de la C uz Sánchez-Escobedo, Ma ía; Fe nández-Po illo, An onio; Díaz-Case o, Juan
Ca los; He nández Mogollón, Rica do
A icle
Resea ch in en ep eneu ship using GEM da a: App oach
o he s a e o a ai s in gende s udies
Eu opean Jou nal o Managemen and Business Economics (EJM&BE)
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Eu opean Academy o Managemen and Business Economics (AEDEM), Vigo (Pon e ed a)
Sugges ed Ci a ion: de la C uz Sánchez-Escobedo, Ma ía; Fe nández-Po illo, An onio; Díaz-Case o,
Juan Ca los; He nández Mogollón, Rica do (2016) : Resea ch in en ep eneu ship using GEM da a:
App oach o he s a e o a ai s in gende s udies, Eu opean Jou nal o Managemen and Business
Economics (EJM&BE), ISSN 2444-8451, Else ie , Ams e dam, Vol. 25, Iss. 3, pp. 150-160,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. edeen.2016.09.002
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Eu opean Jou nal o Managemen and Business Economics 25 (2016) 150–160
Eu opean Jou nal o Managemen
and Business Economics
www.else ie .es/ejmbe
A icle
Resea ch in en ep eneu ship using GEM da a. App oach o he s a e
o a ai s in gende s udies
Ma i C uz Sánchez-Escobedo, An onio Fe nández-Po illo∗, Juan Ca los Díaz-Case o,
Rica do He nández-Mogollón
Uni e si y o Ex emadu a, Facul y o Business, Finance and Tou ism, Depa men o Financial Economics and Accoun ancy, A da. de la Uni e sidad S/N, 10071 Cáce es, Spain
a icle in o
A icle his o y:
Recei ed 14 Oc obe 2015
Accep ed 14 Sep embe 2016
A ailable online 27 Oc obe 2016
JEL classifica ion:
L26
M13
Keywo ds:
En ep eneu ial ac i i y
En ep eneu ship women
Blibliome ics WOS
abs ac
This pape analyzes he si ua ion and de elopmen o esea ch in “en ep eneu ship” om a gende
pe spec i e ha has used da a om he Global En ep eneu ship Moni o (GEM) in he pe iod om 1999
o 2015 in he jou nals o en ep eneu ship included in he Web o Science (WOS). Fo his pu pose, a
blibliome ic analysis was ca ied ou , which iden ified he li e-cycles o GEM and GEM/gende esea ch,
he opics, le el o analysis, jou nals, a icles, he mos p oduc i e au ho s, he mos ac i e coun ies and
ins i u ions and he mos used s a is ical echniques o analysis and da a. The main findings o he s udy
show ha esea ch on GEM has ad anced in ecen yea s; howe e om a gende pe spec i e by using
GEM da a, i is in he ini ial phase, equi ing mo e esea che s o be in ol ed, filling he gaps ela ed o
opics, mac o analysis, o he use o GEM da a a bo h global and egional le el.
© 2016 Eu opean Academy o Managemen and Business Economics (AEDEM). Published by Else ie
Espa˜
na, S.L.U. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h p://c ea i ecommons.
o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
In oduc ion
En ep eneu ial ac i i y ha gene a es new businesses has
become inc easingly impo an in ou socie y, no only as a key
s a egic means o public adminis a ions o ace economic and
social de elopmen (Minni i, Byg a e, & Au io 2006; Wenneke s
& Thu ik, 1999) and inc eased compe i i eness o e i o ies in
an inc easingly globalized economy (Po e , 1991), bu also as an
objec o scien ific esea ch (Byg a e & Ho e , 1991; S e enson &
Ha melin, 1990), ha can help unde s and his phenomenon.
In addi ion, he p o ound social changes ha ha e ecen ly been
aking place in socie y, ha e allowed he inco po a ion o women
in o he en ep eneu ial ac i i y, ha ing access o jobs which we e
un hinkablein pas decades (Ki kwood,2007). Thesea e changesin
which a highe numbe o amilies, hei dec ease in size, inc eased
li e expec ancy o he popula ion, an inc ease in he numbe o
di o ces and numbe o households wi h wo membe s wo king,
low e ili y a es, e c. ha e played a e y impo an ole (Bliss
& Ga a , 2001; McClelland & Swail, 2005; Thu ik, Uhlane , &
Ve heul, 2002). The e o e, ime e eals ha he si ua ion o women
in he business en i onmen is an issue o be sol ed (Be g, 1997;
B ush,1992;Nelson&Le esque,2007).P oo o hisis ha ,in ecen
∗Co esponding au ho .
E-mail add ess: [email p o ec ed] (A. Fe nández-Po illo).
yea s esea ch on business women has a oused in e es in bo h
he academic wo ld as in go e nmen s and ins i u ions esponsi-
ble o es ablishing policies o p omo ing and suppo ing emale
en ep eneu ship.
In his con ex , he GEM1(Global En ep eneu ship Moni o )
P ojec eme ged in 1999, cu en ly conside ed he la ges esea ch
p ojec on en ep eneu ship, bo h due o i s global dimension and
i s esul sandimplica ions (Reynolds,Hay, &Camp,2002;Reynolds
e al., 2005). Du ing 15 yea s, he Conso ium o esea ch eams
belonging o he coun ies ha make up his p ojec ha e ca ied
ou mo e han wo million su eys wi h coun ies ha pa icipa ed
in GEM be ween 1999 and 2015; obse ing a g owing end in pub-
lica ions o a icles ha use GEM da a (Ál a ez, U ban, & Amo os,
2014). Howe e he e a e e y ew who made a e iew o he li -
e a u e based on jou nals o impac on he cu en si ua ion o his
p ojec esea ch, and e en ewe used bibliome ic me hods. I we
only pay a en ion o gende , we only ound one a icle, which was
conduc ed by Sánchez-Escobedo, Diaz-Case o, Diaz-Aunión, and
He nandez-Mogollon (2012), in which key documen s and hei
ypes a e iden ified and highligh ed, no only ocusing on JCR a i-
cles.
The e o e, and in line wi h he wo k o U bano, Rojas, and
Diaz (2010),Amo ós, Bosma, and Le ie (2013),Bosma (2013) and
1Fo u he in o ma ion on his p ojec : h p://www.gemconso ium.o g.
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.1016/j. edeen.2016.09.002
2444-8451/© 2016 Eu opean Academy o Managemen and Business Economics (AEDEM). Published by Else ie Espa˜
na, S.L.U. This is an open access a icle unde he CC
BY-NC-ND license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
M.C. Sánchez-Escobedo e al. / Eu opean Jou nal o Managemen and Business Economics 25 (2016) 150–160 151
Ál a ez e al. (2014), he aim o his a icle is o conduc a bib-
liome ic analysis o he si ua ion and de elopmen o esea ch in
“en ep eneu ship” om a gende pe spec i e using GEM da a om
1999 o he end o 2015, ocusing on he jou nals included in he
Web o Science (WOS).
The main con ibu ion o his pape is o an academic na u e,
bo h omi s heo e icaland me hodological poin o iew,because
he esul s ob ained may be use ul o esea che s in u he s udies,
as hey iden i y and desc ibe he ce ified in ellec ual s uc u e in
jou nals included in he WOS wi h he issue in ques ion. The s udy
also makes se e al impo an con ibu ions:
1) Al hough he a icle by Sánchez-Escobedo e al. (2012) made an
app oach o he gende issue s a e using GEM da a by in oduc-
ing “non-ce ified” documen s, which significan ly a ec he
weigh o he esul s ob ained, in ou esea ch we only inco -
po a e “ce ified knowledge”,2due o his.
2) The use o bibliome ic me hods s ill ep esen s an inno a i e
con ibu ion o he s udy o he in ellec ual basis o gende anal-
ysis using GEM da a.
3) F om he esul s, we p esen he ollowing con ibu ions: de el-
opmen o he esea chli e-cycle, opicsanalyzedin he esea ch
conduc ed so a , he mos ele an jou nals, mos ci ed a i-
cles, mos p oduc i e au ho s, casuis ical le els analyzed, he
mos in ol ed coun ies and ins i u ions, as well as echniques
and da a used by esea che s. Mo eo e , we canno o ge he
li e a u e e iew i sel .
The s uc u e o his wo k, a e his b ie in oduc ion is as ol-
lows: a heo e ical amewo k o analyzing gende esea ch based
on GEM is p esen ed; he me hodology used and he main esul s
o he s udy a e de eloped. Finally, he conclusions show he un-
damen al aspec s o gende esea ch using GEM da a, as well as he
limi a ions and u u e lines o esea ch.
Theo e ical amewo k
En ep eneu ship and gende
In he las cen u y, a special in e es in he s udy o emale
en ep eneu s a ose, which eme ged pa ly because o esea ch
conduc ed by Schwa z (1976) and Bu (1978). Thei conclusions
showed ha women did no sa is y hei p o essional expec a ions
by doing housewo k, as hey we e no highly ega ded o alued
by socie y, so hei need and desi e o achie e job and/o pe -
sonal sa is ac ion had inc eased (Ca e , Ande son, & Shaw, 2001;
G eene, Ha , Ga ewood, B ush, & Ca e , 2003). Howe e , unlike
hei male coun e pa s, when hey wan ed o c ea e hei own
businesses, hey ound disc imina ion p oblems ela ed o busi-
ness financing, in addi ion o hei lack o aining and expe ise in
business managemen and implemen a ion. These p oblems we e
sol ed wi h ime, in which he esul s o a ious esea ch confi m
he key ole ha women play oday in he p o essional wo ld (Chu,
2000; Jeynes, 2005; Kepha & Schumache , 2005; Walke & Joyne ,
1999).
Women a e p o ing hei own s eng h and de elopmen o
hei skills and abili ies (Langowi z & Minni i, 2007; Te jesen,
2005), and also o hem, c ea ing hei own company ep esen s
2The e m “ce ified knowledge” is commonly used o desc ibe he knowledge
o he disciplines which he scien ific pape s ocus on, in he sense ha a scien ific
pape published in an indexed jou nal has been subjec ed o c i icism o colleagues,
esis ed hei objec ions, and he e o e, i has achie ed i s posi i e assessmen o be
published (Callon, Cou ial, & Penan, 1993).
an impo an al e na i e o hei inco po a ion in o he p oduc i e
sys em (Ca e e al., 2001; G eene e al., 2003).
In his sense, gende has no been conside ed a peculia i y ha
could a ec business esul s, since men ha e adi ionally played
he business ole (Be g, 1997), which has led o he measu ing
ins umen s used o be aimed only and exclusi ely a male sam-
ples (Moo e, 1990; S e enson, 1990). Howe e , cu en ly, he e a e
nume ous esea che s who a e p o ing he in e es i is s a ing o
a ouse by analyzing h ough la ge samples o indi iduals om di -
e en coun ies, he di e ences and simila i ies be ween men and
women in he implemen a ion o a business (A enius & Minni i,
2005; Koellinge , Minni i, & Schade, 2013; Minni i & Na done,
2007; Ve heul, Van S el, & Thu ik 2006); o ying o in es iga e he
influence o impac ha gende has on comme cial p ope y, as a
as managemen and pe o mance o small businesses is conce ned
(Cowling & Taylo , 2001; Ndemo & Wanjiku, 2007). Ca e e al.
(2001)alsoco obo a e hisin e es when e e ing o heexis ence
o mo e han 400 ci a ions in which gende in en ep eneu ship
ha e a p i ileged place; in he same line Lamolla (2005) indica es
he c ea ion o a sec ion ela ed o his subjec in he academic jou -
nal F on ie s o En ep eneu ship3( e e ence jou nal in esea ch in
en ep eneu ship).
In ela ion o gende , he e a e s udies ha ha e looked o
di e ences in he cha ac e is ics o he en e p ises, a i udes and
beha io s adop ed by men and women in hei desi e o become
en ep eneu s, o in he de elopmen o hei business asks
(Guzmán & Rod íguez, 2008; Rod íguez & San os, 2009; Ál a ez-
He anz, Valencia de La a, & Ma ínez-Ruiz, 2011a,b). In addi ion,
se e als udiessugges ha hecons an di e ences oundbe ween
men and women in de eloping he en ep eneu ial ac i i y a e due
o gende cha ac e iza ion (Ca e e al., 2001; G eene e al., 2003;
Ma low, 2002), al hough o he s ha e s udied in-dep h he a ious
ac o s and decision p ocesses ha d i e men and women o c e-
a e hei own businesses (Ve heul e al., 2006; Zhao, Seibe , & Hills,
2005).
Wha seems ce ain is ha , unde he di e ences ha influence
he in en ion o unde ake in humans, he e a e unde lying gen-
de s e eo ypes ha clea ly ha m women (Gup a, Tu ban, Was i, &
Sikda , 2009). S e eo ypes analyzed by Eagly (1987), h ough he
heo y o he social gende ole, whe eby he gene al way in which
bo h men and women pe o m and assume di e en social s a us
is ound; and Connell (1990) wi h his heo y o hegemonic mas-
culini y a emp s o define masculini y as an objec , ocusing on
p ocesses and ela ionships h ough which men and women lead
li es dic a ed by gende .
The e o e, we can say ha al hough signs o consolida ion a e
seen in he esea ch field ela ed o he emale en ep eneu , i
s ill does no ge he ecogni ion i dese es, despi e i s con in-
ual p og ess and con ibu ion o he economy and socie y (Díaz,
He nández, Sánchez, & Pos igo, 2010; Minni i & Naudé, 2010;
Po e , Sachs, & McA hu , 2002), con ibu ing o i , lack o knowl-
edge by no being able o eco d in a pa icula way and lay he
heo ies ha explain he eme gence o women in he business field
(Díaz e al., 2010; G eene e al., 2003). The e o e, his a icle aims o
collabo a e in his e o , especially since, as shown by da a o “GEM
Women’s Repo ” o 2012, i is es ima ed ha 126 million women
we e s a ing a business in 67 economies a ound he wo ld and
98 million we e al eady es ablished en ep eneu s (Kelley, B ush,
G eene, & Li o sky, 2013).
3F om 1980 o 1987, only 13 a icles ela ing o women o a o al numbe o 227
we e published in he academic jou nal F on ie s o En ep eneu ship ( ega ding
he s udy on c ea ion o en e p ises).
152 M.C. Sánchez-Escobedo e al. / Eu opean Jou nal o Managemen and Business Economics 25 (2016) 150–160
Resea ch based on GEM wi h gende pe spec i e
T adi ional analyses o economic g ow h ha e ocused mainly
on he impac ha la ge companies ha e had on he economy, o en
o ge ing he con ibu ion ha small and medium-sized en e -
p ises ha e made o economic de elopmen h ough inno a ion
and compe i i eness (Po e e al., 2002; S e nbe g & Wenneke s,
2005).
In con as o o he s udies, he GEM model in eg a es bo h
he con ibu ions o la ge and small and medium en e p ises in
i s economic g ow h analysis (Reynolds e al., 2005), assuming
ha he ole o en ep eneu ship is essen ial o economic g ow h
(Reynolds, Hay, & Camp, 1999). I is also a model which includes
a se o key elemen s ha ela e and in e ac wi h each o he :
a i udes, ac i i y and en ep eneu ial aspi a ions o he popula-
ion, hese elemen s being influenced by he le el o de elopmen
o each coun y and by i s pa icula en i onmen al condi ions o
unde ake (Bosma, Wenneke s, & Amo ós, 2012; Kelley, Bosma, &
Amo ós, 2011).
In addi ion, GEM uses mo e han 600 seconda y a iables ha
allow us o unde s and mo e clea ly why he en ep eneu ial ac i -
i y is i al o he global economy; being possible among o he
hings, o analyze he si ua ion o women in he en ep eneu ial
field, so ha he s udies ha ha e been conduc ed ega ding
he ela ionship be ween women and he economy ha e been
comple ed (A enius & Eh s ed , 2008; Minni i & Na done, 2007;
Minni i & Naudé, 2010). In his ega d, GEM conduc ed he fi s
s udy in 2004 (Minni i, A enius, & Langowi z, 2005), becoming
he ea e a pe iodical publica ion. I s esul s showed no signi -
ican dis inc ions in demog aphic cha ac e is ics be ween male
and emale en ep eneu s, bu small di e ences in some ac o s
be ween emale en ep eneu s in coun ies wi h di e en eco-
nomic le els (Valencia, 2011). In successi e gende epo s based
on GEM,4i was ound ha women engage in business ac i i ies
mainly o oppo uni y easons, being he e ew necessi y easons,
which we e concen a ed in low-income coun ies. In his sense,
we mus poin ou ha o hose businesses which we e s a ed ou
o necessi y in La in Ame ica and he Ca ibbean, hose c ea ed by
women a e less likely o become consolida ed (Ál a ez-He anz,
Valencia de La a, Ba aza, & Lega o, 2010). Mo eo e , he pe cep-
ion ha emale en ep eneu s ha e on a e age o hei ac i i y is
posi i e, ha ing in common he ac ha knowing and being in con-
ac wi h o he en ep eneu s helps o dec ease hei ea o ailu e
(Te jesen & Lloyd, 2015).
Toge he wi h his esea ch, a icles ha use GEM da a ha e
been de eloped, and which analyze he a iables ela ed o he
decision o be an en ep eneu depending on gende . In his sense,
A enius and Ko alainen (2006) and Figuei edo and Oli ei a (2015)
explo e he p e e ences o women o sel -employmen in No dic
coun ies and Po ugal espec i ely; Baughn, Chua, and Neupe
(2006), and Es in and Mickiewicz (2011) e alua e he impac o
specific ules o suppo emale en ep eneu s, and Ve heul e al.
(2006) ound ha a es o en ep eneu ial ac i i y o men and
women a e influenced by he same ac o s, al hough some o hese
ha e a g ea e impac on women. In addi ion, Minni i and Na done
(2007), and Langowi z and Minni i (2007) sugges ha pe cep ion
a iables explain he majo i y o gende di e ences ega ding he
decision o s a a business, being less a o able in he woman’s
en i onmen .Wagne (2007)and Bu ke, an S el,Ha og, andIchou
(2014)in es iga e which a iables a e ela ed o gende di e ences
in he c ea ion o en e p ises, emphasizing ea o ailu e-g ea e
4GEM dedica ed 6 Monog aphic Global Repo s o women and en ep eneu ship
in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2012 and 2015, signed by au ho s o wo ld e e ence in
his field.
Ex ac ion o a icles Desc ip i e explo a ion Exploi a ion o da a
ob ained
Fig. 1. Me hodological ou line.
in women as a undamen al eason o no s a ing a business.
Thompson, Jones-E ans, and Kwong (2009) explo e he cha ac e -
is ics o sel -employed women who manage hei businesses om
home.
S udy me hodology
We can see he his o ical e olu ion o scien ific p oduc ion in
his con ex , he mos p oduc i e and enowned au ho s who s udy
he subjec , he mos ep esen ed coun ies and ins i u ions, he
le el o analysis ca ied ou and he mos ele an jou nals in his
subjec ma e by ca ying ou a bibliome ic analysis5o he scien-
ific li e a u e ecognized on esea ch o he gende subjec using
GEM da a.
A icles published in jou nals included in he Web o Science
(WOS) we e aken in o accoun o his esea ch. The indica o s
used a e: he a icle, au ho s’ p oduc i i y a e, he mos ac i e
coun ies and ins i u ions, as well as ypes o da a and echniques
used.
Ramos (2004: 78), uses he jou nal a icle as a uni o analysis,
conside ing i “ce ified knowledge” a e unde going c i ical e iew
(Callon e al., 1993).
As shown in Fig. 1, in he fi s phase, we collec ed he a icles
included in WOS compa ed o GEM ela ing o gende desc ip o s.
To do so, a li e a u e sea ch in WOS da abases was conduc ed, by
combining he desc ip o s, “Global En ep eneu ship Moni o ” and
“GEM En ep eneu ship” wi h each o he ollowing: gende , man,
woman, male and emale using he logical OR ope a o .
In he second phase, fi s ly, we did a desc ip i e explo a ion, in
which ce ain cha ac e is ics o he a icles, esea ch and me hod-
ologies used we e ex ac ed, which p o ide in o ma ion on he
jou nals, echniques and da a used. Fu he mo e, in-dep h analysis
o each o he selec ed a icles was ca ied ou .
Finally, in he hi d phase, we ob ained a da abase wi h all he
selec ed a icles o which he di e en bibliome ic echniques
we e applied, whe eby he li e-cycle, au ho s’ p oduc i i y a e,
coun ies and ins i u ions in ol ed we e ob ained.
The e iew con ains 40 a icles published in jou nals indexed in
WOS, which a e signed by 52 di e en au ho s om 27 di e en
coun ies and 37 pa icipa ing ins i u ions.
Resea ch esul s in he GEM p ojec
Li e-cycle
We pe o med a li e-cycle analysis o GEM/gende , finding 40
a icles ha make up he s udy a ea. The fi s publica ion on
GEM/gende in he WOS ook place in 2004, while he yea wi h he
highes publica ions was 2011, wi h nine. In ela ion o he o al o
5Bibliome ics has impo an limi a ions de i ed om he business ha his sci-
ence p o ides, as men ioned in he wo k by Co és (2007),Co nnin (2005),B own
(2007),Adle e al. (2008) and Simons (2008) among o he s, bu he eali y is ha
e en i he e a e opposed posi ions, cu en ly he quali y index wi h g ea e ecog-
ni ion o esea ch quali y wo ldwide, wi hou doub is he Jou nal Ci a ion Repo ,
which as pa o he ISI Web o Knowledge, p o ides an objec i e and sys ema ic
means o e alua e he mos impo an jou nals in he wo ld. I o e s a unique pe -
spec i e o e alua ion and compa ison o jou nals, as i accumula es and abula es
he numbe o ci a ions and a icles o i ually all special ies in science, echnology
and social sciences. I is also wo h no ing he exis ence o nume ous publica ions
ha ha e made use o GEM da abases and which ha e no been published in he
jou nals o JCR, which a e no conside ed objec o analysis in his e iew.
M.C. Sánchez-Escobedo e al. / Eu opean Jou nal o Managemen and Business Economics 25 (2016) 150–160 153
00000
243
8
15
10 13
27
15
28
26
19
00 0001023244
9
2
5
55
–5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
20152014201320122011201020092008200720062005200420032002200120001999
GEM a iclesGEM/gende a icles
Fig. 2. Li e-cycle o GEM and GEM/gende esea ch.
170 pape s, which make up he 17-yea cycle since GEM eme ged,
gende a icles ep esen 23.5%. Thus, when analyzing he num-
be o documen s published each yea , he e olu ion o scien ific
p oduc ion using GEM da a o specializing in GEM in he gende
subjec using i s da a is ob ained (see Fig. 2).
When analyzing he li e-cycle o GEM esea ch in gene al, h ee
phases can be obse ed: he fi s phase om 1999 o 2003, wi hou
publica ions; he second phase om 2004 o 2008, wi h a o al o
32 documen s, and a final phase om 2009 o 2015, wi h a o al
o 138 documen s; he las phase ep esen s he pe iod wi h he
highes g ow h in publica ions. This a icle discusses his cycle and
compa es i wi h wha in e es s us, and sees in pe spec i e he
si ua ion o gende publica ions in GEM. Ne e heless, i may be
he subjec o u u e s udies.
When compa ing he e olu ion o he li e-cycle o esea ch o
GEM wi h GEM/gende , we obse e ha he la e ha dly g ows,
eaching i s maximum alue in 2011 wi h 9 a icles, compa ed o
hose in o he yea s, among which 2013, 2014 and 2015 s and ou
wi h 5 a icles each yea . He e, we can dis inguish wo pe iods: an
ini ial one un il 2011, wi h 25 a icles, and ano he one om 2012
o2015, inwhichg ow h isobse ed, andwi h 17a icles collec ed.
Resea ch opics
Ano he s udy aspec is o analyze he gende esea ch op-
ics using GEM da a. We will do i ollowing he GEM model
s uc u e, which dis inguishes be ween a i udes, ac i i ies and
en ep eneu ial aspi a ions.
As can obse ed in Table 1, mos o he empi ical pape s a e
ela ed o en ep eneu ial a i udes, wi h 62.50% o cases, high-
ligh ing he opic o “A i udes and en ep eneu ial ac i i y (TEA)”
wi h 10 a icles, ollowed by he analysis o “en ep eneu ial a i-
udes and aspi a ions” wi h 5 a icles.
As o en ep eneu ship, he second componen associa ed wi h
he en ep eneu ial p ocess, we ound 7 ou o 40 a icles ana-
lyzed, ep esen ing 17.50% o he o al. This figu e is iden ical in he
wo k g oup ha analyzes all phases o he en ep eneu ial p ocess
desc ibed by GEM.
And finally, in he componen called aspi a ions, we ound one
pape , which is done by Escandón, González, and Mu illo (2013).
Jou nals included in he WOS and o al numbe o a icles pe yea
Among he jou nals analyzed in he sea ch p ocess (see Table 2)
he Jou nal o he Ko ean En ep eneu ship Socie y and Small Business
Economics a e highligh ed, wi h 6 and 5 publica ions espec-
i ely, p o ing o be he mos dynamic in publica ions, ha use
GEM/gende da a, as hey ep esen 27.5% o he o al, wi h 11
a icles published be ween 2007 and 2015.
The fi s a icle appea ed in 2004, in he jou nal D us ena
Is azi anja. I was ollowed in 2006 by En ep eneu ship and
Regional De elopmen and En ep eneu ship: Theo y and P ac ice,
5
4
4
4
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
6543210
Bahn Sung-sik
Al a ez, C.
Amo os, J. E.
Minni i, M.
Te jesen, S.
U bano, D.
Al a ez-He anz, A.
Sze b, L.
Thu ik, R
Valencia-De La a, P.
Van S el, A
Fig. 3. Mos p oduc i e au ho s in gende esea ch using GEM da a.
wi h one publica ion in each one espec i ely. Du ing 2007 and
2010, he e we e a o al numbe o 11 a icles, while 2011 is he
yea wi h la ges scien ific p oduc ion o da e, wi h a o al o 8
publica ions in 8 di e en jou nals. Finally, he e a e 17 a icles
published om 2012 o 2015.
To end his sec ion, we mus men ion ha we ound 17 a i-
cles published in Business6field jou nals, al hough only wo in he
main ones, as is he case o he jou nal En ep eneu ship: Theo y
and P ac ice, wi h an impac ac o in 2014 o 3.144; and 14 in he
Managemen 7field, being in his case he jou nal Small Business Eco-
nomics he bes posi ioned wi h an Impac Fac o o 1.795 in 2014.
These esul s show ha he e is s ill a long way o go, as he e a e
ha dly any publica ions in jou nals o g ea impac .
Au ho ’s p oduc i i y a e
No many au ho s wi h a la ge con ibu ion o his a ea we e
de ec ed, since only 11 ha e mo e han one publica ion. We
ob ained a o al o 52 au ho s in he 40 a icles desc ibed in he
s udy, ep esen ing in Fig. 3 hose who con ibu ed wi h mo e han
one a icle.
Bahns andsou wi hfi epape spublished, ollowedbyAmo ós,
Ál a ez,Minni i,Te jesenandU bano,wi h ou a icles,which ep-
esen 50% o he o al p oduc ion. Ne e heless, he mos ci ed
a icles, wi h 100 ci a ions, a e by Langowi z and Minni i (2007),
i led “The En ep eneu ial P opensi y o Women”. They a e ollowed
by hose by Ve heul e al. (2006),Minni i and Na done (2007), and
Baughn e al. (2006), wi h 69, 56 and 50 ci a ions espec i ely.
We can find he ollowing au ho s wi h wo a icles: Ál a ez o
he Uni e si y o Cas illa La Mancha (Spain), Sze b o he Uni e si y
o Pécs (Hunga y),Thu iko heUni e si y o E asmus o Ro e dam
6The main jou nals in he Business field and hei JCR impac ac o in 2014 a e:
Academy o Managemen Re iew (7,475), Academy o Managemen Jou nal (6,448),
Jou nal o Managemen (6,071), Family Business Re iew (5,528) and Jou nal o Ma ke -
ing (3,938).
7The main jou nals in he Managemen field and hei JCR impac ac o in 2014
a e: Academy o Managemen Annals (7,769), Academy o Managemen Re iew (7,475),
Academy o Managemen Jou nal (6,448), Jou nal o Managemen (6,071), and Mis
Qua e ly (5,311).

154 M.C. Sánchez-Escobedo e al. / Eu opean Jou nal o Managemen and Business Economics 25 (2016) 150–160
Table 1
Resea ch opics.
Subjec A icles JCR %
A i udes
A i udes Gol z, Buche, and Pa hak (2015),
Nogue a, Ál a ez, and U bano (2013),
Sepúl eda and Bonilla (2011),Sze b,
Rappai, Mak a, and Te jesen (2007),
Mancilla and Amo ós (2015)
25 62.50%
A i udes in consolida ed en e p ises Ál a ez-He anz e al. (2011a,b)
A i udes and en ep eneu ial aspi a ions Bu ke e al. (2014),Es in and
Mickiewicz (2011),Koellinge e al.
(2013),Langowi z and Minni i (2007),
Sánchez-Escobedo, Díaz-Case o,
Díaz-Aunión, and
He nández-Mogollón (2014)
A i udes and en ep eneu ial ac i i y (TEA) D iga, La uen e, and Vaillan (2009),
Elam and Te jesen (2010),
Figuei edo and Oli ei a (2015),
González-Ál a ez and Solís-Rod íguez
(2011),Mahadea, Ram oop, and
Zewo i (2011),Minni i and Na done
(2007),Ramos-Rod íguez,
Medina-Ga ido, and Ruiz-Na a o
(2012),Romaní, A ienza, and Amo ós
(2012),San iago-Cas o and Pisani
(2013),Tominc and Rebe nik (2004)
A i udes and en ep eneu ial ac i i y (TEA). Consolida ed en e p ises Ál a ez-He anz and Valencia-De La a
(2011),Hessels, G ilo, Thu ik, and Van
De Zwan (2011),Rod íguez, Fuen es,
and Rod íguez (2014),Te jesen and
Sze b (2008)
Ac i i y
En ep eneu ial ac i i y (TEA) Ál a ez and U bano (2013),A enius
and Eh s ed (2008),Baughn e al.
(2006),Rope and Sco (2009),
Te jesen and Amo ós (2010),
Thompson e al. (2009),Ve heul e al.
(2006)
7 17.50%
Aspi a ions
Aspi a ions and en ep eneu ial ac i i y (TEA) Escandón e al. (2013) 1 2.50%
A i udes, ac i i y and aspi a ions
A i udes, en ep eneu ial ac i i y (TEA), and aspi a ions Bahn, Kelley, Lee, ,
(2009),Bahn e al. (2011, 2012, 2013,
2014),Banseongsik e al. (2010),
Ramadani (2015)
7 17.50%
To al 40 100%
(The Ne he lands), Valencia-De La a o he Uni e si y o Cas illa La
Mancha (Spain) and Van S el o Pan eia (Holland).
The a e age numbe o au ho s pe a icle is 3.2, indica ing ha
esea che s p e e o wo k in eams. P oo o his is ha only one
a icle w i en by one pe son was ound, while 13 and 14 a icles
we e ound by wo and h ee au ho s espec i ely. In he case o
ou o mo e esea che s, only ou pape s we e ound.
Mos ac i e coun ies and ins i u ions in gende publica ions
using GEM da a
The coun y wi h he highes numbe o pape s (see Fig. 4)is
he USA wi h a o al numbe o 11 a icles, ollowed by Spain wi h
10, Chile wi h 6, Colombia 5, Uni ed Kingdom, Ge many and he
Ne he lands wi h 3, and Hunga y and Belgium wi h wo.
F om 1999 o 2015, he numbe o coun ies wi h scien ific
publica ions on gende is e y small. Also no e ha he high pa ic-
ipa ion o Eu opean coun ies in he GEM P ojec is influencing he
field as six o he coun ies wi h mo e publica ions a e Eu opean,
while he o he h ee a e Ame ican.
The au ho s belong o 37 ins i u ions. Fig. 5 ep esen s he
ins i u ions ha ha e mo e han wo publica ions, so we find
he ollowing wi h h ee a icles: Uni e sidad Au ónoma de
Ba celona (Spain), Max Planck Ins i u e Economic (Ge many),
2
2
3
3
4
5
6
10
11
121086420
Belgium (Inno a ion)
Hunga y (E iciency)
The Ne he lands (Inno a ion)
Ge many (Inno a ion)
Uni ed Kingdom (Inno a ion)
Colombia (E iciency)
Chile (E iciency)
Spain (Inno a ion)
USA (Inno a ion)
Fig. 4. Mos ac i e coun ies (acco ding o ype o economy) in publica ions o
GEM/gende documen s.
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3.532.521.510.50
EIM Business & Policy Res
Su hem Me hodis Uni e si y
Uni e sidad de Cas illa la Mancha
Uni e si y Pecs
Babson College
E asmus Uni e si y Ro e dam
Indiana Uni e si y
Max Planck Ins i u e Economic
Uni e si a Au ònoma de Ba celona
Fig. 5. Ins i u ions in ol ed in gende esea ch using GEM da a.
M.C. Sánchez-Escobedo e al. / Eu opean Jou nal o Managemen and Business Economics 25 (2016) 150–160 155
Table 2
To al numbe o gende a icles pe jou nal a yea .
Small Business Economics
39 Business
1 2 1,795 552 Economics 2
57 Managemen
Sociología Ru alis 33 Sociology 1 1,306 1
29 Geog aphy
Sou h A ican Jou nal o Economic and
Managemen Sciences
320 Economics 1 0,041 1
171 Managemen
Tou ism & Managemen S udies Indexed in WOS bu no in JCR 1 1
40 3 5 6 3 8 3 4 2 3 2 1 TOTAL
To al numbe o gende a icles pe jou nal a yea
Indexed Jou nals
(JCR) FI Field Posi ion To al Yea s
15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 04
Academia-Re is a La inoame icana de
Adminis ación
109 Business 1 0,205 2 1
109 Managemen
Ac ual P oblems o Economics (2011) 317 Economics 1 0,039 1
AD-mini e Indexed in WOS bu no in JCR 11
A ican Jou nal o Business Managemen 54 Business 1 1,105 1
58 Managemen
D us ena Is azi anja 38 Social Issues 1 0,101 1
136 Sociology
En ep eneu ship and Regional De elopmen 52 Business 1 1,519 1
16 Planning & De elopmen
15 En ep eneu ship: Theo y and P ac ice Business 1 1 3,144 2
323 Es udios de Economía Economics 2 0,105 2
Eu opean Jou nal o De elopmen Resea ch 40 Planning & De elopmen 2 0,851 2
Indus ial Managemen & Da a Sys ems
66 Compu e Science, In e disciplina y
Applica ions 1 1,226 1
21 Enginee ing, Indus ial
In e na ional En ep eneu ship and Managemen
Jou nal
87 Business 1 1
0,746 2
4Managemen
In e na ional Jou nal o Hospi ali y Managemen 8Hospi ali y, Leisu e, Spo & Tou ism 1 1,692 1
In e na ional Small Business Jou nal 49 Business 2 1,469 2
133 Managemen
Jou nal O Balkan And Nea Eas e n S udies 44 A ea S udies 1 1
0,312
Jou nal o Business Economics and Managemen 88 Business 1 0,723 1
191 Economics
Jou nal o E olu iona y Economics 138 Economics 1 1,036 1
Jou nal O Small Business Managemen 81 Managemen 1,353 12
Jou nal o he Ko ean En ep eneu ship Socie y Indexed in WOS bu no in JCR 1 1 1 1 1 1 6
Ox o d Bulle in o Economics and S a is ics 82 Economics 1
1 1,368
16 Social Sciences, Ma hema ical Me hods
Ou Pensamien o & Ges ión I has been dele ed 1
Ou 1
Re is a de Ciencias Sociales (2012) 104 Business 1 0,010 1
333 Economics
156 M.C. Sánchez-Escobedo e al. / Eu opean Jou nal o Managemen and Business Economics 25 (2016) 150–160
Table 3
Types o da a used in empi ical pape s on gende .
No. Da a ypology A icles JCR %
1 Global APS Ál a ez-He anz e al. (2011a,b),A enius and
Eh s ed (2008),Bu ke e al. (2014),Gol z e al.
(2015),Hessels e al. (2011),Koellinge e al.
(2013),Langowi z and Minni i (2007),Minni i
and Na done (2007),Ramos-Rod íguez e al.
(2012),Sánchez-Escobedo e al. (2014),
San iago-Cas o and Pisani (2013),Te jesen
and Amo ós (2010),Ve heul e al. (2006)
13 32.50%
2 Na ional APS Ál a ez-He anz and Valencia-De La a (2011),
Baughn e al. (2006),D iga e al. (2009),
Escandón e al. (2013),
Figuei edo and Oli ei a (2015),Mahadea e al.
(2011),Mancilla and Amo ós (2015),Nogue a
e al. (2013),Rod íguez e al. (2014),Romaní
e al. (2012),Rope and Sco (2009),
Sepúl eda and Bonilla (2011),Te jesen and
Sze b (2008),Thompson e al. (2009),Tominc
and Rebe nik (2004)
15 37.50%
3 APS and seconda y sou ces:
OECD, Wo ld Bank, US Census,
He i age Founda ion,
Encyclopedia B i annica, BBVA
Founda ion.
Ál a ez and U bano (2013),Elam and Te jesen
(2010),Es in and Mickiewicz (2011),
González-Ál a ez and Solís-Rod íguez (2011)
4 10.00%
4 APS and NES Sze b e al. (2007),Bahn e al. (2009, 2011,
2012, 2013, 2014),Banseongsik e al. (2010),
Ramadani (2015)
8 20.00%
To al 40 100%
Table 4
Types o analysis echniques used in empi ical pape s on gende .
No. S a is ical echnique o analysis A icles JCR %
1 Desc ip i e analysis Bahn e al. (2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014),
Ramadani (2015),Banseongsik e al. (2010),
Romaní e al. (2012)
8 20.00%
2 Desc ip i e analyses and logis ic
eg ession (logi , p obi ,
mul inomial)
Ál a ez and U bano (2013),Bu ke e al. (2014),
D iga e al. (2009),Elam and Te jesen (2010),
Figuei edo and Oli ei a (2015),Gol z e al.
(2015),González-Ál a ez and Solís-Rod íguez
(2011),Hessels e al. (2011),Koellinge e al.
(2013),Langowi z and Minni i (2007),
Mahadea e al. (2011),Mancilla and Amo ós
(2015),Nogue a e al. (2013),
Ramos-Rod íguez e al. (2012),Rod íguez e al.
(2014),Sánchez-Escobedo e al. (2014),
San iago-Cas o and Pisani (2013),Sepúl eda
and Bonilla (2011),Te jesen and Amo ós
(2010),Thompson e al. (2009),Tominc and
Rebe nik (2004)
21 52.50%
3 ANOVA and logis ic eg ession Ál a ez-He anz and Valencia-De La a (2011) 1 2.50%
4 Panel da a Ál a ez-He anz e al. (2011a,b) 1 2.50%
5 S uc u al equa ions Escandón e al. (2013) 1 2.50%
6 Desc ip i e analyses, MANOVA,
co ela ions and eg essions
A enius and Eh s ed (2008),Baughn e al.
(2006),Rope and Sco (2009)
3 7.50%
7 Logis ic eg ession, Logi , P obi Es in and Mickiewicz (2011),Te jesen and
Sze b (2008),Ve heul e al. (2006)
3 7.50%
8 Mul inomial, logis ic eg ession
and clus e
Sze b e al. (2007) 1 2.50%
9 Boo s apping Minni i and Na done (2007) 1 2.50%
To al 40 100%
Indiana Uni e si y (USA), Uni e si y o E asmus o Ro e dam
(Holland) and Babson College (USA). They a e ollowed by wo
publica ions, Uni e si y Pecs (Hunga y), Uni e si y o Cas illa La
Mancha (Spain), Su hem Me hodis Uni e si y (USA) and EIM
Business & Policy Res (The Ne he lands).
In sho , hese esul s highligh he impo ance o indi idual
wo k in he ins i u ions, i.e. ew ela ionships be ween hem. How-
e e , collec i e wo k is obse ed be ween esea ch eams o he
same uni e si ies o o he ins i u ions.
Me hodology used in he pape s analyzed
Da a used
As o he me hodology used (see Table 3), 37.50%, use da a om
hei coun y based on he adul popula ion su ey (APS); while
32.50% analyze he global da abase esul ing om he pa icipa ing
coun ies o a gi en yea , he equi alen o 13 a icles.
Followed by a lowe pe cen age, wi h 8 publica ions (20.00%),
a e hose using bo h ypes o su eys, hose conduc ed in he adul
M.C. Sánchez-Escobedo e al. / Eu opean Jou nal o Managemen and Business Economics 25 (2016) 150–160 157
Table 5
Le el o analysis in empi ical pape s on gende .
Le el o analysis A icles JCR %
Mic o (indi iduals) Ál a ez-He anz and Valencia-De La a (2011),
Ál a ez-He anz e al. (2011a,b),Bu ke e al. (2014),
D iga e al. (2009),Escandón e al. (2013),
Figuei edo and Oli ei a (2015),Gol z e al. (2015),
González-Ál a ez and Solís-Rod íguez (2011),
Koellinge e al. (2013),Langowi z and Minni i (2007),
Mahadea e al. (2011),Mancilla and Amo ós (2015),
Minni i and Na done (2007),Nogue a e al. (2013),
Ramos-Rod íguez e al. (2012),Romaní e al. (2012),
Rope and Sco (2009),Sánchez-Escobedo e al.
(2014),San iago-Cas o and Pisani (2013),Sepúl eda
and Bonilla (2011),Sze b e al. (2007),Te jesen and
Sze b (2008),Thompson e al. (2009),Tominc and
Rebe nik (2004)
24 60.00%
Mac o (coun ies) Ál a ez and U bano (2013),A enius and Eh s ed
(2008),Bahn e al. (2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014),
Banseongsik e al. (2010),Baughn e al. (2006),Elam
and Te jesen (2010),Es in and Mickiewicz (2011),
Hessels e al. (2011),Rod íguez e al. (2014),Te jesen
and Amo ós (2010),Ve heul e al. (2006),Ramadani
(2015)
16 40.00%
To al 40 100%
popula ion (APS) and o expe s (NES), hus eflec ing di e en
en i onmen al condi ions analyzed by GEM. Finally, hose a icles
ha combine he adul popula ion su ey (APS) and o he sec-
onda y sou ces such as: OECD, Wo ld Bank, US Census, He i age
Founda ion, Encyclopedia B i annica, BBVA Founda ion, e c., wi h
a o al o 4 a icles,which ep esen 10.00%o he o al(seeTable 3).
Analysis echniques
Taking in o accoun he analysis le el, mos ly mic o- and he
na u e o he GEM da a (bina y esponses 1/0), in Table 4 we can
see ha he analysis echniques used in mos a icles, specifically
21,a e desc ip i e andlogis ic, binomialo mul inomial eg ession,
amongo he s, ep esen ing52.50%o he o al. Theya e ollowed o
a lesse ex en , by desc ip i e analysis wi h 20.00%; and hose ha
in addi ion o using desc ip i e analysis combine hei da a wi h
he p ocessing o o he ypes o analyses: eg essions, co ela ions,
MANOVA, e c., which ep esen 7.5%. I is he same pe cen age as
ha o he g oup ha used logis ic eg ession analysis, logi o
p obi (see Table 4).
Finally, he opicso which he eisonlyonepublica ion(10.00%)
a e hose ha use:analysiso a iance (ANOVA)and logis ic eg es-
sion, da a panel o s uc u al equa ions, o mul inomial logis ic
eg ession and la e clus e analysis (see Table 4).
Analysis le el
Rega ding he le el o analysis (see Table 5), and ollowing he
c i e ia which we e once used by S e nbe g and Wenneke s (2005),
he a icles we e classified in o a mic o le el, i he empi ical pape
madeuseo indi idualda a omGEMda abases,in oamesole eli
i e e ed o egions and a mac o le el when i came o da a ela ed
o coun ies. The esul s indica e ha mos o he pape s, specifi-
cally 24, ocus on he analysis o en ep eneu ial ac i i y om a
mic o pe spec i e (60.00%), while he emaining 16 a icles, do i
a amac ole el(40.00%);ha ing oundnoe idence o heexis ence
o a icles pe o ming analysis a egional le el.
Conclusions
In fi een yea s, GEM has con ibu ed o build an unde s and-
ing o he p e alence, na u e and ole o en ep eneu ship in he
economy and socie y in gene al; in addi ion o he consolida ion
o a la ge eam o esea che s wo ldwide, who annually publish
epo s and a significan numbe o monog aphs on di e en op-
ics. Among he monog aphs a e highligh ed hose pe o med on
women, whose esul s ha e shown he impo ance and weigh o
women in all wo ld economies, including no only hose who a e
al eady en ep eneu s, bu hose ha a e s a ing a business based
on need and/o oppo uni y, depending on he coun y whe e hey
wan o ca y i ou (Kelley e al., 2013).
Conside ing hese aspec s, his pape has ca ied ou a biblio-
me ic analysis o he si ua ion and de elopmen o esea ch in
“en ep eneu ship” om he gende pe spec i e, based on GEM o
he pe iod 1999–2015, ocusing on jou nals indexed in WOS. The
esul s e eal a low scien ific p oduc ion in his field, based on
he gende opic and wi h GEM da a (40 a icles). Howe e , gi en
he la ge olume o da a and esea che s o GEM, i is expec ed
ha he end will de elop a a g owing pace, as i is e iden
ha he e is a significan “gap” o esea ch o fill, due o he
posi ioning ha he discipline o en ep eneu ship in academia is
acqui ing.
Excep o he jou nal Small Business Economics, which boos s
esea ch on GEM, he ew a icles ound a e no published in he
main jou nals o he fields o Business (Academy o Managemen
Re iew, Academy o Managemen Jou nal, Jou nal o Managemen ,
Family Business Re iew, Jou nal o Ma ke ing, In e na ional Jou nal
o Managemen Re iews) o Managemen (Academy o Managemen
Annals, Academy o Managemen Re iew, Academy o Managemen
Jou nal, Jou nal o Managemen and Mis Qua e ly), which shows a
possible challenge o consolida e gende esea ch based on GEM.
Rega ding he li e-cycle, i we compa e esea ch o GEM gene -
ally wi h GEM/gende , we no e ha i ha dly inc eases, eaching i s
maximum alue in 2011 wi h 9 a icles, compa ed o hose done
he es o yea s, among which a e 2013, 2014 and 2015 wi h 5 a i-
cles pe yea . He e, we can dis inguish wo pe iods: an ini ial one
un il 2011, wi h 25 a icles, and ano he one om 2012 o 2015, in
which g ow h is obse ed, and 17 a icles a e collec ed.
As o he esea ch opics, mos o he empi ical pape s ha e
ocused on he s udy o he a i udes o esponden s (62.50%),
al hough, logically, en ep eneu ial ac i i y h ough i s indica o
(TEA) has been p esen in mos o hem. The es did i a some
s age in pa icula , being lowe hose which analyzed he com-
ponen denomina ed “en ep eneu ial aspi a ions”, wi h only one
wo k done by Escandón e al. (2013).