Yang, Fang; Liu, Wei; Wen, Ting
A icle
The u al household's en ep eneu ship unde he land
ce i ica ion in China
Cogen Economics & Finance
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Taylo & F ancis G oup
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Yang, Fang; Liu, Wei; Wen, Ting (2022) : The u al household's en ep eneu ship
unde he land ce i ica ion in China, Cogen Economics & Finance, ISSN 2332-2039, Taylo &
F ancis, Abingdon, Vol. 10, Iss. 1, pp. 1-21,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23322039.2022.2091088
This Ve sion is a ailable a :
h ps://hdl.handle.ne /10419/303693
S anda d-Nu zungsbedingungen:
Die Dokumen e au EconS o dü en zu eigenen wissenscha lichen
Zwecken und zum P i a geb auch gespeiche und kopie we den.
Sie dü en die Dokumen e nich ü ö en liche ode komme zielle
Zwecke e iel äl igen, ö en lich auss ellen, ö en lich zugänglich
machen, e eiben ode ande wei ig nu zen.
So e n die Ve asse die Dokumen e un e Open-Con en -Lizenzen
(insbesonde e CC-Lizenzen) zu Ve ügung ges ell haben soll en,
gel en abweichend on diesen Nu zungsbedingungen die in de do
genann en Lizenz gewäh en Nu zungs ech e.
Te ms o use:
Documen s in EconS o may be sa ed and copied o you pe sonal
and schola ly pu poses.
You a e no o copy documen s o public o comme cial pu poses, o
exhibi he documen s publicly, o make hem publicly a ailable on he
in e ne , o o dis ibu e o o he wise use he documen s in public.
I he documen s ha e been made a ailable unde an Open Con en
Licence (especially C ea i e Commons Licences), you may exe cise
u he usage igh s as speci ied in he indica ed licence.
h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/
Cogen Economics & Finance
ISSN: (P in ) (Online) Jou nal homepage: www. and online.com/jou nals/oae 20
The u al household’s en ep eneu ship unde he
land ce ifica ion in China
Fang Yang, Wei Liu & Ting Wen
To ci e his a icle: Fang Yang, Wei Liu & Ting Wen (2022) The u al household’s
en ep eneu ship unde he land ce ifica ion in China, Cogen Economics & Finance, 10:1,
2091088, DOI: 10.1080/23322039.2022.2091088
To link o his a icle: h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23322039.2022.2091088
© 2022 The Au ho (s). This open access
a icle is dis ibu ed unde a C ea i e
Commons A ibu ion (CC-BY) 4.0 license.
Published online: 23 Jun 2022.
Submi you a icle o his jou nal
A icle iews: 845
View ela ed a icles
View C ossma k da a
Ci ing a icles: 2 View ci ing a icles
Full Te ms & Condi ions o access and use can be ound a
h ps://www. and online.com/ac ion/jou nalIn o ma ion?jou nalCode=oae 20
GENERAL & APPLIED ECONOMICS | RESEARCH ARTICLE
The u al household’s en ep eneu ship unde
he land ce i ica ion in China
Fang Yang
1,2
, Wei Liu
3
and Ting Wen
4
*
Abs ac : As China’s economic g ow h slows down and he p essu e o he eco-
nomic downwa d inc eases g adually, he ag icul u al and u al economic de el-
opmen aces mo e se ious challenges. Fo una ely, hanks o he China’s u al land
ce i ica ion, i gua an ees he secu i y and s abili y o p ope y igh s o land, and
p o ides a huge de elopmen space o u al household’s en ep eneu ship, which
p omo es ag icul u al and u al economy g ea ly. In o de o in es iga e he impac
o he land ce i ica ion on u al household’s en ep eneu ship in China, his pape
uses China Ru al Household Panel Su ey da a o he empi ical analysis based on
he panel Logi model. The esul s show ha : (1) The land ce i ica ion inc eases he
p obabili y o ag icul u al en ep eneu ship by a leas 25%, bu i has no signi ican
in luences on non-ag icul u al en ep eneu ship. (2) The u al land ce i ica ion wi h
bounda y in luences ag icul u al en ep eneu ship mo e signi ican han ha wi h-
ou bounda y, and he land ce i ica ion o household is mo e bene icial o ag i-
cul u al u al household’s en ep eneu ship han ha wi hou o household. (3) The
land ce i ica ion mainly inc eases p obabili y o ag icul u al en ep eneu ship
h ough he land ans e , labo alloca ion, and capi al alloca ion. Mo eo e , he
esea ch o his s udy highligh s he impo ance o s anda dizing u al labo ma ke
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Fang Yang holds a Ph.D. in Ag icul u al Economics
and is cu en ly an Assis an Resea che o
Ag icul u al Science and Economics wi h he
Pos doc o al Resea ch Cen e o Ag icul u al Bank
o China, and School o Economics wi h Peking
Uni e si y. She has esea ched and published on
a ious issues ela ing o u al household’s beha-
io s, land ans e , and u al collec i e economic
o ganiza ions.
Wei Liu holds a Ph.D. in Ag icul u al Economics
and is cu en ly a lec u e in he School o
Economics o Chongqing Technology and Business
Uni e si y. He has esea ched and published on
a ious issues ela ing o u al household’s po -
e y, income inequali y, and common p ospe i y.
Ting Wen has a doc o ’s deg ee in ag icul u al
economics and is cu en ly a ull- ime esea che
o Chongqing Resea ch Cen e o High-skilled
Pe sonnel De elopmen wi h Chongqing College o
Elec onic Enginee ing, and is employed as an
associa e p o esso . She s udied and published
a ious issues ela ed o a me s’ beha io , land
ans e and ag icul u al suppo policies.
PUBLIC INTEREST STATEMENT
The pu pose o his a icle is o in es iga e he
impac o he land ce i ica ion on u al house-
hold’s en ep eneu ship in China. This is he
esea ch ha is used o highligh he impo ance
o u al land sys em e o m in c ea ing condi ions
o he u al household’s en ep eneu ship. The
u al ins i u ional change can signi ican ly p o-
mo e he en ep eneu ship o u al households,
economic g ow h, and educe po e y o he
de eloping coun ies. This a icle p o ides an
e ec i e expe ience suppo o he u u e u al
e o m.
Yang e al., Cogen Economics & Finance (2022), 10: 2091088
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23322039.2022.2091088
Page 1 o 21
Recei ed: 16 Feb ua y 2022
Accep ed: 14 June 2022
*Co esponding au ho : Ting Wen,
Chongqing College o Elec onic
Enginee ing, Chongqing Resea ch
Cen e o High-skilled Pe sonnel
De elopmen , Chongqing, Hubei
401331, China
E-mail: [email p o ec ed]
Re iewing edi o :
Bu cu Be ke, Nigde Uni e si esi,
Tu key
Addi ional in o ma ion is a ailable a
he end o he a icle
© 2022 The Au ho (s). This open access a icle is dis ibu ed unde a C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion (CC-BY) 4.0 license.
and accele a ing land inancial e o m in c ea ing condi ions o ag icul u al en e-
p eneu ship, which can p o ide e ec i e da a suppo o u u e u al policy-making.
Subjec s: Ag icul u al Economics; Popula ion & De elopmen ; Sus ainable De elopmen ;
Ru al De elopmen ; Economics and De elopmen
Keywo ds: Ag icul u al economics; land ce i ica ion; ag icul u al en ep eneu ship; non-
ag icul u al en ep eneu ship
1. In oduc ion
In de eloping coun ies, ag icul u al g ow h as a esul o policy e o m and echnology adop ion
emains signi ican o p omo e he en ep eneu ship o u al households, economic g ow h, and
educe po e y (Mesele e al., 2022). In ecen decades, ag icul u e and u al a eas ha e been he
sho ages o China’s economic g ow h. Whe he China can jump ou o he middle-income ap
and ealize mid- e m and long- e m sus ainable o economic g ow h is mainly de e mined by
ag icul u al and u al economic de elopmen . As China’s economic g ow h slows down in ecen
yea s, he economic downwa d p essu e inc eases g adually and ag icul u al and u al economic
de elopmen also ace mo e se e e challenges (Y. Zhou e al., 2020). Inc easing u al household’s
income will be he pa h choice o achie e he goal o inclusi e a luence. In 2020, he u baniza ion
a e o pe manen esiden s popula ion in China eached 63.89%. Acco ding o a ough es ima ion
based on a o al popula ion o 1.4 billion, China s ill had 500 million o u al esiden s. Such a la ge
u al popula ion no only cons ains China’s economic g ow h, bu also b ings a de elopmen
oppo uni y o China’s economic and social ans o ma ion. Raising he ag icul u al and non-
ag icul u al income le el o his g oup is he way o na ow he income gap be ween u ban and
u al esiden s, and p omo e inclusi e a luence. Many expe iences in de eloped coun ies ha e
p o ed ha en ep eneu ship has signi ican ly posi i e co ela ions wi h income (Be nha d , 1994;
Lo s om, 2002; Mcmanus, 2000). On one hand, en ep eneu ship inc eases income o en ep e-
neu s by sol ing hei own employmen p oblems. On he o he hand, i inc eases income o
employees by abso bing and d i ing employmen s (Su esh e al., 2009). The his o ical e idence
o e o m and opening up has demons a ed ha Chinese a me s no only possess ich en ep e-
neu ial expe iences, bu also ha e conside able po en ials in en ep eneu ship. Especially in he
s age o p omo ing comp ehensi e u al e i aliza ion in China, u al household’s en ep eneu ship
become mo e impo an han en ep eneu ial ac i i ies (John & Abigail, 2021), which can no only
imp o e u al household’s ag icul u al o non-ag icul u al income, bu also p o ide a d i ing o ce
o he ag icul u al o non-ag icul u al indus y e i aliza ion in u al.
The e o m o China’s u al land sys em is he main backg ound o he s udy o u al house-
hold’s en ep eneu ship, which p o ides land elemen gua an ee o u al household’s ag icul u al
en ep eneu ship, o p omo es u al household o ans e he land ou o engage in non-
ag icul u al en ep eneu ship. Go e nmen o China (GOC) ini ia ed a new ound o u al land
ce i ica ion in 2013 o de e mine and p o ec land p ope y igh s clea ly and e ec i ely,
inc eased e iciency o land esou ce alloca ion, and p o ec ed land p ope y igh s and in e es s
o u al households. Acco ding o s a is ics o Minis y o Ag icul u e and Ru al A ai s, China has
con i med he owne ship o 1.5 billion mu (Appendix A1) o con ac ed land o 200 million o u al
households and issued he ce i ica e o he igh o he u al land con ac ing and managemen
igh s by No embe 2020. The a e eached 96% (Appendix A2). Regula ized p ope y igh s p o ide
a legaliza ion ule and p ocedu e o he use, income and ans e o p ope y igh s h ough he
p ocess o issuing ce i ica es, egis a ion and igh con i ma ion (So o, 2000).
Exis ing s udies mainly ocus on u ban en ep eneu ial ac i i ies (Jus in e al., 2018) and pay ew
a en ions o en ep eneu ial beha io s o u al esiden s (G. Zhou e al., 2017). Nowadays, s udies
on u al esiden s’ en ep eneu ship co e h ee le els, including indi idual en ep eneu ship,
mig an wo ke s’ en ep eneu ship and u al household’s en ep eneu ship. Mos s udies ocus
on mig an wo ke s’ en ep eneu ship since u al mig an wo ke s a e mo e likely o s a
Yang e al., Cogen Economics & Finance (2022), 10: 2091088
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23322039.2022.2091088
Page 2 o 21
en ep eneu ship. The e a e a e s udies on he es wo ypes o en ep eneu ship, especially he
u al household’s en ep eneu ship. Exis ing s udies on u al household’s en ep eneu ship ocus
on in luencing ac o s and ecogni ion o causali y. Speci ically, in luencing ac o s include indi i-
dual cha ac e is ics, amily cha ac e is ics, communi y cha ac e is ics, socioeconomic en i onmen
and en ep eneu ship suppo i e policies (Glaese & Ke , 2009; Han & Ha e, 2013; He & Li, 2019).
S udies on causali y mainly ocus on in luences o social capi als (Wes lund & Bol on, 2003),
human capi als and ma e ial capi als (Lazea , 2005; G. Zhou e al., 2017) o economic capi als
(Cai e al., 2018) on en ep eneu ship.
This s udy in es iga ed in luences o land ce i ica ion on u al household’s en ep eneu ship.
This s udy e iewed p e ious esea ches on u al household’s en ep eneu ship and land ce i-
ica ion. Acco ding o exis ing s udies, Besley i s ly es ablished he heo e ical model abou
in luences o land owne ship s abili y on in es men , ans e and c edi (Besley, 1993). Fede
u he p oposed he heo e ical amewo k which was he basis o ollow-up associa ed
s udies. Chinese schola s p oposed a lo o p ac ical e idences (Fede & Nishio, 1998). Huang
and Ji es ed in luences o land ce i ica ion on long- e m land in es men o u al households
based on he panel acking da a in 2000 and 2008 (Huang & Ji, 2012). They ound ha land
ce i ica ion inc eased applica ion o o ganic e ilize s and p omo ed long- e m land in es -
men . Based on CHARLS in 2010 and 2012, Cheng e al. discussed in luences o land ce i ica-
ion on land ans e in pilo a eas and hey ound ha land ce i ica ion p omo ed land
ans e -ou and inc eased land en s (Cheng e al., 2016). Mi e al. discussed he ela ionship
be ween land ce i ica ion and c edi a ailabili y o u al household based on 2704 su ey da a
in 9 p o inces, China, and ound ha land ce i ica ion has signi ican “De·So o E ec ” and i
could imp o e c edi a ailabili y o u al households (Mi e al., 2018). Fu he mo e, some
schola s ha e discussed in luences o land ce i ica ion on labo low (Xu e al., 2017; Zhang
e al., 2018), income o a me s (Ningm e al., 2018) and ag icul u al p oduc ion managemen
(Han e al., 2018; Lin e al., 2018).
Wi h he analyses o abo e analyses, his pape mainly s udies he u al household’s en ep e-
neu ship in China, which ocuses on he impac s o land ce i ica ion on hem (see he esea ch
amewo k in Figu e 1). Th ee imp o emen s a e achie ed in he ollowing h ee aspec s.
(1) The esea ch pe spec i e is ela i ely no el. This s udy chose en ep eneu ial beha io s o
u al esiden s as he esea ch objec , which o se sho ages o s udies on u al household’s
en ep eneu ship.
Figu e 1. The esea ch ame-
wo k o his pape .
Yang e al., Cogen Economics & Finance (2022), 10: 2091088
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23322039.2022.2091088
Page 3 o 21

(2) I in ol es iche and mo e comp ehensi e esea ch con en s. The new ound o u al
land ce i ica ion has been inished. Acco ding o exis ing s udies, land ce i ica ion can
c ea e o imp o e elemen condi ions o u al household’s en ep eneu ship o some ex en .
By discussing in luences o land ce i ica ion on u al household’s en ep eneu ship, his s udy
u he in es iga es di e ences be ween ag icul u al en ep eneu ship and non-ag icul u al
en ep eneu ship as well as in luences o di e en ce i ica ion me hods on ag icul u al
en ep eneu ship.
(3) Resea ch da a is mo e na ionally ep esen a i e and i can co e he whole p ocess o
land ce i ica ion. Besides, his s udy uses he unbalanced panel su ey da a o 29 p o inces
in 2013, 2015 and 2017 om China Ru al Household Panel Su ey (CRHPS) o Zhejiang
Uni e si y, which e lec s basic condi ions o u al household’s en ep eneu ship in China
accu a ely.
The emainde o his s udy p oceeds as ollows. Sec ion 2 e iews he land ce i ica ion o China
and so s ou he ela ionship be ween land ce i ica ion and land igh . In Sec ion 3, he sou ce o
esea ch da a o CRHPS and ele an a iables a e in oduced. The impo an esul s, including
es ima ed e ec s, he e ogenei y analyses, and in luence mechanism o land ce i ica ion on u al
household’s en ep eneu ship, is p esen ed in Sec ion 4, Sec ion 5, and Sec ion 6, espec i ely.
Conclusions and policy enligh enmen s a e summa ized in Sec ion 7.
2. New ound o land ce i ica ion: ins i u ional aceback and heo e ical analysis
2.1. B ie e iew on new ound o land ce i ica ion
P ope y igh s ha e mul iple economic e ec s, such as incen i e e ec , s abili y e ec , in eg i y
e ec (Demse z, 1967).P o ec ion o in ellec ual p ope y igh s has e y impo an in luences on
economic g ow h (S. Huang e al., 2005). Fo a long ime, i lacks e ec i e p o ec ions o e u al
land p ope y igh s. The ambiguous and ins able land p ope y igh s ha e been es ic ing
ag icul u al u al economic de elopmen in China. To add ess hese p oblems, GOC ini ia ed
a new ound o u al land ce i ica ion o de e mine and p o ec land p ope y igh s clea ly and
e ec i ely, inc eased e iciency o land esou ce alloca ion, and p o ec ed land p ope y igh s and
in e es s o a me s. Mo eo e , GOC has inished he con i ma ion, egis a ion and ce i ica ion o
land con ac ual managemen igh s, and sol ed ambiguous bounda y o household con ac ed
land a eas in 5 yea s. Recen ly, GOC also issued many policy documen s o acili a e e o m in he
u al land p ope y igh sys em, including main aining long- e m u al land con ac ela ion,
implemen ing owne ship, con ac ing igh and managemen igh o u al land, endowing man-
agemen igh and mo gage inancing igh , and so on. All o hese policies aim o es ablish a u al
land p ope y igh sys em which has clea a ilia ion, comple e powe s and unc ions, smoo h
ans e and s ic p o ec ion.
Figu e 2. The logic o a new
ound o u al land ce i ica ion
in China.
Yang e al., Cogen Economics & Finance (2022), 10: 2091088
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23322039.2022.2091088
Page 4 o 21
Compa ed wi h p e ious land ce i ica ion, his ound has mo e ob ious cha ac e is ics (see
Figu e 2). Fi s ly, he a ilia ion is clea e . Physical bounda y and p ope y igh bounda y o u al
land a e de e mined clea ly. Secondly, powe s and unc ions a e mo e comple e. Based on he
s able owne ship, he con ac ing igh has been consolida ing con inuously, while he manage-
men igh has been loosening, accompanied wi h ex ension o co e powe s and unc ions o u al
land, such as usage, e enues and ans e (Yu e al., 2021). Besides, i pays mo e a en ions o he
p ope y a ibu e o land, and allows land asse s and mo gage loan. Thi dly, he p o ec ion is
s ic e . I equi es o es ablishing a uni ied and comple e egis a ion managemen sys em and
issuing legal land p ope y ce i ica e comp ehensi ely.
2.2. In luencing mechanism o land ce i ica ion on u al household’s en ep eneu ship
Based on he ac ual si ua ion o he land p ope y igh sys em in China, his pape de ines u al
household’s en ep eneu ship as he ealiza ion o new ca ee choices, new managemen me h-
ods, and he upg ading o o iginal p oduc ion me hods. Among o hem, he new ca ee choices
(i.e., indus ial o comme cial managemen ) belong o non-ag icul u al en ep eneu ship (Paulsona
& Townsend, 2004), while he new managemen me hods and he upg ading o o iginal p oduc ion
me hods in ag icul u e a e de ied as ag icul u al en ep eneu ship o u al household. P e ious
s udy has shown ha equen adjus men o u al land lead o land agmen a ion, insu icien
in es men , decline o soil e ili y and o he p oblems (Deininge & Jin, 2003). Howe e , in ecen
yea s, he apid e o m o China’s u al p ope y igh sys em and he imp o emen o he s abili y
o land p ope y igh s ha e p o ided a o able condi ions u al household’s en ep eneu ship.
Fi s ly, land ce i ica ion p omo es u al household’s en ep eneu ship h ough land ans e . Fo
ag icul u al en ep eneu ship, he con ac ing igh and managemen igh sepa a e a e land
ce i ica ion, which makes he ans e o managemen igh s smoo he . Ru al households adop
ag icul u al en ep eneu ship by expanding land scale h ough land ans e . Limi ed by na ional
condi ions o big popula ion and ela i ely ew land esou ces, mos essen ial land o ag icul u al
en ep eneu ship comes om he ans e -ou pa . Mo eo e , he new ound o land ce i ica ion
is no only bene icial o u al households o main ain he long- e m s abili y o con ac ela ion-
ship, bu also is conduci e o p o ec he legi ima e igh s o ans e subjec s. This b ings posi i e
e ec s on bo h ans e -in and ans e -ou pa ies. The e o e, land ce i ica ion migh in luence
u al household’s en ep eneu ship h ough ans e -in in en ion, ans e -in beha io and ans e -
in e m. On one hand, land ce i ica ion inc eases he sa e y o land igh (Kassa, 2018), educes
he possibili y o illegal occupa ion o ag icul u al land by he lessee (Yami & Snyde , 2016), and
imp o es he powe o a me s o expand he scale o land. Land expansion will p o ide essen ial
si es o u al household’s en ep eneu ship. On he o he hand, land ce i ica ion also inc eases
he s abili y o land igh (Kassa, 2018). I means ha he land con ac managemen ela ionship
is long- e m ixa ion and canno be adjus ed (Cheng e al., 2016), which dec eases he adminis-
a i e in e en ion (Wang e al., 2018). Land ce i ica ion s eng hens con idence o a me s in
p o ec ing land p ope y igh s (Ye e al., 2018). P ope y igh s p o ec ion and s able expec a ion
a e bene icial o ag icul u al en ep eneu s o expand business scale and ex end long e m o
in es men in ag icul u al land.
Secondly, land ce i ica ion in luences u al household’s en ep eneu ship h ough land alloca-
ion. En ep eneu ship is a beha io ha inc eases elemen inpu s. land ce i ica ion may a ec he
alloca ion o labo ac o s om labo supply and labo demand. (1) Fo labo supply, land ce i ica-
ion wi h ce i ica e gua an ees he land legi ima e in e es s o u al households, so ha hey can
no longe wo y abou he ecycling p oblems a e he land is ans e ed ou . The possibili y o
land ans e -ou is g ea ly imp o ed (Cheng e al., 2016). Ru al labo is mo e inclined o wi hd aw
om household ag icul u al p oduc ion (Xu e al., 2017) which will p omo e land ans e (Che nina
e al., 2014; Jan y e al., 2015) and c ea e mo e labo supply. (2) Fo labo demand, en ep eneu -
ship means mo e labo inpu . Acco ding o e idences om coun ies like B azil and Vie nam, u al
households wi h land ce i ica ion ha e signi ican ly highe land in es men compa ed o hose
wi hou ha (Als on e al., 1996; Sain -Maca y e al., 2010).
Yang e al., Cogen Economics & Finance (2022), 10: 2091088
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23322039.2022.2091088
Page 5 o 21
Finally, land ce i ica ion also can in luence u al household’s en ep eneu ship h ough capi al
alloca ion. (1) Land ce i ica ion can elie e c edi cons ain o u al households. Since land has
ixed geog aphic and spa ial loca ions, inc easing en expec a ion and impossibili y o des uc ion,
land can be used as e ec i e mo gage o o mal c edi agencies a e land ce i ica ion (Fede &
Nishio, 1998). The e’s signi ican “De·So o E ec ” in u al land ce i ica ion (Mi e al., 2018). Based
on he loans wi h land ce i ica ion, i expands he c edi channels o u al households (Golds ein
e al., 2014; Piza & Mau icio, 2016), elie es he inancial p essu e agains u al household’s
en ep eneu ship, educe he isk o ag icul u al in es men (Besley, 1993), and inc eases he
possibili y o en ep eneu ial in es men . (2) Land ce i ica ion can inc ease he income le el o
u al households. Land ce i ica ion s eng hens he p ope y igh s and p omo es ee land
ans e . Ru al households can acqui e s able incomes om land en s, which highligh s he
p ope y unc ion o land. In ac , pe ec ing land ansac ion igh s in ac i e land ma ke can
inc ease ba gaining powe and nego ia ion s a us o u al households. Due o he s able expec a-
ion o ising en in he u u e and he p emium e ec o land ce i ica ion (Hu & Luo, 2016), i is
mo e possible o imp o e ansac ion alue and p ope y income o o he po en ial incomes o
land (Lin e al., 2018), which u he inc eases o al incomes o u al households.
3. Da a sou ce and esea ch design
3.1. Da a sou ce
This s udy collec ed da a om h ee ounds o CRHPS o Zhejiang Uni e si y in 2013, 2015, and 2017,
espec i ely. CRHPS e lec s he economic li e o u al households in China comp ehensi ely. The
esea ch da a was mainly di ided in o h ee pa s: (1) Indi idual in o ma ion, including gende , age,
cul u al deg ee, and heal h condi ion; (2) Household’s in o ma ion, including head o a household,
amily size, inancial condi ions, land ce i ica ion, and ag icul u al p oduc ion and managemen ; (3)
Communi ies’ in o ma ion, including popula ion size o he illage, land use o he illage, illage
e ain, and land ce i ica ion. The sampling me hod adop ed in CRHPS combines s a i ied, h ee-
s age, and scale measu emen p opo ional key sampling. I co e s 24,764 u al
Figu e 3. Loca ion o he s udy
samples om u al households
o China.
Yang e al., Cogen Economics & Finance (2022), 10: 2091088
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23322039.2022.2091088
Page 6 o 21
amilies in 29 Chinese p o inces (ci ies and dis ic s) and i has illage-le el, amilies in 29
Chinese p o inces (ci ies and dis ic s) and i has illage-le el, ci y-le el, p o ince-le el, and
na ional-le el da a ep esen a i eness. In o de o illus a e he in luence o land ce i ica ion on
en ep eneu ship o u al households since 2013, his s udy selec ed some ele an a iables,
including land ce i ica ion, household income and expendi u e, and ag icul u al p oduc ion and
managemen . Th ough da a e iew, he unbalanced panel da a o u al household o h ee yea s
we e sc eened co e ing eas e n, cen al and wes e n China (see Figu e 3).
3.2. Va iable desc ip ion
Wi h e e ence o exis ing s udies, his s udy aimed o selec he ollowing a iables combining he
esea ch needs.
1. Dependen a iables. This s udy de ined en ep eneu ship o u al households as he dummy
a iable o engaging in ag icul u al o non-ag icul u al en ep eneu ship. Conside ing ha s udies
which ecognize en ep eneu ship by income le el o employmen ela ions migh ha e e o s
(Appendix A3), his esea ch de ined ag icul u al en ep eneu ship as a household which was
engaging in ag icul u al p oduc ion and managemen , and he p ac ical managemen a ea is a
leas h ee imes he a e age o he cul i a ed a ea pe household in he illage (Appendix A4)
(>20 mu). This is basically consis en wi h he de ini ion o He Jing and Li Qinghai (He & Li, 2019):
Ag icul u al en ep eneu ship >10 mu o land ans e -in a ea. Acco ding o he p ac ices o Cai
Dongliang e al. (Cai e al., 2018), non-ag icul u al en ep eneu ship was judged by he ollowing
ques ionnai e i em: “Is you household engaging in indus ial business p oduc ion, and manage-
men p ojec s, including sel -employed en ep eneu s, en ing, anspo a ion, online shops, and
en e p ises?”
2. Co e independen a iables. The co e independen a iable in his s udy was land ce i ica ion,
which was de i ed om wo ques ionnai e i ems: “Does you cul i a ed land ha e he ce i ica e o
land con ac ual managemen igh s?” and “When was he ce i ica e o land con ac ual manage-
men igh s issued?” Acco ding o he conside a ions o he new ound o land ce i ica ion, his
ce i ica ion was limi ed o he land
con ac ual managemen igh s issued a e 2013. The land ce i ica ion is e y likely o ga he
signi ican “noises” o neglec ing ime o ce i ica ion.
3. Con ol a iables. The con ol a iables o his s udy a e mainly di ided in o indi idual
cha ac e is ics, amily cha ac e is ics, communi y cha ac e is ics, as well as human, economic,
and social capi al. (1) Popula ion sociological a iables. Rega ding s udies o Chen Wenchao e al.
(G. Zhou e al., 2017) and Huang Kai e al. (K. Huang e al., 2020), indi idual cha ac e is ics we e
measu ed by gende , age, and he squa e o age. Family cha ac e is ics we e measu ed by amily
size, and he bu den a ios o child en and he elde ly. Village cha ac e is ics we e ep esen ed by
dis ance om he illage o coun y and illage e ain. Meanwhile, man–land ela ionship in he
illage was measu ed by he a e age cul i a ed land a ea pe household in he illage. (2) Capi al
accumula ion a iables. Since labo capi al is i al o en ep eneu ship (Lazea , 2005) and i is
o en measu ed by educa ion and heal h, his s udy analyzed in luences o labo capi al on
en ep eneu ship o u al households h ough educa ional backg ound and physical heal h condi-
ion o esponden households. Economic capi al is he ma e ial basis o en ep eneu ial ac i i ies.
Capi al sho age is o en an impo an cause o impossible implemen a ion o ailu e o en ep e-
neu ship (Hu s & Lusa di, 2004). Mo eo e , household incomes pe capi a in he p e ious s age
we e chosen o measu e economic condi ions o u al households. Social capi al can p omo e
en ep eneu ship signi ican ly. In China, being a membe o he Communis Pa y o China (CPC) is
no only a poli ical iden i y, bu also implies he accessibili y o many social and economic
esou ces. The e o e, wi h e e ences o s udy o He Jing and Li Qinghai (He & Li, 2019), his
s udy measu ed social capi al by membe ship o CPC in he household. (3) Spa io- empo al
dummy a iables. To elimina e in luences o ime-e ec on es ima ion esul s, ime dummy
Yang e al., Cogen Economics & Finance (2022), 10: 2091088
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23322039.2022.2091088
Page 7 o 21
a e widesp ead di icul ies in supe ision o ag icul u al p oduc ion. I is also impossible o ealize
e ec i e supe ision o scaled ag icul u al p oduc ion comple ely no ma e how many amily
membe s he e a e. Howe e , he non-ag icul u al sec o shows he opposi e. The independen
p ocedu es and explici di ision o labo help amily membe s o p o ide mo e e ec i e supe ision
o e he p oduc ion managemen . (2) The bu den a io o child en coun e s ag icul u al en ep e-
neu ship. Howe e , i is a o able o non-ag icul u al en ep eneu ship. (3) Dis ance o coun y has
comple ely di e en in luences on ag icul u al and non-ag icul u al en ep eneu ship. Speci ically,
dis ance o coun y p omo es ag icul u al en ep eneu ship, bu i hinde s non-ag icul u al en ep e-
neu ship. This can be explained ia he ollowing wo aspec s. The e is “high-cos land” su ounding
coun ies o he small land esou ces and he high en . They a e inapplicable o ag icul u e, which
has ela i ely low e u n on in es men (ROI). The e also exis highe demands o non-ag icul u al
p oduc s, and oppo uni ies su ounding coun ies, which p o ides accessibili y and con enience o
p oduc ma ke ing.
5.2. In luences o di e en ce i ica ion me hods on ag icul u al en ep eneu ship
The new ound o land ce i ica ion mainly adop s ou ce i ica ion me hods. They can be di ided
in o land ce i ica ion wi h no bounda ies (he eina e e e ed o as Me hod 1) and land ce i ica-
ion wi h bounda ies (including con i ma ion o sha es and di idends) (he eina e e e ed o as
Me hod 2). They also can be di ided in o household-le el land ce i ica ion (he eina e e e ed o
as Me hod 3) and o he land ce i ica ion (including land ce i ica ion o collec i es o indi iduals)
(he eina e e e ed o as Me hod 4). Since land ce i ica ion has no in luences on non-ag icul u al
en ep eneu ship, i s in luences on en ep eneu ship a e p edomina ely a ibu ed o ag icul u al
en ep eneu ship. The e o e, his s udy ocuses on he in luences o land ce i ica ion on ag icul-
u al en ep eneu ship.
The eg ession esul s o ag icul u al en ep eneu ship unde he ou me hods a e shown in
Table 5. Me hod 1 ende s be e e ec s on ag icul u al en ep eneu ship. A clea de ini ion on
p ope y igh s is he p emise o ansac ion. Since Me hod 2 in ol es ambiguous p ope y igh s,
he unce ain y o en ep eneu ship is inc eased o some ex en . The e o e, Me hod 1 has mo e
p ac ical signi icance o a clea de ini ion o p ope y igh s. Compa a i ely, Me hod 3 possesses
be e e ec s on en ep eneu ship o u al households han Me hod 4. This e lec s ha
a household, a decision-making uni , has he lowe cos in equi y ansac ion. Consequen ly,
Table 5. Ce i ica ion me hods and ag icul u al en ep eneu ship: a compa a i e analysis
Ce i ica ion
Me hods
Ag icul u al En ep eneu ship
Land
Ce i ica ion
wi h Bounda y
Land
Ce i ica ion
wi hou
Bounda y
Land
Ce i ica ion o
Household
Land
Ce i ica ion
wi hou o
Household
Land ce i ica ion 0.513***
(0.122)
0.419**
(0.188)
0.600***
(0.124)
0.372**
(0.153)
Con ol
a iable
Con ol Con ol Con ol Con ol
In e cep e m −5.143***
(0.350)
−5.789***
(0.504)
−4.879***
(0.348)
−5.377***
(0.507)
Obse a ions 16,544 8531 16,033 9046
Wald chi2 374.679 254.264 324.687 219.843
Sigma_u 2.638 3.133 2.591 2.661
ho 0.679 0.749 0.671 0.683
Numbe s in he b acke s a e s anda d e o s. *** e e s o a signi icance le el o 1%. ** e e s o a signi icance le el o
5%, and * e e s o a signi icance le el o 10%. To sa e space, only eg ession esul s o co e independen a iables
a e ep esen ed.
Yang e al., Cogen Economics & Finance (2022), 10: 2091088
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23322039.2022.2091088
Page 14 o 21

Me hod 3 is mo e likely o inc ease nego ia ion cos han Me hod 4, and he eby inhibi s en hu-
siasm o en ep eneu ship.
5.3. Robus ness discussion
This s udy mainly adop ed wo ways o obus ness es ing. Fi s ly, ag icul u al en ep eneu ship was
de ined as he mul iples o mean o median p opo ion o p ac ical ag icul u al p oduc ion and
managemen a ea pe household on a e age cul i a ed land a ea pe household. Combined wi h
eg ession esul s o ag icul u al en ep eneu ship in Table 4, esul s in Columns 2 and 3 o Table 6 all
show ha land ce i ica ion can p omo e ag icul u al en ep eneu ship signi ican ly no ma e
whe he mul iples o mean o median a e applied. Land ce i ica ion inc eased p obabili y o ag icul-
u al en ep eneu ship by a ound 30% compa ed o p e ious es ima es. Secondly, ag icul u al en e-
p eneu ship was de ined as he mul iples o absolu e o mean o median pe capi a ne income om
ag icul u al p oduc ion and managemen . Acco ding o esul s in Columns 4 and 5 in Table 6, land
ce i ica ion can p omo e ag icul u al en ep eneu ship. In summa y, eg ession esul s in his s udy
a e gene ally eliable.
Table 6. Ag icul u al en ep eneu ship unde he s anda ds o a e age cul i a ed land a ea o
u al household and pe capi a ne income
Recogni ion
S anda ds
Ag icul u al En ep eneu ship
Mean o
Cul i a ed Land
A ea
Median o
Cul i a ed Land
A ea
Median o
Income
Mean o
Income
Land ce i ica ion 0.321***
(0.117)
0.306***
(0.142)
0.124**
(0.051)
0.139**
(0.055)
Con ol a iable Con ol Con ol Con ol Con ol
In e cep e m −6.878***
(0.468)
−7.137***
(0.571)
−0.617***
(0.141)
−0.837***
(0.152)
Obse a ions 19,951 19,951 23,826 23,564
Wald chi2 351.481 299.979 1415.024 1318.413
Sigma_u 3.149 3.005 1.478 1.521
ho 0.751 0.733 0.399 0.413
Numbe s in he b acke s a e s anda d e o s. *** e e s o a signi icance le el o 1%. ** e e s o a signi icance le el o
5%, and * e e s o a signi icance le el o 10%. The mean o p ac ical managemen a ea and a e age cul i a ed land
a ea o u al household is 3.16 and he median is 1.08. The mean o pe capi a ne income o household is 7,500 yuan
and he median is 1,800 yuan. To sa e space, only eg ession esul s o co e independen a iables a e ep esen ed.
Figu e 4. In luencing mechan-
ism o land ce i ica ion on
ag icul u al en ep eneu ship
o u al households.
Yang e al., Cogen Economics & Finance (2022), 10: 2091088
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23322039.2022.2091088
Page 15 o 21
6. In luencing mechanism o land ce i ica ion on u al household’s en ep eneu ship
Based on he abo e analysis esul s, land ce i ica ion can inc ease he p obabili y o ag icul-
u al en ep eneu ship signi ican ly. Thus, h ough which pa hways does he new ound o land
ce i ica ion p omo e ag icul u al en ep eneu ship? Combined wi h he p eceding mechanism
analysis and wi h e e ence o he mechanism es ing me hod o Zhou e al. (G. Zhou e al.,
2017), he in luencing mechanism was e alua ed ho oughly om h ee pe spec i es o land
ans e e ec , labo alloca ion e ec , and capi al alloca ion e ec (Appendix A6), which is
shown in Figu e 4.
6.1. Land ans e e ec
GOC is la gely ocusing on encou aging land ans e and de eloping app op ia e-scaled manage-
men , and he eby, p omo ing op imal con igu a ion o land esou ces. A high expec a ion o he
new ound o land ce i ica ion was p oposed. Acco ding o he esul s in Table 7, land ce i ica ion
canno p omo e land ans e -in, bu inhibi s land ans e -in o some ex en , which aligns wi h he
esea ch conclusions o Lin e al. (Lin e al., 2018). Bu i does no align wi h he esea ch
conclusions o Holden e al. ha he incen i e e ec o p ope y igh s may imp o e he possibili y
o land ans e (Holden e al., 2009). Judging F om he ans e pe iod o he land, land ce i ica-
ion s eng hens p ope y igh s and s abilizes expec a ions o u al households, he new ound o
land ce i ica ion also expands land ans e -in a ea and ex ends he land ans e -in e m sig-
ni ican ly. Thus, inc easing p obabili y o ag icul u al en ep eneu ship acco dingly.
6.2. Alloca ion e ec o labo o ce
En ep eneu ship no only implies g ea e labo demands, i also equi es adequa e labo supply.
Reg ession esul s o in luences o land ce i ica ion on alloca ion o labo o ce a e lis ed in
Table 7. In iew o labo supply, land ce i ica ion inc eases he land ans e -ou a io signi ican ly.
This implies ha mo e u al households wi hd aw om ag icul u e and he su plus u al labo
o ces en e he labo ma ke ; hence inc easing labo supply g adually. This is consis en wi h he
esea ch conclusion o Bezabih and Holden (Bezabih & Holden, 2014), which e i ied he non-
ag icul u al employmen p omo ion e ec o land ce i ica ion wi h E hiopian da a. The implemen-
a ion o land ce i ica ion policy p omo ed he low o u al labo o ce om ag icul u al sec o o
non-ag icul u al sec o . In iew o labo demands, en ep eneu ship implies he la ge -scaled labo
inpu and land ce i ica ion inc eases labo inpu s signi ican ly.
Table 7. Ve i ica ion esul s o in luence mechanism o land ce i ica ion on ag icul u al
en ep eneu ship o u al households
In luence
Mechanism
In luence
Channel Coe icien Obse a ions Wald chi2
Land ans e e ec Land T ans e -in −0.433***
(0.060)
22,824 382.145
T ans e -in e m 6.273***
(0.156)
1989 128.173
Alloca ion e ec o
labo o ce
Libe a ion o
household
ag icul u al labo
o ce
0.584***
(0.075)
19,556 410.146
Employmen inpu 0.183***
(0.064)
23,532 32.903
Alloca ion e ec o
capi al
Loan wi h land
managemen igh s
1.714***
(0.188)
23,532 172.427
Income om
p ope ies
0.017***
(0.004)
23,532 98.453
Numbe s in he b acke s a e s anda d e o s. *** e e s o a signi icance le el o 1%. ** e e s o a signi icance le el o
5%, and * e e s o a signi icance le el o 10%. To sa e space, only eg ession esul s o co e independen a iables
a e ep esen ed.
Yang e al., Cogen Economics & Finance (2022), 10: 2091088
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23322039.2022.2091088
Page 16 o 21
6.3. Alloca ion e ec o capi al
Capi al is an economic suppo o ag icul u al en ep eneu ship. The new ound o land ce i ica-
ion equi es issuing legal ce i ica e o land p ope y igh s comp ehensi ely, ains he exchange
ma ke o land p ope y igh s igo ously, inc eases he possibili y o land becoming e ec i e
colla e al o c edi ins i u ions and endows land managemen igh wi h loan inancing powe .
In addi ion, land ce i ica ion s eng hens he p ope y a ibu e o ag icul u al land, and house-
hold can inc ease o he po en ial income ia o he channels, such as he seconda y ansac ion o
p ope y igh s. I can be obse ed om Table 7 ha he possibili y o loan wi h land p ope y and
income om household p ope ies a e indeed inc eased signi ican ly a e land ce i ica ion. I also
inc eases p ope y income o household.
7. Conclusions and policy enligh enmen s
I has been widely accep ed ha p ope y p o ec ion can p omo e economic g ow h. As he
undamen al h us o economic g ow h, p ope y igh s ha e mo e di ec in luences on en ep e-
neu ship. This s udy uses unbalanced panel da a om CRHPS o Zhejiang Uni e si y in he las
h ee yea s o es in luences o he new ound o land ce i ica ion on en ep eneu ship o u al
households, especially on ag icul u al en ep eneu ship. Acco ding o he empi ical analysis, land
ce i ica ion inc eases he p obabili y o ag icul u al en ep eneu ship by a leas 25% compa ed
wi h p e ious o ecas s. A e he use o he p oxy a iable me hod and se ies obus ness es s, he
conclusions a e s ill igo ous. Acco ding o u he mechanism analysis, al hough he new ound o
land ce i ica ion inhibi s land ans e -in o some ex en , i gene ally inc eases he p obabili y o
ag icul u al en ep eneu ship h ough a ious means, such as expanding land ans e -in a ea,
ex ending land ans e -in e m (land ans e e ec ), inc easing labo supply and inpu (alloca ion
e ec o labo o ce), inc easing p obabili y o loans wi h land managemen igh , household
income om p ope ies, and pe capi a ne household income (alloca ion e ec o capi al).
Addi ionally, he p omo ion e ec o land ce i ica ion on en ep eneu ship o u al households is
mainly a ibu ed o ag icul u al en ep eneu ship. I has no subs an ial in luences on non-
ag icul u al en ep eneu ship. Age, bu den a io o he elde ly, educa ion backg ound, and physical
heal h can p omo e bo h ag icul u al and non-ag icul u al en ep eneu ship. Howe e , o he con ol
a iables in luence ag icul u al and non-ag icul u al en ep eneu ship di e en ly. Family size has
posi i e in luences on non-ag icul u al en ep eneu ship, bu i has no in luences on ag icul u al
en ep eneu ship. The bu den a io o child en will lowe he p obabili y o ag icul u al en ep eneu -
ship, bu inc eases he p obabili y o non-ag icul u al en ep eneu ship. The longe dis ance o coun y
is mo e bene icial o ag icul u al en ep eneu ship while he sho e dis ance is mo e conduci e o
non-ag icul u al en ep eneu ship. I is o be no ed ha in luences o ce i ica ion me hods on
ag icul u al en ep eneu ship a e also he e ogeneous. Land ce i ica ion wi h no bounda ies can
in luence ag icul u al en ep eneu ship mo e signi ican ly han land ce i ica ion wi h bounda ies.
Compa ed o o he me hods o land ce i ica ion (including land ce i ica ion o collec i es o indi i-
duals), household-le el land ce i ica ion can lowe he in e nal nego ia ion cos o u al households;
hus, inc easing p obabili y o ag icul u al en ep eneu ship acco dingly. This demons a es ha
a household is always a ela i ely easonable decision-making uni in economic li e.
7.1. Enligh enmen s
Re o m o he u al land sys em has achie ed posi i e e ec s o e a sho pe iod in China.
Fu he mo e, he new ound o land ce i ica ion can p omo e ag icul u al en ep eneu ship sig-
ni ican ly. Cu en ly, GOC should ully u ilize he ad an ages o land ce i ica ion o pe ec he
exchange ma ke o u al land p ope y igh s, and he eby de elop a ious o ms o mode a e
scale managemen , ain new ag icul u al managemen en i ies, and p omo e ag icul u al and
u al economic de elopmen s. In he backg ound o u al e i aliza ion, GOC should encou age
u al land ans e , s anda dize u al labo ma ke , accele a e e o m inancializa ion o u al land,
and con igu e condi ions o elemen imp o emen o ag icul u al en ep eneu ship. I should also
conduc he hi d ound o ex ension pilo s a e he second ound o con ac pe iod, aiming o
o m duplicable and p omo able e o m expe iences. Fu he mo e, conside a ions should be gi en
Yang e al., Cogen Economics & Finance (2022), 10: 2091088
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23322039.2022.2091088
Page 17 o 21
o igh s and in e es s o ag icul u al en ep eneu s and con ac ed u al households. Expec a ion
o ag icul u al p oduc ion and managemen should be s abilized. Concu en ly, essen ial legal
gua an ee should be gi en o ag icul u al en ep eneu ship.
Acknowledgemen s
We g a e ully acknowledge da a suppo om he China
Ru al Household Panel Su ey by Zhejiang Uni e si y.
Addi ionally, all au ho s ex end g ea g a i ude o he anon-
ymous e iewe s and edi o s o hei help ul e iews and
c i ical commen s.
Funding
This esea ch was unded by he Na ional Social Science
Fund o China (g an numbe : 20CGL050); Chongqing
Social Sciences Planning O ice (g an numbe :
2021YBCS53).
Au ho de ails
Fang Yang
1,2
Wei Liu
3
Ting Wen
4
E-mail: [email p o ec ed]
1
School o Economics, Peking Uni e si y, Beijing, China.
2
Pos doc o al Resea ch Cen e o Ag icul u al Bank o
China, Beijing, China.
3
Resea ch Cen e o Economy o Uppe Reaches o
Yang ze Ri e , Chongqing Technology and Business
Uni e si y, Chongqing, China.
4
Chongqing College o Elec onic Enginee ing, Chongqing
Resea ch Cen e o High-skilled Pe sonnel De elopmen ,
Chongqing, China.
Disclosu e s a emen
No po en ial con lic o in e es was epo ed by he au ho s.
Ci a ion in o ma ion
Ci e his a icle as: The u al household’s en ep eneu ship
unde he land ce i ica ion in China, Fang Yang, Wei Liu &
Ting Wen, Cogen Economics & Finance (2022), 10:
2091088.
Re e ences
Als on, L. J., Libecap, G. D., & Schneide , R. (1996). The
de e minan s and impac o p ope y igh s: land
i les on he B azilian on ie . Jou nal o Law
Economics and O ganiza ion, 12(1), 25–61. h ps://
doi.o g/10.1093/ox o djou nals.jleo.a023360
Be nha d , I. (1994). Compa a i e ad an age in
sel -employmen and paid wo k. The Canadian Jou nal o
Economics, 27(2), 273–289. h ps://doi.o g/10.2307/
135747
Besley, T. (1993). P ope y igh s and in es men incen-
i es: heo y and mic o-e idence om Ghana.
Jou nal o Poli ical Economy, 103(5), 903–937. h ps://
doi.o g/10.1086/262008
Bezabih, S., & Holden, S. (2014). Demand o
second-s age land ce i ica ion in e hiopia: e idence
om household panel da a. Land Use Policy, 41(11),
193–205. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.
05.013
Cai, D., Qiu, L., Meng, X., & Ma, S. (2018). Liquidi y con-
s ain s, social capi al and household en ep eneu ial
choice: an empi ical s udy based on CHFS da a.
Managemen Wo ld, 34(9), 79–94. h ps://doi.o g/10.
19744/j.cnki.11-1235/ .2018.09.008
Cheng, L., Zhang, Y., & Liu, Z. (2016). Does he a mland
egis a ion and ce i ica ion p omo e he ans e o
a mland in China? Managemen Wo ld, 268(1), 88–98.
h ps://doi.o g/10.19744/j.cnki.11-1235/ .2016.01.009
Che nina, E., Cas a, E., & Ma ke ich, A. (2014). P ope y
igh s, land liquidi y, and in e nal mig a ion. Jou nal
o De elopmen Economics, 110(9), 191–215. h ps://
doi.o g/10.1016/j.jde eco.2013.03.010
Deininge , K., & Jin, S. (2003). The impac o p ope y
igh s on households’ in es men , isk coping and
policy p e e ences: e idence om China. Economic
De elopmen & Cul u al Change, 51(4), 851–882.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1086/376885
Demse z, H. (1967). Towa d a heo y o p ope y igh s.
Ame ican Economic Re iew, 57, 347–359. h ps://doi.
o g/10.1057/9780230523210_9
Fede , G., & Nishio, A. (1998). The bene i s o land egis-
a ion and i ling: economic and social pe spec i es.
Land Use Policy (Uni ed Kingdom), 15(1), 25–43.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/S0264-8377(97)00039-2
Glaese , E. L., & Ke , W. R. (2009). Local indus ial condi-
ions and en ep eneu ship: how much o he spa ial
dis ibu ion can we explain? Jou nal o Economics &
Managemen S a egy, 18(3), 623–663. h ps://doi.
o g/10.1111/j.1530-9134.2009.00225.x
Golds ein, M., Ali, D., & Deininge , K. (2014).
En i onmen al and gende impac s o land enu e
egula iza ion in A ica: Pilo e idence om Rwanda.
Jou nal o De elopmen Economics, 110(4), 262–275.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jde eco.2013.12.009
Han, L., & Ha e, D. (2013). The link be ween c edi ma -
ke s and sel -employmen choice among households
in u al China. Jou nal o Asian Economics, 26(6),
52–64. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.asieco.2013.04.008
Han, J., Zhang, S., Liu, S., & Chang, J. L. E. (2018). Land
in es men , and a me land scale managemen
om an incomple e con ac pe spec i e. Resou ces
Science, 40(10), 2015–2028.
He, J., & Li, Q. (2019). Digi al inance and a me s.
En ep eneu ship. Chinese Ru al Economy, 409(1),
112–126.
Holden, S. T., Deininge , K., & Gheb u, H. (2009). Impac s
o low-cos land ce i ica ion on in es men and
p oduc i i y. Ame ican Jou nal o Ag icul u al
Economics, 91(2), 359–373. h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/j.
1467-8276.2008.01241.x
Hu, X., & Luo, B. (2016). Fa mland igh s con i ma ion and
a mland ans e : E idence om Guangdong and
Jiangxi P o ince. Re o m, 266(4), 85–94.
Huang, S., Sun, S., & Gong, M. (2005). The impac o land
owne ship s uc u e on ag icul u al economic
g ow h: An empi ical analysis on ag icul u al p o-
duc ion e iciency on he Chinese mainland (1949–
1978). Social Sciences in China, 206(3), 50–63.
Huang, J., & Ji, X. (2012). Con i ma ion o a mland use
igh and a me s’ long- e m in es men in a mland.
Managemen Wo ld, 228(9), 76–81. h ps://doi.o g/10.
19744/j.cnki.11-1235/ .2012.09.007
Huang, K., Deng, X., Liu, Y., Yong, Z., & Xu, D. (2020). Does
o -Fa m mig a ion o emale labo e s inhibi land
ans e ? E idence om Sichuan P o ince, China.
Land, 9(1), 14. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/land9010014
Hu s , E., & Lusa di, A. (2004). Liquidi y cons ain s, household
weal h, and en ep eneu ship. Jou nal o Poli ical
Economy, 112(2), 319–347. h ps://doi.o g/10.1086/
381478
Jan y, D., Alain, K., Ma co, G., & Elisabe h, S. (2015). Delinking
land igh s om land use: ce i ica ion and mig a ion in
Mexico. Ame ican Economic Re iew, 105(10),
3125–3174. h ps://doi.o g/10.1257/ae .20130853
John, C. O., & Abigail, G. A. (2021). Household-le el
de e minan s o employmen and ea nings in u al
Yang e al., Cogen Economics & Finance (2022), 10: 2091088
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23322039.2022.2091088
Page 18 o 21
Nige ia. Cogen Economics & Finance, 9(1), 1–16.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23322039.2021.1982232
Jus in, D., Nói ín, M., & Ma ie, O. (2018). The ole o
en ep eneu ship in s imula ing economic g ow h in
de eloped and de eloping coun ies. Cogen
Economics & Finance, 6(1), 1–15. h ps://doi.o g/10.
1080/23322039.2018.1442093
Kassa, W. L. T. (2018). Local go e nance and in es men
in Tanzania: An empi ical in es iga ion. Jou nal o
Sus ainable De elopmen , 11(1), 56–67. h ps://doi.
o g/10.5539/jsd. 11n1p56
Lazea , E. P. (2005). En ep eneu ship. Jou nal o Labo
Economics, 23(4), 649–680. h ps://doi.o g/10.1086/
491605
Lin, W., Wang, Z., & Wang, M. (2018). Land egis a ion and
ce i ica ion, p oduc ion ac o alloca ion and ag icul-
u al p oduc ion e iciency: An analysis based on China
labo - o ce dynamics su ey. Chinese Ru al Economy,
404(8), 64–82.
Lo s om, M. (2002). Labo ma ke assimila ion and he
sel -employmen decision o immig an en ep eneu s.
Jou nal o Popula ion Economics, 15(1), 83–114. h ps://
doi.o g/10.1007/PL00003841
Mcmanus, P. A. M. (2000). S a e, and he quali y o new
sel -employmen jobs among men in he U.S. and
Wes e n Ge many. Social Fo ces, 78(3), 865–905.
h ps://doi.o g/10.2307/3005934
Mesele, B. Z., Abebaw, H. F., & An eneh, B. A. (2022). Impac o
ag icul u al echnology adop ion on ood consump ion
expendi u e: e idence om u al Amha a Region,
E hiopia. Cogen Economics & Finance, 10(1), 1–16.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23322039.2021.2012988
Mi, Y., Shi, X., & Zhang, P. (2018). The a mland egis a ion
and ce i ica ion and a me s’ c edi a ailabili y: om
he pe spec i e o en y h eshold. Academic Resea ch,
406(9), 87–95.
Ningm, J., Yin, H., & Wang, S. (2018). Whe he a mland
egis a ion and ce i ica ion is p o-poo : An empi ical
analysis based on su ey da a o po e y-s icken
a eas. Issues in Ag icul u al Economy, 465(9), 118–
127. h ps://doi.o g/10.13246/j.cnki.iae.20180914.001
Paulsona, A. L., & Townsend, R. (2004). En ep eneu ship
and inancial cons ain s in Thailand. Jou nal o
Co po a e Finance, 10(2), 229–262. h ps://doi.o g/10.
1016/S0929-1199(03)00056-7
Piza, C., & Mau icio, M. (2016). The e ec o a land i ling
p og am on households’ access o c edi . Jou nal o
De elopmen E ec i eness, 8(1), 129–155. h ps://doi.
o g/10.1080/19439342.2015.1057859
Sain -Maca y, C., Keil, A., Zelle , M., Heidhues, F., &
Pham, T. (2010). Land i ling policy and soil conse -
a ion in he no he n uplands o Vie nam. Land Use
Policy, 27(2), 617–627. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.land
usepol.2009.08.004
So o, H. D. (2000). The mys e y o capi al: Why capi alism
iumphs in he wes and ails e e ywhe e else.
New Yo k: Basic Books. 27(53), 172–174.
Su esh, D. M., Da id, M., & Ch is ophe , W. (2009). Re u ns o
capi al in mic oen e p ises: e idence om a ield
expe imen . Social Science Elec onic Publishing, 124(4),
423–432. h ps://doi.o g/10.1162/qjec.2008.123.4.1329
Wang, Y., Li, X., Li, W., & Tan, M. (2018). Land i ling
p og am and a mland en al ma ke pa icipa ion in
China: e idence om pilo p o inces. Land Use Policy,
74(5), 281–290. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.landusepol.
2017.07.030
Wes lund, H., & Bol on, R. (2003). Local social capi al
and en ep eneu ship. Small Business Economics,
21(2), 77–113. h ps://doi.o g/10.1023/
A:1025024009072
Xu, Q., Liu, J., & Qian, Y. L. M. (2017). The a mland egis-
a ion and ce i ica ion and ans e . Jou nal o
Ag o echnical Economics, 265(5), 4–16. h ps://doi.
o g/10.13246/j.cnki.jae.2017.05.001
Yami, M., & Snyde , K. A. (2016). A e all, land belongs o
he s a e: Examining he bene i s o land egis a ion
o smallholde s in E hiopia. Land Deg ada ion and
De elopmen , 3(3), 465–478. h ps://doi.o g/10.1002/
ld .2371
Ye, J., Feng, L., Jiang, Y., & Lang, Y. (2018). A su ey s udy
on u al land use igh s in China In 2016——su ey
esul s in 17 P o inces and policy ecommenda ions.
Managemen Wo ld, 34(3), 98–108. h ps://doi.o g/10.
19744/j.cnki.11-1235/ .2018.03.009
Yu, X., Yin, X., Liu, Y., & Li, D. (2021). Do ag icul u al
machine y se ices acili a e land ans e ? E idence
om ice a me s in Sichuan P o ince, China. Land,
10(5), 1–14. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/land10050466
Zainul, K. (2020). The solu ion o o e come he disap-
pea ing di idend phenomenon: lea ning om he
expe ience o he Indonesia s ock exchange. Cogen
Economics & Finance, 8(1), 1–19. h ps://doi.o g/10.
1080/23322039.2020.1858566
Zhang, L., Jin, J., He, J., & Liu, K. (2018). Do a mland
egis a ion and ce i ica ion ensu e he ans e o
labo ?—An empi ical analysis based on CLDS. Re iew
o Indus ial Economics, 28(5), 88–102. h ps://doi.
o g/10.19313/j.cnki.cn10-1223/ .2018.05.005
Zhou, G., Tan, H., & Li, L. (2017). Does mig a ion expe i-
ence p omo e en ep eneu ship in u al China? China
Economic Qua e ly, 16(2), 793–814. h ps://doi.o g/
10.13821/j.cnki.ceq.2017.01.15
Zhou, Y., Li, X. H., & Liu, Y. S. (2020). Ru al land sys em
e o ms in China: his o y, issues, measu es and
p ospec s. Land Use Policy, 91(2), 1–15. h ps://doi.
o g/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104330
Yang e al., Cogen Economics & Finance (2022), 10: 2091088
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23322039.2022.2091088
Page 19 o 21

Appendix A
A1 “mu” is a Chinese uni o a ea, which equals o 1/15 o a hec a e o 1/6 an ac e.
A2 Xinhua News, Minis y o Ag icul u e and Ru al A ai s: The ce i ica ion a e o land ce i ica-
ion eached 96%.
A3 The sho ages o ecognizing en ep eneu ship h ough income le el a e in oduced as
ollows: Fi s ly, i igno es he si ua ion ha some en ep eneu s ha e ze o o nega i e income
be o e en ep eneu ship. Secondly, he g oup who ha e ela i ely high-income le els, such as
illage cad es, a e included in en ep eneu s. The sho ages o ecognizing en ep eneu ship
h ough employmen ela ionship a e ha in busy a ming season, non-en ep eneu s migh hi e
o he s in ag icul u al p oduc ion and managemen a ai s i egula ly. Howe e , CRHPS da a in 2013
and 2015, espec i ely, a e di icul o ecognize whe he he e is long- e m employmen ela ions.
A4 A e age cul i a ed land a ea pe household in a illage a he han he household cul i a ed
a ea was used o de ine ag icul u al en ep eneu ship o ollowing easons: 1) I is common o see
land adjus men in some u al a eas in China. Some household cul i a ed land a ea changes
g ea ly, while a e age cul i a ed land a ea pe household is gene ally s able. 2) Mul iples o
a e age cul i a ed land a ea pe household can elimina e si ua ions ha some illages o iginally
possess ich o a e land esou ces, while mul iples o household cul i a ed land migh wi ness
si ua ions ha some households ha e e y small o la ge cul i a ed land a ea, which migh induce
g ea e o s. O cou se, his p oblem migh exis i ecognizing en ep eneu ship o u al household
by ans e -in a ea alone.
A5 Since Documen No. 1 in 2013 emphasized comp ehensi e land ce i ica ion in 5 yea s. This
implies ha land ce i ica ion is necessa y no ma e wha he condi ions o communi ies a e.
The e o e, i is easy o de e mine ha di e en om p e ious e o m pilo s on land ce i ica ion, i
mus be selec ed in ad ance. The sel -in o med issues can basically be igno ed in his comp e-
hensi e land ce i ica ion.
A6 To gua an ee eliabili y o es ima ion esul s, con ol a iables o mechanism es ing shall
emain consis en , which a e gende , age, squa e o age, amily size, bu den a ios o child en and
he elde ly, a e age cul i a ed a ea o u al households, dis ance om illage o coun y, e ain,
egional dummy a iable, e c.
Yang e al., Cogen Economics & Finance (2022), 10: 2091088
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23322039.2022.2091088
Page 20 o 21
© 2022 The Au ho (s). This open access a icle is dis ibu ed unde a C ea i e Commons A ibu ion (CC-BY) 4.0 license.
You a e ee o:
Sha e — copy and edis ibu e he ma e ial in any medium o o ma .
Adap — emix, ans o m, and build upon he ma e ial o any pu pose, e en comme cially.
The licenso canno e oke hese eedoms as long as you ollow he license e ms.
Unde he ollowing e ms:
A ibu ion — You mus gi e app op ia e c edi , p o ide a link o he license, and indica e i changes we e made.
You may do so in any easonable manne , bu no in any way ha sugges s he licenso endo ses you o you use.
No addi ional es ic ions
You may no apply legal e ms o echnological measu es ha legally es ic o he s om doing any hing he license pe mi s.
Cogen Economics & Finance (ISSN: 2332-2039) is published by Cogen OA, pa o Taylo & F ancis G oup.
Publishing wi h Cogen OA ensu es:
• Immedia e, uni e sal access o you a icle on publica ion
• High isibili y and disco e abili y ia he Cogen OA websi e as well as Taylo & F ancis Online
• Download and ci a ion s a is ics o you a icle
• Rapid online publica ion
• Inpu om, and dialog wi h, expe edi o s and edi o ial boa ds
• Re en ion o ull copy igh o you a icle
• Gua an eed legacy p ese a ion o you a icle
• Discoun s and wai e s o au ho s in de eloping egions
Submi you manusc ip o a Cogen OA jou nal a www.Cogen OA.com
Yang e al., Cogen Economics & Finance (2022), 10: 2091088
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23322039.2022.2091088
Page 21 o 21