Czakó, Ka alin; Pols e , Csilla; Se yaningsih, San i; Vasic, Tihana
A icle
The ole o he en i onmen in en ep eneu ial p opensi y
o youngs e s' business ideas
Jou nal o Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Sp inge Na u e
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Czakó, Ka alin; Pols e , Csilla; Se yaningsih, San i; Vasic, Tihana (2023) : The
ole o he en i onmen in en ep eneu ial p opensi y o youngs e s' business ideas, Jou nal o
Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship, ISSN 2192-5372, Sp inge , Heidelbe g, Vol. 12, Iss. 1, pp. 1-19,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1186/s13731-023-00275-2
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RESEARCH
Czakóe al.
Jou nal o Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship (2023) 12:7
h ps://doi.o g/10.1186/s13731-023-00275-2
Jou nal o Inno a ion and
En ep eneu ship
The ole o  heen i onmen
inen ep eneu ial p opensi y o youngs e s’
business ideas
Ka alin Czakó1, Csilla Pols e 2, San i Se yaningsih2* and Tihana Vasic2
Abs ac
En ep eneu ship shows egional di e ences h ough coun ies’ his o y, economic
en i onmen s, socie y and habi s o indi iduals. Youngs e s can hink globally and ha e
he highes skills o access in o ma ion and know-how. This pape collec s da a om
s uden s’ p ojec wo k om di e en coun ies and ex ac ha in o ma ion, which
can gi e in e es ing inpu o desc ibe egional e ec s on en ep eneu ial p opensi y
h ough a quan i ied seman ic analysis. Youngs e s om 12 coun ies ecei ed he
same ins uc ions o p esen hei na ional economies and hen c ea e a business
he e. The undamen al ques ion o he pape is ha a e he e any de inable a ibu es
om he economic en i onmen , which e ec youngs e s’ en ep eneu ial p opensi y?
How can we desc ibe hese e ec s? We linked alues and made a nume ical e alua ion
o youngs e s’ business concep s, which gi es no only a ange bu also he g ade o
he p esence o local o egional elemen s. The esul s show ha he mo e exac special
elemen s o a na ional economy men ioned, he mo e ba ie s pa icipan s a e awa e
o . The esea ch concep and he esul s may gi e use ul inpu s in knowledge ans e
and educa ion o en ep eneu ship.
Keywo ds: En ep eneu ial p opensi y, En ep eneu ial en i onmen , Youngs e s,
Regional, En ep eneu ial en i onmen
JEL Classi ica ion: L20, L26, F64
In oduc ion
The e y i s s ep o he concep o his pape is o de ine he unde s anding o en ep e-
neu ial p opensi y. The heo e ical backg ound in oduces di e en pe spec i es in mo i-
a o s o being an en ep eneu . En ep eneu ial p opensi y is a solely used e m, bu i
has se e al con ex s, which can change i s meaning. The e o e, we ga e he amewo k,
and we a e abiding by he unde s anding, which says ha i is a desi e o be an en ep e-
neu (Palalić e al., 2017; Schwa z e al., 2009). Addi ionally, we conside he ex en o
how hese desi es a e de ailed. To his, we linked sco es and made a nume ical e alua-
ion, which gi es no only a ange, bu also he g ade o he p esence o local o egional
elemen s. This gi es he added alue o he pape . Tha is how we seek he answe o he
basic ques ions: a e he e any de inable ac o s om he economic en i onmen , which
*Co espondence:
[email p o ec ed]
1 Depa men o In e na ional
and Theo e ical Economics,
Széchenyi Is án Uni e si y, Gyo ,
Hunga y
2 Doc o al School o Regional
Science and Business
Adminis a ion, Széchenyi Is án
Uni e si y, Gyo , Hunga y
Page 2 o 19
Czakóe al. Jou nal o Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship (2023) 12:7
e ec he youngs e s’ en ep eneu ial p opensi y? How can we desc ibe hese e ec s? To
p esen his, we p ocess p ojec wo k o s uden s om e y di e en coun ies. The logic
o he p ojec s has wo pilla s. Exac , p e-de ined ins uc ions o he p ojec asked in o -
ma ion abou s uden s’ na ional economic en i onmen and business c ea ion in hei
pe spec i es. Wi h his, we pai ed he desi e o be an en ep eneu wi h en i onmen al
elemen s. We o malized he ins uc ions in a way ha ca ego ies and alues o sco es
could be added o hem. Besides he ac ha we could sco e he p opensi ies, signi i-
can esul s discuss he in e ela ion o na ional elemen s and p opensi y. In economies,
whe e he sec o o la ge companies is ela i ely s ong employe , he indi idual p open-
si y did no show ela i ely high alues. In he opposi e cases, whe e he MSME sec o
is ela i ely signi ican , business concep s we e mo e de ailed, so hese cases go highe
e alua ion o p opensi y in ou unde s anding. In economies, whe e exac p oblema ic
cases we e men ioned, business ideas ied o handle somehow hese p oblems. I p o es
ha i we de ine en i onmen al ac o s, we can see hei di e en e ec s on indi idual
business con ex s, especially o he ex en o how de ailed hey a e.
Theo e ical backg ound
The aim o he li e a u e ep esen a ion was o p esen he in e p e a ion o en ep e-
neu ial p opensi y highligh ing he en i onmen al e ec s on i . The e o e, we selec ed
hose sou ces, which ha e he closes unde s anding o ou con ex “ ole o en i on-
men in en ep eneu ial p opensi y”. Addi ionally, we could no o ge ha ou esea ch
is among youngs e s. The e o e, we analyzed en ep eneu ial p opensi y in wo aspec s:
a icles, which discuss he “ ole o en i onmen ” and exis ing esul s, which a e a ached
o “youngs e s”. This is he na owes selec ion, which can be widened based on he
u u e eexamina ion o his opic. Acco ding o his, he li e a u e e iew can be di ided
in o wo pa s, a he same ime as keeping as i s ocus on egional aspec s and young-
s e s’ educa ion.
En ep eneu ial o ien a ion, en i onmen anden ep eneu ial p opensi y
Mikale e al. (2019) p o ide a s udy, in which hey examine adical and inc emen al
inno a ion capabili ies in he con ex o he big da a analy ics capabili y. A e a s uc-
u al modeling hey ind he indi ec e ec o dynamic capabili y in big da a on he wo
highligh ed inno a ion capabili ies. “Unde condi ions o high en i onmen al he e oge-
nei y, he impac o BDACs on dynamic capabili ies and, in sequence, inc emen al inno-
a ion capabili y is enhanced, while unde condi ions o high en i onmen al dynamism
he e ec o dynamic capabili ies on inc emen al inno a ion capabili ies is ampli ied.”
This shows us ha i we ame he heo e ical componen o en ep eneu ial p open-
si y, we may be able o disco e in e connec ions be ween he en i onmen and his
phenomena. Abu-Rumman e al. (2021) also examines he media ing ole o dynamic
capabili ies which a e de eloped by en ep eneu ial ne wo ks and en ep eneu ial o i-
en a ion. They sugges ha dynamic capabili y has a key impo ance in compe i i e
en i onmen s. S ong ne wo ks and s a egic alliances among SMEs a e he pla o ms o
hese capabili ies.
Luu and Ngo (2019) ocus on ansi ional economies o highligh he complex
e ec s o en ep eneu ial o ien a ion on pe o mance by d awing upon social capi al
Page 3 o 19
Czakóe al. Jou nal o Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship (2023) 12:7
heo y. “The indings u ge manage s o i ms ope a ing in ansi ional economies o
ake he le els o social capi al om business ies and poli ical ies in o conside a-
ion when making hei decision on which en ep eneu ial s a egy o pu sue.” This
concep is simila o he one p esen ed in his pape as i akes he en i onmen al
e ec s in o conside a ion. En ep eneu ial o ien a ion is ano he concep besides
capabili ies, which can gi e use ul inpu o he p o ile o he esea ch.
Co in e al. (2018) p o ides he concep ualiza ion o en ep eneu ial o ien a ion
on h ee pilla s. Fi s ly, hey ela e i o he se o co po a e- ela ed cons uc s. Sec-
ondly, hey in oduce he measu ing challenges and possibili ies. Thi dly, hey high-
ligh he di ec ions o u u e en ep eneu ial o ien a ion esea ch. They ag ee ha
“en ep eneu ial o ien a ion is a obus phenomenon, which is connec ed usually o
an en i onmen al phenomena”. I ans o ms he compe i i e and co po a e en i on-
men . Fo u u e esea ch guidance hey sugges p oposed ocuses o en ep eneu ial
o ien a ion esea ch. Among o he s, hey ecommend ocusing on he si ua ion o a
change like new p oduc placemen o new ma ke eco e y. Addi ionally, he sug-
ges ion o ocus on manage ial o ien a ions o “o ien a ions ha coun e balance and
complemen EO such ha , in combina ion, hese o ien a ions p omo e long- e m
o ganiza ional success.” Shah e al. (2019) also gi es a heo e ical concep ualiza ion
o en ep eneu ial o ien a ion and highligh s elemen s ( isk- aking, di e en ia ion)
which ha e a signi ican e ec on pe o mance o SMEs.
En ep eneu ial p opensi y is unde s ood as a mo e di ec e m in his a icle,
i s ly because we a e ocusing on youngs e s, possible u u e en ep eneu s. Sec-
ondly, en ep eneu ial o ien a ion om a managemen poin o iew highly depends
on exis ing co po a e s akeholde s and exac cases and p ocesses in business admin-
is a ion. We assume ha in case o he en ep eneu ial p opensi y, he media ing
e ec s o en i onmen al elemen s may need mo e esea ch especially in analysis
among young gene a ion. Thus, his pape di e en ia es he wo e ms “en ep e-
neu ial o ien a ion” and “en ep eneu ial p opensi y” based on ime and place.
En ep eneu ial o ien a ion is a s a us quo in an al eady exis ing business con ex .
En ep eneu ial p opensi y is a s a us quo be o e s epping in o his con ex . This
assump ion is suppo ed by he indings o Cho and Lee (2018) who pu o wa d
he esul ha en ep eneu ial educa ion has no connec ion wi h en ep eneu ial
o ien a ion o business pe o mance. Regional aspec s in en ep eneu ial o ien-
a ion esea ch ep esen aluable inpu s like he ne wo k app oach o Jiang e al.
(2018) o P iyono e al. (2020). We expec he p og ession o he exis ing li e a u e
oo ed om his poin . Knowledge managemen , educa ion and in ellec ual capi-
al (examined by Abu-Rumman, 2018) may also ha e a signi ican e ec on u u e
en ep eneu s. Besides Abu-Rumman (2018), Tahe i e al. (2019) also u n owa ds
knowledge managemen h ough ma ke - ocused lea ning and p esen he e ec s o
comp ehensi e pe o mance measu emen sys ems on i . We can conclude ha he
concep ualiza ion o he p opensi y o u u e, po en ial en ep eneu s is in i s ea ly
s ages, especially i we would like o include egional elemen s. To s eng hen he
abo e in oduced gap, he pape de ails empi ical esul s o p opensi y o youngs e s
in di e en egions and egional engagemen .
Page 4 o 19
Czakóe al. Jou nal o Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship (2023) 12:7
How heyoung gene a ion in e p e s hei own s a us quo
P ue e al. (2009) examined o e 1000 s uden s a uni e si ies in he USA, Spain, and
China in hei a icle. They concluded, ha while cul u al and social elemen s explain
only a small pa o p opensi y, psychological sel -e icacy is a signi ican o ecas e . The
s udy highligh s he ac ha u he di ec ions a e needed o analyzing he ela ionship
be ween en ep eneu ial cul u e and psychological elemen s. P ue e al. (2009) and
Abdullah e al. (2019) sugges ed ha ans e o en ep eneu ial knowledge can be e
se e s uden s i hey a e handled wi h c ea i i y and he es ablishmen o con idence.
Tu ke e al. (2009) came o he conclusion in hei s udy ha p omo ing en ep e-
neu ship equi es a dual policy ha handles he cu en si ua ion and u u e p ospec s
o he business. In hei s udy, a model was implemen ed and empi ically es ed on 300
uni e si y s uden s in Tu key. In he en ep eneu ial suppo model, en ep eneu ial
p opensi y is conside ed as a unc ion o educa ional, ela ional, and s uc u al suppo .
The consequences o he su ey demons a ed ha educa ional and s uc u al suppo
elemen s ha e an e ec on he en ep eneu ial p opensi y o he s uden s. Youngs e s
a e po en ial en ep eneu s o he u u e and unde s anding hei pe cep ion o con ex-
ual elemen s can con ibu e o he de elopmen o he educa ional li e a u e. I is an
impo an s ep in de eloping a mo e e ec i e policy mechanism.
Palalić e al. (2017) analyzed he en ep eneu ial p opensi y o s uden s a he In e na-
ional Uni e si y o Sa aje o. Acco dingly, hey s udied he en ep eneu ial desi es and
o ien a ions o he s uden s wi h he help o p e ious en ep eneu ial expe ience, s u-
den gende , acul y, yea o s udy, and a i udes owa d se e al cou ses ela ed o en e-
p eneu ship. The esea ch also deal wi h how he business en i onmen has an e ec
on he en ep eneu ial p opensi y o he s uden s. Thei esea ch was based on 173
esponden s om he beginning o Ap il o he end o May in he 2015/2016 school yea .
Palalić e al. (2017) as well as D o ský and Pe áko á (2019) claimed ha en ep eneu ial
p opensi y can be caused by he business en i onmen and en ep eneu ship educa ion.
Bo si and Dő y (2020) examined en ep eneu ial inno a ion, en ep eneu ial in en-
ion, and en ep eneu ial p ocess in hei s udies. They also analyzed he Big Fi e Pe -
sonali y T ai . They came o he conclusion, ha he in e play o ins i u ional elemen s,
indi idual pe sonali y cha ac e is ics and he assessmen o oppo uni ies play a signi i-
can ole be o e en ep eneu ial decisions a e aken.
Schwa z e al. (2009) highligh ed he key elemen s which ha e an impac on he will-
ingness o s uden s o es ablish a business. They applied a model which ocused on h ee
iewpoin s: en ep eneu ial p opensi y, gene al app oach, uni e si y and egional en i-
onmen . 2124 cases we e aken in o accoun . The e was only a co ela ion be ween
uni e si y and s uden in e es in s a ing a business. O he en i onmen ac o s had no
impac on en ep eneu ial p opensi y among s uden s in Aus ia. In addi ion, ema k-
able di e ences can be ound in en ep eneu ial p opensi y ega ding age, gende and
ield o s udy.
Fal e meie (2019) compa ed en ep eneu ship and en ep eneu ial p opensi y wi h
en ep eneu ial skills and knowledge. The de ini ion and sys ema iza ion o en ep e-
neu ial compe ence we e examined. En ep eneu ship is one o he eigh key com-
pe ences o he Eu opean F amewo k o Re e ence; his compe ence enables people
o u n hei ideas in o eali y. This equi es a willingness o be c ea i e, inno a i e

Page 5 o 19
Czakóe al. Jou nal o Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship (2023) 12:7
and isk- aking. En ep eneu ial compe ence is an e e yday skill ha can be o g ea
impo ance in bo h p i a e and p o essional se ings.
The ollowing esea ch objec i es can be deduced om he unde lying heo e ical
amewo k:
• on he one hand, he de elopmen o an objec i e, eliable and alid ool o he
ini ial measu emen o en ep eneu ial in en .
• on he o he hand, conduc ing an empi ical s udy.
Be hold e al. (2006) examined in hei su ey he en ep eneu ial willingness o
i ms ope a ing in Ge many. Theo e ically and empi ically, i has been demons a ed
ha en ep eneu s ecognize un apped oppo uni ies and ealize hem. To his end, a
model has been p esen ed ha aces he deg ee o en ep eneu ship in socie y back
o supply and demand ac o s. Supply-side ac o s in luence he en ep eneu ial skills
and a i udes o an indi idual o socie y. In his way, he en ep eneu ial skills o an
economy a e de e mined. Examples a e a coun y’s income le el o demog aphic
de elopmen . Demand ac o s, in u n, a ec he business oppo uni ies and oppo -
uni ies o po en ial o exis ing en ep eneu s. Examples a e he le el o echnological
de elopmen o he economy o i s pa icipa ion in global ade. I business supply
and demand ma ch, economic g ow h can no longe be inc eased by changing en e-
p eneu ship in a coun y. Due o he equilib ium mechanism, a new equilib ium is
o med in he case o exogenous changes.
Fo his mechanism o wo k, he public amewo k mus mee a leas ou
condi ions:
• gua an eeing p i a e p ope y igh s
• ee ma ke en y and exi
• indi idual con ac ual eedom
• as li le go e nmen in e en ion as possible ha a ec s ma ke pe o mance.
Goebel e al. (2016) a gued ha many egional business de elopmen agencies a e
ying o implemen a clus e -o ien ed s a egy. In doing so, hey ace wo asks: i s ,
hey need o iden i y a eas o egional compe ence ha o e he p econdi ions o
clus e -o ien ed economic de elopmen . Second, hey need o be con iden in hei
en ep eneu ial ne wo king willingness. The a icle p esen s an analysis selec ed om
a numbe o analyses in which, based on he de ini ion o a eas o compe ence, com-
pany su eys we e conduc ed on he ele ance o he ne wo ks. They concluded ha
hey clea ly show he in e es o companies in he de elopmen o he ne wo k and
also p o ide in o ma ion on he desi ed a eas o wo k and coope a ion pa ne s o he
ne wo ks.
Gä ne e al. (2010) and K ause (2016) emphasized ha he in e ac ion o co -
po a e and egional cul u e leads, unde ce ain condi ions, o a icious ci cle—a
egional de elopmen dynamic—in which en ep eneu ial and egional ac i i ies a e
mu ually ein o cing. The con inuous in e ac ion o di e en cul u al mediums, he
igh balance be ween a achmen o he egion and in e na ional o ien a ion, he
Page 6 o 19
Czakóe al. Jou nal o Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship (2023) 12:7
socio-cul u al ounda ions o ne wo king ac i i ies and he egional pa icipa ion
o di e en s akeholde s a e among he key ac o s ha de ine he i uous ci cle o
Region de elopmen . Regional iden i ies de i e om he in e ac ion o dynamics and
con inui y, which a e a ec ed by cons an enewals and changes. Regional engage-
men is an oppo uni y ha basically any company can ealize.
F i sch e al. (2012) came o he conclusion ha he egional le el o en ep eneu ship
has been cha ac e is ic o a long ime. In pa icula , hey we e able o show ha he
Eas Ge man egions, which could look back on a long adi ion o en ep eneu ship,
had a ela i ely high p opo ion o en ep eneu s in he wo king-age popula ion e en a
he end o he Ge man Democ a ic Republic pe iod. Du ing he ans o ma ion p ocess,
hese emnan s o en ep eneu ial cul u e had a signi ican posi i e impac on egional
s a -ups and he egional le el o en ep eneu ial independence in he ollowing yea s.
I was ound ha many o hese egions ha e coped ela i ely well wi h he ans o ma-
ion p ocess since 1990 and ha e achie ed pa icula ly high g ow h in g oss domes ic
p oduc . In hei iew, his inding means ha long- e m imp in s, such as a high le el o
en ep eneu ship o an en ep eneu ial cul u e in a egion, can lead o challenges in he
de elopmen p ocess. The e a e signi ican di e ences in he ypes o egional g ow h
sys em wi hin Eas and Wes Ge many and Eas Ge many. These di e ences mean ha
in each case, o he ac o s shape de elopmen . Thei analyses clea ly show ha he s udy
o long- e m egional de elopmen s can make a signi ican con ibu ion o unde s and-
ing ypical egional de elopmen pa e ns.
No only Maschwi z (2017), bu also Ank aha and AL-Tabbaab (2016) claimed ha
collabo a ion be ween uni e si ies and companies aces pa icula challenges, especially
gi en he high ansac ion cos s due o di e en o ganiza ional cul u es and he esul ing
lack o us . An en ep eneu ial cul u e in uni e si ies is needed o enable long- e m
and sus ainable coope a ion be ween pa ne s and o c ea e an en i onmen conduci e
o coope a ion. The a icle examines he ela ed challenges a he uni e si y le el and he
possibili ies o managing collabo a ion. Collabo a ion be ween uni e si ies and com-
me cial en e p ises has become inc easingly impo an in ecen yea s, bo h in esea ch
and in s udies, educa ion and aining. Wo king wi h employe s as well as chambe s and
p o essional associa ions, i is possible o mee he needs o po en ial a ge g oups. In
addi ion, uni e si ies a e inc easingly in ol ed in social ac i i ies. Acco dingly, uni e si-
ies ha e a leas h ee main a eas o ac i i y:
• de elopmen , ma ke ing and implemen a ion o a ge g oup-speci ic s udy ools
(ad anced s udies)
• inc ease in e ope abili y and open uni e si ies o new a ge g oups (widening pa -
icipa ion)
• science o he public (communi y ou each).
In ou unde s anding, en ep eneu ial p opensi y is also a complex pla o m o meas-
u e like o ien a ion. I is a ec ed by many ex e nal and in e nal elemen s in he economy
and in an indi idual being be o e in he s a us quo o en ep eneu . A he same ime, we
can see many e ec s a ising om educa ion, cul u e and also en i onmen . In Fig.1, we
summa ize he link be ween he knowledge elemen s abo e de ailed.
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Czakóe al. Jou nal o Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship (2023) 12:7
In his pape , ou de ini ion o en ep eneu ial p opensi y is di e en ia ing i sel in
one impo an poin : i is unde s ood o he u u e. We ag ee ha wi h he logic o sys-
emizing he main knowledge elemen s o en ep eneu ial o ien a ion and p opensi y
gi e he p e iously assumed knowledge gap. Figu e1 ep esen s he sys ema iza ion o
knowledge base, which highligh s he need o s udying he esea ch gap in o de o ind
use ul inpu s o knowledge managemen , educa ion and in ellec ual capi al.
S eps aken wi h his goal a e ep esen ed in de ail by he nex poin s o he a icle.
The basic logic is he sys ema ic analysis o business plans o youngs e s, who a e able o
collec and ge s a is ical in o ma ion om hei economies.
Da a andme hods
The me hodology ha we u ilize is seman ic analysis. Based on Sulaeman & Ko kon ze-
los (2021), seman ic analysis is a me hod ha ocuses on unde s anding he meaning o
he ex . This me hod has been widely used in s udying he li e a u e quan i a i ely, in
compu e -media ed ex ual da a analysis, in cus ome esponse and in e iew examina-
ion as well.
We collec ed da a om s uden s’ business concep s om di e en coun ies and
ex ac ed hose pa s o in o ma ion, which can gi e in e es ing inpu o ob ain egional
e ec s in making business. We applied seman ic coding analysis. Youngs e s om 12
coun ies ecei ed he same p ojec wo k, wi h he same ins uc ions o c ea e a busi-
ness. The analysis was di ec ed in a way, ha we p esen ed p e-de ined ins uc ions. We
ecei ed w i en s uden assessmen s and p esen a ions, in which we eco ded he ex
o u he con en analysis. In Fig.2, we summa ize ou coding scheme. I can be seen
ha we had se en ca ego ies, o which we o de ed alues. Values a e p esen ed la e in
Table2.
Ou basic ques ion was whe he we can de ine special ies in en ep eneu ial p o-
pensi y, which a e in e connec ed wi h economic, social o o he da a o economic
Fig. 1 Knowledge elemen s and esea ch gap. Sou ce: own design based on li e a u e in he pape
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Czakóe al. Jou nal o Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship (2023) 12:7
en i onmen ? In o he wo ds: a e he e de inable egionally speci ic componen s in
he ideas? Based on his, ou gene al hypo hesis was ha he e a e de inable egion-
ally speci ic componen s in he business ideas o making an en e p ise in di e en
na ions. Figu e3 ep esen s ou esea ch concep .
Focusing on hese ques ions, Ca ego y 7 was an a ibu ion seman ic analy-
sis om SWOT epo s, whe e we coun ed how many imes he elemen s om
na ional economy we e men ioned. In his espec , we could ex ac wo anges: one
which solely conside s en ep eneu ial p opensi y and ano he which conside s he
na ional economic da a. The mo e da a we e gi en om na ional economy, he con-
cep con ained mo e exac plan elemen s. Hypo he ically, we expec ed wo di e en
anges. Besides all o his, we knew ha is wo h conside ing each ca ego y, because
en ep eneu ial p opensi y in egional con ex is a comp ehensi e e m in i sel .
Fig. 2 Coding scheme and uni s o analysis. Sou ce: own design
Fig. 3 Resea ch concep . Sou ce: own design
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Czakóe al. Jou nal o Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship (2023) 12:7
make a business. A he same ime, hey ela i ely did no ha e a conc e e idea. We can
conclude ha coun ies, whe e he base o la ge companies is ela i ely s ong, shown
especially by he classi ica ion o i m sizes by he numbe o employees, youngs e s a e
less willing o s a a business.
Rega ding he size o companies a o ed by youngs e s, i was a ela i ely expec ed
ou come ha in he case o ideas, whe e no la ge companies we e es ablished, he legal
and axa ion p ocedu es we e mo e de ailed. I his con ex , we can say ha he esea ch
concep se ed also ob ious cause and e ec ela ions, which means ha i s logic is e i-
iable. The smalles i ms (5 people as his was he minimum size in he ins uc ions)
we e planned in case o Hunga y, Tunisia and Mexico. I we hink o e hese in he ligh
o ma ke s uc u es, we can say ha in all h ee cases he FDI sec o o la ge companies
is signi ican , bu he MSME sec o is also a signi ican employe . In hese cases, he s u-
den s p esen ed he s ep-by-s ep p ocesses in making he business, om he e y i s
pe mission o he expo s a egy wi h all he gene al and special axes. F om hese, we
concluded ha in ma ke s whe e he MSME sec o is a signi ican employe , he busi-
ness concep s con ained mo e de ailed, s ep-by-s ep de ails o he c ea ion p ocess. The
idea owne s we e awa e o all legal and o he condi ions o c ea ing a business. The e-
o e, he willingness o c ea e small companies was mo e a ional.
The economic and social p oblems o he coun ies we e highligh ed he mos o en
in he case o Jo dan, Ghana and Pales ine. He e we obse ed exac easoning, which
is egional e ec and has a s ong in luence on making business. In case o Jo dan, he
concep was a social aid p ojec , which deals wi h e ugees and mig an s in o de o in e-
g a e hem in o di e en pla o ms o local socie y. The idea o a sola panel de ice p o-
jec in Ghana e e ed se e al imes o he en i onmen al p oblems o he coun y. In
he case o Pales ine he anspo idea se ed he wellbeing o poo people. The e o e, i
can be concluded ha in hose na ions, whe e exac social, en i onmen al and economic
p oblems we e de ined by he youngs e s, he i s missions o business ideas we e o
deal in some way wi h hose mac o p oblems. A he same ime, we obse ed ha in he
case o hese business ideas, exac de ailing o he business concep was poo e com-
pa ed o he o he s.
In his esea ch con ex , which is o cou se open o deba e, we can de ine he “high-
es p opensi y”. Tu key’s p ojec p o ed o be he mos de ailed one wi h a p ojec o
online–o line, communi y-based sale pla o m. O cou se, he e we e weaknesses in he
p ojec , bu in his case, we go he de ails o all he expec ed ins uc ions. The ac i i y
was well de ined and is connec ed o he e ail sec o . I was based on mul iple coope a-
ion no only owa d indi iduals, bu also owa d ins i u ions like uni e si ies. The s u-
den s we e awa e o all he pe missions and axes and showed he willingness o s a he
business, which can be p esen ed on he expo ma ke . The “lowes p opensi y” is e al-
ua ed in he case o China, whe e he whole sho all a ose om he ac ha s uden s
did no name he exac ac i i y and he o he ins uc ions we e no de ailed ei he . They
alked a lo abou he s ong economy and he coope a ion be ween he FDI ac o s and
local economic ac o s. They men ioned gene al ules, like he obliga ion o ha e a Chi-
nese pa ne when doing business in China. I seemed i was sel -explana o y o hem
ha hey do no s a a business by hemsel es in hei own coun y wi hou a o eign
pa ne . I was in e es ing o hea his concep .

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Czakóe al. Jou nal o Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship (2023) 12:7
We know how s ong China’s economy is. A he same ime, his con ex showed ha
despi e a s ong economy, youngs e s’ willingness o s a a business is no high. So,
he e is poo connec ion be ween a s ong economy and youngs e s’ en ep eneu ial
p opensi y.
Rela ion be weenen i onmen andp opensi y
We can say ha he logic o he esea ch ga e an insigh in o he link be ween he busi-
ness en i onmen and p opensi y. “Know you pa ame e s and s a o plan” logic
emphasized he egional media ing e ec s in almos all he s uden p ojec s. A he
same ime, hey ul illed he ask— hey in eg a ed he elemen s o hei na ions’ en e-
p eneu ial en i onmen in o he business concep s. The in eg a ion on each elemen
was on a di e en le el. Economies wi h a ela i ely s onge sec o o la ge companies
do no di ec ly equa e o highe p opensi y. P oblems in he na ional economies we e
men ioned se e al imes in hose business concep s, whe e he cons uc ion was less
de ailed. This empi ical esea ch also showed ha nei he s ong economy, no poo
economy has a di ec e ec on indi idual en ep eneu ial p opensi y. In he case o
economies whe e na ional pa ame e s we e no ela i ely di e en and he ques ion o
secu i y in economies was no a opic, youngs e s p o ided mo e exac business plans
and he willingness o hink in small was highe .Table9 is ep esen ing he coding sup-
plemen ed wi h Ca ego y 7.
Conclusion
The goal o he s udy was o ind media ing egional e ec s on he p esen ed business
ideas by youngs e s. We disco e ed links and possible causes o ba ie s in hei p open-
si y, which can o igina e om he en i onmen . As heo e ical implica ion, he e m o
en ep eneu ial p opensi y had o be cla i ied in o de o p esen he a gumen s. I was
di e en ia ed om en ep eneu ial o ien a ion and in e p e ed in he con ex o egional
e ec s and youngs e s.
Table 9 Values o ca ego ies based on coding—en ep eneu ial p opensi y and egional e ec s
Sou ce: own design based on da a ecei es om he su ey
Coun ies/Ca ego ies C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 Sum
Tu key 23.33113722
Ghana 3 1.3 1 1 3 3 7 22
Jo dan 3 1.1 2 2 3 3 7 22
Geo gia 2 2.3 2 0 2 3 6 20
Hunga y 0 3.2 3 0 3 3 4 18
Slo akia 1 2.2 2 1 3 3 4 18
India 0 0.0 2 3 3 3 7 18
China 0 0.0 2 3 3 3 7 18
Tunisia 3 1.1 3 0 1 1 5 17
Mexico 3 1.1 3 0 1 1 7 17
Pales ine 1 1.0 2 1 2 3 6 16
Aze baijan 3 1.1 1 2 1 2 2 13
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Czakóe al. Jou nal o Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship (2023) 12:7
The logic o he p ac ical implica ion is an own-buil esea ch s uc u e. Ou goal was
no o de ine gene al cause and e ec ela ions, which can no qui e be subs an ia ed in
his opic. Besides all o hese, we can make gene al conclusions in opics o educa ion,
in ellec ual capi al and knowledge ans e om he esul s p esen ed in he p e ious
poin . I we unde s and p opensi y o be a ange o de ailed and conc e e ideas o he
u u e, we can assume ha he mo e special elemen a na ional economy has ( ela i ely
s onge sec o o la ge i ms, exac de inable p oblems), he ewe conc e e ideas we e
p esen ed. Whe e he MSME sec o is wide , small business ideas ha e a u u e and he
pa icipan s conside he pe mission and axa ion p ocedu es mo e.
Fo he scope o u u e esea ch, he e a e uni e sal ques ions, in which he adap a-
ion capabili y o educa ion and knowledge managemen ha e signi ican esponsibili y.
How do youngs e s see he u u e o c ea ing business in hei own en i onmen ? I is
a c ucial ques ion in he p esen clima e, whe e mig a ion, economic-epidemic c isis,
globaliza ion and ins abili y a e ho opics. The gene al iewpoin abou he signi i-
can impo ance o knowledge ans e and educa ion is ep esen ed he e as well. This
esea ch concep is only one logic o cha ac e izing en ep eneu ial p opensi y in he
ligh o he en ep eneu ial en i onmen . We should say ha ou sample is o cou se
no a ep esen a i e one. A he same ime, i is a good ool o p e-measu e he en i on-
men al ela ed s a us quo o possible u u e en ep eneu s al eady in educa ion phase.
Th ough his, he iden i ica ion o p io i ies in making businesses can be mo e punc ual
and cus omized.
A limi a ion o he esea ch is ha making a gene al compa ison o he whole soci-
e y would no make sense wi h his concep as he li e a u e also says en ep eneu ial
p opensi y is an in e nal and adi ional (F i sch e al., 2012) phenomenon. This expe -
imen and i s ou comes we e sui able o gi e small insigh in o youngs e s’ mind and
hei ideas, ea s and mo i a ions in he ligh o hei na ional economies, which is a e y
impo an opic especially in hose economies, whe e he oppo uni ies o s ep in o he
ma ke equi es signi ican ly mo e knowledge.
O he limi ing e ec s in his s udy come mainly om he unde s anding o he e m
“en ep eneu ial p opensi y”. A he same ime, his was a equi ed logic o unde -
pin he esea ch. Besides he abo e p esen ed s uc u e, he e a e o he concep ual-
iza ions as well. En ep eneu ial o ien a ion is also a dominan e m, which has e y
simila elemen s, bu ep esen s ano he kind o esea ch logic on he empi ical le el.
Tha ’s why we chose his concep in he posi ioning o he in e p e a ion o en ep e-
neu ial p opensi y. Me hodology ep esen ed in his pape is also sui able in he case
esea ch o people be o e being he posi ion o being an en ep eneu . P opensi y may
can be be e measu ed in he e y i s s ep o he business planning s ages.
Abb e ia ions
BDAC Big Da a Analy ics Capabili ies
EO En ep eneu ial o ien a ion
MSME Mic o, small & medium en e p ises
USA Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
SMEs Small medium sized en e p ises
SWOT S eng h weakness oppo uni y h ea
TAT Thema ic Appe cep ion Tes
GDP G oss Domes ic P oduc
PPP Pu chasing Powe Pa i y
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Czakóe al. Jou nal o Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship (2023) 12:7
Acknowledgemen s
We a e hank ul o se e al pa icipan s o hei commen s on he p esen a ion o p e ious e sions o he pape . We a e
also g a e ul o ep esen a i es o he esea ch. We acknowledge he unding o lec u es in which he da a collec ion was
aking place.
Au ho con ibu ions
KC ga e he heo e ical amewo k and he esea ch p ocess and w o e hese pa s o he pape . SS made he o e all
co ec ions on he pape . CP assis ed he s uden p ojec s and collec ed da a. TV con ibu ed o he o e all analysis and
da a collec ion and imp o ed he amewo k. All au ho s ead and app o ed he inal manusc ip .
Au ho s’ in o ma ion
Ka alin Czako’s esea ch is ocused on local de elopmen and en ep eneu ial ecosys ems. She go he PhD in egional
sciences. She is a p og am manage o scien i ic and eaching p ojec s, such as he doc o al p og am, business adminis-
a ion and ansdisciplina i y and he cen e o coope a ion o highe educa ion and indus y.
Csilla Pols e ’s esea ch examines he bondage o amily businesses o an a ea (S udy on he ole o amily businesses in
s eng hening social capi al, hei embeddedness and epu a ion). Du ing he doc o al p og am, she pa icipa ed as a
young esea che in he esea ch o “The ole o e i o ial Capi al and inno a ion en i onmen in he de elopmen o
egional cen e s in Cen al and Eas e n Eu ope” as well as “The embeddedness o amily SMEs in he egion”.
San i Se yaningsih is a PhD s uden om Depa men o Doc o al School o Regional Science and Business Adminis a-
ion, Széchenyi Is án Uni e si y, Győ , Hunga y. She passed he PhD in he end o Oc obe 2022. She ecei ed he mas-
e ’s om Ins i u e Technology o Bandung, Indonesia. He esea ch in e es is in he a ea o Supply Chain Managemen
(SCM) and Small Medium-sized En e p ises (SMEs).
Tihana Vasic is wo king as a p og am coo dina o a he Doc o al P og am in Business Adminis a ion Sciences a Széche-
nyi Is án Uni e si y, Győ , HUN. She ea ned he bachelo ’s deg ee om he Budapes Business School in 2017. She
comple ed he mas e ’s s udies in Managemen and Leade ship ield in Janua y 2019 a he Széchenyi Is án Uni e si y.
He esea ch in e es s in a b oade sense a e human esou ce managemen , o ganiza ional cul u e and change manage-
men . She s a ed he PhD s udies in 2022.
Funding
Open access unding p o ided by Széchenyi Is án Uni e si y (SZE). Da a collec ion o his pape was suppo ed by
he “S udy in Hunga y p og am” (S ipendium Hunga icum) by g an ing he lec u es and hei con en s o in e na ional
s uden s.
A ailabili y o da a and ma e ials
The da a ha suppo he indings o his s udy a e a ailable om he au ho s, upon easonable eques . Due o he
na u e o he esea ch, some pa s o he da a a e no a ailable as pa icipan s o he s udy did no ag ee o hei da a o
be sha ed publicly.
Decla a ions
Compe ing in e es s
In acco dance wi h ou e hical obliga ion as esea che s, we a e epo ing ha we ha e compe ing in e es . We can
apply o publica ion schola ship wi h he issued a icle which is called by Szechenyi Is an Uni e si y o i s pa ne
ins i u ions a e success ul publica ion. We a e managing and a oiding any po en ial con lic s by in ol ing he a icle in
any inancial in e es s.
Recei ed: 31 Janua y 2022 Accep ed: 20 Feb ua y 2023
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Publishe ’s No e
Sp inge Na u e emains neu al wi h ega d o ju isdic ional claims in published maps and ins i u ional a ilia ions.