Deygan o, Kanbi o O kaido
A icle
The e ec o ax incen i es p ac ices on he sus ainabili y o mic o,
small and medium en e p ises in E hiopia du ing he ou b eak o
co ona i us pandemic
Jou nal o Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Sp inge Na u e
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Deygan o, Kanbi o O kaido (2022) : The e ec o ax incen i es p ac ices on he
sus ainabili y o mic o, small and medium en e p ises in E hiopia du ing he ou b eak o co ona
i us pandemic, Jou nal o Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship, ISSN 2192-5372, Sp inge , Heidelbe g,
Vol. 11, Iss. 1, pp. 1-22,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1186/s13731-022-00194-8
This Ve sion is a ailable a :
h ps://hdl.handle.ne /10419/259668
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The e ec o  ax incen i es p ac ices
on hesus ainabili y o mic o, small
andmedium en e p ises inE hiopia
du ing heou b eak o co ona i us pandemic
Kanbi o O kaido Deygan o*
Abs ac
Pu pose: This s udy was aimed o iden i y he e ec o ax incen i e p ac ices on he
sus ainabili y o MSMEs du ing an ou b eak o co ona i us pandemic in E hiopia.
Design/me hodology/app oach: To achie e his objec i e, he esea che has
employed a quan i a i e esea ch app oach wi h an explana o y esea ch design in
which six hypo heses ha e been es ed. The p ima y da a we e collec ed om 300
MSMEs owne s/ope a o s using s uc u ed ques ionnai es. A mul iple eg ession model
was employed o s udy he e ec o ax incen i es pa ame e s on he sus ainabili y o
MSMEs.
Findings: Acco ding o he eg ession analysis, his pape e ealed ha ax holiday, ax
allowance, educ ion in he ax a e, accele a ed dep ecia ion, loss ca y o wa d, and
ax exemp ion ha e a posi i e and s a is ically signi ican e ec on he sus ainabili y o
he MSMEs.
Resea ch limi a ions: The cu en s udy was geog aphically ocused on E hiopia by
conside ing he MSMEs sec o . The subjec wise was ocused on he e ec o he ax
incen i es on he sus ainabili y o MSMEs. The p ima y da a we e limi ed o he yea
2020. I migh be imp o ed in he u u e i o he esea che s inco po a e la ge i ms
in he coun y and use seconda y da a o he analysis o mul iple yea s. Also, u u e
esea che s will imp o e he same s udy by conside ing bo h mone a y and non-mon-
e a y incen i es as s udy a iables.
P ac ical implica ions: To su i e du ing he COVID-19 pandemic, MSMEs need sup-
po om he go e nmen in he o m o ax incen i es. The ax incen i es play a g ea
ole in enhancing he g ow h and he sus ainabili y o MSMEs as well as he economy
as a whole. So he owne s o MSMEs ha e o ask he go e nmen o ob ain necessa y
suppo in he o m o mone a y and non-mone a y incen i es o be sus ainable in
economic ac i i y. Also, he indings and ecommenda ions o he cu en s udy migh
se e as an ing edien and be in o ma i e o he policymake s on he MSMEs sec o .
The go e nmen s ha e o con inue o shape ax incen i es policies o suppo he
MSMEs’ sus ainabili y by p o iding ax and non- ax incen i es.
Open Access
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RESEARCH
Deygan o
Jou nal o Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship (2022) 11:8
h ps://doi.o g/10.1186/s13731-022-00194-8
Jou nal o Inno a ion and
En ep eneu ship
*Co espondence:
kanbi o.o k[email p o ec ed]
Depa men o Accoun ing
and Finance, Dilla Uni e si y,
Dilla, E hiopia
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Deygan o Jou nal o Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship (2022) 11:8
O iginali y/ alue: This s udy con ibu es o empi ical e idence abou he e ec o ax
incen i es p ac ices on he sus ainabili y o MSMEs du ing he ou b eak o COVID-19 in
E hiopia by conside ing six ax incen i e p ac ices in e ms o ax holiday, ax allow-
ance, educ ion in he ax a e, accele a ed dep ecia ion, loss ca ied o wa d, and ax
exemp ion.
Keywo ds: Mic o, Small and medium-sized en e p ise, Tax incen i es p ac ices,
Sus ainabili y, Co ona i us pandemic, E hiopia
In oduc ion
P omo ing sus ainable de elopmen goals (SDGs) a e he op agenda o all go e nmen s
in he wo ld o achie e he li ing s anda d o hei people. MSMEs a e he key ool o
achie e sus ainable de elopmen goals. MSMEs a e conside ed as an engine o he
economy and used as key ins umen s o educing po e y h ough p omo ing sus ain-
able de elopmen goals (Jansson, e al., 2017). The MSMEs suppo he go e nmen s by
educing he unemploymen a e and paying ax e enue o encou age economic de el-
opmen (Agyapong, 2010). To emain hei con ibu ion o economic g ow h, MSMEs
ha e o be sus ainable a any ime (Tekola & Gidey, 2019). E en i MSMEs play a g ea
ole in wo ld economic g ow h, MSMEs we e hi by he ou b eak o he co ona i us
pandemic (Mogaji, 2020). The labo ma ke impac o he COVID-19 pandemic e eals
he de as a ing e ec on wo ke s in he in o mal economy and hund eds o millions o
MSMEs wo ldwide, and as a esul , MSME’s con ibu ion o na ional GDP, c ea ion o
employmen oppo uni y, and o he bene i s a e being hampe ed. MSMEs a e mos ly
a he bo om o he indus ial chain and ace p oblems o high ene gy consump ion
and low ou pu in de eloping coun ies. Thus, s udying he sus ainabili y o MSMEs
in eme ging economies is necessa y and solu ions a e needed o gi e hem he suppo
hey need o su i e and con inue o con ibu e o he global economy (Engidaw, 2021).
Cu en ly, he Go e nmen o E hiopia has o mula ed 10-yea s a egic plans om he
pe iod 2020 o 2030 o becoming an A ican Beacon o P ospe i y in 2030. Sus ainable
de elopmen goals can be achie ed i MSMEs sus ain hemsel es in he coun y. Bu , he
pandemic led o massi e damage o economic ac i i ies in gene al and MSMEs in pa -
icula ollowing es ic ions on human mobili y by he go e nmen and s ay-a -home
ad ice by he minis y o heal h. These ac ions and ad ice, hen, ha e ad e sely a ec ed
bo h he supply and demand side o MSME’s ope a ion speci ically, and he pandemic’s
nega i e consequences on MSME’s include aw ma e ial supply was s opped, sho age o
wo ke s happened, sho age o wo king capi al c ea ed, hei ope a ional cos inc eased,
and decline in consume s consump ion o p oduc s o MSMEs (Engidaw, 2021). So, he
sus ainabili y o MSMEs du ing COVID-19 p essu e is a ma e and bu ning issue o
esea che s and academicians ac oss he wo ld. I is ime o he go e nmen s o sup-
po he MSMEs du ing his ha d ime o achie e he sus ainabili y o MSMEs. The go -
e nmen can also ake on new esponsibili ies o suppo wide go e nmen ac ions and
help add ess he impac o he COVID-19 pandemic on hei business ac i i y. The ax
incen i e is he bes go e nmen measu e in place in ended o encou age MSMEs by
deduc ion, exclusion, exemp ion om ax liabili y o a ce ain pe iod o sus ain sus ain-
abili y, and con ibu ion o economic de elopmen . Tax incen i es a e ways o educ-
ing axes o businesses and encou aging hose businesses and indi iduals o engage in
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Deygan o Jou nal o Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship (2022) 11:8
beha io ha is socially esponsible and bene i s he communi y. So ha well-designed
ax incen i e p ac ices ha e a posi i e and s a is ically signi ican e ec on he g ow h
and sus ainabili y o MSMEs (A awodi & Ojekal, 2012; Ahmedo a, 2015; Twesige &
Gasheja, 2019).
The opic e ec o ax incen i es p ac ices on he sus ainabili y o MSMEs in E hiopia
is o e looked and no esea ched well du ing he Ou b eak o he Co ona Vi us Pan-
demic. To he le el o knowledge o he esea che , ew pieces o esea ch ha e been
conduc ed on a ela ed opic in E hiopia. Fo ins ance, Ayele (2006); Alene (2020); and
Engidaw (2021) we e add essed ac o s a ec ing mic o and small business en e p ises’
pe o mance in E hiopia. The empi ical s udies igno ed he e ec o ax incen i es p ac-
ice on he sus ainabili y o MSMEs du ing he COVID-19 pandemic because MSMEs in
he coun y we e hi by he pandemic. This is why he esea che was mo i a ed o con-
duc his esea ch wo k o ill he a o emen ioned esea ch gaps. Speci ically, he pape
was designed o iden i y he e ec o six ax incen i e indica o s, like ax holiday, ax
allowance, dec ease in he ax a e, accele a ed dep ecia ion, loss ca y o wa d, and ax
exemp ion, on he sus ainabili y o MSMEs in E hiopia du ing he COVID-19 pandemic.
Hence, he indings and ecommenda ions o he cu en s udy would se e as an ing e-
dien and be in o ma i e o he go e nmen , MSMEs owne s, and policymake s on he
MSMEs sec o .
The es o he pape was o ganized as ollows: sec ion wo e iews ela ed o li e -
a u e. Sec ion h ee desc ibes he me hodology. Resul s and discussion is included in
sec ion ou . Sec ion i e p o ides conclusions and ecommenda ions. Las ly, sec ion six
p o ides di ec ion o u u e esea ch.
Li e a u e e iew
Co ona i us disease
In ea ly 2020, a e a Decembe 2019 ou b eak in China, he Wo ld Heal h O ganiza-
ion iden i ied SARS-CoV-2 as a new ype o co ona i us. The ou b eak quickly sp ead
a ound he wo ld. COVID-19 is a disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 ha can igge wha
doc o s call a espi a o y ac in ec ion. I can a ec you uppe espi a o y ac
(sinuses, nose, and h oa ) o lowe espi a o y ac (windpipe and lungs). I sp eads
he same way o he co ona i uses do, mainly h ough pe son- o-pe son con ac . In ec-
ions ange om mild o deadly. The Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion (WHO) on Ma ch 11
decla ed COVID-19 a pandemic, poin ing o he o e 118,000 cases o co ona i us ill-
ness in o e 110 coun ies and e i o ies a ound he wo ld and he sus ained isk o
u he global sp ead. An epidemic e e s o an up ick in he sp ead o a disease wi hin a
speci ic communi y. By con as , he WHO de ines a pandemic as he global sp ead o a
new disease, hough he speci ic h eshold o mee ing hose c i e ia is uzzy. The e m
is mos o en applied o new in luenza s ains, and he CDC says i is used when i uses
“can in ec people easily and sp ead om pe son o pe son in an e icien and sus ained
way” in mul iple egions. The decla a ion e e s o he sp ead o a disease, a he han
he se e i y o he illness i causes (Ra en, 2020).
Co ona i us disease (COVID-19) is an in ec ious disease caused by a newly disco -
e ed co ona i us. Mos people who all sick wi h COVID-19 will expe ience mild o
mode a e symp oms and eco e wi hou special ea men . The i us ha causes
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Deygan o Jou nal o Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship (2022) 11:8
COVID-19 is mainly ansmi ed h ough d ople s gene a ed when an in ec ed pe son
coughs, sneezes, o exhales. These d ople s a e oo hea y o hang in he ai and quickly
all on loo s o su aces. You can be in ec ed by b ea hing in he i us i you a e wi hin
p oximi y o someone who has COVID-19, o by ouching a con amina ed su ace and
hen you eyes, nose, o mou h. A co ona i us is a kind o common i us ha causes
an in ec ion in you nose, sinuses, o uppe h oa . Mos co ona i uses a e no dange -
ous. Co ona Vi us eme ged in Wuhan, China, sp ead ac oss he wo ld in ec ing mo e
han 6.1 million and causing he dea h o mo e han 371,857 people as o June 1, 2020.
In A ica, since he i s case was epo ed in Egyp , he i us has sp ead o 53 coun-
ies wi hin weeks. As o June 1, 2020, mo e han 146,996 cases and 4222 dea hs we e
epo ed. In E hiopia, a o al o 1257 cases and 12 dea hs we e epo ed by he Minis-
y o Heal h on June 1, 2020(MOH, 2020) and Communi y Heal h Ins i u e (2020). The
ou b eak o he COVID-19 pandemic has dis u bed he poli ical, economic, social, eli-
gious, and inancial s uc u e o he wo ld (Mogaji, 2020).
De ini ion o MSMEs
While he e s ill lacks a uni e sally accep ed de ini ion, MSMEs a e widely ecognized
o he impo an con ibu ions hey make o sus ainable de elopmen , in e ms o con-
ibu ions o economic g ow h, c ea ion o decen jobs, p o ision o public goods and
se ices, as well as po e y alle ia ion and educed inequali y. Acco ding o he e ised
MSMEs G ow h S ages Guideline No. 004/2011, he e ised de ini ion conside s used
labo o ce, including amily labo ; o al asse s wi hou wo king building and he di ision
o sub-sec o in o se ice and indus y a e he main c i e ia (Table1).
Besides, he minis e ’s p oclama ion numbe 201/2011 de ines mic o-en e p ises as an
en e p ise ha ing o al capi al o B 50,000 no including building o se ice en e p ise
o no exceeding B 100,000 o indus ial en e p ise. The p oclama ion also de ines a
small-scale en e p ise as an en e p ise ha ing o o al capi al o B 50,001 o 100,000
no including building and ha ing 6–30 employees o se ice o ha ing he capi al o
B 100, 001 o 1,500,000 o he indus y. Medium en e p ises a e hese business en e -
p ises wi h a o al in es men be ween Bi 500,000 up o Bi 1 million, including
hose en e p ises ha ha e high echnical consul ancy and excluding ano he high- ech
es ablishmen .
Sus ainabili y o MSMEs
Resea ch shows ha in es ing and enabling MSMEs o ul ill hei de elopmen po en-
ial can ha e signi ican con ibu ions o 60% o he SDG a ge s, including hose ela ed
o goals SDG 8 (P omo e sus ained, inclusi e, and sus ainable economic g ow h, ull and
p oduc i e employmen , and decen wo k o all) and SDG 9 (Build esilien in as uc-
u e, p omo e inclusi e and sus ainable indus ializa ion, and os e inno a ion), among
o he s. Thus, in es ing in and suppo ing he sus ainabili y o MSMEs in he wo ld is an
in eg al pa o he sus ainabili y e o s o clien s, can yield signi ican p og ess owa ds
an economy ha wo ks o all. MSMEs ep esen he lion’s sha e o businesses and
employmen , as hey ep esen 99% o businesses and 67% o employmen . The e o e,
hey a e among he s onges d i e s o economic de elopmen . Howe e , despi e hei

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Deygan o Jou nal o Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship (2022) 11:8
Table 1 De ini ion o MSMEs in E hiopia
Sou ce: Alene (2020)
Le el o en e p ise Sec o Employmen To al asse (in Bi )
Mic oen e p ise Indus y sec o : (includes manu ac u ing, cons uc ion,
and mining sub-sec o s) A business en e p ise which uses no o e i e labo
o ce, including business owne The mone a y alue o he en e p ise’s o al asse is no
o e 100,000 E hiopian B
Se ice sec o : (includes e ail ade, anspo , ho el,
and ou ism in o ma ion echnology and epai s) A business en e p ise which uses no o e i e labo
o ce, including business owne The o al asse is no o e 100,000 E hiopian B
Small en e p ise Indus ial sec o : (includes manu ac u ing, cons uc-
ion, and mining sub-sec o s) A business en e p ise ha uses 6–30 labo o ce,
including business owne s and amily labo The inancial alue o he en e p ise’s o al asse anging
om 100,001 o 1500,000 B
Se ice sec o : (includes e ail ade, anspo , ho el,
and ou ism in o ma ion echnology and epai s) A business en e p ise ha uses 6–30 labo o ce,
including business owne s and amily labo The mone a y alue o he en e p ise’s o al asse ang-
ing om 50,001 o 500,000 B
Medium-sized En e p ises Indus ial sec o : (includes manu ac u ing, cons uc-
ion) Abo e 30 labo Bi 1,500,000 up o Bi 2 million
Se ice sec o : (includes e ail ade, anspo , ho el,
and ou ism in o ma ion echnology and epai s) Abo e 30 labo Bi 500,000 up o Bi 1 million
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Deygan o Jou nal o Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship (2022) 11:8
po en ial, MSMEs in he egion end o s ay small and a e signi ican ly less p oduc i e
han la ge i ms (In e -Ame ican De elopmen Bank, 2021).
A IDB In es we o e inclusi e and sus ainable inancial solu ions by suppo ing
inancial se ices clien s o maximize hei unique ole in p omo ing sus ainable and
inclusi e economic g ow h. We do his by in eg a ing a sus ainabili y lens in hei in es -
men s, p oduc s, and se ices o hei clien s, and also by expanding ou clien s’ inan-
cial inclusion o MSMEs and unde se ed popula ions. MSMEs ha e a e y impo an
ole in de eloping he Philippine economy. They help educe po e y by c ea ing jobs
o he coun y’s g owing labo o ce. They s imula e economic de elopmen in u al
and a - lung a eas; MSMEs a e one o he co e engines o he Indian economy and a e
p ojec ed o g ow u he in he coming decade. MSMEs, especially manu ac u ing sec-
o en e p ises, a e pa icula ly esou ce-in ensi e and emi a high quan um o pollu ion
and ca bon emissions. MSMEs in E hiopia a e he chie sou ces o jobs and income, sig-
ni ican ly con ibu e o he local, egional and na ional GDP and key policies o elimi-
na e po e y (Tekola & Gidey, 2019).
Empi ical e iew o  ela ed s udies
Eme ging economies ha e in oduced ax incen i es o a ious easons. In some coun-
ies in ansi ion, such ins umen s may be seen as a coun e weigh o he in es men
disincen i es inhe en in he gene al ax sys em. In o he coun ies, he incen i es a e
in ended o o se o he disad an ages ha in es o s may ace, such as a lack o in a-
s uc u e, complica ed and an iqua ed laws, bu eauc a ic complexi ies, and weak
adminis a ion. In E hiopia, wi h he inc ease in he numbe o people in ec ed wi h
COVID-19, he go e nmen decla ed a s a e o eme gency aiming o cu b he sp ead o
he i us in he coun y. The s a e o eme gency pu s es ic ions on a el and human
mobili y which hu he economy and businesses pa icula ly mic o and small sec-
o s. This e ec equi es mo e esea ch-based e idence ha shows he ex en o which
MSMEs a e a ec ed. Al hough epo s a e coming ou om di e en media ou le s, u -
he e alua ion is equi ed o e eal he e ec o he unp eceden ed pandemic on he
MSMEs and p o ide possible solu ions. So a no s udy is conduc ed on his issue. Now,
i is ime o espond o he men ioned gap h ough apid assessmen o he e ec o
Co ona Vi us on MSME’s ope a ion and p o ide insigh o decision-make s in he sec-
o and esea che s o conduc a u he in es iga ion (Lemi e al., 2020). P io s udies
add essed he same issue and sugges ed ha ax incen i e indica o s like ax holiday, ax
allowance, dec ease in he ax a e, accele a ed dep ecia ion, loss ca y o wa d, and ax
exemp ion on he sus ainabili y o MSMEs.. The empi ical indings a e summa ized as
ollows (Table2):
Concep ual amewo k
The heo e ical amewo k explains he en i e esea ch b ie ly; o his s udy, he e a e
six explana o y a iables, including ax holiday, ax allowance educ ion in he ax a e,
accele a ed dep ecia ion, loss ca ied o wa d, and ax exemp ion as explana o y a i-
ables, and he sus ainabili y o MSMEs as he dependen a iable (Fig.1).
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Deygan o Jou nal o Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship (2022) 11:8
Resea ch me hodology
Resea ch design and esea ch app oach
This pape has employed an explana o y esea ch design because he objec i e o his
s udy is o iden i y he e ec s o ax incen i es on he g ow h o MSMEs in E hiopia.
The esea ch app oach ha was employed in his s udy was a quan i a i e esea ch
app oach due o he quan i a i e na u e o he da a.
Ta ge popula ion, sampling echniques, andsample size de e mina ion
Ta ge popula ion
The a ge popula ion was 2,490,645 MSMEs licensed ope a ed in E hiopia as o May
2020.
Table 2 Summa y o empi ical e iew and hypo heses
Sou ce: own de elopmen based on he empi ical e iew (2020)
Va iable name Empi ical S udies indings
Tax holiday Empi ical s udies, like A awodi and Ojekal (2012); Tekola and Gidey (2019); Ahmedo a
(2015); Boso e al. (2017); Fe nández-Viñé e al. (2013); Twesige and Gasheja (2019);
and Jansson e al. (2017), we e e idenced ha ax holiday has posi i e e ec On
Sus ainabili y O MSMEs. So i can be hypo hesized ha
H1: holiday has a posi i e and s a is ically signi ican e ec on he sus ainabili y o
MSMEs
Tax allowance P io s udies, such as A awodi and Ojekal (2012); Ahmedo a (2015); Boso e al. (2017);
Fe nández-Viñé e al. (2013); and Twesige and Gasheja (2019), we e sugges ed ha
ax allowance has a posi i e e ec On he Sus ainabili y o MSMEs. So ha a en a i e
s a emen could be de eloped
H2: ax allowance has a posi i e and s a is ically signi ican e ec on he sus ainabili y
o MSMEs
Reduc ion in ax a e S udies we e conduc ed by Ahmedo a, (2015); Vo onko a e al. (2018); Boso e al.
(2017); Fe nández-Viñé e al. (2013); and Twesige and Gasheja (2019) we e educ ion
in ax a e has a posi i e e ec on he sus ainabili y o MSMEs. Hence, he hypo hesis
can be de eloped as ollows:
H3: educ ion in ax a e has a posi i e and s a is ically signi ican e ec on he sus-
ainabili y o MSMEs
Accele a ed dep ecia ion Expe imen al s udies o Ahmedo a (2015); A awodi and Ojekal (2012); Boso e al.
(2017); Fe nández-Viñé e al. (2013); Twesige and Gasheja (2019); and Jansson e al.
(2017) we e e idenced ha accele a ed dep ecia ion has a posi i e e ec on he
sus ainabili y o MSMEs
H4: accele a ed dep ecia ion has a posi i e and s a is ically signi ican e ec on he
sus ainabili y o MSMEs
Loss ca y o wa d Fi s -hand s udies, like Ahmedo a (2015); Boso e al. (2017); Fe nández-Viñé e al.
(2013); Twesige and Gasheja (2019); Jansson e al. (2017); and A awodi and Ojekal
(2012), we e ound ou ha Loss ca y o wa d has a posi i e e ec on he sus ainabil-
i y o MSMEs. So he esea che de eloped he en a i e s a emen as ollows:
H5: Loss ca y o wa d has a posi i e and s a is ically signi ican e ec on he sus ain-
abili y o MSMEs
Tax exemp ion P e ious s udies we e unde aken by Boso e al. (2017); Fe nández-Viñé e al. (2013);
Twesige and Gasheja (2019); Jansson e al. (2017); A awodi and Ojekal (2012); and
Ahmedo a (2015) whe e e idenced ax exemp ion has a posi i e e ec on he sus-
ainabili y o MSMEs. I can be hypo hesized ha
H6: Tax exemp ion has a posi i e and s a is ically signi ican e ec on he sus ainabil-
i y o MSMEs
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Deygan o Jou nal o Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship (2022) 11:8
Sampling echniques
To selec a sample size om 2,490,645 MSMEs, he esea che used a simple andom
sampling echnique o gi e equal chances o MSMEs owne s/ope a o s.
Sample size de e mina ion
To de e mine he sample size o his s udy, he esea che has used he ma hema ical
o mula o Yamane (1967) by aking in o accoun he o al popula ion, he sampling
e o , and he le el o eliabili y, and i is assumed ha he sample would ha e 95% eli-
abili y abou popula ion and a sampling e o will be 5%. This simples o mula is.
whe e n is he sample size; N is he a ge popula ion;
2,490,645
1
+

0.052

∗2,490,645 =
400
.
The ou hund ed sample size was dis ibu ed among Mic o business En e p ises,
Small-scale En e p ises, and Medium-Sized En e p ises in E hiopia (Table3).
n
=
N
1+

0.052

∗N
,
1) Tax holiday
2) Tax Allowance
3) Reduc ion in ax a e
4) Accele a ed Dep ecia ion Sus ainabili y o MSMEs
Independen Va iables Dependen Va iable
5) Loss ca y o wa d
6) Tax Exemp ion
Fig. 1 Concep ual F amewo k. Sou ce: Own de elopmen based on li e a u e e iew (2020)
Table 3 Sample size dis ibu ion
Sou ce: Fede al Mic o and Small En e p ises De elopmen Agency (2020)
Sampling Uni The popula ion o
each en e p ise Sample Size calcula ions Sample size om
each en e p ise
Mic o business En e p ises 930,215 (930,215/2,490,645) × 400 150
Small-scale En e p ises 830,215 (830,215/2,490,645) × 400 133
Medium-Sized En e p ises 730,215 730,215/2,490,645) × 400 117
To al 2,490,645 (2,490,645/2,490,645) × 400 400
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Deygan o Jou nal o Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship (2022) 11:8
Co ela ion analysis
Co ela ion analysis measu es he ela ionship be ween wo i ems. The co ela ion
ma ix o his s udy was compu ed as ollows:
Wi h ega d o he ela ionship be ween he sus ainabili y o MSMEs and independen
a iables wi h a coe icien o co ela ion 1 indica es ha each a iable is pe ec ly co -
ela ed wi h each o he . The esul o he co ela ion analysis in Table9 shows ha ax
holiday, ax allowance, educ ion in he ax a e, accele a ed dep ecia ion, loss ca ied
o wa d, and ax exemp ion we e posi i e and signi ican ly co ela ed wi h sus ainabili y
a a 1% le el o signi icance. The co ela ion among independen a iables is no mo e
han 0.8. This implies ha he e is no mul icollinea i y p oblem in he model and he
alues o co ela ion a e eliable.
Assessmen o o dina y leas squa e assump ions
The mos common assump ions o be es ed be o e unning he inal eg ession esul
a e no mali y, mul icollinea i y, au oco ela ion, and he e oscedas ici y.
Assump ion #1: he alues o  he esiduals a e no mally dis ibu ed (no mali y es )
The Classical Linea Reg ession Model assumes ha he e o e m is no mally dis ib-
u ed wi h he mean o e o being ze o as he posi i e e o will o se he nega i e e o .
This assump ion can be es ed by looking a he dis ibu ion o esiduals. We can do his
by checking he his og am his has shown as ollows:
Table 10 Pea son co ela ion ma ix o he a iables
**Co ela ion is signi ican a he 0.01 le el (2 ailed)
*Co ela ion is signi ican a he 0.05 le el (2 ailed)
Sou ce: Su ey da a, 2020
Va iables 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Sus ainabili y o MSMEs (1) 1
Tax holiday (2) 0.350** 1
Tax allowance (3) 0.153** 0.285** 1
Reduc ion in ax a e (4) 0.257** 0.132*0.060 1
Accele a ed dep ecia ion (5) 0.067** 0.064 − 0.181** 0.264** 1
Loss ca y o wa d (6) 0.352** − 0.129*− 0.452** 0.045 0.005 1
Tax exemp ion (7) 0.368** − 0.262** − 0.021 0.017 − 0.184** 0.399** 1

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Deygan o Jou nal o Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship (2022) 11:8
Sou ce: Pe sonal Su ey da a, 2020.
Based on he esul s shown abo e, he his og am on he dis ibu ion o esiduals which
is bell shaped is linea o he eg ession line om he SPSS ou pu . So, he esea che
concluded ha he e is no no mali y p oblem ( he alues o he esiduals a e no mally
dis ibu ed) on he da a used o his s udy (Table10).
Assump ion #2: es o mul icollinea i y
This is essen ially he assump ion ha you p edic o s a e no oo highly co ela ed wi h
one ano he . The ole ance le els o all a iables a e g ea e han 0.10 and he VIF alue
is less han 10; hen we can conclude ha p edic o s a e no oo highly co ela ed wi h
one ano he .
As shown in he collinea i y Table11, he ole ance le els o all a iables a e g ea e
han 0.10 and he VIF alue is less han 10. This indica es ha he e we e no mul icollin-
ea i y p oblems ha al e he analysis o he indings; a he i leads o he accep ance o
R- alue, ole ance, and VIF alues.
Table 11 Collinea i y s a is ics
Sou ce: Pe sonal su ey da a, 2020
Va iables Collinea i y s a is ics
Tole ance VIV
Tax holiday 0.824 1.214
Tax allowance 0.658 1.519
Reduc ion in ax a e 0.897 1.115
Accele a ed Dep 0.852 1.174
Loss ca y o wa d 0.629 1.590
Tax exemp ion 0.720 1.388
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Deygan o Jou nal o Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship (2022) 11:8
Assump ion #3: he alues o  he esiduals a e independen (au oco ela ion)
This is he same as saying ha we need ou obse a ions (o indi idual da a poin s) o
be independen o one ano he (o unco ela ed). We can es his assump ion using
he Du bin-Wa son s a is ic, h ough SPSS. The Du bin-Wa son close o 2 o mo e is
accep able. The Du bin-Wa son s a is ics alue which is close o 2, equal o 2, o mo e
sugges s ha he e is no au oco ela ion among e o e ms. Acco dingly, he Du bin-
Wa son s a is ics alue o 1.932 is close o 2, which indica es ha au oco ela ion is no
a h ea o he use o OLS in his s udy (see eg ession Table7). The e o e, i can be con-
cluded ha he alues o he esiduals a e independen which implies he absence o a
se ial co ela ion p oblem in ou eg ession analysis.
Assump ion #4: he a iance o  he esiduals iscons an (he e oscedas ici y es )
This is called homoscedas ici y and is he assump ion ha he a ia ion in he esidu-
als (o amoun o e o in he model) is simila a each poin ac oss he model. In o he
wo ds, he sp ead o he esiduals should be ai ly cons an a each poin o he p edic o
a iables (o ac oss he linea model). We can ge an idea o his by looking a ou o igi-
nal sca e plo bu o p ope ly es his, we need o ask SPSS o p oduce a special sca e -
plo o us ha includes he whole model (and no jus he indi idual p edic o s). To es
he 4 h assump ion, we need o plo he s anda dized alues ou model would p edic ,
agains he s anda dized esiduals ob ained. This has shown as ollows (Fig.2):
The abo e igu e showed ha he e is homoscedas ici y and he assump ion ha he
a ia ion in he esiduals (o amoun o e o in he model) is simila a each poin ac oss
he model is sa is ied. So, we can conclude ha he e is no he e oscedas ici y p oblem in
he model.
Fig. 2 Assessmen o he e oscedas ici y using Sca e plo . Sou ce: Pe sonal su ey da a, 2020
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Deygan o Jou nal o Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship (2022) 11:8
Table 12 Reg ession esul s
The dependen a iable, sus ainabili y o MSMEs, **Co ela ion is signi ican a he 0.01 le el, *Co ela ion is signi ican a he 0.05 le el (2 ailed)
Sou ce: Pe sonal Su ey da a, 2020
R = 0.687, R2 = 0.472, Ad R2.461,S d. E o o he Es ima e = 0.88299, Du bin-Wa son (d) = 1.932, F-s a is ic = 43.583, p- alue = 0.000, ANOVA wi h (p- alue o 0.000
Model Uns anda dized Coe icien s S anda dized
Coe icien s TSig 95.0% Con idence In e al o B Collinea i y S a is ics
BS d. E o Be a Lowe Bound Uppe Bound Tole ance VIF
(Cons an ) − 2.378 0.378 − 6.285 0.000 − 3.123 − 1.633
Tax holiday 0.433 0.050 0.401 8.578 0.000** 0.333 0.532 0.824 1.214
Tax Allowance 0.199 0.047 0.217 4.139 0.000** 0.103 0.290 0.658 1.519
Reduc ion in Tax Ra e 0.178 0.056 0.141 3.136 0.002** 0.065 0.285 0.897 1.115
Accele a ed Dep 0.170 0.073 0.107 2.314 0.021* 0.025 0.314 0.852 1.174
Loss Ca y Fo wa d 0.341 0.052 0.353 6.594 0.000** 0.240 0.443 0.629 1.590
Tax exemp ion 0.441 0.062 0.355 7.088 0.000** 0.318 0.563 0.720 1.388
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Deygan o Jou nal o Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship (2022) 11:8
The eg ession analysis (in e en ial s a is ics): sus ainabili y o MSMEs
As long as he model sa is ies he OLS assump ions o linea eg ession, he eg ession
coe icien s gi e us he bes possible es ima es. Be o e unning he inal eg ession analy-
sis, his s udy es ed no mali y, mul icollinea i y, au oco ela ion, and he e oscedas ici y
assump ions and con i med ha all he assump ions we e sa is ied in he a o emen-
ioned sec ion. Then, he eg ession analysis was done as ollows.
The mul iple linea eg ession esul s a e p esen ed in Table 12; he adjus ed
R-squa ed s a is ics o he model was 46.1 pe cen . The esul indica es ha 46.1 pe cen
a ia ion in he dependen a iable was join ly explained by he explana o y a iables
in he model, whe eas he emaining 53.9 pe cen o he a ia ion in he sus ainabili y
o MSMEs (as measu ed by he Like scale) is explained by o he a iables which a e
no included in he model. The coe icien o explana o y a iables ax holiday 0.433, ax
allowance 0.199, educ ion in ax a e 0.178, accele a ed dep eca ion 0.170, loss ca y
o wa d 0.341, ax exemp ion 0.441 implies ha 1% inc ease in he a iables leads o
43.3%,19.9%, 17.8%, 17%, 34.1%, and 44.1% inc ease in sus ainabili y o MSMEs. Besides,
he F-s a is ics (43.583) in he model summa y and ANOVA wi h (p- alue o 0.000) we e
used o es he o e all signi icance o he model and indica ed he eliabili y and alidi y
o he model a a 1% le el o signi icance. This ells us ha he model as a whole is s a is-
ically signi ican .
Discussion
The esul o his s udy shows ha ax holiday wi h a coe icien o eg ession [β = 0.433]
has a posi i e and s a is ically signi ican e ec on he sus ainabili y o MSMEs a a 1%
le el o signi icance since (p- alue o 0.000 > 0.01). Hence, hypo hesis one is accep ed.
This inding is consis en wi h he inding o o he s udies esul s, such as A awodi and
Ojekal (2012); Tekola and Gidey (2019); Ahmedo a (2015); Boso e al. (2017); Fe nández-
Viñé e al. (2013); Twesige and Gasheja (2019); and Jansson e al. (2017) who e idenced
ax holiday posi i e e ec on he sus ainabili y o MSMEs in E hiopia. This implies ha
he exis ence o a ax holiday enhances he sus ainabili y o MSMEs ope a ing in E hio-
pia. Secondly, he coe icien o eg ession ax allowance [β = 0.199] is posi i e and s a-
is ically signi ican a a 1% le el o signi icance wi h (p- alue o 0.000 > 1%). The e o e,
hypo hesis wo s a ed is accep ed. This inding is consis en wi h he gene al logic ha
he exis ence o ax eedom enables o accumula ion o capi al since he e a e no annual
paymen s o he go e nmen . I is also consis en wi h empi ical indings o A awodi and
Ojekal (2012); Ahmedo a (2015); Fe nández-Viñé e al. (2013); and Twesige and Gasheja
(2019) which sugges ed ha ax allowance has a posi i e e ec on he sus ainabili y o
MSMEs. This e idenced ha ax allowance has a posi i e and signi ican e ec on he
sus ainabili y o MSMEs.
The esul o coe icien o [β = 0.178] is posi i e and s a is ically signi ican a a 1%
le el o signi icance because he sig o 0.002 is less han 1%. Hence, hypo hesis h ee is
accep ed. This inding is consis en wi h he empi ical indings o A awodi and Ojekal
(2012); Ahmedo a (2015); Fe nández-Viñé e al., (2013); and Twesige and Gasheja (2019)
whe e educ ion in ax a e has a posi i e e ec on he sus ainabili y o MSMEs. This
ells us ax a e educ ion has highe con ibu ion ax sus ainabili y o MSMEs. On
he o he hand, he accele a ed dep ecia ion a iable has a coe icien o eg ession is
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Deygan o Jou nal o Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship (2022) 11:8
[β = 0.170] is posi i e and s a is ically signi ican wi h (p- alue o 0.021) which is signi i-
can a a 5%le el o signi icances. The e o e, hypo hesis ou is accep ed. This inding is
consis en wi h eg ession esul s o s udies by Boso e al. (2017); Fe nández-Viñé e al.
(2013); and Twesige and Gasheja (2019) which e idenced ha accele a ed dep ecia ion
has a posi i e e ec on he sus ainabili y o MSMEs. This indica es ha conside ing he
highe amoun o accele a ed dep ecia ion amoun om income ax has a posi i e e ec
on he sus ainabili y o MSMEs in E hiopia.
Conce ning he loss ca y o wa d, he esul o his s udy shows ha he inc ease in
loss ca ied o wa d wi h a coe icien o eg ession [β = 0.341] has posi i e and s a is i-
cally signi ican a 5% le el o signi icance (p alue o 0. 0.00 < 1% le el o signi icances).
Hence, hypo hesis i e is accep ed. The esul is simila wi h indings o Ahmedo a
(2015); Boso e al. (2017); Fe nández-Viñé e al. (2013); Twesige and Gasheja (2019); and
Twesige and Gasheja (2019) ha ound ou ha loss ca y o wa d has a posi i e e ec on
he sus ainabili y o MSMEs. I can be concluded ha loss ca y o wa d has a posi i e
and signi ican e ec on he sus ainabili y o MSMEs. Las bu no leas , a ax exemp-
ion wi h a coe icien o eg ession o [β = 0.441] has a posi i e and signi ican e ec on
he sus ainabili y o MSMEs wi h a p alue 0.000 < 5% le el o signi icance. The e o e,
hypo hesis six is accep ed by he esea che . This inding is consis en wi h he empi ical
esul o Fe nández-Viñé e al. (2013); Twesige and Gasheja (2019); A awodi and Ojekal
(2012); and Ahmedo a (2015) whe e e idenced ax exemp ion has a posi i e e ec on
he sus ainabili y o MSMEs. This implies ha ax exemp ion o MSMEs has a posi i e
con ibu ion o he sus ainabili y o MSMEs.
Conclusion and ecommenda ions
In his pape , he esea che explo ed he e ec o ax incen i e pa ame e s, such as
ax holiday, ax allowance, ax educ ion, accele a ed dep ecia ion, and loss ca y o -
wa d, on he sus ainabili y o MSMEs. By keeping his objec i e in mind, he esea che
collec ed he p ima y da a h ough a sel -adminis a ed ques ionnai e and analyzed
i h ough SPSS e sion 21.0. A mul iple eg ession model was employed o es he
hypo hesis. The conclusion ha can be d awn om he indings was ha hypo heses
one up o six ha e been accep ed by he esea che . This ells us an inc ease in he ax
holiday, ax allowance, educ ion in he ax a e, accele a ed dep ecia ion, loss ca y o -
wa d, and ax exemp ion, which lead o an inc ease in business sus ainabili y o MSMEs.
This means he exis ence o ax incen i e p ac ices p omo es he exis ence o MSMEs.
Hence, o a ac MSMEs expansion sus ainabili y, go e nmen s should gi e op p io -
i y o imp o ing hei coun ies’ MSMEs business clima es by adop ing addi ional ax
incen i e p ac ices o educe he nega i e e ec o he COVID-19 pandemic on o e all
business o imp o e and p omo e he economic de elopmen o he na ion while mini-
mizing he di e se e ec o co ona i us on he su i al and g ow h o MSMEs. The pol-
icymake s should con inue o shape ax incen i es policies by aking in o accoun he
pa ame e s, like ax holiday, ax allowance, educ ion in he ax a e, accele a ed dep e-
cia ion, loss ca y o wa d, and ax exemp ion, o suppo he sus ainabili y and g ow h
o MSMEs ac oss he wo ld. Besides, he MSMEs business owne s/ope a o s ha e o
unde s and and wo k on app op ia e implemen a ion o ax and non- ax incen i es

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Deygan o Jou nal o Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship (2022) 11:8
p o ided o hem o sus ain hei business pe o mance and con ibu ion o economic
de elopmen .
Fu he esea ch di ec ion o imp o ing limi a ions o  his s udy
No s udy is ee o limi a ions; acco dingly, he e a e limi a ions in he cu en s udy ha
needs u u e imp o emen s. This s udy was geog aphically ocused on E hiopia by con-
side ing he MSMEs sec o . The subjec wise was ocused on he e ec o he ax incen-
i es ( ax holiday, ax allowance, accele a ed dep ecia ion, educ ion in he ax a e, loss
ca ied o wa d, and ax exemp ions) and on he sus ainabili y o MSMEs du ing he
exis ence o COVID-19. I was se ou o in es iga e he e ec o six ax incen i es indi-
ca o s. This s udy used only p ima y da a which a e limi ed o he yea 2020. Hence, his
s udy can be enhanced/imp o ed i i is done a con inen al and global le els and also
i is possible i i is done by using di e en me hodology and sampling echniques. Fu -
he esea che s can also s udy he opic o non- ax incen i es oge he wi h he sus ain-
abili y o MSMEs since he cu en a iables explained abou 46.1% and he emaining
53.9% a ia ion on he g ow h o MSEs ha we e no inco po a ed in he cu en s udy.
The impac o he COVID-19 pandemic on he o e all pe o mance o MSMEs should
be u he in es iga ed wi h a combina ion o mone a y incen i es and non-mone a y
incen i es o be mo e con iden in his s udy.
Au ho s’ in o ma ion
M . Kanbi o O kaido Deygan o has ea ned he MBA in Finance in 2017 G.C. Cu en ly,
he was wo king a Dilla Uni e si y as a lec u e and esea che in he Depa men o
Accoun ing and Finance. He has been published abou 20 a icles in a eas o accoun ing,
audi ing, small business en e p ise pe o mance, capi al s uc u e, public inance and
axa ion, and c edi isk managemen on di e en epu able jou nals wi h 53 ci a ions
coun ed on he google schola websi e.
Abb e ia ions
COVID-19: Co ona i us disease; MSMEs: Mic o, small and medium-sized en e p ises; IDB: In e -Ame ican De elopmen
Bank; SDGs: Sus ainable de elopmen goals.
Acknowledgemen s
The au ho much hono ed o app ecia e Dilla Uni e si y which is he bes educa ional ins i u ion in E hiopia ha s i es
o se e he communi y and suppo p oblem-sol ing esea ches ho oughly. He also hanks he edi o s and he anony-
mous e iewe s o hei guidance in de eloping his esea ch pape .
Au ho s’ con ibu ions
The au ho has ca ied ou all he whole wo ks o his s udy. He designed he s udy esea ch design and ca ied ou he
ieldwo k, documen analysis, li e a u e wo k, manusc ip d a , and edi o ial. He unde ook his s udy. The au ho also
ead and app o ed he inal manusc ip .
Funding
This s udy was conduc ed by he au ho inance only. The e is no inancial suppo om any o ganiza ion.
A ailabili y o da a and ma e ials
The da a a e included in his manusc ip .
Decla a ions
E hics app o al and consen o pa icipa e
No applicable since his esea ch did no in ol e human subjec s.
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Deygan o Jou nal o Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship (2022) 11:8
Consen o publica ion
No applicable.
Compe ing in e es s
The au ho decla e ha he e a e no compe ing in e es s.
Recei ed: 14 Decembe 2020 Accep ed: 12 Janua y 2022
Re e ences
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Ahmedo a, S. (2015). Fac o s o inc easing he compe i i eness o small and medium-sized en e p ises (SMEs) in Bul-
ga ia. P ocedia-Social and Beha io al Sciences, 195, 1104–1112.
Alene, E. T. (2020). De e minan s ha in luence he pe o mance o women en ep eneu s in mic o and small en e p ises
in E hiopia. Jou nal o Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship, 9(1), 1–20.
A awodi, O. W., & Ojeka, S. (2012). Rela ionship be ween Tax Policy, G ow h o SMEs and he Nige ian Economy. In e na-
ional Jou nal o Business and Managemen , 7(13), 2012.
Ayele, S. (2006). The indus y and loca ion impac s o in es men incen i es on SMEs s a -up in E hiopia. Jou nal o
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Publishe ’s No e
Sp inge Na u e emains neu al wi h ega d o ju isdic ional claims in published maps and ins i u ional a ilia ions.