Chen, Cha lie; Lou, Shanshan; Kaewki ipong, Laddawan
A icle
Online social anxie y and mobile ins an messaging adop ion and
con inuance usage in en ion: How does i ela e o social, echnical,
and mobili y ac o s?
Cogen Business & Managemen
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Taylo & F ancis G oup
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Chen, Cha lie; Lou, Shanshan; Kaewki ipong, Laddawan (2022) : Online social
anxie y and mobile ins an messaging adop ion and con inuance usage in en ion: How does i
ela e o social, echnical, and mobili y ac o s?, Cogen Business & Managemen , ISSN 2331-1975,
Taylo & F ancis, Abingdon, Vol. 9, Iss. 1, pp. 1-17,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23311975.2022.2133632
This Ve sion is a ailable a :
h ps://hdl.handle.ne /10419/289285
S anda d-Nu zungsbedingungen:
Die Dokumen e au EconS o dü en zu eigenen wissenscha lichen
Zwecken und zum P i a geb auch gespeiche und kopie we den.
Sie dü en die Dokumen e nich ü ö en liche ode komme zielle
Zwecke e iel äl igen, ö en lich auss ellen, ö en lich zugänglich
machen, e eiben ode ande wei ig nu zen.
So e n die Ve asse die Dokumen e un e Open-Con en -Lizenzen
(insbesonde e CC-Lizenzen) zu Ve ügung ges ell haben soll en,
gel en abweichend on diesen Nu zungsbedingungen die in de do
genann en Lizenz gewäh en Nu zungs ech e.
Te ms o use:
Documen s in EconS o may be sa ed and copied o you pe sonal
and schola ly pu poses.
You a e no o copy documen s o public o comme cial pu poses, o
exhibi he documen s publicly, o make hem publicly a ailable on he
in e ne , o o dis ibu e o o he wise use he documen s in public.
I he documen s ha e been made a ailable unde an Open Con en
Licence (especially C ea i e Commons Licences), you may exe cise
u he usage igh s as speci ied in he indica ed licence.
h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/
Full Te ms & Condi ions o access and use can be ound a
h ps://www. and online.com/ac ion/jou nalIn o ma ion?jou nalCode=oabm20
Cogen Business & Managemen
ISSN: (P in ) (Online) Jou nal homepage: www. and online.com/jou nals/oabm20
Online social anxie y and mobile ins an
messaging adop ion and con inuance usage
in en ion: How does i ela e o social, echnical,
and mobili y ac o s?
Cha lie Chen, Shanshan Lou & Laddawan Kaewki ipong
To ci e his a icle: Cha lie Chen, Shanshan Lou & Laddawan Kaewki ipong (2022) Online social
anxie y and mobile ins an messaging adop ion and con inuance usage in en ion: How does i
ela e o social, echnical, and mobili y ac o s?, Cogen Business & Managemen , 9:1, 2133632,
DOI: 10.1080/23311975.2022.2133632
To link o his a icle: h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23311975.2022.2133632
© 2022 The Au ho (s). This open access
a icle is dis ibu ed unde a C ea i e
Commons A ibu ion (CC-BY) 4.0 license.
Published online: 13 Oc 2022.
Submi you a icle o his jou nal
A icle iews: 3306
View ela ed a icles
View C ossma k da a
Ci ing a icles: 1 View ci ing a icles
OPERATIONS, INFORMATION & TECHNOLOGY | RESEARCH ARTICLE
Online social anxie y and mobile ins an
messaging adop ion and con inuance usage
in en ion: How does i ela e o social, echnical,
and mobili y ac o s?
Cha lie Chen
1
, Shanshan Lou
2
and Laddawan Kaewki ipong
3
*
Abs ac : The ise in MIM apps usage ha e esul ed in inc eased in e up ions o
people daily social li e, causing dis ac ions and online social anxie y. The pu pose o
his s udy is o in es iga e he in luence o social, echnical, and mobili y ac o s on
social anxie y, as well as he ini ial and con inua ion in en ion o use s o MIM
applica ions. We su eyed 231 Taiwanese use s o he leading MIM app LINE. Sma -
PLS was adop ed o analyze social, echnical, mobili y, social anxie y, and MIM
con inua ion in en ions. Ou indings show ha online social anxie y can dec ease
bo h ini ial and con inua ion in en ions o MIM apps. Mo eo e , online social anxi-
e y mode a es he ela ionship be ween ini ial and con inuance adop ion in en ions.
Howe e , social, echnical, and mobili y ac o s appea s o ha e posi i e in luences
on he ini ial MIM adop ion in en ion. The e o e, he h ee ac o s can be in eg a ed
o p omo e MIM app use wi hou inc easing social anxie y.
Subjec s: Social In luence; ICT; In e pe sonal Communica ion; Beha iou
Keywo ds: online social anxie y; MIM applica ions; adop ion in en ion; con inuance usage
in en ion; pe cei ed subjec i e no m; communica ion con ol capaci y; mobili y
1. In oduc ion
Mobile ins an messaging (MIM) applica ions, such as Wha sApp, WeCha and LINE, ha e become an
in eg al pa o people daily li e. MIM applica ions en ich SMS ex ing ia mul imedia- ich con en ,
such as emoji and memes. F ee ideo calls can also be made o eplace he in-pe son ace- o- ace
con e sa ions. The imp o ed da a secu i y and p i acy con ol u he inc ease he in en ion o use s
o adop MIM applica ions. People hea ily ely on he MIM applica ions o communica e wi h no only
iends and amilies bu also colleagues and clien s. MIM applica ions allows use s o c ea e, send and
ecei e mul imedia messages (e.g., pic u e, audio, ideo) and also o e addi ional communica i e
unc ions, including g oup cha s, ile sha ing, eal- ime loca ion sha ing, and he exchange o non-
e bal g aphics such as emoji and s icke s (Gong e al., 2020; Tang & Hew, 2022). Cu en ly, MIM
applica ions also include se e al ea u es, such as pos ing, sha ing and commen ing, hey p omo e
high and ins an social in e ac ion. These ea u es enable use s o in e ac wi h hei pee s con e-
nien ly, esul ing in expec a ion o always-on mode and ins an esponses.
The in ense social in e ac ions could hen lead o online social anxie y, which is de ined as nega i e
cogni i e and a ec i e esponses o i ual/online social si ua ions (Hwang e al., 2020) o i s use s.
An in es iga ion o he e ec s o online social anxie y on an in en ion o use and con inue using MIM
apps would add o he compu e -media ed communica ion (CMC) li e a u e. P io s udies in hese
Chen e al., Cogen Business & Managemen (2022), 9: 2133632
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23311975.2022.2133632
Page 1 o 17
Recei ed: 29 Augus 2022
Accep ed: 05 Oc obe 2022
*Co esponding au ho : Laddawan
Kaewki ipong, Cen e o Excellence in
Ope a ions and In o ma ion
Managemen , Thammasa Business
School, Thammasa Uni e si y,
Thailand
Email: [email p o ec ed]
Re iewing edi o :
Ma ia Palazzo, Uni e si a degli S udi
di Sale no, ITALY
Addi ional in o ma ion is a ailable a
he end o he a icle
© 2022 The Au ho (s). This open access a icle is dis ibu ed unde a C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion (CC-BY) 4.0 license.
a eas (Hwang e al., 2020; Pie ce, 2009) s a ed ha he use o socially in e ac i e echnologies,
including social media si es, cell phones, ex messaging, and ins an messaging leads o social
anxie y. Howe e , hey did no conside ha social media and mobile ins an messaging applica ions
may c ea e a i ual wo ld which could cause online social anxie y. Mixed e idence was ound o he
ela ionship o social anxie y and he use o social media and MIM applica ions (McCo d e al., 2014).
Li le a en ion was paid o online social anxie y and i s e ec on he adop ion o MIM.
Besides, as social mobile app ma ke , including social media and MIM apps, g ows, app p odu-
ce s a e acing highe compe i ion om mul iple channels. MIM applica ions’ a e age h ee-mon h
use a i ion a e is mo e han 70% (S a is a Resea ch De elopmen , 2021). The e o e, a ac ing
new use s and e aining cu en use s by acili a ing hei con inuance usage is impo an (Akdim
e al., 2022). Despi e an a gumen ha hese applica ions ely on ne wo k e ec s (Wes land e al.,
2016), making i ela i ely mo e di icul o use s o swi ch, he swi ching phenomenon did happen
o social ne wo k si es, such as MySpace o Hi5 o Facebook (Peng e al., 2016). In sho ,
a con inuance in en ion o use s emains much ele an and impo an o MIM applica ions.
One o he possible ways o help he MIM p o ide s keep a ac ing new use s and e aining
exis ing use s is o help hei use s keep hei peace o mind while using he app.
Feeling socially anxious, use s could be uncom o able and migh no wan o use an MIM app as
o en. A ecen s udy by Hwang e al. (2020) ound ha online social anxie y nega i ely ela ed o
job engagemen . Simila ly, we a gue ha using MIM apps can also gene a e online social anxie y
and ha online social anxie y could nega i ely ela e o use engagemen wi h MIM applica ions.
Ou esea ch hus se o unde s and ac o s associa ed wi h online social anxie y and he e ec
o online social anxie y on an in en ion o use and con inue using MIM applica ions. Ou esea ch
ques ions a e: 1) how does online social anxie y ela e o in en ion o adop and con inue using an
MIM applica ion? and 2) how can MIM applica ion help use s educe online social anxie y? The
insigh s om his s udy could imp o e he unde s anding o how LINE migh con inue o de elop
and inc ease i s in luence as an inno a i e communica ion echnology in ou socie y.
To add ess he esea ch gap, we look in pa icula a LINE, which is an MIM applica ion ha is
widely used in Asia, especially in Japan, Taiwan, and Thailand (Iqbal, 2022). I is also a emp ing o
pene a e in o Singapo e, Indonesia and o he Sou heas Asia ma ke s; o example, he e a e only
a ound 200,000 mon hly ac i e use s in Singapo e, du ing Janua y o Ap il 2022, lea ing ooms o
g ow (Dallal, 2022). LINE, hus, ep esen s an MIM app ha needs o keep ec ui ing new use s and
a he same ime e aining exis ing use s. Acco ding o LINE Business Guide (2021), App oxima ely
80% o LINE use s a e o ice wo ke s, pa - ime s, and homemake s. I is possible ha social
in e ac ion equi ed du ing using LINE o communica e wi h colleagues and pee s could cause
online social anxie y. The e o e, LINE use s a e conside ed app op ia e samples o lea n abou he
e ec o online social anxie y on in en ion o adop and con inue using an MIM applica ion.
The ollowing sec ion will e iew a iables ela ed o online social anxie y and an in en ion o
adop and con inue using an MIM applica ion and de elop hypo heses. Then, esea ch me hodol-
ogy will be discussed, ollowing by da a analysis and discussion o esul s sec ions. Las ly, conclu-
sions, heo e ical and p ac ical implica ions will be discussed.
2. Social anxie y, online social anxie y, and he use o MIM applica ions
Social anxie y was de ined as “a s a e o anxie y esul ing om he p ospec o p esence o
in e pe sonal e alua ion in eal o imagined social se ings” (Schlenke & Lea y, 1982, p. 642). In
o he wo ds, i is he expec a ion o wo ies abou nega i e social judgmen s in which o he s
nega i ely e alua e one, which may esul in eelings o inadequacy, unpleasan , o emba assing
o in e ac wi h o he people (Good & Huhmann, 2018). Some schola s used social anxie y and
shyness in e changeably (e.g., Pie ce, 2009).
Chen e al., Cogen Business & Managemen (2022), 9: 2133632
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23311975.2022.2133632
Page 2 o 17
P io s udies (e.g., E win e al., 2004; Pie ce, 2009; P izan -Passal e al., 2016) ha e iden i ied he
ela ionship be ween a ious communica ion echnologies and social anxie y. Socially in e ac i e
echnologies, such as ins an messaging and cha ooms, could posi i ely and nega i ely a ec
ace- o- ace communica ion among indi iduals wi h high social anxie y (Pie ce, 2009). These
echnologies allow socially anxious use s o a oid unpleasan si ua ions (Pie ce, 2009). P izan -
Passal e al. (2016) ound ha socially anxious use s end o use online communica ion ools mo e
in ensi ely. While posi i e expe ience communica ing wi h o he s and an inc eased sense o social
suppo online could lead o high con idence in ace- o- ace communica ion (E win e al., 2004),
eplacing in-pe son in e ac ions wi h media ed communica ion could hinde one’s abili y o in e -
ac wi h o he s in social si ua ions (Nie & Hillygus, 2002).
To he bes o ou knowledge, p io wo k ha pa icula ly add essed online social anxie y as
a consequence o use s’ eeling while using online communica ion applica ions, is e y limi ed.
Hwang e al. (2020) ound ha he use o LINE applica ion in wo k se ings could inc ease online
social anxie y. Howe e , whe he o no online communica ion applica ions, including MIM, may
c ea e online social anxie y and whe he he applica ions’ a ibu es o ea u es ela e o online
social anxie y has no been explo ed. This pape , he e o e, aims o ul il his esea ch gap.
3. Con inuance in en ion o use MIM applica ions
The MIM ma ke , along wi h o he mobile applica ion ma ke s, is highly compe i i e (Oghuma
e al., 2016); he e o e, unde s anding how o inc ease use s’ con inuance in en ion o use MIM
applica ions is essen ial. Se e al s udies ha e examined ac o s in luencing con inuance in en ions.
Fo example, based on Expec a ion Con i ma ion Model (ECM), Oghuma e al. (2016) ound ha
sa is ac ion, use ulness, and enjoymen ha e di ec e ec on con inuance in en ion o use MIM
applica ions. Gadhiya and Panchal (2021) and Gong e al. (2020) also conduc ed ECM s udies and
concluded ha sa is ac ion plays a i al ole in con inuance in en ions. To explain con inuance
in en ion o use MIM applica ions, Lai and Shi (2015) applied he uni ied heo y o accep ance and
use o echnology (UTAUT). Gadhiya and Panchal (2021) in eg a ed pe cei ed use ulness om
Theo y o Accep ance Model (TAM) wi h ECM o unde s and he con inuance in en ion. Wang and
Qian (2015) applied mo i a ion heo y o in es iga e an e ec o pe cei ed use ulness and pe -
cei ed enjoymen on he con inuance in en ion. Gan and Li (2015) used he IS success model o
iden i y he e ec s o sys em quali y on use sa is ac ion and he likelihood ha use s will con inue
o use MIM.
O e all, he p io s udies on con inuance in en ion o use MIM applica ions we e cen e ed
a ound ac o s acili a ing he con inuance in en ion, including sa is ac ion, pe cei ed ease o
use, pe cei ed use ulness, and pe cei ed enjoymen . MIM applica ions a e designed o acili a e
communica ion among a g oup o use s o communi y membe s. Howe e , social ac o s like
social in luence o subjec i e no ms ha e no been add essed. In addi ion, p e ious s udies ha e
no examined he e ec s o echnical and mobili y ac o s on con inua ion in en ions. In o de o
ex end he p io s udies, ou s udy looked a hese ac o s in g ea e de ail and connec ed hem o
adop ion in en ion and con inuance in en ion.
4. Adop ion and con inuance in en ion heo ies
The p io s udies on adop ion in en ion and con inuance in en ion o use MIM applica ions used
beha io al in en ion and usage beha io as p oxy measu es o p e-adop ion in en ion based on
heo ies such as he Technology Accep ance Model (TAM) and he Uni ied Theo y o Accep ance
and Use o Technology (UTAUT; Da is, 1989; Venka esh e al., 2003). TAM and UTAUT ha e been
widely used in se e al con ex s, including mobile apps and mobile ins an messaging (Jaiswal
e al., 2022). Despi e his, echnology adop ion li e a u e has ound ha p e-adop ion in en ions
a e no enough o ensu e a echnology’s success and sus ainabili y (Bha ache jee, 2001).
The e o e, con inua ion in en ion was p oposed as a p oxy o con inued use. A amous model
ha explains and p edic s con inuance in en ions is he Expec a ion-Con i ma ion Model (ECM).
Acco ding o ECM, sa is ac ion and pe cei ed use ulness a e an eceden s o con inued usage
Chen e al., Cogen Business & Managemen (2022), 9: 2133632
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23311975.2022.2133632
Page 3 o 17

in en ions (Bha ache jee, 2001); howe e , i ocuses only on he pos -adop ion phase o he
p ocess.
By combining TAM and ECM wi h he cogni i e model o sa is ac ion, Liao e al. (2009) ound ha
a new model, echnology con inuance heo y (TCT), can explain he con inuance in en ion owa ds
he use o echnology. The TCT has b oad applicabili y and high explana o y powe o unde -
s anding con inuance in en ions. Acco ding o TCT, bo h sa is ac ion and use s’ a i ude in luence
con inua ion usage in en ion (Liao e al., 2009). A TCT s udy conduc ed by Rahi, Khan, Alghizzawi
e al., 2021) explo es con inuance in en ion o In e ne banking, and i also indica es ha bo h
p e-adop ion a i ude and pos -adop ion sa is ac ion impac con inuance in en ion. Ou s udy
ollows he undamen al o TCT ha (p e) adop ion a i udes and in en ions can be inco po a ed
in o unde s anding he con inuance in en ions o MIM applica ions.
5. Pe cei ed subjec i e no ms and online social anxie y
Subjec i e no ms e e o “indi iduals’ pe cep ions o social p essu e om impo an e e ences o
pe o m o no o pe o m he beha io ” (Bake & Whi e, 2010, p. 1592). Subjec i e no ms can
p edic use s’ in en ion o engage in social ne wo king si es (SNS) use and con inuance in en ion
(Bake & Whi e, 2010; Ku e al., 2013). The p edic ion e ec o pe cei ed subjec i e no ms (PSN) is
especially mo e subs an ial among use s who demons a e highe ea o social disapp o al
(La ime & Ma in Ginis, 2005). Resea che s ha e also ound ha people wi h social anxie y end
o spend mo e ime on social media si es. Social anxie y was also ela ed o di e en SNS use
pa e ns (Lee & Jang, 2019).
In his s udy, PSN e e s o he ex en o which an indi idual pe cei es he use o MIM o be
no ma i e among iends and amily membe s. Since people om closed social ne wo ks ha e
simila hinking and beha io s (Lő incz e al., 2019), we ini ially hypo hesized ha i LINE use s
pe cei ed LINE as hei social no m, meaning ha people a ound hem also use i , hey should eel
less socially anxious. Li le esea ch, howe e , has in es iga ed how PSN and online social anxie y
ela e o consume s’ app adop ion beha io in he MIM con ex . We posi ha PSN can be unde -
s ood as a mo i a o o use s o adop MIM, in his case, LINE, and hus educing online social
anxie y. Hence, he p esen s udy p oposes ha :
H1: Pe cei ed subjec i e no m has a nega i e impac on online social anxie y o use s o LINE
applica ion.
H2: Pe cei ed subjec i e no m has a posi i e impac on he in en ion o use s o adop LINE
applica ion.
6. Communica ion con ol and online social anxie y
Communica ion con ol is “ he abili y o manage communica ion pace, he leng h o in e ac ion
ime, esponse iming, using and swi ching among ea u es o exp ess a use ’s in en ion ully, and
p esen ing he desi ed images du ing an online in e ac ion” (Shee , 2011, p. 84). Fo ins ance,
asynch onous CMC can gi e use s a highe deg ee o communica ion con ol han eal- ime, ace-
o- ace communica ion. In a ace- o- ace con e sa ion, one can expe ience “heigh ened le els o
psychic, senso y, and emo ional in ol emen and a ousal, inc eased salience o con ex cues”
(Bu goon & Wal he , 1990, p. 258). The lack o communica ion con ol o en leads o inc eased
social anxie y le els. In compa ison, asynch onous communica ion gi es use s mo e con ol o e
hei in e ac ions wi h o he s (T e ino & Webs e , 1992). The na u e o asynch onous CMC allows
use s o communica e a hei own pace. Thus, asynch onous communica ion is “mo e socially
desi able and e ec i e as compose s can concen a e on message cons uc ion o sa is y mul iple
o single conce ns a hei own pace” (Wal he , 1996, p. 26). CMC o e s a highe le el o commu-
nica ion con ol han ace- o- ace in e ac ions. The imp o ed communica ion con ol capaci y can
Chen e al., Cogen Business & Managemen (2022), 9: 2133632
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23311975.2022.2133632
Page 4 o 17
help de elop a iendship (Shee , 2011), p o ide oppo uni ies o selec i e sel - ep esen a ion, and
esul in educed anxie y (Wal he , 2007).
Ins an messaging (IM) can p o ide use s wi h mo e communica ion con ol because hey can
edi o il e communica ion (Shee , 2011). In addi ion, “use s can selec i ely disclose sel and
maximize p esen a ional e ec i eness du ing an in e ac ion” (Shee , 2011, p. 98), in compa ison
wi h ace- o- ace in e ac ions. Howe e , MIM’s ich ea u es (e.g., anima ion inse ion, a a a
p esence, and ile exchange) may en ice use s o disclose oo much unin ended pe sonal in o ma-
ion. Use s can hus eel social anxie y due o his beha io (Shee , 2011).
I is c ucial o iden i y he ela ionship be ween LINE use and communica ion con ol. I use s
belie e ha LINE ea u es could allow hem o gain p ecise con ol, i should educe online social
anxie y. The p esen s udy p oposes ha :
H3: Communica ion con ol capaci y has a nega i e impac on online social anxie y o use s o
LINE applica ion.
H4: Communica ion con ol capaci y has a posi i e impac on he in en ion o use s o adop LINE
applica ion.
7. Mobili y and online social anxie y
Mobili y e e s o he “mo emen o echnologies, people, se ings, e c.” (Malla e al., 2009,
p. 191). Schola s and p ac i ione s ha e shown g ea in e es in unde s anding he link be ween
pe cei ed use ulness and he adop ion o mobile comme ce. Mobile se ices ha e b ough con-
enience o consume s. Use s could make pu chases, access bank se ices, and make pee - o-pee
paymen s di ec ly h ough hei mobile de ices (Hsieh, 2007). Mobili y could be used o indica e
“ he bene i s o ime and place, se ice access, and use” (Malla e al., 2009, p. 191). In o he
wo ds, mobile echnology signi ican ly educes consume s’ need o a el. Fo ins ance, use s now
do no ha e o a el a o mee up, wo k, o s udy. They no longe need a compu e in an o ice o
a home o espond o an email; hey can simply communica e wi h colleagues, iends and amily
using hei mobile phones om anywhe e.
The ela ionship be ween mobili y and online social anxie y, howe e , has no been es ed
empi ically. Since consume s could a oid o educe ace- o- ace in e ac ions wi h o he s and ely
on mobile echnologies o comple e ansac ions and business, we p opose ha :
H5: Mobili y has a nega i e impac on online social anxie y o use s o LINE applica ion.
H6: Mobili y has a posi i e impac on he in en ion o use s o adop LINE applica ion.
8. Online social anxie y, adop ion in en ion and con inuance in en ion o adop MIM
applica ions
Online social in e ac ion led o o ela ed o lowe quali y o li e and highe dep ession (Hu chins
e al., 2021; Weidman e al., 2012). A ecen s udy (Aguile a e al., 2021), ocusing on he e ec s o
a ex messaging in e en ion on dep ession and anxie y du ing COVID-19, e ealed ha pa ici-
pan s showed imp o ed dep ession and anxie y symp oms upon comple ion o he 60-day p o-
g am. The e o e, i is possible ha use s s op using o use MIM applica ions less as hey expe ience
highe dep ession om he online social in e ac ion while using he applica ions. Following his
a gumen , we p opose ha :
Chen e al., Cogen Business & Managemen (2022), 9: 2133632
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23311975.2022.2133632
Page 5 o 17
H7: Online social anxie y has a nega i e impac on in en ion o adop LINE applica ion.
H8: Online social anxie y has a nega i e impac on con inuance in en ion o use LINE applica ion.
Se e al s udies ocusing on con inuance usage in en ion ha e con i med ha use s’ posi i e
a i ude owa ds echnology use p edic s he con inued use, o example, in he con ex o mobile
shopping (Jain e al., 2022), mobile banking (Fo oughi e al., 2019), and mobile axi booking
applica ion (Weng e al., 2017). TCT also posi s ha p e-adop ion a i ude and in en ion should
be linked o he s udy o pos -adop ion in en ion, such as con inuance in en ion (Liao e al., 2009).
Simila ly, acco ding o TAM, use s’ a i ude links di ec ly o adop ion in en ion. The e o e, in his
s udy we employed adop ion in en ion as a p oxy o a i ude and use and hypo hesized ha i
could posi i ely impac con inuance in en ion o use an MIM applica ion. In o he wo ds, he highe
in en ion use s ha e on he use o LINE applica ion, he mo e likely hey a e o con inue using i .
Thus, we p opose ha :
H9: In en ion o adop LINE applica ion has a posi i e impac on he con inuance in en ion o
use i .
Al hough he inc eased adop ion in en ion may lead o highe con inued adop ion o MIM apps,
social anxie y is o en inex icably linked o he ac i e use o hese apps (Yen e al., 2012). A ecen
s udy by Keles e al. (2020) ha e shown ha he empo al ela ionships be ween ini ial use,
con inued use, and social anxie y pe sis en ly exis among ac i e social media use s.
Use s u n o MIM apps o o he social media o educe hei anxie y om he physical wo ld bu
end up building up ano he o m o social anxie y om engaging wi h o he s on MIM apps
(Bonne e e al., 2019). In o he wo ds, social anxie y could play a mode a e ole in enhancing
he ela ionship be ween he in en ion o adop and con inuance in en ion o use MIM apps. Social
anxie y can s imula e use s who in end o use MIM apps o spend mo e ime alking o ci cles o
iends o educe hei s ess le els. Howe e , use s o MIM apps a e e y likely o ha e an e en
highe s ess le el in ano he o m ha ini ially mo i a es hem o adop MIM apps (Bonne e e al.,
2019). Social anxie y could be a powe ul ein o ce o mo e equen use o MIM apps. Thus, we
p opose:
H10: Online social anxie y has a posi i e mode a ing e ec on he ela ionship be ween he
adop ion in en ion and con inuance in en ion
The li e a u e e iew leads o he concep ual esea ch amewo k, shown in Figu e 1.
9. Resea ch me hodology
The su ey esea ch me hod is adop ed o unde s and he in luence o online social anxie y on
in en ion o adop MIM and con inuance in en ion o use i . Pa ial Leas Squa es—S uc u al
Equa ion Model (PLS-SEM) is used as a me hod o e alua e measu emen s and es he p oposed
hypo heses.
10. Da a collec ion
Da a collec ion was conduc ed in Taiwan. O e 88% o Taiwan popula ion used LINE on a daily
basis (Spence , 2021). Such a high pene a ion made i di icul o Taiwanese people o a oid
communica ing online. Besides, Taiwanese use s also used LINE o wo k and o icial ma e s.
Acco ding o Spence (2021), LINE is widely accep ed and conside ed a o mal communica ion
channel; LINE use s conside an ag eemen made ia LINE cha a business handshake o a w i en
con ac . The use o LINE o wo k/o icial ma e s may esul in highe online social anxie y han
Chen e al., Cogen Business & Managemen (2022), 9: 2133632
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23311975.2022.2133632
Page 6 o 17
he use o communica ion wi h close iends o amilies. The e o e, he use o LINE in Taiwan is
conside ed a good se ing o in es iga e an e ec o online social anxie y on MIM adop ion
in en ion and con inuance usage in en ion
The high pene a ion o LINE in Taiwan made con enience sampling possible wi h ela i ely high
chances o each LINE use s. We hus chose o pos ou su ey on a bulle in boa d o a public
uni e si y in Taiwan. Use s o he bulle in boa ds a e s uden s a ending and acul y membe s
eaching in he uni e si y; hey a e all LINE use s as LINE is e y popula in Taiwan. The su ey was
epos ed e e y week du ing he da a collec ion pe iod o make su e o i s isibili y and o
encou age o mo e pa icipa ions.
A o al o 253 subjec s pa icipa ed in he s udy, bu only 231 esponses we e e ained o he
inal analysis a e emo ing 22 in alid esponses (Table 1). The esponse a e is achie ed a 91.3%.
Abou 33.8% o hese subjec s a e aged 31–39 yea s old, ollowed by 30.3% o hem aged 23–
30 yea s old, 26.8% aged 18–22 yea s old, he emaining 9.1% aged 40 yea s and olde . The
esponden s a e well dis ibu ed among he wo gende s; 51.1% o o al subjec s we e male, and
48.9% we e emale. Mo e han 50% o he esponden s a e hea y LINE use s, using i mo e han 5
imes a day and longe han 5 minu es each ime.
Figu e 1. Resea ch model.
Table 1. Demog aphical analysis
Ca ego ies Va iables F equency Pe cen age (%)
Age 18–22 yea s old 62 26.8
23–30 yea s old 70 30.3
31–39 yea s old 78 33.8
40 yea s and olde 21 9.1
Gende Male 118 51.1
Female 113 48.9
How many imes do you
use he MIM: LINE daily?
One ime 27 11.7
2–4 imes 73 31.6
5–6 imes 45 19.5
7–9 imes 20 8.7
A leas 10 imes 66 28.6
How much ime do you
spend on he MIM: LINE
each ime?
Less han 5 minu es 53 22.9
5–10 minu es 73 31.6
10–15 minu es 34 14.7
15–20 minu es 32 13.9
Mo e han 20 minu es 39 16.9
Chen e al., Cogen Business & Managemen (2022), 9: 2133632
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23311975.2022.2133632
Page 7 o 17
Funding
The au ho s ecei ed no di ec unding o his esea ch.
Au ho de ails
Cha lie Chen
1
Shanshan Lou
2
Laddawan Kaewki ipong
3
E-mail: [email p o ec ed]
ORCID ID: h p://o cid.o g/0000-0002-8746-1234
1
Depa men o Compu e In o ma ion Sys ems and
Supply Chain Managemen , Appalachian S a e
Uni e si y, Boone, No h Ca olina, USA.
2
Depa men o Communica ion, Appalachian S a e
Uni e si y, No h Ca olina, USA.
3
Cen e o Excellence in Ope a ions and In o ma ion
Managemen , Thammasa Business School, Thammasa
Uni e si y, Thailand.
Disclosu e s a emen
No po en ial con lic o in e es was epo ed by he
au ho (s).
Ins i u ional Re iew Boa d S a emen
The s udy was conduc ed acco ding o he guidelines o
he Decla a ion o Helsinki, and app o ed by he
Ins i u ional Re iew Boa d (o E hics Commi ee) o one o
he au ho s’ uni e si y.
Ci a ion in o ma ion
Ci e his a icle as: Online social anxie y and mobile
ins an messaging adop ion and con inuance usage
in en ion: How does i ela e o social, echnical, and
mobili y ac o s?, Cha lie Chen, Shanshan Lou &
Laddawan Kaewki ipong, Cogen Business & Managemen
(2022), 9: 2133632.
Re e ences
Aguile a, A., He nandez-Ramos, R., Ha o-Ramos, A. Y.,
Boone, C. E., Luo, T. C., Xu, J., Chak abo y, B., Ka , C.,
Da ow, S., & Figue oa, C. A. (2021). A ex messaging
in e en ion (S ayWell a Home) o coun e ac
dep ession and anxie y du ing COVID-19 social dis-
ancing: P e-pos s udy. JMIR Men al Heal h, 8(11),
e25298. h ps://doi.o g/10.2196/25298
Akdim, K., Cassló, L. V., & Fla ián, C. (2022). The ole o
u ili a ian and hedonic aspec s in he con inuance
in en ion o use social mobile apps. Jou nal o
Re ailing and Consume Se ices, 66, 102888. h ps://
doi.o g/10.1016/j.j e conse .2021.102888
Bake , R. K., & Whi e, K. M. (2010). P edic ing adolescen s’
use o social ne wo king si es om an ex ended
heo y o planned beha iou pe spec i e. Compu e s
in Human Beha io , 26(6), 1591–1597. h ps://doi.o g/
10.1016/j.chb.2010.06.006
Bha ache jee, A. (2001). Unde s anding in o ma ion sys-
ems con inuance: An expec a ion-con i ma ion
model. MIS Qua e ly, 25(3), 351–370. h ps://doi.o g/
10.2307/3250921
Bonne e, A., Robinson, A., Dailey, S., Ceballos, N. A., &
Howa d, K. (2019). Upwa d social compa isons and
pos ing unde he in luence: In es iga ing social
media beha io s o us adul s wi h gene alized anxi-
e y diso de . Spo ligh on Men al Heal h Resea ch.
h ps://doi.o g/10.3583/1so .mh.bonne e19
Boukhechba, M., Chow, P., Fua, K., Teachman, B. A., &
Ba nes, L. E. (2018). P edic ing social anxie y om
global posi ioning sys em aces o college s uden s:
Feasibili y s udy. JMIR Men al Heal h, 5(3), e10101.
h ps://doi.o g/10.2196/2F10101
Bu goon, J. K., & Wal he , J. B. (1990). Non e bal expec-
ancies and he e alua i e consequences o
iola ions. Human Communica ion Resea ch, 17(2),
232–265. h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1990.
b00232.x
Business Guide,. (2021). LINE Business Guide (Summa y).
Re ie ed 10 Augus , 2022, om h ps://www.linebiz.
com/si es/de aul / iles/media/jp/download/EN_LINE
%20Business%20Guide_202101-06_summa y.pd
Cheng, M.-J., Hung, S.-W., Tsai, -H.-H., & Chen, P.-W.
(2016). The adop ion in en ions o mobile
applica ions. 2016 IEEE/ACIS 15 h in e na ional con-
e ence on compu e and in o ma ion science (ICIS):
IEEE, pp. 1–3.
Choi, G., & Chung, H. (2013). Applying he echnology
accep ance model o social ne wo king si es (sns):
Impac o Subjec i e No m and Social Capi al on he
Accep ance o Sns. In e na ional Jou nal o Human-
Compu e In e ac ion, 29(10), 619–628. h ps://doi.
o g/10.1080/10447318.2012.756333
Dallal, A. (2022). Mos popula messaging apps a ound
he globe. simila web.com (Upda ed: May 2022)
h ps://www.simila web.com/co p/blog/ esea ch/ma
ke - esea ch/wo ldwide-messaging-apps/
Daş an, İ., & Gü le , C. (2016). Fac o s a ec ing he
adop ion o mobile paymen sys ems: An empi ical
analysis. EMAJ: Eme ging Ma ke s Jou nal, 6(1),
17–24. h ps://doi.o g/10.5195/emaj.2016.95
Da is, F. D. (1989). Pe cei ed use ulness, pe cei ed ease
o use, and use accep ance o in o ma ion
echnology. MIS Qua e ly, 13(3), 319–340. DOI:10.
2307/249008
E win, B. A., Tu k, C. L., Heimbe g, R. G., F esco, D. M., &
Han ula, D. A. (2004). The In e ne : Home o a se e e
popula ion o indi iduals wi h social anxie y diso de ?
Jou nal o Anxie y Diso de s, 18(5), 629–646. h ps://
doi.o g/10.1016/j.janxdis.2003.08.002
Fo oughi, B., I anmanesh, M., & Hyun, S. S. (2019).
Unde s anding he de e minan s o mobile banking
con inuance usage in en ion. Jou nal o En e p ise
In o ma ion Managemen , 32(6), 1015–1033. h ps://
doi.o g/10.1108/JEIM-10-2018-0237
F anque, F. B., Oli ei a, T., & Tam, C. (2021).
Unde s anding he ac o s o mobile paymen con-
inuance In en ion: Empi ical Tes in an A ican
Con ex . Heliyon, 7(8), e07807. h ps://doi.o g/10.
1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07807
Gadhiya, P., & Panchal, N. (2021). Young women’s con-
inuance in en ions o use communica ion and social
media apps. Indian Jou nal o Ma ke ing, 51(3), 41.
h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.17010/ijom/2021/ 51/i3/158063
Gan, C., & Li, H. (2015). Unde s anding con inuance
in en ion o mobile ins an messaging. Indus ial
Managemen & Da a Sys ems, 15(4), 646–660. h p://
dx.doi.o g/10.1108/IMDS-11-2014-0331
Gong, X., Lee, M. K. O., Liu, Z., & Zheng, X. (2020).
Examining he ole o ie s eng h in use s’ con inu-
ance in en ion o second-gene a ion mobile ins an
messaging se ices. In o ma ion Sys ems F on ie s,
22(1), 149–170. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s10796-018-
9852-9
Good, M. C., & Huhmann, B. A. (2018). Social ela ionships
and social anxie y appeals in di ec - o-consume
ad e ising. Jou nal o Ma ke ing Communica ions, 24
(4), 393–411. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/13527266.
2018.1432499
G oss, E. F., Ju onen, J., & Gable, S. L. (2002). In e ne use
and well-being in adolescence. Jou nal o Social
Issues, 58(1), 75–90. h ps://psycne .apa.o g/doi/10.
1111/1540-4560.00249
Gup a, A., Dhiman, N., Yousa , A., & A o a, N. (2021).
Social compa ison and con inuance in en ion o
sma i ness wea ables: An ex ended expec a ion
Chen e al., Cogen Business & Managemen (2022), 9: 2133632
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23311975.2022.2133632
Page 14 o 17

con i ma ion heo y pe spec i e. Beha iou &
In o ma ion Technology, 40(13), 1341–1354. h ps://
doi.o g/10.1080/0144929X.2020.1748715
Hsieh, C.-T. (2007). Mobile comme ce: assessing new
business oppo uni ies. Communica ions o he IIMA,
7(1), A icle 9. h p://schola wo ks.lib.csusb.edu/
ciima/ ol7/iss1/9
Humbani, M., & Wiese, M. (2019). An in eg a ed ame-
wo k o he adop ion and con inuance in en ion o
use mobile paymen apps. In e na ional Jou nal o
Bank Ma ke ing, 37(2), 646–664. h ps://doi.o g/10.
1108/IJBM-03-2018-0072
Hu chins, N., Allen, A., Cu an, M., & Kannis-Dymand, L.
(2021). Social anxie y and online social in e ac ion.
Aus alian Psychologis , 56(2), 142–153. h ps://doi.
o g/10.1080/00050067.2021.1890977
Hwang, M.-Y., Hong, J.-C., Tai, K.-H., Chen, J.-T., &
Gould ho p, T. (2020). The ela ionship be ween he
online social anxie y, pe cei ed in o ma ion o e load
and a igue, and job engagemen o ci il se an line
use s. Go e nmen In o ma ion Qua e ly, 37(1),
101423. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.giq.2019.101423
Iqbal, M. (2022). Line e enue and usage s a is ics (2022).
businesso apps.com. h ps://www.businesso apps.
com/da a/line-s a is ics/
Jain, N. K., Kaul, D., & Sanyal, P. (2022). Wha d i es
cus ome s owa ds mobile shopping? An in eg a i e
echnology con inuance heo y pe spec i e. Asia
Paci ic Jou nal o Ma ke ing and Logis ics, 34(5),
922–943. h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/APJML-02-2021-
0133
Jaiswal, D., Kaushal, V., Mohan, A., & Thaichon, P. (2022).
Mobile walle s adop ion: P e- and pos -adop ion
dynamics o mobile walle s usage. Ma ke ing
In elligence & Planning, 40(5), 573–588. h ps://doi.
o g/10.1108/MIP-12-2021-0466
Keles, B., McC ae, N., & G ealish, A. (2020). a sys ema ic
e iew: The in luence o social media on dep ession,
anxie y and psychological dis ess in adolescen s.
In e na ional Jou nal o Adolescence and You h, 25
(1), 79–93. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/02673843.2019.
1590851
Ke linge , F. N. (1973). Founda ions o beha io al esea ch
(2nd) ed.). Rineha and Wins on.
Ku, Y.-C., Chen, R., & Zhang, H. (2013). Why do use s
con inue using social ne wo king si es? An explo a-
o y s udy o membe s in he Uni ed S a es and
Taiwan. In o ma ion & Managemen , 50(7), 571–581.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.im.2013.07.011
Lai, I. K. W., & Shi, G. (2015). The impac o p i acy con-
ce ns on he in en ion o con inued use o an in e-
g a ed mobile ins an messaging and social ne wo k
pla o m. In e na ional Jou nal o Mobile
Communica ions, 13(6), 641–669. h ps://doi.o g/10.
1504/IJMC.2015.072086
La ime , A. E., & Ma in Ginis, K. A. (2005). The Impo ance
o Subjec i e No ms o People Who Ca e Wha
O he s Think o Them. Psychology & Heal h, 20(1),
53–62. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/
08870440412331300002
Lee, S. Y., & Jang, K. (2019). An eceden s o imp ession
managemen mo i a ions on social ne wo k si es
and hei link o social anxie y. Media Psychology, 22
(6), 890–904. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/15213269.
2019.1580588
Liao, C., Pal ia, P., & Chen, J.-L. (2009). In o ma ion ech-
nology adop ion beha io li e cycle: Towa d
a echnology con inuance heo y (TCT). In e na ional
Jou nal o In o ma ion Managemen , 29(4), 309–320.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ijin omg .2009.03.004
Lő incz, L., Kol ai, J., Győ , A. F., & Takács, K. (2019).
Collapse o an Online Social Ne wo k: Bu ning Social
Capi al o C ea e I ? Social Ne wo ks, 57, 43–53.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ijin omg .2009.03.004
Lu, J., Liu, C., & Wei, J. (2017). How impo an a e enjoy-
men and mobili y o mobile applica ions? Jou nal o
Compu e In o ma ion Sys ems, 57(1), 1–12. h ps://
doi.o g/10.1080/08874417.2016.1181463
Malla , N., Rossi, M., Tuunainen, V. K., & Öö ni, A. (2009).
The impac o use con ex on mobile se ices
accep ance: The case o mobile icke ing”.
In o ma ion & Managemen , 46(3), 190–195. h ps://
doi.o g/10.1016/j.im.2008.11.008
McCo d, B., Rodebaugh, T. L., & Le inson, C. A. (2014).
Facebook: Social uses and anxie y. Compu e s in
Human Beha io , 34, 23–27. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.
chb.2014.01.020
Nayak, J. K. (2018). Rela ionship among sma phone
usage, addic ion, academic pe o mance and he
mode a ing ole o gende : A s udy o highe educa-
ion s uden s in India. Compu e s & Educa ion, 123,
164–173. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.05.
007
Nie, N. H., & Hillygus, L. (2002). E b ing In e ne use,
in e pe sonal ela ions, and sociabili y: A ime dia y
s udy. In B. Wellman & C. Hay ho n hwai e (Eds.),
The In e ne in e e yday li e, Wiley-Blackwell (pp.
215–243).
Oghuma, A. P., Libaque-Saenz, C. F., Wong, S. F., &
Chang, Y. (2016). An expec a ion-con i ma ion model
o con inuance in en ion o use mobile ins an
messaging. Telema ics and In o ma ics, 33(1), 34–47.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. ele.2015.05.006
Peng, X., Zhao, Y., & Zhu, Q. (2016). In es iga ing use
swi ching in en ion o mobile ins an messaging
applica ion: Taking WeCha as an example.
Compu e s in Human Beha io , 64, 206–216. h ps://
doi.o g/10.1016/j.chb.2016.06.054
Pie ce, T. (2009). Social anxie y and echnology: Face- o-
ace communica ion e sus echnological communi-
ca ion among eens. Compu e s in Human Beha io ,
25(6), 1367–1372. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.chb.2009.
06.003
P izan -Passal, S., Shechne , T., & Ade ka, I. M. (2016).
Social anxie y and in e ne use – A me a-analysis:
Wha do we know? Wha a e we missing? Compu e s
in Human Beha io , 62, 221–229. h ps://doi.o g/10.
1016/j.chb.2016.04.003
Rahi, S., Khan, M. M., & Alghizzawi, M. (2021). Ex ension o
echnology con inuance heo y (TCT) wi h ask ech-
nology i (TTF) in he con ex o In e ne banking
use con inuance in en ion. In e na ional Jou nal o
Quali y & Reliabili y Managemen , 38(4), 986–1004.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/IJQRM-03-2020-0074
Schlenke , B. R., & Lea y, M. R. (1982). Social anxie y and
sel -p esen a ion: A concep ualiza ion model.
Psychological Bulle in, 92(3), 641–669. h ps://doi.o g/
10.1037/0033-2909.92.3.641
Shalom, J. G., Is aeli, H., Ma ko i zky, O., & Lipsi z, J. D.
(2015). Social Anxie y and Physiological A ousal
Du ing Compu e Media ed Vs. Face o Face
Communica ion. In Compu e s in Human Beha io ,
44, 202–208. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.
056
Shee , V. (2011). “Teenage s’ use o msn ea u es,
discussion opics, and online iendship de elop-
men : The impac o media ichness and commu-
nica ion con ol. Communica ion Qua e ly, 59(1),
82–103. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/01463373.2010.
525702
Chen e al., Cogen Business & Managemen (2022), 9: 2133632
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23311975.2022.2133632
Page 15 o 17
Spence , D. (2021). Time o ban LINE o e China links?
Taiwan News. aiwannews.com. h ps://www. aiwan
news.com. w/en/news/4166349
S a is a Resea ch De elopmen . (2021). Global mobile app
h ee mon h use e en ion and chu n 2018. Re ie ed
Oc obe 26, 2021, om h ps://www.s a is a.com/
s a is ics/384224/mon hly-app-launches-chu n/
Sun, Y., & Wang, S. (2019). Unde s anding consume s’
in en ions o pu chase g een p oduc s in he social
media ma ke ing con ex . Asia Paci ic Jou nal o
Ma ke ing and Logis ics, 32(4), 860–878. h ps://doi.
o g/10.1108/APJML-03-2019-0178
Tam, C., San os, D., & Oli ei a, T. (2020). Explo ing he
in luen ial ac o s o con inuance in en ion o use
mobile Apps: Ex ending he expec a ion con i ma ion
model. In Sys F on , 22(1), 243–257. h ps://doi.o g/
10.1007/s10796-018-9864-5
Tang, Y., & Hew, K. F. (2022). E ec s o using mobile
ins an messaging on s uden beha io al, emo ional,
and cogni i e engagemen : A quasi-expe imen al
s udy. In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional
Technology in Highe Educa ion, 19(3), 2022. h ps://
doi.o g/10.1186/s41239-021-00306-6
T e ino, L. K., & Webs e , J. (1992). Flow in
compu e -media ed communica ion: elec onic mail
and oice mail e alua ion and impac s.
Communica ion Resea ch, 19(5), 539–573. h ps://doi.
o g/10.1177/009365092019005001
Venka esh, V., Mo is, M. G., Da is, G. B., & Da is, F. D.
(2003). Use accep ance o in o ma ion echnology:
Towa d a uni ied iew. MIS Qua e ly, 27(3), 425–478.
h ps://psycne .apa.o g/doi/10.2307/30036540
Wal he , J. B. (1996). Compu e -Media ed
Communica ion: Impe sonal, In e pe sonal, and
Hype pe sonal In e ac ion. Communica ion Resea ch,
23(1), 3–43. h ps://doi.o g/10.1177/
009365096023001001
Wal he , J. B. (2007). Selec i e sel -p esen a ion in
compu e -media ed communica ion: Hype pe sonal
dimensions o echnology, language, and cogni ion.
Compu e s in Human Beha io , 23(5), 2538–2557.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.chb.2006.05.002
Wang, X., & Qian, Y. (2015). Examining he de e minan s
o use s’ con inuance in en ion in he con ex o
mobile ins an messaging: The case o wecha . 2015
In e na ional con e ence and wo kshop on compu ing
and communica ion (IEMCON), pp. 1–9, h ps://doi.
o g/10.1109/IEMCON.2015.7344464.
Wang, C., Teo, T. S., & Liu, L. (2020). Pe cei ed alue and
con inuance in en ion in mobile go e nmen se ice
in China. Telema ics and In o ma ics, 48, 101348.
doi:10.1109/IEMCON.2015.7344464
Weidman, A. C., Fe nandez, K. C., Le inson, C. A.,
Augus ine, A. A., La sen, R. J., & Rodebaugh, T. L.
(2012). Compensa o y in e ne use among indi i-
duals highe in social anxie y and i s implica ions
o well-being. Pe sonali y and Indi idual
Di e ences, 53(3), 191–195. doi:10.1016/j.paid.
2012.03.003
Weng, G. S., Zailani, S., I anmanesh, M., & Hyun, S. S.
(2017). Mobile axi booking applica ion se ice’s
con inuance usage in en ion by use s. T anspo a ion
Resea ch Pa D: T anspo and En i onmen , 57,
207–216. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. d.2017.07.023
Wes land, J. C., Hao, J. X., Xiao, X., & Shan, S. (2016).
Subs i u es, complemen s and ne wo k e ec s in
ins an messaging se ices. Ne wo ks and Spa ial
Economics, 16(2), 525–543. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/
s11067-015-9287-5
Wixom, B., & Wa son, H. (2001). An empi ical in es iga-
ion o he ac o s a ec ing da a wa ehousing
success. MIS Qua e ly, 25(1), 17–29. h ps://doi.o g/
10.2307/3250957
Yang, K., & Jolly, L. D. (2009). The e ec s o consume
pe cei ed alue and subjec i e no m on mobile da a
se ice adop ion be ween Ame ican and Ko ean
consume s. Jou nal o Re ailing and Consume
Se ices, 16(6), 502–508. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.
j e conse .2009.08.005
Yen, Y.-S., & Wu, F.-S. (2016). P edic ing he adop ion o
mobile inancial se ices: The impac s o pe cei ed
mobili y and pe sonal habi . Compu e s in Human
Beha io , 65, 31–42. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.chb.
2016.08.017
Yen, J.-Y., Yen, C.-F., Chen, C.-S., Wang, P.-W.,
Chang, Y.-H., & Ko, C.-H. (2012). Social anxie y in
online and eal-li e in e ac ion and hei asso-
cia ed ac o s. Cybe psychology, Beha io and
Social Ne wo king, 15(1), 7–12. h ps://doi.o g/10.
1089/cybe .2011.0015
Yoon, C., Jeong, C., & Rolland, E. (2015). Unde s anding
indi idual adop ion o mobile ins an messaging:
A mul iple pe spec i es app oach. In o ma ion
Technology Managemen , 16(2), 139–151. h ps://doi.
o g/10.1007/s10799-014-0202-4
Zhou, T., & Lu, Y. (2011). Examining mobile ins an mes-
saging use loyal y om he pe spec i es o ne wo k
ex e nali ies and low expe ience. Compu e s in
Human Beha io , 27(2), 883–889. h ps://doi.o g/10.
1016/j.chb.2010.11.013
Chen e al., Cogen Business & Managemen (2022), 9: 2133632
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23311975.2022.2133632
Page 16 o 17
© 2022 The Au ho (s). This open access a icle is dis ibu ed unde a C ea i e Commons A ibu ion (CC-BY) 4.0 license.
You a e ee o:
Sha e — copy and edis ibu e he ma e ial in any medium o o ma .
Adap — emix, ans o m, and build upon he ma e ial o any pu pose, e en comme cially.
The licenso canno e oke hese eedoms as long as you ollow he license e ms.
Unde he ollowing e ms:
A ibu ion — You mus gi e app op ia e c edi , p o ide a link o he license, and indica e i changes we e made.
You may do so in any easonable manne , bu no in any way ha sugges s he licenso endo ses you o you use.
No addi ional es ic ions
You may no apply legal e ms o echnological measu es ha legally es ic o he s om doing any hing he license pe mi s.
Cogen Business & Managemen (ISSN: 2331-1975) is published by Cogen OA, pa o Taylo & F ancis G oup.
Publishing wi h Cogen OA ensu es:
• Immedia e, uni e sal access o you a icle on publica ion
• High isibili y and disco e abili y ia he Cogen OA websi e as well as Taylo & F ancis Online
• Download and ci a ion s a is ics o you a icle
• Rapid online publica ion
• Inpu om, and dialog wi h, expe edi o s and edi o ial boa ds
• Re en ion o ull copy igh o you a icle
• Gua an eed legacy p ese a ion o you a icle
• Discoun s and wai e s o au ho s in de eloping egions
Submi you manusc ip o a Cogen OA jou nal a www.Cogen OA.com
Chen e al., Cogen Business & Managemen (2022), 9: 2133632
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23311975.2022.2133632
Page 17 o 17