Luoma, Päi i; Toppinen, Anne; Pen inen, Esko
A icle
The ole and alue o da a in ci cula business models: A
sys ema ic li e a u e e iew
Jou nal o Business Models (JOBM)
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Aalbo g Uni e si y, Aalbo g
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Luoma, Päi i; Toppinen, Anne; Pen inen, Esko (2021) : The ole and alue o da a
in ci cula business models: A sys ema ic li e a u e e iew, Jou nal o Business Models (JOBM), ISSN
2246-2465, Aalbo g Uni e si y Open Publishing, Aalbo g, Vol. 9, Iss. 2, pp. 44-71,
h ps://doi.o g/10.5278/jbm. 9i2.3448
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Jou nal o Business Models (2021), Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 44-71
44
The Role and Value o Da a in Realising Ci cula Business
Models – a Sys ema ic Li e a u e Re iew
Päi i Luoma1, Anne Toppinen2, and Esko Pen inen3
Abs ac
Pu pose: A sys ema ic e iew o he li e a u e on ci cula business models was pe o med, o syn hesis o wha i
e eals abou he ole and alue o da a in hose models. The inc easing quan i y o supply-chain and li e-cycle da a
a ailable has po en ial o be a signi ican d i e o ci cula business models. The pape desc ibes he cu en s a e o
knowledge and iden i ies a enues o u he esea ch ela ed o use o a ious o ms o da a in he models.
Design: A sys ema ic e iew o li e a u e on he use o da a in ci cula business models was ca ied ou , o in o m
unde s anding o he s a e o knowledge and p o ide a i m ounda ion o u he esea ch.
Findings: The li e a u e e iewed poin s o agmen ed unde s anding o he ole and alue o da a in ci cula
business models. None heless, schola s and p ac i ione s commonly see da a as a d i e and enable o ci cula
economy. The a icle iden i ies wo dis inc app oaches o alue o da a as p esen ed in he co pus and discusses
wha ypes o da a seem o be aluable in a ci cula business-model con ex . Among he u he esea ch oppo uni-
ies a e wo k on da a as a sou ce o business-model inno a ion and on collabo a ion in cap u ing he alue o da a
in ci cula business models.
Value: The s udy p o ides new insigh on he nexus o ci cula business models and da a, and i ep esen s one o
he i s comp ehensi e e iews add essing da a’s alue in a ne wo ked ci cula -economy con ex .
Please ci e his pape as: Luoma, P., Toppinen, A., and Pen inen, E. (2021), The Role and Value o Da a in Realising Ci cula Business Models
– a Sys ema ic Li e a u e Re iew, Jou nal o Business Models, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 44-71
Keywo ds: business models, ci cula economy, alue o da a, da a-d i en, sus ainabili y
1 Facul y o Ag icul u e and Fo es y, Dep . o Fo es Sciences, Uni e si y o Helsinki, Finland, pai i.luoma@helsinki. i
2 Facul y o Ag icul u e and Fo es y, Dep . o Fo es Sciences, Helsinki Ins i u e o Sus ainabili y Science, Uni e si y o Helsinki, Finland
3 School o Business, Depa men o In o ma ion and Se ice Economy, Aal o Uni e si y, Finland
Acknowledgemen s: Luoma’s pa o he wo k has been unded by a g an om Me sämies en Sää iö Founda ion o he doc o al disse a ion.
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.5278/jbm. 9i2.3448
Jou nal o Business Models (2021), Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 44-71
45
In oduc ion
Sca ci y o na u al esou ces is among he mos sig-
ni ican ac o s de ining he landscape whe e oday’s
companies do business and c ea e alue. Popula ion
g ow h and clima e change c ea e ising p essu e
ela ed o he use o na u al esou ces (IPCC, 2019) and
call o in elligen decisions o e icien alloca ion, use,
and conse a ion o aluable esou ces. Fo companies,
esou ce sca ci y is no only a sou ce o isk and con-
ce n (e.g., Gaus ad e al., 2018) bu , h ough ci cula
business models, also an oppo uni y o pu sue new
e enue s eams and ma ke segmen s, along wi h
enhanced cus ome expe ience (e.g., Lüdeke-F eund e
al., 2019; S ahel, 2016; Tukke , 2015).
In he con ex o ci cula economy, new inno a-
i e business models a e needed o closing esou ce
loops, slowing he cycle, and na owing he loops, by
such means as ex ended cus ome expe ience, long-
li e goods, p oduc -li e ex ension, ecycling, euse o
ma e ials, and esou ce-e iciency (e.g., Bocken e al.,
2016). Ci cula business models a e aimed a esol ing
en i onmen al sus ainabili y challenges by u ning lin-
ea esou ce lows in o loops (S ahel, 1997). The goal
is o ge mo e alue om he esou ces and simul a-
neously imp o e he sus ainabili y o p oduc ion and
consump ion.
A he same ime, he bu geoning a ailabili y o da a
is ans o ming how businesses ope a e, and da a’s
u ili y in gene a ing knowledge and insigh o imp o e
decision-making is seen as a po en ially powe ul
sou ce o c ea ion o bo h economic and social alue
(G o e e al., 2018). Mo e e icien use o da a can
se e as a signi ican d i e and enable o ci cula
economy (F ishamma and Pa ida, 2019; Gup a e al.,
2018; S ahel, 2016), and in e es ing examples o da a-
d i en ci cula business models, such as pe o mance
con ac s, sha ing models, and digi al ma ke places
o esou ces and was e s eams, a e al eady eme g-
ing (Ellen MacA hu Founda ion, 2019; Wo ld Eco-
nomic Fo um, 2016). Ci cula economy equi es be e
unde s anding o (o en complex) lows and loops o
esou ces, hei alue, and en i onmen al impac s in
con ex s o complex alue chains and ne wo ks. A he
same ime, hese phenomena ex end ac oss bo de s
be ween echnologies, ac o s, and indus ies and o e
he ull li e ime o p oduc s and se ices. Pa icula ly in
ligh o his complexi y, da a migh be o help in con-
side ing how o ealise ci cula economy.
Recen yea s ha e wi nessed g owing in e es in sus-
ainable business models and ela ed inno a ions (e.g.,
Den che e al., 2018; Wi z e al., 2016), wi h ci cula
business models being no excep ion (e.g., B own, 2019;
Lüdeke-F eund e al., 2019; Manninen e al., 2018;
Pie oni e al., 2019). Howe e , p e ious s udies ha e
no speci ically conside ed he ole and alue ha he
weal h o da a can ha e a he co e o ci cula business
models and ela ed decision-making. Resea ch on he
in e sec ion o da a and ci cula business models has
emained sca ce ( o excep ions, see B essanelli e al.,
2018; Tseng e al., 2018), and mo e insigh in o his
nexus is needed, o unde s anding o how da a can
suppo c ea ion o sus ainable business.
Acco dingly, we iden i ied wo esea ch ques ions, o -
mula ed hus: 1) In wha ways does li e a u e on ci -
cula business models in o m abou he ole and alue
o da a in his se o models? 2) Th ough a e iew, can
one iden i y possible pa hs o u he esea ch ela ed
o he use o a ious o ms o da a in ci cula business
models?
The p esen a ion o he sys ema ic e iew begins in
Sec ion 2, laying ou he concep ual backg ound wi h
ega d o ci cula business models and he alue o
da a he ein. Then, Sec ion 3 desc ibes he esea ch
design and Sec ion 4 p esen s he indings om he
li e a u e e iew. We conclude he pape by o e -
ing inal hough s and iden i ying u he esea ch
oppo uni ies.
Concep ual Backg ound
Ci cula Business Models
The aim in employing ci cula business models is o
add ess en i onmen al sus ainabili y challenges by
ans o ming linea esou ce lows in o loops, gi ing
hem ci cula o m (Bocken e al., 2016; S ahel, 2016;
Tukke , 2015). The goal is o ob ain g ea e alue om
he esou ce use and inc ease he sus ainabili y o p o-
duc ion and consump ion. In ci cula business models,
alue is c ea ed in h ee ways: closing esou ce loops
h ough euse and ecycling o ma e ials, slowing he
Jou nal o Business Models (2021), Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 44-71
46
loops by designing long-li e goods and ex ending p od-
uc s’ se ice li e, and na owing he esou ce lows ia
esou ce-e iciency (Bocken e al., 2016). To mo e om
linea business models o ci cula ones, companies
mus edesign hei alue-c ea ion logic, co e ing alue
p oposi ions, he alue-c ea ion in as uc u e, and he
alue-cap u e models (Ho mann, 2019).
Fo his pape , a business model is de ined as desc ib-
ing he logic o design o how a business c ea es alue
and deli e s i o he cus ome s while also ou lining he
a chi ec u e o he e enues, cos s, and p o i s asso-
cia ed wi h he company deli e ing ha alue (Teece,
2010). I is seen o include he ollowing componen s:
he alue o e ed o cus ome s ( he alue p oposi ion),
how he alue is c ea ed and deli e ed o cus ome s
( alue’s c ea ion and deli e y), and how p o i is gene -
a ed ( alue cap u e) (Bocken e al., 2014; Richa dson,
2008; Teece, 2010). Howe e , he concep o he busi-
ness model is e sa ile, and i is de ined and concep-
ualised in nume ous ways (e.g., Al-Debei and A ison,
2010; Lüdeke-F eund e al., 2019; Zo e al., 2011). A
base, such a model p o ides an abs ac unde s anding
o he ele an o ganisa ion’s business logic in a some-
wha desc ip i e manne (Al-Debei and A ison, 2010).
In p ac ice, business models a e sys ems ha exhibi
complex in e dependencies among hese elemen s
(Massa e al., 2018). They a e o en indus y-speci ic
and depend also on he company con ex and business
ma u i y in how hey a e designed o yield compe i i e
ad an age o he o ganisa ion in ques ion.
In his pape , a ci cula business model is de ined as a
business model ha helps companies o c ea e alue
by means o using esou ces in mul iple cycles, hus
educing bo h was e and consump ion (Lüdeke-F eund
e al., 2019). In he con ex o ci cula business models,
se e al app oaches ha e been aken o app ehend he
co e o he model, wi h easoning based on a ious ax-
onomies o he alue-c ea ion a ionale (Ellen MacA -
hu Founda ion, 2015), s a egies (Bocken e al., 2016),
and pa e ns (Lüdeke-F eund e al., 2019) ep esen ed
by he business models. Fo his pape , he classi ica-
ion o ci cula business pa e ns de eloped by Lüdeke-
F eund e al. (2019) was used o ca ego isa ion o he
li e a u e in he ci cula business model con ex . In his
classi ica ion, he ollowing six pa e ns a e consid-
e ed: epai and main enance, euse and edis ibu ion,
e u bishmen and emanu ac u ing, ecycling, cascad-
ing and epu posing, and o ganic eeds ock.
The alue expec ed o a ise ia ci cula business mod-
els encompasses no jus economic alue and di ec
alue c ea ed o he cus ome ( h ough means such as
sa ings on p oduc ion cos s and ma e ials and g ea e
‘ alue-in-use’) bu also socie al alue (Lüdeke-F eund
e al., 2019; S ahel, 2016). As a concep , ci cula econ-
omy has s ong connec ions wi h sus ainabili y, and
his concep is e ol ing, mani es ing a ious de ini-
ions, bounda ies, p inciples, and associa ed p ac ices
as i does so (Me li e al., 2018). Tha said, om a
sus ainabili y poin o iew, he concep has, in gen-
e al, been claimed o be mo e en i onmen ally d i en,
wi h only a enuous link o social sus ainabili y (e.g.,
D’Ama o e al., 2017). Likewise, he alue is cha ac e -
ised as c ea ed p ima ily on ounda ions o an en i on-
men al alue p oposi ion (Manninen e al., 2018), and
some ha e a gued ha ci cula business models migh
no always be able o cap u e he ull scale o sus ain-
abili y (Geissdoe e e al., 2018). In hese models, he
alue is o en co-c ea ed o e he en i e supply chain:
cus ome s, supplie s, manu ac u e s, e aile s, e c.
(Manninen e al., 2018; U bina i e al., 2017).
Al hough no unambiguously de ined o concep ual-
ised, ci cula business models acili a e e lec ion on
how companies can each sus ainabili y objec i es in
a way ha makes good business sense. Hence, he
insigh s om he e iew p esen ed he e a e clea ly
ele an no only o academia bu also o companies
s i ing o ci cula -economy objec i es.
Business models and inno a ion in hem ha e been sub-
jec o inc easing esea ch e o s in ecen yea s (e.g.,
Foss and Saebi, 2017; Massa e al., 2018; Nielsen e al.,
2018), and, hei concep ual uzziness no wi hs and-
ing, hey ha e u ned ou o be a help ul ool o unde -
s anding how companies do business and c ea e alue.
Paying a en ion o business models can aid in e hink-
ing and edesigning how companies each hei goals,
unde s anding new ypes o inno a ion, and d awing
a en ion o c ea ion o social and en i onmen al alue
alongside he economic (Massa e al., 2018). The e is
a g owing body o esea ch on sus ainable business
models and ela ed inno a ions (e.g., Den che e al.,
2018; Wi z e al., 2016) – o which examina ion o
Jou nal o Business Models (2021), Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 44-71
47
ci cula business models o ms a key pa (e.g., B own,
2019; Lüdeke-F eund e al., 2019; Manninen e al., 2018;
Pie oni e al., 2019) – and on wha kinds o inhe en
unce ain ies hese en ail (Linde and Williande , 2017).
While a ew au ho s ha e ci ed da a as a po en ial
d i e and enable o ci cula economy and ela ed busi-
ness models (e.g., F ishamma and Pa ida, 2019; Gup a
e al., 2018), he ole and alue o da a in ci cula busi-
ness models emains la gely uncha ed e i o y.
Unde s anding he Value o Da a
G ow h in he olume o da a is changing how busi-
nesses ope a e, and he powe o da a in gene a ing
insigh o suppo be e decision-making is seen as
a po en ially as sou ce o cus ome , economic, and
social alue (G o e e al., 2018), whe e one can de ine
da a as objec i e ac s abou e en s and obse a ions
abou he s a e o he wo ld (Da enpo and P u-
sak, 1998) o as symbols ha ep esen p ope ies o
objec s, e en s, and hei en i onmen s (Acko , 1989).
Said da a may be ei he s uc u ed o uns uc u ed,
al hough he applica ion o analy ics o ex ac alue
om da a usually assumes a ailabili y o su icien ly
s uc u ed da a – no malised eco ds in a da abase
wi h a igid and egula s uc u e (Abi eboul, 1997;
McCallum, 2005). Howe e , as olumes o da a a e
being gene a ed in uns uc u ed o m, such as human-
gene a ed e-mail messages and hei a achmen iles,
pho os, ideos, oice eco dings, and social-media con-
en . This limi s he di ec applicabili y o adi ional
analy ics.
Th ough da a’s in eg a ion, disco e y, and exploi a ion
(e.g., Mille and Mo k, 2013), one can u n da a in o al-
uable in o ma ion and knowledge. Tha insigh holds
p omise o imp o ing decisions and yielding such
esul s as be e u ilisa ion o asse s, g ea e ope a-
ion e iciency, cos sa ings, and ex ended cus ome
expe ience (e.g., Chen e al., 2015; Gün he e al., 2017).
Th ough da a’s po en ial con ibu ion o unco e ing
hidden pa e ns and he e o o e unknown co ela ions
(Chen e al., 2015), his esou ce could aid in inc easing
unde s anding o ci cula phenomena and in ealising
ci cula economy.
In his pape , we ocus on which ci cula business mod-
els and s a egies a e seen as speci ically bene i ing
om da a and how he da a may be concep ualised
as a sou ce o alue unde ci cula business models.
Mo e e icien use o da a may help o u n he isions
behind hese models in o eali y by e ining he alue-
c ea ion logic, including decisions on how alue is c e-
a ed, o e ed, and deli e ed o cus ome s and how p o i
is gene a ed. Those classes o business models ha
ely on da a may be e med da a-d i en business mod-
els (Ha mann, 2016).
Howe e , da a migh no always ep esen he wo ld
accu a ely, as i is easie o cap u e da a om eadily
quan i iable phenomena (Jones, 2018). S uc u ed and
quan i iable da a migh be mo e eadily a ailable, as
well as mo e a ac i e o use, han uns uc u ed and
non-quan i iable da a. Da a ha could yield unde -
s anding o o en complex ci cula phenomena migh
no be a ailable, a leas in ele an o m, and a less
accu a e iew o he phenomena migh be p oduced.
Such a pic u e may ha e much less alue in deci-
sion-making. In addi ion, alue may be los h ough
delays in ex ac ing da a, ans o ming he da a in o
usable in o ma ion, and deciding how o ac on he
in o ma ion (Pigni, 2016). Fo example, ei he he
absence o da a indica ing a need o main enance
o non- esponse o such da a can lead o equipmen
b eakdowns, p oduc ion down ime, and o he was e.
Also, some use o da a can ha e ad e se impac s,
which may un coun e o ci cula -economy objec-
i es. E en i handled esponsibly and well, exploi-
a ion o da a o en equi es ex ensi e in es men s
in managemen , echnology, and o he capabili ies
(Ak e e al., 2016).
Gene al a ionales ela ed o da a-d i en alue c ea-
ion may be applicable in ci cula business models.
Mo e e icien use o da a can add alue by a o ding
anspa ency o in o ma ion and g ea e access o i ,
disco e y and expe imen a ion, p edic ion and op imi-
sa ion, apid adap a ion and lea ning, cus omisa ion
o p oduc s and se ices, and deepe unde s anding o
cus ome s (Chen e al., 2015). Value can be ex ac ed
om da a s eams h ough ini ia ion o ac ion on he
basis o eal- ime da a o ia me ging o mul iple da a
s eams (Pigni, 2016). Fo example, eal- ime da a on
p oduc s’ use and pe o mance can p omp ini ia ion
o p edic i e main enance measu es, and demand o

Jou nal o Business Models (2021), Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 44-71
48
ide-sha ing se ices can be o ecas om conside ing
wea he da a in combina ion wi h de ails o mobili y
demands. Da a can be accumula ed o in o ma ion
se ices, e ined in o insigh s and decision suppo ,
agg ega ed o in o m exis ing se ices and enable new
ones, and u ilised o acking and op imising ope a-
ions and pe o mance (Pigni, 2016). Be e use o da a
can lead o inno a ion in p oduc , se ice, and business
models and he eby ans o m businesses’ ope a ions
(G o e e al., 2018; Ha mann, 2016). Reaping he ull
bene i s o da a o en demands a change in business
model, howe e (Buhl e al., 2013).
P io esea ch o e s insigh pe aining o da a-d i en
business models and he bene i s and alue o da a
in gene al (e.g., Chen e al., 2015; G o e e al., 2018;
Ha mann, 2016). Ye , while some au ho s ha e iden i-
ied da a as a po en ial d i e and enable o ci cula
economy (de Ma os and de Albuque que, 2018; F is-
hamma and Pa ida, 2019; Gup a e al., 2018; Tu a e
al., 2019), li le wo k has add essed he ole and alue
o da a speci ically in ela ion o ci cula business mod-
els ( o excep ions, see B essanelli e al., 2018; Tseng
e al., 2018). None heless, u he esea ch add essing
i is seen as impo an (Alcayaga e al., 2019; Rajala
e al., 2018). This a ea ep esen s a signi ican gap in
schola ly unde s anding o da a’s po en ial o suppo
de elopmen o ci cula economy.
The Resea ch Design
To unde s and wha he exis ing body o esea ch indi-
ca es abou he ole and alue o da a in ealisa ion
o ci cula business models, we iden i ied, e iewed,
and o med a syn hesis o he ele an li e a u e. The
li e a u e e iew ep esen s a me hod sui ed o sys-
ema ic unde s anding o an exis ing body o knowl-
edge and o p o iding a i m ounda ion o u he
esea ch (Le y and Ellis, 2006). The sea ch was limi ed
o pee - e iewed schola ly a icles ound in academic
da abases (Scopus and EBSCO Business Sou ce Com-
ple e) and published in his millennium.
Fo emphasis on he business con ex , he sea ch used
he e m ‘ci cula ’ in combina ion wi h ei he ‘busi-
ness model’ o ‘ alue c ea ion’, in he i le, abs ac ,
key wo ds, o subjec (s emming and Boolean ope a-
o s we e used hus: ‘ci cula ’ AND ‘business model*’
OR ‘ alue c ea *’), whe e ‘da a’ was used in any o he
ex . These sea ch e ms had been iden i ied as ha -
ing app op ia e b ead h and dep h o answe ing ou
i s esea ch ques ion (Le y and Ellis, 2006; Okoli,
2015). Addi ional c i e ia we e used o sc een he li e a-
u e: publica ion language (English) and publica ion da e
(1.1.2000–30.8.2019).
A e emo al o duplica es, he o al numbe o a i-
cles was 147, and 39 pape s om his se we e iden i-
ied as ele an o unde s anding he ole and alue
o da a in ci cula business models. To be deemed el-
e an , he con en had o speak o he esea ch ques-
ions. The e we e no c i e ia ela ed o esea ch design
o he con ex o he esea ch. This sea ch was comple-
men ed wi h o wa d and backwa d sea ches because
he key wo ds aken as sea ch e ms migh ha e a
limi ed ‘li e ime’ and al e na i e e ms may ha e been
used (Le y and Ellis, 2006). The o wa d and backwa d
sea ch yielded i e u he a icles. The e o e, he inal
sample consis ed o 44 a icles.
The ull ex o each a icle selec ed was sys ema i-
cally e iewed wi h ega d o he heo e ical, concep-
ual, and empi ical con ibu ion o answe ing esea ch
ques ion 1. Rele an ma e ial was collec ed manually
and documen ed sys ema ically in Excel shee s. The
pe spec i e o he a icles on da a and da a’s alue
was assessed and he link o ci cula business models
iden i ied. The ype and sou ces o da a deal wi h,
he na u e o he da a-d i en ac i i ies conside ed,
and he bene i s and impac s o da a iden i ied as
expec ed and/o ealised we e iden i ied as he main
hemes in he cou se o he analysis. This enabled
classi ying and compa ing he con en o he a icles
and sys ema ically syn hesising he indings wi hin a
concep ual amewo k.
The de elopmen o ou concep ual amewo k was
based on he esul s o he li e a u e e iew and
e lec s he concep ual backg ound o ou wo k also.
Finally, u he esea ch oppo uni ies we e iden i-
ied on he basis o he ou comes om he li e a u e
e iew. Figu e 1 summa ises he esea ch design.
Jou nal o Business Models (2021), Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 44-71
49
Resul s o he Li e a u e Re iew
In he co pus, da a and ela ed in o ma ion echnolo-
gies, se ices, and pla o ms a e commonly p esen ed
as d i e s and enable s o ci cula economy (e.g., de
Ma os and de Albuque que, 2018; Tu a e al., 2019),
and lack o da a is o en ci ed as a ba ie o ci cula
business models (e.g., Saidani e al., 2018; Ve mun e
al., 2019). A summa y able co e ing all 44 a icles is
p esen ed in Annex 1, and Annex 2 lis s he con ex o
each piece, i s pe spec i e on he ele an da a, and
he business models and s a egies discussed.
All he a icles ma ching he c i e ia used o ou e iew
a e qui e ecen , published be ween 2016 and 2019.
This a es s o a s ong upswing o a en ion o he
subjec , wi h g owing in e es in unde s anding he
nexus o ci cula business models and digi al ech-
nologies. In o al, he sou ces ea u e 340 a icles pub-
lished on ci cula business models and alue c ea ion
du ing he ime span conside ed, so abou 10% o he
model- ela ed pape s deal wi h he ole o da a in one
way o ano he .
As a whole, he body o li e a u e e iewed indica es
ha he s a e o unde s anding o he in e sec ion o
ci cula business models and da a is highly agmen ed.
The a icles show wide a ie y in he ci cula business
models add essed. In addi ion, di e se con ex s and
indus ies, among hem manu ac u ing, was e man-
agemen , and digi alisa ion, a e co e ed. In some a i-
cles, he da a o ela ed ac o s a e a he co e o he
discussion, while hey a e p esen ed as a mino issue
in o he s. Pe spec i es on he da a we e ound o a y
oo, om pe cei ing he da a as inpu o modelling,
h ough applying li e-cycle assessmen o in o ma ion
lows in he supply chain, o exp essing mo e gene al
iews on unlocking he po en ial o ci cula economy.
Below, we discuss he ways in which he li e a u e
on ci cula business models in o ms us abou ci cu-
la business models’ ela ionship wi h da a (including
he associa ed s a egies o exploi a ion o da a) and
wha speci ic use da a may ha e in ci cula business
models. In addi ion, we iden i y wo app oaches o
alue o da a ha we e a icula ed in he co pus and
discuss which so s o da a seem he mos aluable in
his con ex .
Connec ing ci cula business models o he ole
and alue o da a
The a icles e iewed co e a b oad spec um o ci cu-
la business models. Table 1 p esen s examples o his
b ead h wi h ega d o he po en ial ole and alue o
da a, e lec ing he a ious ci cula business model
pa e ns in oduced by Lüdeke-F eund e al. (2019).
Many o he a icles show connec ions wi h se e al
business-model pa e ns, no leas because oughly
hal o he pape s exp ess a gene al pe spec i e on ci -
cula business models, wi hou conside ing any speci ic
ones. Many o he models discussed in he li e a u e
ep esen a high-le el s a egy o app oach a he han
a eady- o-apply model ha could easily be classi ied
as a speci ic business-model pa e n.
Se e al a icles ci e oppo uni ies in se i iza ion and
p oduc –se ice sys ems, p o iding cus ome s wi h
se ice and pe o mance a he han p oduc s (Alcay-
aga e al., 2019; B essanelli e al., 2018; F ishamma
and Pa ida, 2019; Khan e al., 2018; Pialo e al., 2017;
Sp ing and A aujo, 2017). While his p ominence migh
A li e a u e sea ch o
academic da abases:
Scopus and EBSCO
Business Sou ce
Comple e
Was limi ed o
pee - e iewed a icles
(in English) published
on 1.1.2000-30.8.2019
Sea ch e ms using
he e m ‘ci cula ’
wi h ei he ‘business
model*’ o ‘ alue
c ea *’ and also ‘da a’
Resul ed in 147 a icles
Iden i ica ion o 39
a icles as ele an
Fi e addi ional a icles
Yielded, in o al, 44
a icles
Sys ema ic e iew
o he a icles o
hei heo e ical,
concep ual, and
empi ical con ibu-
ion, o answe ing he
esea ch ques ion
Conclusion and iden-
i ica ion o u u e
esea ch oppo uni ies
on he basis o he
esul s o he li a u e
e iew
1 2 3 4 5
Figu e 1: The esea ch design o he li e a u e e iew
Jou nal o Business Models (2021), Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 44-71
50
Ci cula business model pa e n
(Lüdeke-F eund
e al.
, 2019)Po en ial ole and alue o da a
Examples om he
li e a u e
Repai and main enance
Th ough epai and main enance se ices,
companies can ex end p oduc li e. This neces-
si a es cus ome -cen ed se ices, expe ise
in he p oduc s, abili y o sol e p oblems ‘on
he ly’, and co esponding o wa d and e e se
logis ics.
• End- o-end p oduc and se ice da a, eal- ime and
his o ical, a e needed o design suppo and o
p o ision o long-li e p oduc s and hei epai and
main enance. Bo h unde s anding o cus ome s’
beha iou and p e e ences and he eal- ime isibili y
o he usage o a p oduc seem c ucial o inc easing
alue o he cus ome .
• The e is po en ial alue in da a on he use, s a us,
condi ion, loca ion, and ope a ion o p oduc s and
se ices. Bo h eal- ime and his o ical da a o he
p oduc s o se ices’ ull se ice li e and on cus om-
e s’ beha iou and p e e ences could be ele an . The
da a may be ei he use - o p oduc -gene a ed.
• Se e al a icles poin o oppo uni ies o p oduc –
se ice sys ems o p o ide cus ome s wi h se ice
and pe o mance ins ead o p oduc s. These can
ex end companies’ owne ship o p oduc s o e he
ull se ice li e. This po en ial encou ages companies o
op imise he design, main enance, and se ice-li e
managemen . P oduc –se ice sys ems’ c ea ion
equi es good unde s anding and e idence o cus-
ome beha iou and p e e ences.
Alcayaga e al. (2019)
B essanelli e al. (2018)
Pialo e al. (2017)
Sp ing and A aujo (2017)
Zhang e al. (2017)
Reuse and edis ibu ion
Th ough euse and edis ibu ion, cus ome s
can be gi en access o used p oduc s, possibly
wi h mino enhancemen o modi ica ions. This
migh equi e e alua ing he p oduc s’ ma ke
alue and c ea ing sui able ma ke places.
• P oduc li e ime da a is a p e equisi e o suppo -
ing he design and p o ision o long-li e p oduc s
ha can be eused and edis ibu ed. Digi al pla o ms
could se e as ma ke places. Bo h unde s anding o
cus ome s’ beha iou and p e e ences and cla i y as
o he usage o a p oduc seem c ucial.
• Da a on he use, s a us, condi ion, loca ion, and
ope a ion o p oduc s and se ices may be o alue.
Bo h eal- ime and his o ical da a o hei ull
li e ime and de ails on cus ome s’ beha iou and
p e e ences may be ele an . The da a may be ei he
use - o p oduc -gene a ed.
Alcayaga e al. (2019)
Nascimen o e al. (2019)
Saidani e al. (2018)
Re u bishmen and emanu ac u ing
Re u bishing and emanu ac u ing p oduc s –
e.g., epai ing o eplacing componen s – can
ex end p oduc li e. This equi es combining
epai and main enance capaci y wi h euse
and edis ibu ion capabili ies in a ious ways,
including e e se and o wa d logis ics and
applying echnical expe ise abou p oduc s
and hei e u bishmen and emanu ac u ing.
• Da a o he p oduc s’ ull li e ime pe o mance can
be used o adjus design, ope a ion, and disposal
s a egies o e u bishmen and emanu ac u ing.
Tools o p oduc design can assis wi h assessing
e u bishmen and emanu ac u ing po en ial bu
migh demand p ohibi i e quan i ies o p oduc
da a. Fo a summa y o po en ially aluable da a, see
‘Repai and main enance’ and ‘Reuse and edis ibu-
ion’, abo e.
Fa i e al. (2019)
Jensen e al. (2019)
Khan e al. (2018)
Ma sumo o e al. (2016)
Table1: The po en ial ole and alue o da a in ci cula business models
Jou nal o Business Models (2021), Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 44-71
51
Ci cula business model pa e n
(Lüdeke-F eund
e al.
, 2019)Po en ial ole and alue o da a
Examples om he
li e a u e
Recycling
Used ma e ials can be con e ed in o ma e ials
o lowe alue o in o highe -quali y ma e ials
o imp o ed unc ionali y. This equi es knowl-
edge o p oduc design, ma e ial sciences, and
he ma e ials’ physical and chemical p ope -
ies, along wi h solid abili y o a ange e e se
logis ics.
• Da a on ma e ial lows and on was e s eams a e
o po en ial alue. In addi ion, p oduc -design da a
and da a co e ing he en i e se ice li e ( om he
ma e ials used o end-o -li e con amina ion) a e o
impo ance o unde s anding ecyclabili y and he
eco e y op ions.
Alcayaga e al. (2019)
de Ma os and de Albu-
que que (2018)
Fa i e al. (2019)
Mish a e al. (2018)
Nie o and Olsen (2016)
Cascading and epu posing
O ganisa ions can apply i e a i e use o he
ene gy and ma e ials wi hin physical objec s,
including biological nu ien s. Exploi ing his
pa e n demands acili a ing ma e ial lows
and suppo ing indus ial symbiosis ne wo ks.
• Real- ime and his o ical da a on he whole li e cycle
and de ails o ma e ial lows, en i onmen al impac ,
pe o mance, e c. a e seen as ele an . Valuable da a
may pe ain o condi ion, ope a ion, s a us, loca ion,
use, and he su ounding sys em. In o ma ion lows
in he supply chain appea c ucial.
• A icles e e ing o closed-loop sys ems and
indus ial symbiosis a e classi ied as a icula ing
a cas cading and epu posing business model, as
hey o en ocus on acili a ing ma e ial lows and
sup po ing indus ial symbiosis ne wo ks. Howe e ,
hey may be c ucial o any o he models in enabling
o wa d and e e se logis ics.
Aid e al. (2017)
Fishe e al. (2018)
Rajala e al. (2018)
Tseng e al. (2018)
O ganic eeds ock
This pa e n in ol es p ocessing o ganic
esiduals, ia biomass con e sion o anae o-
bic diges ion, o use as p oduc ion inpu s o
sa e disposal in he biosphe e. Co esponding
e e se lows, alongside con e sion, mus be
a anged and managed. Ma e ial composi-
ions migh be complex and he esidues
con amina ed.
• The a icles e iewed do no speci ically add ess a
business model based on o ganic eeds ock. How-
e e , some do ocus on cloud manu ac u ing, he
sha ing o manu ac u ing capabili ies and esou ces
on a cloud pla o m, which migh be aluable in his
con ex . Among he po en ial bene i s a e g ea e
p ocess esilience and imp o ed was e educ ion,
euse, and eco e y.
Fishe e al. (2018)
Linds öm e al. (2018)
Table1: The po en ial ole and alue o da a in ci cula business models
(Con inued)
be connec ed wi h he popula i y o hese models
in w i ings on ci cula business models, i also ies in
wi h he ole ha da a could ake speci ically in such
sys ems. P oduc –se ice sys ems o his na u e show
links o se e al business models ( epai and main e-
nance, euse and edis ibu ion, e u bishmen and
emanu ac u ing, and ecycling). Exploi ing da a o
p oduc –se ice sys ems should encou age companies
o op imise hei p oduc s’ design, main enance, and
li e ime managemen o suppo a long se ice li e,
easy euse, and ecyclabili y, alongside o he ci cula -
economy- ela ed objec i es.
Se e al a icles e e o closed-loop supply chains and
p oduc sys ems (Aid e al., 2017; de Ma os and de
Albuque que, 2018; Mish a e al., 2018; Nie o and Olsen,
2016; Rajala e al., 2018; Tseng e al., 2018), b inging
in discussion o c oss-indus y ne wo ks needed o
e e se logis ics, wi h links o many o he business
models. Said a icles a e classi ied as ep esen ing a
cascading and epu posing business model (jus as he
a icles dealing wi h indus ial symbiosis a e), al hough
ne wo ks o his so may o e alue unde any o he
models p esen ed. These pape s indica e ha da a
could be o pa icula alue wi h ega d o o ches a ing
Jou nal o Business Models (2021), Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 44-71
58
consis en wi h wha is isible o mo e gene al da a-
d i en business models and he ela ed no ion ha
alue o da a is p oduced in ac i i ies in ol ing o he
s akeholde s in he da a ecosys em (Bha adwaj e al.,
2013; Thomas and Leiponen, 2016).
In ci cula business models, he impe us o collabo-
a ion can a ise om such angles as a need o unde -
s and complex c osscu ing sys ems, such as global
supply chains, along wi h sha ed isks, c i ical le e age
poin s, and echnical ba ie s (B own, 2019). Company
eluc ance o sha e da a o eason o p i acy, secu i y,
o compe i i eness conce ns is no speci ic o ci cula
business. Digi al us is necessa y be ween any collab-
o a ion pa ne s (Rajala e al., 2018), and da a access
may be con olled ia o mal con ac s o selling o da a
alongside explici speci ica ion o da a owne ship and
igh s (Gün he e al., 2017).
P oposi ion 3: Da a Can Yield Insigh on How o
Co-c ea e Value wi h Cus ome s
The li e a u e shows ha se e al ypes o ci cula
business model a e aimed a changing he ole o he
cus ome in he alue c ea ion. This may occu , o
example, when one p o ides he cus ome wi h se ice,
access, o pe o mance ins ead o p oduc owne ship.
As e idenced by he li e a u e, he middle s e ch o
a p oduc ’s li e (i.e., he use o p oduc s and se ices)
is ecei ing g owing in e es . The e is awa eness also
ha da a on cus ome s’ beha iou and p e e ences and
li elong da a on p oduc s and se ices can be o g ea
alue o unde s anding how o design ci cula p od-
uc s, se ices, and business models ha all ex end se -
ice li e o how o p o ide a pe sonalised o e ing ha
educes use s’ consump ion o esou ces. Howe e , a
gap is isible wi h ega d o esea ch in o he cus om-
e ’s changing ole in ci cula business models and how
da a can be used in esponse.
Ci cula business models, when ex ending a compa-
ny’s esponsibili y o he owne ship o p oduc s o e
hei en i e li e, inc ease in e ac ion wi h cus ome s
(Lewandowski, 2016). The in e ac ions a e a possible
sou ce o addi ional aluable da a, o use o enhanc-
ing cus ome s’ expe ience and cus ome ela ions. Ge -
ing mo e in ol ed in he p oduc -use phase can lead
companies o e hink hei ela ionship wi h cus om-
e s and consume s (Ho mann, 2019) and o make cus-
ome s a signi ican pa o he alue co-c ea ion. Such
de elopmen s ep esen new oppo uni ies o ci cula
business models.

Jou nal o Business Models (2021), Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 44-71
59
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Jou nal o Business Models (2021), Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 44-71
64
Summa y o he a icles e iewed
Yea s o
publica ion
20
15
10
5
0
2016 2017 2018 2019
Numbe o a icles
No ele an a icles we e published be o e 2016. The ba o 2019 co e s he mon hs om Janua y o Augus .
Jou nals
0 5 10 15
Jou nal o Cleane P oduc ion
Resou ces, Conse a ion and Recycling
Sus ainabili y
Cali o nia Managemen Re iew
Jou nal o Indus ial Ecology
Technology Fo ecas ing and Social Change
O he jou nals
Numbe o a icles
The ‘o he jou nals’ ca ego y co e s Ad anced Enginee ing In o ma ics, Annals o Ope a ions Resea ch,
Annual Re iew o Ma e ials Resea ch, Applied Sciences, Au onomous Agen s and Mul i-Agen Sys ems,
Indus ial Ma ke ing Managemen , In e na ional Jou nal o In o ma ion Managemen , In e na ional
Jou nal o Managemen Cases, In e na ional Jou nal o P ecision Enginee ing and Manu ac u ing – G een
Technology, Jou nal o Manu ac u ing Sys ems, Jou nal o Manu ac u ing Technology Managemen ,
Managemen Decision, Ma ine Policy, P oduc ion Planning & Con ol, and Social Sciences, wi h one a icle
each.
Annex 1: Summa y o he li e a u e e iewed
Jou nal o Business Models (2021), Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 44-71
65
Summa y o he a icles e iewed
Resea ch me hods
Case S udy 41%
O he 9%
In e iew 7%
Modelling 11%
Li e a u e Re iew 31%
The o he esea ch me hods we e ac ion esea ch, ques ionnai e-based su eys, p epa a ion o pe spec-
i e pape s, and mul i-me hod app oaches.
Au ho s Ti le Jou nal Yea Me hod Con ex
Pe spec i e on
he da a
Business
models and
s a egies
discussed
Aid, G., Eklund, M.,
Ande be g, S., &
Baas, L.
‘Expanding oles o he
Swedish was e managemen
sec o in in e -o ganiza ional
esou ce managemen ’
Resou ces,
Conse a ion
and Recycling
2017 In e iews Was e
managemen
Ma e ial low and
en i onmen al
impac da a
Indus ial
symbiosis
Alcayaga, A., Wiene ,
M., & Hansen, E.
‘Towa ds a amewo k o
sma -ci cula sys ems: An
in eg a i e li e a u e e iew’
Jou nal o
Cleane
P oduc ion
2019 Li e a u e
e iew
Sma ci cula
sys ems
P oduc s’ li e ime
da a
P oduc –se ice
sys ems; main-
enance; euse;
emanu ac u ing;
ecycling
Asi , F., Liede , M., &
Rashid, A.
‘Mul i-me hod simula-
ion based ool o e alua e
economic and en i onmen al
pe o mance o ci cula p od-
uc sys ems’
Jou nal o
Cleane
P oduc ion
2016 Modelling Ci cula p od-
uc sys ems
Da a as inpu o a
so wa e ool
Ci cula p oduc
sys ems
B essanelli, G., Ad o-
dega i, F., Pe ona,
M., & Saccani, N.
‘Explo ing how usage- ocused
business models enable ci -
cula economy h ough digi al
echnologies’
Sus ainabili y 2018 Case s udy Ci cula econ-
omy; digi al
echnologies
Digi al
echnologies
Se i ized busi-
ness models
Camacho-O e o, J.,
Boks, C.,
& Pe e sen, I.
‘Consump ion in he ci cula
economy: A li e a u e e iew’
Sus ainabili y 2018 Li e a u e
e iew
Ci cula
economy;
consump ion
Cus ome da a No speci ic model
o s a egy
Annex 1: Summa y o he li e a u e e iewed
(Con inued)
Annex 2: A icles included in he li e a u e e iew
Jou nal o Business Models (2021), Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 44-71
66
Au ho s Ti le Jou nal Yea Me hod Con ex
Pe spec i e on
he da a
Business
models and
s a egies
discussed
Ceza ino, L., Liboni,
L., Oli ei a S e anelli,
N., Oli ei a, B., &
S occo, L.
‘Di ing in o eme ging econo-
mies bo leneck: Indus y 4.0
and implica ions o ci cula
economy’
Managemen
Decision
2019 Li e a u e
e iew
Ci cula
economy;
indus y 4.0
Oppo uni ies
and limi a ions
connec ed wi h
indus y 4.0
No speci ic model
o s a egy
de Ma os, C., & de
Albuque que, T.
‘Enabling ac o s and s a e-
gies o he ansi ion owa d
a ci cula economy (CE)’
Sus ainabili y 2018 Case s udy Ci cula
economy
Da a as a key
aspec o ci cula
business models
Indus ial sym-
biosis; ex ending
esou ce alue;
e e se supply
chain
Fa i, C., Ma coni,
M., Ge mani, M., &
Mandolini, M.
‘A design o [a] disassembly
ool o ien ed o mecha onic
p oduc de-manu ac u ing
and ecycling’
Ad anced
Enginee ing
In o ma ics
2019 Modelling Disassem-
blabili y and
ecyclabili y
Da a as inpu o a
so wa e ool
Disassemblabili y;
ecyclabili y
Fishe , O., Wa son,
N., Po cu, L., Bacon,
D., Rigley, M., &
Gomes, R. L.
‘Cloud manu ac u ing as a
sus ainable p ocess manu ac-
u ing ou e’
Jou nal o
Manu ac u ing
Sys ems
2018 Li e a u e
e iew
Cloud
manu ac u ing
Cloud manu ac-
u ing as a mecha-
nism o sha e and
exploi da a
Au oma ion,
p ocess esilience,
was e educ ion,
euse, and eco e y
F ishamma , J., &
Pa ida, V.
‘Ci cula business model
ans o ma ion: A oadmap
o incumben i ms’
Cali o nia
Managemen
Re iew
2019 Case s udy Ci cula
business
ans o ma ion
The po en ial ole
o so wa e and
da a-analy ics
specialis s
P oduc –se ice
sys ems
Ga cia-Muiña, F.,
González-Sánchez,
R., Fe a i, A., &
Se emb e-Blundo,
D.
‘The pa adigms o Indus y
4.0 and ci cula economy as
enabling d i e s o he com-
pe i i eness o businesses
and e i o ies: The case o an
I alian ce amic iles manu ac-
u ing company’
Social Sciences 2018 Case s udy Ci cula
economy;
indus y 4.0
Indus y 4.0 in
suppo o col-
lec ing, s o ing,
and p ocessing
o da a
No speci ic model
o s a egy
Gilbe , P., Wilson,
P., Walsh, C., &
Hodgson, P.
‘The ole o ma e ial e iciency
o educe CO2 emissions du -
ing ship manu ac u e: A li e
cycle app oach’
Ma ine Policy 2017 Modelling Li e-cycle
analysis
Da a as inpu o
li e-cycle analysis
Ma e ial-e iciency
Gup a, S., Chen,
H., Hazen, B., Kau ,
S., & San ibañez
Gonzalez, E.
‘Ci cula economy and big
da a analy ics: A s akeholde
pe spec i e’
Technology
Fo ecas ing and
Social Change
2018 In e iews Ci cula
economy; Big
Da a analy ics
Big Da a as a
acili a o o
ci cula economy
No speci ic model
o s a egy
Heyes, G., Sha mina,
M., Mendoza, J.,
Gallego-Schmid, A.,
& Azapagic, A.
‘De eloping and implemen -
ing ci cula economy business
models in se ice-o ien ed
echnology companies’
Jou nal o
Cleane
P oduc ion
2019 Case s udy Ci cula busi-
ness models
Da a’s moni o ing
and analysis as an
a ac i e busi-
ness model o IT
companies
Da a’s moni o ing
and analysis
Ho mann, F. ‘Ci cula business models:
Business app oach as d i e
o obs uc e o sus ainabili y
ansi ions?’
Jou nal o
Cleane
P oduc ion
2019 Li e a u e
e iew
Ci cula busi-
ness models
Digi al echnolo-
gies suppo ing
ci cula business
models
No speci ic model
o s a egy
Hopkinson, P., Zils,
M., Hawkins, P., &
Rope , S.
‘Managing a complex global
ci cula economy business
model: Oppo uni ies and
challenges’
Cali o nia
Managemen
Re iew
2018 Case s udy Ci cula busi-
ness models
Asse - acking
ools; eal- ime
isibili y
No speci ic model
o s a egy
Annex 2: A icles included in he li e a u e e iew
(Con inued)
Jou nal o Business Models (2021), Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 44-71
67
Au ho s Ti le Jou nal Yea Me hod Con ex
Pe spec i e on
he da a
Business
models and
s a egies
discussed
Jabbou , C., Lopes De
Sousa Jabbou , A.,
Sa kis, J., & Filho, M.
‘Unlocking he ci cula econ-
omy h ough new business
models based on la ge-scale
da a: An in eg a i e ame-
wo k and esea ch agenda’
Technology
Fo ecas ing and
Social Change
2019 Li e a u e
e iew
Ci cula
economy; Big
Da a
Big Da a in
unlocking he
po en ial o ci cu-
la economy
‘Regene a e,
sha e, op imize,
loop, i ualize,
exchange’
Jensen, J., P ende -
ille, S., Bocken, N., &
Peck, D.
‘C ea ing sus ainable alue
h ough emanu ac u ing:
Th ee indus y cases’
Jou nal o
Cleane
P oduc ion
2019 Case s udy Sus ainable
emanu ac u -
ing
Da a in assess-
men o
en i onmen al
and economic
pe o mance
Remanu ac u ing
Khan, M., Mi al, S.,
Wes , S., & Wues , T.
‘Re iew on upg adabili y – a
p oduc li e ime ex ension
s a egy in he con ex o
p oduc se ice sys ems’
Jou nal o
Cleane
P oduc ion
2018 Li e a u e
e iew
Upg ading;
ex ending
p oduc s’
se ice li e
Da a o sup-
po designing
o upg adable
se ices
P oduc –se ice
sys ems
Leising, E., Quis , J.,
& Bocken, N.
‘Ci cula Economy in he build-
ing sec o : Th ee cases and a
collabo a ion ool’
Jou nal o
Cleane
P oduc ion
2018 Case s udy Ci cula
economy
In o ma ion low
in he supply
chain
No speci ic model
o s a egy
Liede , M., Asi , F., &
Rashid, A.
‘Towa ds Ci cula Economy
implemen a ion: An agen -
based simula ion app oach o
business model changes’
Au onomous
Agen s and
Mul i-Agen
Sys ems
2017 Modelling Ci cula busi-
ness models
Da a as inpu
o unde s and-
ing cus ome s’
beha iou and
p e e ences
No speci ic model
o s a egy
Linds öm, J., He -
manson, A., Bloms -
ed , F., & Kyös i, P.
‘A mul i-usable cloud se ice
pla o m: A case s udy on
imp o ed de elopmen pace
and e iciency’
Applied Sciences 2018 Case s udy Cloud se ice
pla o ms
Da a collec ion
and analy -
ics in Big Da a
ope a ions
No speci ic model
o s a egy
Lopes De Sousa
Jabbou , A., Jabbou ,
C., Godinho, F., &
Roubaud, D.
‘Indus y 4.0 and he ci cula
economy: A p oposed esea ch
agenda and o iginal oadmap
o sus ainable ope a ions’
Annals o Ope a-
ions Resea ch
2018 Li e a u e
e iew
Ci cula
economy;
indus y 4.0
Indus y 4.0’s
echnologies o
collec , analyse,
and ac on da a
‘Regene a e,
sha e, op imize,
loop, i ualize,
exchange’
Lüdeke-F eund, F.,
Gold, S., & Bocken,
N.
‘A e iew and ypology o
ci cula economy business
model pa e ns’
Jou nal o Indus-
ial Ecology
2019 Li e a u e
e iew
Ci cula busi-
ness models’
design
Iden i ying equip-
men da abases
as an example o
auxilia y se ices
No speci ic model
o s a egy
Manninen, K.,
Koskela, S., An i-
kainen, R., Bocken,
N., Dahlbo, H., &
Amino , A.
‘Do ci cula economy
business models cap u e
in ended en i onmen al alue
p oposi ions?’
Jou nal o
Cleane
P oduc ion
2018 Case s udy Ci cula busi-
ness models
Lack o da a o
e i ying he
en i onmen al
bene i s o ci cula
business models
No speci ic model
o s a egy
Ma sumo o, M.,
Yang, S., Ma insen,
K., & Kainuma, Y.
‘T ends and esea ch chal-
lenges in emanu ac u ing’
In e na ional
Jou nal o P eci-
sion Enginee ing
and Manu ac-
u ing – G een
Technology
2016 Li e a u e
e iew
Remanu ac-
u ing
Design ools as
equi ing signi i-
can quan i ies o
p oduc da a
Remanu ac u ing
Me li, R., P eziosi,
M., & Acampo a, A.
‘How do schola s app oach he
ci cula economy? A sys em-
a ic li e a u e e iew’
Jou nal o
Cleane
P oduc ion
2018 Li e a u e
e iew
Ci cula
economy
Linking o Big Da a
and he In e ne o
Things o ci cula
economy
No speci ic model
o s a egy
Annex 2: A icles included in he li e a u e e iew
(Con inued)