ed by K. A. Omo oshe. Elepo P ess. Ilo - in. Pp. 22 – 25. [11] AbdulRahaman, A. A. and Kolawole, O. M. (2006). T adi ional P epa a ions and Uses o Maize in Nige ia. E hnobo anical Lea - le s, 10: 219-227. View publica ion s a s