Mumuni, Sulemana; Mwimba, Thomas
A icle
Modeling he impac o g een ene gy consump ion and na u al
esou ces en s on economic g ow h in A ica: An analysis o dynamic
panel ARDL and he easible gene alized leas squa es es ima o s
Cogen Economics & Finance
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
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Sugges ed Ci a ion: Mumuni, Sulemana; Mwimba, Thomas (2023) : Modeling he impac o g een
ene gy consump ion and na u al esou ces en s on economic g ow h in A ica: An analysis o
dynamic panel ARDL and he easible gene alized leas squa es es ima o s, Cogen Economics &
Finance, ISSN 2332-2039, Taylo & F ancis, Abingdon, Vol. 11, Iss. 1, pp. 1-22,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23322039.2022.2161774
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Cogen Economics & Finance
ISSN: (P in ) (Online) Jou nal homepage: www. and online.com/jou nals/oae 20
Modeling he impac o g een ene gy consump ion
and na u al esou ces en s on economic g ow h
in A ica: An analysis o dynamic panel ARDL and
he easible gene alized leas squa es es ima o s
Sulemana Mumuni & Thomas Mwimba
To ci e his a icle: Sulemana Mumuni & Thomas Mwimba (2023) Modeling he impac o
g een ene gy consump ion and na u al esou ces en s on economic g ow h in A ica: An
analysis o dynamic panel ARDL and he easible gene alized leas squa es es ima o s, Cogen
Economics & Finance, 11:1, 2161774, DOI: 10.1080/23322039.2022.2161774
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Published online: 28 Dec 2022.
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GENERAL & APPLIED ECONOMICS | RESEARCH ARTICLE
Modeling he impac o g een ene gy
consump ion and na u al esou ces en s on
economic g ow h in A ica: An analysis o
dynamic panel ARDL and he easible gene alized
leas squa es es ima o s
Sulemana Mumuni
1
* and Thomas Mwimba
1
Abs ac : The Uni ed Na ions Sus ainable De elopmen Goals (SDGs) 7, 11, and 12
a e all aimed a ad ancing g een ene gy consump ion in he igh agains he h ee
plane a y c ises acing he wo ld oday: clima e change, biodi e si y loss, and
pollu ion. Besides, A ica has an abundance o na u al esou ces, ye , he con inen
con inues o wi ness slow g ow h and de elopmen compa ed o i s coun e pa s.
The e o e, his s udy, he i s o i s kind, simul aneously assesses he impac o
g een ene gy consump ion and na u al esou ces en s on economic g ow h by
applying he dynamic panel ARDL and he Feasible Gene alized Leas Squa e (FGLS)
es ima o s on da a om 1990 o 2020 o 24 selec ed A ican coun ies. The esul s
show ha g een ene gy consump ion has a sho - un g ow h-limi ing and a long-
un g ow h-enhancing e ec in A ica. Also, CO
2
emissions ha e bo h sho - and
long- un signi ican posi i e impac s on economic g ow h, while ossil uel com-
bus ion nega i ely impac s g ow h bo h in he sho and long un, albei he e ec is
no signi ican in he long un. Simila ly, ega ding A ica’s na u al esou ce en s’
impac on g ow h, he esul s show ha o al na u al esou ce en s a e g ow h-
enhancing in he sho un and g ow h-limi ing in he long un. Addi ionally, bo h
o es and mine al en s ha e a signi ican sho - un nega i e impac on g ow h in
A ica. Howe e , in he long un, only he e ec o mine al en is g ow h-enhancing
al hough gene ally no s a is ically signi ican . These indings p o ide ele an
implica ions o policy shi s o enhance en i onmen al sus ainabili y, achie e sus-
ainable economic g ow h, and ensu e p ope na u al esou ces managemen in
A ica.
Subjec s: Economics; In e na ional Economics; De elopmen Economics; Poli ical Economy;
En i onmen al Economics
Keywo ds: G een ene gy; Na u al esou ce en s; Economic g ow h; SDGs; Panel es ima ion
1. In oduc ion
The con inuous inc ease in a mosphe ic g eenhouse gas emissions due o non enewable ene gy
consump ion has esul ed in h ee plane a y c ises: clima e change, biodi e si y loss, and pollu ion.
Non- enewable ene gy consump ion has u he esul ed in abou 99% o he wo ld’s u ban
popula ion inhaling pollu ed ai (Uni ed Na ions, 2022). Addi ionally, Aydoğan and Va da (2020)
Mumuni & Mwimba, Cogen Economics & Finance (2023), 11: 2161774
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23322039.2022.2161774
Page 1 o 22
Recei ed: 15 Sep embe 2022
Accep ed: 19 Decembe 2022
*Co esponding au ho : Sulemana
Mumuni, Pan A ican Uni e si y
Ins i u e o Go e nance, Humani ies
and Social Sciences, Yaoundé,
Came oon
E-mail: sulemanamumuni47@gmail.
com
Re iewing edi o :
Rosa Ma ia Fe nandez Ma in, Global
Sus ainable De elopmen , Uni e si y
o Wa wick, Co en y Uni ed
Kingdom
Addi ional in o ma ion is a ailable a
he end o he a icle
© 2023 The Au ho (s). This open access a icle is dis ibu ed unde a C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion (CC-BY) 4.0 license.
con end ha he bu ning o ossil uels (usually coal and na u al gas) s imula es economic g ow h,
bu a he same ime poses se ious consequences o ou plane and he educ ion o i s use is i al
o he plane ’s wel a e. Consequen ly, his s udy a gues ha swi ching om he usage o non-
enewable ene gy sou ces o enewable ene gy in de eloping coun ies may mos likely lead o
lowe g ow h and de elopmen in he sho un. Howe e , in he medium- o- he long- e m, i s
impac on g ow h and de elopmen will become posi i e and mo e sus ainable as g eenhouse gas
emissions will diminish.
Mo eo e , acco ding o he (Uni ed Na ions, 2022) Sus ainable De elopmen Goals epo ,
enewable ene gy consump ion has inc eased by a qua e be ween 2010 and 2019. Howe e ,
he o al sha e o enewable ene gy consump ion is only 17.7% o he o al inal ene gy consump-
ion (Uni ed Na ions, 2022). Simila ly, he B i ish Pe oleum (2022) p ojec ed ha he global sha e
o enewable ene gy is expec ed o inc ease om 35% in 2019 o abou 65% by 2050. The
signi icance being placed on enewable ene gy consump ion as a means o an end and no an
end in i sel is a esul o he ipa i e plane a y c ises aced by he wo ld oday. Renewable ene gy
enhances en i onmen al sus ainabili y by lowe ing CO
2
emissions and o he g eenhouse gases in
he a mosphe e (Alola e al., 2022; Ayanlade e al., 2022; Ib ahim e al., 2022; Khan e al., 2022;
Ki ikkaleli & Adebayo, 2022), and his will by a coun e ac ex eme hea ing, global wa ming, and
o he se ious clima ic condi ions h ea ening human su i al and labo p oduc i i y in gene al.
Besides, issues ega ding A ica’s na u al esou ce cu se ha e caused a s i in he g ow h and
de elopmen li e a u e o some ime now and he e is no sign ha i will die ou . A guably, A ica
is es ima ed o house he la ges amoun o he ea h’s na u al esou ces. Fo ins ance, he A ican
con inen has an aquacul u e sec o app oxima ed a USD 24 billion and is home o he second-
la ges opical o es . Addi ionally, 64% o A ica’s land size as ep esen ed is alloca ed o i s 63
in e na ional i e s, which con ain 93% o he o al su ace wa e esou ces. In he mine al sec o ,
he egion accoun s o oughly 30% o all global mine als ese es while oil ese es and na u al
gas s and a 8% and 7% o he wo ld’s ese es, espec i ely (A DB, 2015). Pa adoxically, he
g ow h and employmen elas ici ies o such esou ce abundance a e no hing o w i e home abou
and mos o he con inen ’s economies con inue o expe ience high le els o po e y, ising income
inequali y, low le els o g ow h, and unde de elopmen .
The abundan na u al esou ce and de elopmen pa adox in A ica is widely e e ed o as he
cu se o na u al esou ces (A i & Au y, 2016). The mos common explana ion gi en o his
quagmi e o igina es om he Du ch disease in which i is s a ed ha na ional in eg a ion o
commodi y en s, c ea es ulne abili ies in he economy such as nega i e ade shocks and
dwindling composi ion o non-mining commodi ies adable in GDP (Sachs & Wa ne , 1995). Fo
example, mine als alone accoun o abou 70% o he o al A ican expo s bu hei con ibu ion
o he G oss Domes ic P oduc o he A ican economies is only 28% (A DB, 2015). This is an
indica ion o poo na u al esou ce managemen , om exploi a ion, ex ac ion, ma ke ing, and
en s. Agains his backd op, his s udy explo es he eal impac o A ica’s na u al esou ce en s
on he g ow h o hei economies.
Fu he mo e, p e ious empi ical s udies conduc ed o examine he nexus be ween enewable
ene gy and economic g ow h show mixed and inconclusi e esul s. A ew s udies ound ha
enewable ene gy con ibu es posi i ely and signi ican ly o economic g ow h (see, o example,
Kahia e al., 2019; Magazzino e al., 2022; Pao & Fu, 2013). On he o he hand, Abbasi e al. (2020)
ound a nega i e ela ionship be ween enewable ene gy and economic g ow h. Likewise, Ape gis
e al. (2010) ound no link be ween economic g ow h and enewable ene gy consump ion. In he
same ein, he ela ionship be ween na u al esou ce en and economic g ow h emained mixed
and inclusi e. Fo example, empi ical s udies (Awosusi e al., 2022; Meha e al., 2018) epo ed
a posi i e and s a is ically signi ican ela ionship be ween na u al esou ce en s and economic
g ow h. On he con a y, Adabo e al. (2020) ound a nega i e ela ionship be ween na u al
esou ce en s and economic g ow h.
Mumuni & Mwimba, Cogen Economics & Finance (2023), 11: 2161774
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23322039.2022.2161774
Page 2 o 22
This s udy con ibu es o he exis ing li e a u e by join ly analyzing he impac o g een ene gy
and/o enewable ene gy consump ion and A ica’s na u al esou ce en s on he economic g ow h
o A ican economies. The s udy also con ibu es o he exis ing li e a u e by checking o obus -
ness and accoun ing o c oss-sec ional (and empo al) dependence among he esiduals h ough
he adop ion o he Feasible Gene alized Leas Squa e (FGLS) es ima o . In addi ion, o asce ain
he long- un impac o g een ene gy consump ion and na u al esou ces en s on economic
g ow h in A ica, he s udy u he u ilizes he Dynamic panel Au o eg essi e Dis ibu ed Lag
(ARDL) es ima o s o he Pooled Mean G oup (PMG) and he Mean G oup (MG) es ima o s.
Pesa an and Smi h (1995) posi ed ha in panel da a es ima ion, agg ega ion can lead o biased
es ima es especially when he slope coe icien s a y ac oss he c oss-sec ional uni s. Besides,
Hoechle (2007) pos ula ed ha in en ionally igno ing c oss-sec ional (and empo al) dependence
which mos likely exis s in panel da a es ima ions can lead o spu ious eg ession esul s.
The es o he pape is o ganized as ollows: he second sec ion p o ides a e iew o he ela ed
empi ical backg ound in he g een ene gy- is-à- is-na u al esou ce en s and economic g ow h
nexus. The hi d sec ion discusses he me hods, a iables, and da a sou ces. In addi ion, he ou h
Sec ion discusses he es ima ion echniques, while he i h sec ion p esen s he esul s. Simila ly,
sec ion six ou lines he discussion o esul s, and he las and inal sec ion se en highligh s he
conclusion and policy di ec ions.
2. Li e a u e e iew
This sec ion p esen s he heo e ical ounda ion o he s udy and u he highligh s p e ious
empi ical discussions on g een ene gy, na u al esou ce en s, and economic g ow h nexus bo h
wi hin and ou side A ica.
2.1. Theo e ical e iew
The heo e ical ounda ion unde pinning his s udy es wi hin he ambi o he en i onmen al
Kuzne s cu e, and he Je ons pa adox.
2.1.1. En i onmen al kuzne s cu e hypo hesis
The en i onmen al Kuzne s cu e (EKF) hypo hesis was popula ized by Simon Kuzne s in he 1950s.
Dasgup a e al. (2002) opined ha ini ially, Kuzne s used i o explain he link be ween income
inequali y and de elopmen un il G ossman and K uege modi ied i o explain he link be ween
en i onmen al pollu ion and de elopmen in 1993. The ela ionship be ween en i onmen al deg a-
da ion and pe -capi a income is explained by he shape o an In e ed “U” (Pas en & Figue oa,
2012). EKF links he consump ion o enewable ene gy o economic g ow h in he sense ha
s uc u al changes in he economy’s ea ly s ages o de elopmen pe mi he emission o g een-
house gases in o he a mosphe e. Howe e , a e a ce ain le el o GDP pe capi a, he economy
will adop en i onmen al- iendly echnologies and his will esul in a signi ican educ ion o
g eenhouse gas emissions in he economy. C i ics o he en i onmen al Kuzne s cu e a gue ha i
jus gi es a small pic u e o a mul idimensional p ocess. O e ime, he cu e will go beyond he
maximum poin s o pollu ion, as he ea h will become mo e pollu ed due o he e e -inc easing
in eg a ion among coun ies a ound he wo ld (Dasgup a e al., 2002).
2.1.2. The Je ons pa adox
The Je ons pa adox was p opounded by William S anley Je ons in he 19
h
cen u y in his book
i led he Coal Ques ion. Je ons explici ly s a es ha he e is a posi i e ela ionship be ween coal
consump ion, ossil ene gy esou ces, and inc eased e iciency (Polimeni, 2007). The Je ons pa a-
dox p esupposes ha echnological imp o emen s will lead o imp o ed e iciency o he esou ce
being used and mo e and mo e uni s o he esou ce will be used. Fu he mo e, en i onmen al
impac , popula ion, and echnical p og ess a e di ec ly p opo ional o he consump ion o na u al
esou ces. This heo y links he consump ion o ene gy and na u al esou ces o economic g ow h
in he sense ha , inc eased e iciency pa adoxically leads o inc eased o e all ene gy consump ion
and in u n c ea es an economic boom (Je Da dozzi, 2020). The e o e, he Je ons pa adox has
Mumuni & Mwimba, Cogen Economics & Finance (2023), 11: 2161774
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Page 3 o 22

impo an implica ions, no only o ene gy consump ion bu also o he consump ion o na u al
esou ces.
2.2. Empi ical e iew
In his sec ion, we p esen a e iew o pas empi ical li e a u e in he domain o g een ene gy
consump ion, na u al esou ce en s, and economic g ow h nexus.
2.2.1. Renewable ene gy consump ion and economic g ow h
The ela ionship be ween enewable ene gy consump ion and economic g ow h comes wi h mixed
esul s and submissions. Fo ins ance, Pea son (2021) examines he impac o enewable ene gy
consump ion on economic g ow h in C oa ia using ime se ies da a om 1996 o 2011. The s udy
employed he Au o eg essi e Dis ibu ed Lag (ARDL) model and demons a ed ha enewable
ene gy consump ion posi i ely impac s economic g ow h in bo h he sho and long un. In
a ela ed s udy, Qud a -Ullah and Ne o (2021) using panel da a, o 37 A ican coun ies, and
employing he sys em Gene alized Me hod o Momen s (GMM) ound ha enewable ene gy
adop ion and de elopmen will lead o an inc ease in economic g ow h in A ica, bo h in he
long and sho un. On he con a y, Dogan and Oz u k (2017) examined he impac o eal income
(GDP), enewable ene gy consump ion, and non- enewable ene gy consump ion on ca bon dioxide
(CO2) emissions o he Uni ed S a es o Ame ica (USA) in he en i onmen al Kuzne s cu e (EKC)
model o he pe iod 1980 o 2014 employing Au o eg essi e Dis ibu ed Lag (ARDL) model. The
indings e eal ha in he p esence o a s uc u al b eak, CO2 emissions, eal income, quad a ic
eal income, and enewable and non- enewable ene gy consump ion a e in eg a ed. Fu he ,
esul s om long- un es ima es indica e ha inc eases in enewable ene gy consump ion mi iga e
en i onmen al deg ada ion, whe eas inc eases in non- enewable ene gy consump ion con ibu e
o CO
2
emissions. In addi ion, he EKC hypo hesis was ound no o be alid o he USA.
Mo eo e , Maji e al. (2019) conduc ed a s udy using a sample o 15 Wes A ican coun ies and
u ilizing he panel Dynamic O dina y Leas Squa es (DOLS) on da a be ween 1995 and 2014. The
indings show ha enewable ene gy consump ion educes economic g ow h in Wes A ican
coun ies. Simila ly, Maji (2015) using he Au o eg essi e Dis ibu ed Lag (ARDL) model on da a
om 1971 o 2011 in Nige ia epo ed a signi ican nega i e ela ionship be ween wo indica o s o
clean ene gy (al e na i e nuclea ene gy and elec ic powe consump ion) and economic g ow h.
On he con a y, Ri i e al. (2022) ca ied ou a simila s udy in a panel se ing in sub-Saha an A ica
by applying he Au o eg essi e Dis ibu ed Lag (ARDL) model o da a om 1990 o 2018. The s udy
e eals ha he e exis s a posi i e and s a is ically signi ican ela ionship be ween enewable
ene gy consump ion and economic g ow h in he long un. In he same ein, Ri i e al. (2022)
u he show ha he en i onmen al pilla o sus ainabili y esul s show ha eal GDP and eal
g oss- ixed capi al o ma ion exe posi i e and signi ican impac s on emissions o g eenhouse
gasses (GHG) while enewable ene gy exe s a nega i e and signi ican impac on emissions
o GHG.
Las bu no leas , Ape gis and Payne (2012) documen ed he elec ici y consump ion nexus in
Cen al Ame ica wi hin a panel e o co ec ion model amewo k. The indings indica e a long- un
equilib ium ela ionship be ween eal g oss domes ic p oduc , enewable elec ici y consump ion,
non- enewable elec ici y consump ion, eal g oss- ixed capi al o ma ion, and he labo o ce.
Addi ionally, excep o enewable elec ici y consump ion, he espec i e long- un coe icien
es ima es we e ound o be posi i e and s a is ically signi ican . Also, he panel e o co ec ion
model esul s show a unidi ec ional causali y om enewable elec ici y consump ion o economic
g ow h in he sho - un, bu bidi ec ional causali y in he long un. The esul s u he indica e
bidi ec ional causali y be ween non- enewable elec ici y consump ion and economic g ow h in
bo h he sho and long un.
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2.3. Non- enewable ene gy consump ion and economic g ow h
The nexus be ween non- enewable ene gy consump ion and economic g ow h comes as mixed
and emains inconclusi e. Fo example, Bo han e al. (2012) in es iga e he impac o Co
2
on
economic g ow h in 8 ASEAN coun ies be ween 1965 and 2010. The s udy used h ee equa ions
simul aneous models wi h he pollu ion indica o as emissions CO
2
. The indings e eal ha he
En i onmen al Kuzne s Cu e ela ionship was ound. I ano ski e al. (2021) also examined he link
be ween enewable ene gy consump ion, non- enewable ene gy consump ion, and economic
g ow h by applying he Leas Squa es Dummy Va iable es ima ion (LSDV) me hod on da a om
1990 o 2015 ac oss a panel comp ising OECD and non-OECD coun ies. The indings show ha
non- enewable ene gy consump ion exe s a posi i e and s a is ically signi ican impac on eco-
nomic g ow h ac oss OECD na ions. Howe e , he con ibu ion o enewable ene gy consump ion
o economic g ow h is s a is ically no signi ican in hese coun ies o mos o he s udy.
In addi ion o he abo e, B ooks (2011) analyzes he nexus be ween economic de elopmen and
ca bon dioxide emissions using global panel da a. The indings indica ed ha he e is a diminishing
ma ginal p opensi y o emi (MPE) ca bon dioxide as GDP pe capi a ises. The s udy con ended
ha global ca bon dioxide emissions g ow h is no sensi i e o a e age ou pu g ow h. Howe e ,
he s udy ound ha ou pu and popula ion g ow h s imula e CO
2
emissions in lowe -income
na ions and he p opensi y o emi is high (high MPEs).
Simila ly, Mikayilo e al. (2018) examined he link be ween economic g ow h and CO
2
emissions
in Aze baijan. The s udy employed he coin eg a ion analysis o da a o e he pe iod 1992–2013.
The esul s om he di e en coin eg a ion me hods we e consis en wi h each o he and show
ha economic g ow h has a posi i e and s a is ically signi ican impac on CO
2
emissions, in he
long un, implying ha he En i onmen al Kuzne s cu e hypo hesis does no hold o Aze baijan.
In a ela ed s udy, Sannassee, (2015) in es iga ed he nexus be ween Mau i ius’s ca bon emis-
sions and economic g ow h by es ima ing he En i onmen al Kuzne s Cu e (EKC) o he pe iod
1975–2009. The esul s o he s udy demons a ed ha he ca bon dioxide emissions ajec o y is
closely ela ed o he GDP ime pa h. Fu he mo e, he esul s show ha emissions elas ici y o
income g ow h has been inc easing o e ime and ailed o p o e he exis ence o a easonable
u ning poin . Thus, no EKC “U” shape was ob ained. Las ly, Chen and Huang (2013) conduc ed
a s udy o assess he ela ionship be ween ca bon dioxide (CO
2
) emission pe capi a and economic
g ow h o N-11 coun ies be ween 1981 and 2009. The s udy adop ed he coin eg a ion app oach
in a he e ogeneous panel. Resul s om he s udy e i ied ha he e is a posi i e long- un ela ion-
ship be ween CO
2
emissions, Elec ic powe consump ion, Ene gy use, and GDP. Likewise, hey
show ha he e exis s bi-di ec ional causali y be ween CO
2
emission and elec ic powe
consump ion.
2.4. Na u al esou ce en s and economic g ow h
The ela ionship be ween enewable ene gy and economic g ow h in he empi ical li e a u e also
e ealed mixed and inconclusi e esul s. Adabo e al. (2020) examined he e ec o oil and gas
esou ce en on he economic g ow h o Ghana be ween 2007 and 2019 by using he
Au o eg essi e Dis ibu ed Lag (ARDL) ime se ies econome ic model. The indings show ha oil
esou ce en had a nega i e and s a is ically signi ican ela ionship wi h he economic g ow h o
Ghana. Howe e , gas esou ce en was ound o ha e a posi i e impac on he economic g ow h o
Ghana.
In a simila s udy, Mohamed (2020) analyzed he link be ween na u al esou ce en s, human
de elopmen , and economic g ow h in Sudan by applying he coin eg a ion and ec o e o
co ec ion modeling (VECM) o da a be ween 1970 and 2015. The esul s con i m he exis ence
o a long- un equilib ium ela ionship be ween na u al esou ce en s, human de elopmen , and
economic g ow h in Sudan. Addi ionally, he esul s om he VECM show ha economic g ow h is
posi i ely a ec ed by na u al esou ce en s and de elopmen expendi u e. Howe e , i was ound
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o be nega i ely a ec ed by li e expec ancy a bi h in he sho un. Also, na u al esou ce en s,
school en olmen , li e expec ancy, and inancial de elopmen we e obse ed o be in e sely
ela ed o economic g ow h.
Fu he mo e, Meha e al. (2018) examined he nexus be ween o al na u al esou ces en and
economic g ow h in Pakis an and India be ween 1970 and 2017. The s udy employed coin eg a-
ion and VECM o he es ima ions. The s udy obse ed ha o al na u al esou ces en s ha e
a posi i e and s a is ically signi ican e ec on Pakis an’s and India’s GDP pe capi a. The esul s
om he coin eg a ion analysis depic ed ha he e a e wo co-in eg a ed equa ions o he
ela ionship be ween he a iables.
Mo eo e , O o i e al. (2021) es ablished a link be ween oil en luc ua ions and emi ances
ecei ed in he economy o a sample o 43 sub-Saha an A ican (SSA) coun ies be ween 1990 and
2017. They used he Pooled O dina y Leas Squa es, he Fixed E ec s, he Random E ec s, and he
Gene alized Me hod o Momen s. The s udy ound ha o es en exe s a posi i e impac on
economic g ow h whils oil en and na u al gas en hu economic g ow h. Likewise, a posi i e
ma ginal and ne e ec on economic g ow h om he in e ac ion be ween emi ances and oil
en was obse ed.
Besides, Elbadawi and So o (2016) analyzed he impac o oil en s and poli ical go e nance on
economic g ow h in oil- ich coun ies. The s udy uses he coin eg a ion and ec o e o -co ec ion
mechanisms and ound ha oil- ich coun ies wi h low le els o go e nance sco es a e likely o
expe ience he cu se, while hose wi h high enough le els may u n esou ce en s in o a d i e o
g ow h. The s udy u he indica ed ha coun ies wi h high sco es on only one dimension may
a oid he cu se bu a e no likely o e ec i ely use esou ce en s o p omo e g ow h.
Ousama e al. (2021) examined he causal ela ionship be ween o al na u al esou ce en s and
economic g ow h in a sample o op esou ce-abundan coun ies o e he pe iod 1970–2013. The
s udy used he Pooled Mean G oup (PMG) es ima o o he analysis. E idence om he s udy
suppo s he exis ence o he na u al esou ce blessed hypo hesis in he long un, while no such
e idence is con i med in he sho un. Simila ly, D amani e al. (2022), in es iga ed he h eshold
e ec s o na u al esou ce dependence on economic g ow h in sub-Saha an A ica (SSA) using
bo h agg ega e and disagg ega e da a om 1990 o 2019 by employing a h eshold e ec model.
Thei indings show a double h eshold e ec o na u al esou ce en on economic g ow h. Thus,
below 6% o GDP, agg ega e na u al esou ce en exe s a signi ican nega i e e ec on economic
g ow h. Howe e , as he en s inc ease abo e 6% o abou 15% o GDP i s nega i e e ec on
economic g ow h signi ican ly educes. In addi ion, beyond 15% o GDP, o al na u al esou ce en
exhibi s a subs an ial signi ican posi i e impac on economic g ow h. Fu he mo e, he esul s
indica e ha o es en s exhibi a s ong weigh y ad e se e ec on economic g ow h a all le els
o h esholds, bu he nega i e e ec s o mine al en s become posi i e beyond 15% o GDP.
In a ela ed s udy, Tang, Ma, e al (2022) examined he inancial esou ce cu se hypo hesis by
sc u inizing he linkages be ween inancial de elopmen and na u al esou ces en om 1984 o
2018. Empi ical esul s alida e he inancial esou ce cu se hypo hesis. Mo eo e , he esul s
sugges ha business egula ions s imula e inancial de elopmen and neu alize he nega i e
e ec s o na u al esou ces on inancial de elopmen . Simila ly, Muhamed e al. (2021) employed
he quan ile-on-quan ile eg ession in he op i e selec ed Asian economies which ha e he mos
na u al esou ces in he egion. The indings e eal ha na u al esou ces ha e a posi i e and
signi ican impac on economic g ow h in all coun ies, excep India. The indings, hus, con i m
ha he e ec o na u al esou ces on economic g ow h is nega i e and signi ican in he Indian
economy.
Mo eo e , Ch is a (2008) u ilizes bo h OLS and 2SLS eg essions o in es iga e he e ec s o na u al
esou ce abundance on economic g ow h using new measu es o esou ce endowmen and
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conside ing he ole o ins i u ional quali y. The indings indica e a di ec posi i e ela ionship be ween
na u al esou ce abundance and economic g ow h he posi i e esou ce e ec s a e pa icula ly s ong
o sub-soil weal h. Fu he mo e, no e idence o nega i e indi ec e ec s o na u al esou ces h ough
he ins i u ional channel is ound. Finally, Sha ma and Pa ama i (2022), in es iga ed he associa ion
be ween na u al capi al and economic de elopmen using panel da a comp ising a la ge numbe o
coun ies ac oss he wo ld o he pe iod 1995–2018 u ilizing he GMM es ima ion echnique. The
s udy ejec s he esou ce cu se hypo hesis and suppo s he esou ce blessing hypo hesis.
Gi en he e iew o he exis ing li e a u e on g een ene gy consump ion, and na u al esou ce en s
is-à- is economic g ow h nexus, he cu en s udy con ibu es o he li e a u e by simul aneously
analyzing he impac s o he wo impo an concep s on economic g ow h by using disagg ega ed
da a on bo h concep s o check o he obus ness o he esul s o ele an policy pe spec i es. The
s udy also con ibu es o he exis ing li e a u e by accoun ing o c oss-sec ion (and empo al)
dependence h ough he applica ion o he Feasible Gene alized Leas Squa es (FGLS) es ima o .
3. Me hods, a iables, and da a sou ces
This s udy employs he Dynamic Au o eg essi e Dis ibu ed Lag (ARDL) panel models o he Pooled
Mean G oup (PMG) and he Mean G oup (MG) es ima o s oge he wi h he Feasible Gene alized
Leas Squa e (FGLS) es ima o on da a spanning he pe iod 1990–2020 o 24 selec ed A ican
coun ies o in es iga e he impac o g een ene gy ( enewable ene gy) usage and A ica’s na u al
esou ce en s on economic g ow h. The dependen a iable in his s udy is he G oss Domes ic
P oduc o he a ious coun ies. The p ima y independen a iables on he o he hand include
g een ene gy consump ion and A ica’s na u al esou ce en s.
The g oss domes ic p oduc (GDP) has been a s anda d measu e o economic g ow h, and highe
GDP can be achie ed h ough inc easing p oduc ion, indus ializa ion, and manu ac u ing sec o s.
This p esupposes ha inc eased economic ac i i ies a e associa ed wi h g ea e usage o ene gy
and e en ually highe pollu ion o he en i onmen h ough CO
2
emissions esul ing om he
consump ion o non enewable ene gy sou ces (Bo han e al., 2012). The e o e, we used CO
2
emissions and ossil uel combus ions as p oxy a iables o non enewable ene gy consump ion,
and we expec hei e ec s on g ow h o ei he be posi i e o nega i e since hey a e ha m ul o
human heal h and su i al. Renewable ene gy sou ces such as sola , biomass, wind, geo he mal,
and hyd opowe a e essen ial o en i onmen al sus ainabili y as hey a e capable o educing he
amoun o CO
2
emissions and o he g eenhouse gasses which a e esponsible o global wa ming,
sea le el ise, and o he ex eme clima ic condi ions (N. Ape gis & Payne, 2012; Ri i e al., 2022).
Hence, we used enewable ene gy p oxy o g een ene gy and we expec i o ha e a sho - un
nega i e and a long- un posi i e impac on g ow h.
Addi ionally, na u al esou ce en s such as mine al en s, o es en s, and o al na u al
esou ce en s make signi ican con ibu ions o he g oss domes ic p oduc (Meha e al., 2018).
A p io i, we expec he impac o na u al esou ce en s on g ow h o be posi i e. The con ol
a iables used in his s udy a e g oss ixed capi al o ma ion, in la ion, and ade openness. These
a iables a e included o ake ca e o hei con ounding e ec s on g ow h in A ica. We expec
ade openness and g oss ixed capi al o ma ion o ha e a posi i e impac on g ow h while
in la ion is expec ed o ei he s imula e o hu economic g ow h.
Table 1 gi es he summa y o all he a iables, hei da a sou ces, and hei expec ed signs wi h
economic g ow h in A ica. Simila ly, all he coun ies selec ed o his s udy a e lis ed in Table 7.
4. Techniques o es ima ions
The p ima y objec i es o his s udy a e o in es iga e he impac o g een ene gy usage and A ica’s
na u al esou ce en s on economic g ow h. As such, he cu en s udy ca e ully selec s he h ee
es ima ion echniques based on hei ele ance o he s udy’s objec i es and hei peculia cha ac-
e is ics. The Dynamic Au o eg essi e Dis ibu ed Lag (ARDL) panel models o he Pooled Mean G oup
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economic g ow h in A ica. Thus, a nega i e and s a is ically signi ican e ec unde he FGLS
es ima ion and a posi i e bu s a is ically insigni ican e ec unde he PMG es ima ion. Besides,
in la ion (INFL) and ade openness (T ade) a e ound o ha e a sho - un s a is ically signi ican
nega i e impac on economic g ow h in A ica unde bo h es ima ions. Likewise, g oss ixed capi al
o ma ion (GFCF) has sho - un posi i e e ec s on economic g ow h in A ica, e en hough he
e ec is gene ally no s a is ically signi ican .
P esen ing he esul s om he long- un pe spec i es, we ound e idence o long- un ela ion-
ships among he a iables as he ETC (−0.1041457) is g ea e han −2. Howe e , he esul s
indica e ha o es en s (FR) and o al na u al esou ce en s (TNR) impac nega i ely on he
Table 5. PMG and FGLS esul s o g een ene gy and economic g ow h
(1) (2)
VARIABLES PMG Es ima es FGLS Es ima es
Sho Run
ETC −0.0402***
(0.0139)
D.REC −0.0386 −0.00629*
(0.0348) (0.00355)
D.CO2 0.280 0.151***
(0.324) (0.0501)
D.FEC −0.0219 0.00593*
(0.0161) (0.00327)
D.GFCF 0.00114 0.000407
(0.00298) (0.00171)
D.INFL −0.00443*** −1.39e-05**
(0.00121) (6.30e-06)
D.TRADE −0.00471*** −0.00580***
(0.00142) (0.000866)
Cons an 0.562*** 23.98***
(0.183) (0.350)
Long Run
REC 0.121**
(0.0580)
CO2 0.841***
(0.300)
FEC −0.0295
(0.0390)
GFCF 0.101***
(0.0188)
INFL −0.000149
(0.000108)
TRADE 0.0139**
(0.00681)
Obse a ions 720 744
Numbe o coun ies 24
S anda d e o s in pa en heses
*** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1
Sou ce: Resea che ’s Calcula ions h ough STATA 17
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Table 6. PMG and FGLS esul s o na u al esou ce en s and economic g ow h
(1) (2)
VARIABLES MG Es ima es FGLS Es ima es
Sho -Run
ETC −0.1041457***
(0.0302)
D.FR −1.161554** −0.0579***
(0.4957) (0.00481)
D.MR 0.8675665 −0.0103**
(1.9153) (0.00495)
D.TNR 0.7603607* 0.00956***
(0.4247) (0.00191)
D.GFCF 0.0046576 0.00226
(0.0038) (0.00173)
D.INFL −0.0032029** −1.47e-05**
(0.00128) (6.08e-06)
D.TRADE −0.0077763*** −0.00491***
(0.00183) (0.000875)
Cons an 2.407389*** 24.06***
(0.7353) (0.100)
Long-Run
FR −1.832447
(4.7523)
MR 4.990064
(4.3512)
TNR −2.382715
(1.7449)
GFCF 0.1206891
(0.1293)
INFL −0.3966344
(0.3969)
T ade 0.1241572
(0.1236)
Obse a ions 720 744
Numbe o coun ies 24
S anda d e o s in pa en heses
*** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1
Sou ce: Resea che ’s Calcula ions h ough STATA 17
Table 7. Lis o coun ies selec ed o his s udy
Alge ia, Angola, Benin, Came oon, Democ a ic Republic o Congo, Congo Republic, Co e d’I oi e, Egyp , Gabon,
Ghana, Kenya, Mau i ius, Mo occo, Mozambique, Namibia, Nige ia, Senegal, Sou h A ica, Sudan, Tanzania,
Togo, Tunisia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
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economic g ow h o A ican coun ies o e he long un, albei he e ec s a e gene ally no
s a is ically signi ican . Also, he e ec s o mine al en s (MR) on economic g ow h in A ica a e
posi i e, hough i is gene ally no signi ican . Mo ing u he , ade openness (T ade) and g oss
ixed capi al o ma ion (GFCF) a e ound o ha e a long- un posi i e e ec on economic g ow h in
A ica, while he e ec o in la ion (INFL) is nega i e, hough hese e ec s a e no s a is ically
signi ican when es ima ed wi h A ica’s na u al esou ce en s.
6. Discussion o esul s
The ad ancemen and ad ocacy o he usage o g een ene gy occupy he hea o g ow h and
de elopmen schola ship oday. This is mainly because o he h ee plane a y c ises aced by he
wo ld oday: clima e change, biodi e si y loss, and pollu ion. Likewise, wha is so-called “A ica’s
esou ce cu se” has also spa ked se e e con o e sies in he g ow h and de elopmen li e a u e.
This s udy, he i s o i s kind, join ly assesses he impac s o g een ene gy and A ica’s na u al
esou ce en s on economic g ow h in A ica.
The esul s acquiescen ly show ha enewable ene gy consump ion has a s a is ically signi ican
sho - un nega i e and long- un posi i e impac on economic g ow h in A ica. The nega i e sho -
un ela ionship be ween enewable ene gy and economic g ow h in A ica comes as no su p ise as
shi ing o he usage o enewable ene gy sou ces o indus ial p oduc ion and o he economic
ac i i ies will ake qui e a long ime o hese coun ies o co e he losses in p oduc ion. I is no
su p ising, howe e , ha i posi i ely and s a is ically signi ican ly impac ed economic g ow h in
he long un in A ica. The long- un posi i e impac o enewable ene gy consump ion on economic
g ow h is mo e sus ainable as he emissions o g eenhouse gases in o he a mosphe e will be
educed. The educ ion in g eenhouse gas emissions will go a long way o help comba he cu en
h ee plane a y c ises as al eady men ioned abo e and hei disas ous e ec s on bo h plan s and
animals. The esul s o his cu en s udy co obo a e wi h p e ious s udies (Pea son, 2021; Qud a -
Ullah & Ne o, 2021; Ri i e al., 2022) in which enewable ene gy consump ion was ound o ha e
a long- un posi i e impac on economic g ow h in C oa ia, A ica, and sub-Saha an A ica, espec-
i ely. Howe e , hei sho - un esul s con adic he cu en s udy. Likewise, he sho - un nega-
i e impac o enewable ene gy on g ow h in his s udy is in ag eemen wi h he esul s o he
s udy by Maji (2015) on he e ec s o enewable on economic g ow h in Wes A ica.
Fu he mo e, ca bon dioxide (CO
2
) emissions exe bo h sho and long- un posi i e and s a is-
ically signi ican impac s on economic g ow h in A ica. These indings a e easonable in ha
highe p oduc ion co ela es wi h highe emissions o g eenhouse gases in o he a mosphe e as
mos o he ene gy sou ces in A ica come om non enewable sou ces. Howe e , he posi i e sho
and long- un impac s o CO
2
emissions on economic g ow h in A ica a e no sus ainable as i
wo sens he h ee plane a y c ises al eady demons a ed in his s udy. Aydoğan and Va da (2020)
a gued ha he bu ning o ossil uels (usually coal and na u al gas) s imula es economic g ow h
bu i poses se ious consequences o ou plane and he educ ion o i s use is i al o he plane ’s
wel a e. Simila ly, he indings indica e ha ossil uel ene gy combus ion (FEC) has a sho - un
signi ican posi i e impac and a long- un insigni ican nega i e impac on economic g ow h in
A ica. The esul s o his s udy conco d wi h he indings o p e ious s udies (Bo han e al., 2012;
Chen & Huang, 2013; I ano ski e al., 2021; Sannassee, 2015). Howe e , Mikayilo e al. (2018)
ound no long- un ela ionship be ween CO
2
emissions and economic g ow h in Aze baijan. The
indings o his s udy u he e ealed ha he En i onmen al Kuzne s Hypo hesis does no hold o
A ica as highe emissions s imula e g ow h in A ica o e he long un.
In e ms o A ica’s na u al esou ce en s’ impac on g ow h, we ound e idence o he so-called
“na u al esou ce cu se” in A ica. The indings om Table 6 con incingly show ha o es en s (FR)
and mine al en s (MR) ha e a sho - un s a is ically signi ican nega i e impac and long- un
s a is ically insigni ican e ec s o es en s on g ow h, while mine al en s posi i ely impac eco-
nomic g ow h in A ica, albei he e ec is gene ally no s a is ically signi ican . Howe e , o al na u al
esou ce en s (TNR) ha e s a is ically signi ican sho - un posi i e g ow h e ec s and s a is ically
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insigni ican nega i e long- un g ow h e ec s in A ica. This could a guably be due o poo na u al
esou ce go e nance in A ica in e ms o he en i e alue chain o na u al esou ces: exploi a ion,
ex ac ion, ma ke ing, and en s. Due o he poo na u al esou ce go e nance in A ica, he po en ial
g ow h and employmen elas ici ies o he luxu ious na u al esou ces a e los . A ica’s esou ces a e
being con olled and go e ned by o eign companies who ex ac and epa ia e illions o dolla s in
ax ha ens, ade misin oicing, un ai ax deals, and o he illici inancial lows. Acco ding o a epo
by Wa on Wan (2016) abou 101 companies lis ed on he London S ock Exchange (LSE)—mos o
hem B i ish, ha e mining ope a ions in 37 sub-Saha an A ican coun ies. The epo indica ed ha
hese companies collec i ely con ol o e $1 illion wo h o A ica’s mos aluable esou ces. In he
same ein, Hones Accoun s (2017), and Wa on Wan (2016) demons a ed ha an app oxima ed
amoun o $41 billion is ex ac ed each yea ou o A ica, mainly in he o m o epa ia ion o p o i s
by o eign companies, ax dodging, and he cos s o adap ing o clima e change. How can any
con inen , coun y, o egion be p ospe ous wi h such s a is ics? A ica needs o p ope ly manage
and owns i s esou ces should he con inen wan o eap he g ow h and employmen elas ici ies o
i s abundan esou ces. The long- un nega i e ela ionship be ween A ica’s na u al esou ce en s
and economic g ow h con i ms he indings o pas empi ical s udies (D amani e al., 2022; Mohamed,
2020; S. Tang e al., 2022) in which o al na u al esou ce en was ound o ha e a signi ican
nega i e impac on economic g ow h and inancial de elopmen . On he con a y, s udies by (Ch is a,
2008; Muhamed e al., 2021; Sha ma & Pa ama i, 2022) ound no e idence o he esou ce cu se
hypo hesis; howe e , hei s udies we e mo e gene al and limi ed o hose egions in which he
s udies we e conduc ed. In he same ein, Ousama e al. (2021) using op-na u al esou ce-abundan
coun ies ound e idence o he esou ce cu se hypo hesis in he sho un, while no such hypo hesis
was ound in he long un. Simila ly, he nega i e impac o o es and mine al en s on economic
g ow h ound in his s udy ea i ms he indings o he s udy by D amani e al. (2022) in which i was
obse ed ha o es en s exhibi a nega i e and s a is ically signi ican e ec on economic g ow h in
sub-Saha an A ica a all h eshold le els, while he nega i e e ec s o mine al en s anish beyond
a h eshold o 15% o GDP.
Apa om g een ene gy and A ica’s na u al esou ce is-a- is economic g ow h nexus, he
cu en s udy also in es iga es he impac o ade openness (T ade), g oss ixed capi al o ma-
ion (GFCF), and in la ion (INFL) on economic g ow h in A ica. The esul s easonably show ha
ade openness and in la ion ha e sho - un s a is ically signi ican nega i e impac s on eco-
nomic g ow h in A ica. Howe e , he impac o ade openness on g ow h is posi i e and
s a is ically signi ican o e he long un, while he e ec o in la ion is s ill nega i e hough
no s a is ically signi ican . The nega i e sho - and long- un ela ionship be ween in la ion and
economic g ow h in A ica indica es ha highe in la ion a es a e de imen al o he g ow h o
he A ican economies as i dis o s he p ice sys em and aises he cos s o li ing o he
a e age consume . This inding is in andem wi h he s udies by (Bu dekin e al., 2004; Gyl ason
& He be sson, 2001; López-Villa icencio & Mignon, 2011; Sa el, 1996) in which in la ion is ound
o hu economic g ow h beyond a ce ain h eshold in de eloping coun ies. Besides, he
indings imply ha ade openness ini ially wo sens economic g ow h in A ica due o signi ican
ax cu s and subsidies, howe e , i la e ac s as a s imulan o g ow h and de elopmen in
A ica o e he long un. This inding p o ides empi ical e idence ha he A ican Con inen al
F ee T ade A ea (A CFTA) may be a good s ep owa d e i alizing he g ow h and employmen
p ospec o he A ican con inen o e he long un. These indings co obo a e he esul s o
p e ious s udies (Dolla & K aay, 2001; Mumuni & B aimah Abille, 2022; Wo ld Bank, 2005) in
which i is ound ha ade openness ca alyzed long- un economic g ow h and income inequal-
i y educ ion. Las ly, he esul s depic ha g oss ixed capi al o ma ion has a sho - un
insigni ican posi i e and long- un signi ican posi i e impac on economic g ow h in A ica.
The implica ion is ha domes ic in es men is necessa y o he o e haul g ow h and de elop-
men o he A ican con inen . The esul s, he e o e, con o m wi h he indings o pas empi ical
s udies (E okakpan e al., 2020; Li e al., 2022; Suwanda u e al., 2021; Zaman e al., 2021).
Mumuni & Mwimba, Cogen Economics & Finance (2023), 11: 2161774
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23322039.2022.2161774
Page 17 o 22
7. Conclusion and policy ecommenda ions
This s udy employs wo di e en es ima ion echniques ( he FGLS and he dynamic panel ARDL
models o he PMG and MG) es ima o s o assess he impac o g een ene gy and A ica’s na u al
esou ce en s on economic g ow h in he con inen . The indings e ealed ha g een ene gy
ini ially wo sens economic g ow h in A ica and la e ac s as a p ecu so o g ow h o e he long
un. On he o he hand, ca bon dioxide (CO
2
) emissions s imula e economic g ow h in A ica o e
he sho and long un, while ossil uel ene gy combus ion s imula es economic g ow h in he
sho un and has nega i e long- un e ec s on economic g ow h in A ica. Addi ionally, he s udy
ound e idence o A ica’s na u al esou ce cu se as he indings e eal ha mine al and o es
en s ha e signi ican sho - un nega i e impac s on economic g ow h, albei he e ec s a e
gene ally no signi ican in he long un. Simila ly, o al na u al esou ce en s in A ica ha e
s a is ically signi ican sho - un posi i e and long- un s a is ically insigni ican nega i e impac s
on economic g ow h.
Based on hese indings, we p oposed he ollowing ecommenda ions o a be e policy
pe spec i e in A ica owa d achie ing he Uni ed Na ions Sus ainable De elopmen Goals.
(1) The s udy p oposes ha A ican go e nmen s need o encou age he p oduc ion and usage
o enewable ene gies such as geo he mal, hyd opowe , wind, and sola , among o he s o
bo h domes ic and indus ial p oduc ion. This will help o educe he amoun o CO2
emissions, a key g eenhouse gas esponsible o mo e han 70% o global emissions causing
global wa ming and o he clima ic unce ain ies. This policy ini ia i e will also help o ensu e
cleane and g eene ai and enhance en i onmen al sus ainabili y and economic g ow h in
gene al;
(2) Expo di e si ica ion and g een echnology indus ializa ion should be he hallma k o
A ican go e nmen s. G een echnology indus ializa ion is necessa y o os e expo di e -
si ica ion while main aining ecological sus ainabili y. This will help A ican go e nmen s o
ge he mos ou o hei innume able na u al esou ces, mos ly expo ed in hei aw o ms
and command lowe p ices a he wo ld ma ke . A ica’s esou ces a e usually expo ed
unp ocessed and as such exposed o p ice ins abili ies and un a o able e ms o ade;
(3) The s udy u he ecommends ha A ican go e nmen s need o collabo a i ely c ea e
independen and s ong ins i u ions o moni o and e ec i ely manage hei abundan
and luxu ious na u al esou ces. T anspa ency and Accoun abili y a e pa amoun in he
en i e alue chain o na u al esou ces and o ensu e ha A ica’s na u al esou ces en s
a e linked o hei g ow h and employmen elas ici ies. Independen and s ong ins i u ions
ac oss he globe need o also suppo A ican go e nmen s in imposing ax obliga ions and
oyal y a es on he esou ces ex ac ed by o eign companies;
(4) The global shadow banking sys em which p omo es illici inancial ac i i ies and co po a e
ax e asion ia sec ecy laws, ax ha ens, and shell co po a ions mus be des oyed. Thus,
he e should be a e amp o he global ax ules;
(5) Las ly, aming in la ion, s eng hening go e nmen s’ commi men s o he A CFTA, encou a-
ging domes ic in es men , and/o de eloping mo e physical in as uc u e a e e ec i e ways
o p omo e g ow h and de elopmen in A ica o e he long un.
8. Limi a ions o he s udy
The indings o his s udy a e limi ed o he selec ed A ican coun ies and/o A ica as a whole. The
esul s may no apply o o he pa s o he globe. The e o e, ca e should be aken when using
hese indings o policy di ec ions in o he egions o he wo ld.
9. Sugges ed a eas o u he esea ch
Fu u e esea che s can explo e he modula ion o media ion e ec o go e nance, ins i u ional
quali y, o human capi al de elopmen in he causal ela ionship be ween g een ene gy consump-
ion, na u al esou ce en s, and economic g ow h dynamics.
Mumuni & Mwimba, Cogen Economics & Finance (2023), 11: 2161774
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23322039.2022.2161774
Page 18 o 22
Funding
The au ho s ecei ed no di ec unding o his esea ch.
Au ho de ails
Sulemana Mumuni
1
E-mail: [email p o ec ed]
ORCID ID: h p://o cid.o g/0000-0002-9452-0909
Thomas Mwimba
1
ORCID ID: h p://o cid.o g/0000-0002-8817-160X
1
Pan A ican Uni e si y Ins i u e o Go e nance,
Humani ies and Social Sciences, Yaoundé, Came oon.
Disclosu e s a emen
No po en ial con lic o in e es was epo ed by he au ho (s).
Da a A ailabili y
Da a used o his s udy can be ound online a h ps://
da a.wo ldbank.o g/indica o (accessed on
1 Sep embe 2022).
Ci a ion in o ma ion
Ci e his a icle as: Modeling he impac o g een ene gy
consump ion and na u al esou ces en s on economic
g ow h in A ica: An analysis o dynamic panel ARDL and
he easible gene alized leas squa es es ima o s,
Sulemana Mumuni & Thomas Mwimba, Cogen Economics
& Finance (2023), 11: 2161774.
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