Ha enga, J. J.D.; B uwe , P. J.S.
A icle
E alua ion o mic ocompu e u iliza ion in small- and
medium-sized businesses
Sou h A ican Jou nal o Business Managemen
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Uni e si y o S ellenbosch Business School (USB), Bell ille, Sou h A ica
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Ha enga, J. J.D.; B uwe , P. J.S. (1990) : E alua ion o mic ocompu e u iliza ion
in small- and medium-sized businesses, Sou h A ican Jou nal o Business Managemen , ISSN
2078-5976, A ican Online Scien i ic In o ma ion Sys ems (AOSIS), Cape Town, Vol. 21, Iss. 1/2, pp.
27-31,
h ps://doi.o g/10.4102/sajbm. 21i1.912
This Ve sion is a ailable a :
h ps://hdl.handle.ne /10419/218043
S anda d-Nu zungsbedingungen:
Die Dokumen e au EconS o dü en zu eigenen wissenscha lichen
Zwecken und zum P i a geb auch gespeiche und kopie we den.
Sie dü en die Dokumen e nich ü ö en liche ode komme zielle
Zwecke e iel äl igen, ö en lich auss ellen, ö en lich zugänglich
machen, e eiben ode ande wei ig nu zen.
So e n die Ve asse die Dokumen e un e Open-Con en -Lizenzen
(insbesonde e CC-Lizenzen) zu Ve ügung ges ell haben soll en,
gel en abweichend on diesen Nu zungsbedingungen die in de do
genann en Lizenz gewäh en Nu zungs ech e.
Te ms o use:
Documen s in EconS o may be sa ed and copied o you pe sonal
and schola ly pu poses.
You a e no o copy documen s o public o comme cial pu poses, o
exhibi he documen s publicly, o make hem publicly a ailable on he
in e ne , o o dis ibu e o o he wise use he documen s in public.
I he documen s ha e been made a ailable unde an Open Con en
Licence (especially C ea i e Commons Licences), you may exe cise
u he usage igh s as speci ied in he indica ed licence.
h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/
S.A .J.Bus.Mgm .1990,21(1)
27
E alua ion
o
mic ocompu e u iliza ion
in
small- and medium-sized businesses
J.J.D. Ha enga* and P.J.S. B uwe
Facul y
o
Economics and Managemen Sciences, Po che s oom Uni e si y o
CHE,
Po che s oom, 2520
Republic o Sou h A ica
This pape p esen s he esul
o
an empi ical s udy on he use
o
mic ocompu e s
by
small and medium-sized
businesses
in
Sou h A ica. A numbe
o
coun ies we e included
in
he su ey. The pu pose
o
his s udy was
o
es ablish, h ough he use
o
51
a iables
in
he p ojec , wha majo p oblems small and medium-sized
businesses expe ience
in
he use o mic ocompu e s
in
a de eloping egion such as sou he n A ica. Special
emphasis was placed on he main easons o pu chasing mic ocompu e s, ypes o so wa e used, as well as
aining and expe ience
in
handling his equipmen
in
he managemen
o
a small business. Majo indings
· included a g ea e compu e li e acy amongs use s, wi h a s ong endency owa ds compu e applica ion o
mo e sophis ica ed pu poses such as dccisi n making means
o
suppo .
Hie die a ikel bicd 'n samc a ing an die esul a e an 'n empi iese s udic oo die geb uik an mik o ekenaa s
deu
klcin- en mcdiumg oo c sakcondc ncmings
in
Suid-A ika. Die docl an hie die s udie was om as e s el
wa die bclang iks c p obleme
is
wa klein- en mcdiumg oo e sakconde ncmings c aa
by
die geb uik an
mik o ckcnaa s
in
'n on wikkclcnde s eck soos suidelikc A ika. Spcsialc klcm
is
gcplaas
op
belang ike edes
i die aankoop an mik o ckcnaa s, soo c sag ewa c wa gcb uik wo d sowel
as
oplciding en e a ing
in
die
han c ing an hic die oe u~ ing
in
die bcs uu an klcinc sakconde nemings. Die belang iks e be indinge be
ondc
ande e ingcslui 'n g o e ekcnaa gele c dheid onde gcb uike s me 'n s e k neiging o die benu ing
an die ekenaa i mee geso is ikee de doeleindes soos beslui neming.
*
To
whom co espondence should be add essed
Since
he
in oduc ion
o
he
mic ocompu e
in
he
middle 1970s
he
echnological
ad ancemen
in i s
speed
and
s o age
capaci y has
been
g ea .
G ea e
awa eness
o
he
possibili ies
o
new
gene a ion
mic ocompu e s as
well as lowe cos
o
ha dwa e
ha e caused an inc easing
demand
among
small-
and
medium-sized businesses
o
employ
mic ocompu e s
in
hei
i ms.
Howe e ,
i
does
seem
as i
he
g ea e
demand
o mic ocompu e s has
no
always
esul ed
in a
mo e
e icien u iliza ion
he eo .
I
is
sugges ed (Massey,
J .,
1986) ha
he
small
business
compu e
emains
unde u ilized
and
ha
he
bene i s
o
compu e
echnology
o
small businesses will
no
be
ully ealized un il
manage s
combine
he al eady
ecognized cos sa ings wi h
he
emendous
e enue
gene a ion
capaci ies
ha
mic ocompu e s
o e .
Besides
he
unde -u iliza ion C agg (1986) also
no ed
ha
some
s udies
ha e indica ed
ha
a high
pe cen age
o
mic ocompu e s
ha e
been
pu chased unwisely
o
ha e allen
in o
non-use.
The
la e
can
be he case i
no
echnological
de elopmen
o
mic ocompu e s
occu ed,
o
due
o
lack
o
aining
o
use s.
I
does,
howe e ,
seem
ha
mic ocompu e s
a e
being
engaged
o
a
la ge
ex en
in
mo e
a eas
han
ac ually
acknowledged (Lincoln &
Wa be g,
1987; C agg, 1987).
The
pu pose
o
his s udy
•is
o
asce ain
he
main
easons o pu chasing a
mic ocompu e
in
o de
o
assess
o
wha
ex en
p oblems
a e
expe ienced,
and
he
con ibu ion
o
mic ocoompu e
u iliza ion
o
mo e
e ec i e manage ial unc ioning in small
and
medium-
sized businesses in
sou he n
A ica.
De ini ion o small- and medium-sized businesses
F om
he
su ey
o
he
li e a u e i
is
e iden
ha
con usion s ill exis s
on
a la ge scale as
o
wha
he
co ec de ini ion
o
a small business should be.
The
o icial de ini ion
o
a small business in
he
U.S.A.
was
al eady
o mula ed
in 1953 wi h
he
in oduc ion
o
he
'Small Business
Ac '.
Since
hen
24
o he
de ini ions
we e
o mula ed,
whils a
numbe
o
a ia ions
on
he
o iginal de ini ion we e coined. This also implies
he
case wi h
he
de ini ion
o
he
Bol on Commission in
he
U.K.
Fo
he
pu poses
o
his s udy small-
and
medium-
sized businesses we e de ined in
e ms
o
annual
u no e
as well as
cu en
alue
o
capi al
in es men
being less
han
RS
million;
numbe
o
employees
less
han
200;
and
numbe
o
b anches
i e
o
less.
The
au ho s
p e e ed
o
classi y
he
businesses as
medium
and
small, because in
some
coun ies medium-sized is
conside ed
o
be
small
and
in
o he s
ice e sa.
Th oughou
his a icle
he
e m
small business will be
used
o
deno e
bo h
medium
and
small.
Me hod and sample
The
me hod
o
s udy
co e ed
a e iew
o
li e a u e
as
well as an empi ical su ey. A
ques ionnai e
was
de eloped
aking
in o
accoun in o ma ion
ga he ed
om
he
li e a u e
and
discussions wi h
people
in
he
small business ield.
The
ques ionnai e
which includes
51
a iables was
sc eened
ca e ully
and
p e es ed.
In
a p e ious esea ch
p ojec
(B uwe
&
P e o ius,
1986) a
ques ionnai e
o
limi ed
span,
14
a iables, was
de eloped.
This
se ed
as a basis o his
p ojec .
·
The
se en-poin scale
ha
has
al eady
p o en
o
be
e y success ul in esea ch (Lucas, 1975; Bailey &
Pea son,
1983) was also used in his
p ojec .
In
o de
o
ob ain
a
ep esen a i e
sample
o
small
businesses in
sou he n
A ica using
mic ocompu e s,
a
di ec mail lis was
ob ained
om
he
Small Business
28
Table 1 Owne ship
o
mic ocomplJ e s
Wi h own sys em Wi hou own sys em
Type
o
business % %
P in ing 2.6 2.4
Manu ac u ing 13.2 7.3
Bu che y
2,1
12.2
Medical and Pha macies 9.4 2,4
Elec ical appliances 15,7 1.8
Elec onic (Radio.
TV)
1,0 0.6
Clo hing
2.1
12.2
Fu ni u e 6,3 2.4
Building Ma e ials
2,1
7.3
Gi s 5,2 3.7
Repai Se ices
3,1
6,9
Au omobile Re aile s 10,5 4,9
O he
Businesses
'2±,,7
35,9
To al
100 100
Ad iso y Bu eau and he Ins i u e o En ep eneu ship
and Small Business. These o ganiz.a ions unc ion
h oughou sou he n A ica and a e si ua ed a he
Uni e si ies
o
Po che s oom and S ellenbosch,
espec i ely. Coun ies included in he andom sample
we e Leso ho, Sou h A ica, Namibia, Swaziland,
and
he independen s a es
o
T anskei and
Bophu ha swana.
F om a lis
o
4613 names he au ho s elimina ed
791
i ms which we e ei he known, suspec ed,
o
could be.
deduced o be la ge businesses. A andom sample
o
1000
names was d awn. A o al
o
391
ques ionnai es
(39, l % esponse) we e sen back
o
which
11
we e
disca ded as unusable. F om his esponse i was
es ablished ha 216 businesses had hei own
mic ocompu e s, ep esen ing 56,8%. Howe e , i can
no be gene alized because he au ho s belie e
ha
qui e
a numbe
o
small businesses
ha
do
no own
mic ocompu e s, did no espond.
Table 2 Mic ocompu e s in use
1984
1987
Miaocompu e
% %
Commodo e 25,7 9,9
Apple 18,0
3,1
IBM-PC
8,0 17,3
Sha p 6,0
2,1
Oli e i 5,3 12.0
BBC 1,0 1,0
Spe y 1,0 4,2
ICL 1,0 6,3
Cannon 1,0 1,6
Hewle Packa d 1,0 1,0
Epson 1,0 1,0
O he
IBM-compa ibles 24,6
O hen
16,2
S.
-A . Tydsk .Bed y iil .1990,21(
I)
Table 3 Main easons o pu chasing a
mic "OOOl'Tl)U e
Coo sa ing
Reduc ion admins a i e
wo kload
Pe sonnel sa ing ( educ ion)
Adminis a i e con ol
Agen 's p esen a ion
Be e
planning/decision
making
Be e
con ol
O he
S a is ical analysis
o
da a
]',184
%
6,0
51.4
0.9
17,8
2,',1
11.0
]',187
%
5,2
14.1
1.6
28.3
23.0
22.0
5.8
The
BMDP-p og ammes (Dixon & B own, 1981) we e
mainly used o he p ocessing and analyzing o he
s a is ical da a.
Va iables used in he p ojec
Appendix A con ains he names
and
meanings
o
each o
he a iables se in he ques ionnai e.
Fo
he a e age
esponse and s anda d de ia ion ega ding ce ain
a iables as s a ed in Table 5
one
has
o
e e
l-iack
o
appendix
A.
Su ey esul s
Owne ship
o
mic ocompu e s
In Table 1 an indica ion
is
gi en
o
he a ious kinds o
businesses ep esen ed in he s udy as well as he
pe cen age esponden s
ha
ha e hei
own
mic ocompu e sys ems.
The
esponden s who do no
own mic ocompu e s a e o compa a i e easons also
included in his able.
The a e age u no e
o
he o al popula ion o
businesses in he s udy lies be ween R500
001
and
Rl
million.
The
a e age p esen alue
o
capi al in es ed
can
be
placed in he same ca ego y.
Businesses ha ha e mic ocompu e sys ems on
a e age employ be ween
11
and 50 pe sons whils
61
%
o
he non-use s employ be ween
one
and
10
pe sons.
In so a as numbe
o
b anches
is
conce ned, 62,3%
o
he businesses ha e no b anches
and
33% bew een
one
and i e. In he case
o
non-use s he pe cen ages
a e 67,7% and 29,9% espec i ely.
Table 4 Time-lapse and p oblem expe ience
1984
1987
Time % %
~2
Weeks 55.0 29,3
2-4
Weeks 14,0 7,9
1-3 Mon hs 11,0 17.3
Mo e han 3 mon hs 20,0 45,5
S.A .J.Bus.Mgm .1990,21(1)
A compa ison be ween
1984
igu es (B uwe &
P e o ius, 1986) and he p esen s udy ega ding ype
o
mic ocompu e s
in
use, e eal de ini e changes
in
ma ke -sha e
o
he a ious ypes. I can be seen
in
he
pe iod 1984-1987 (Table
2)
ha he Apple sys em has
nea ly disappea ed om he sou he n A ican ma ke -
scene, whils he e has nea ly been a 100% inc ease
in
IBM-PC's. Oli e i had a p ecen age g ow h om 5,3%
o 12% and Commodo e a decline om 25% o 9,9%. In
1987
IBM-compa ible compu e s, manu ac u ed mainly
in
Taiwan, Hong Kong, and locally, accoun ed o
24,6%
o
he ma ke .
The la ges pe cen age
o
businesses (27 ,2%)
pu chased hei mic ocompu e s
in
a p ice- ange
R10001-Rl5000. Mo e sophis ica ed sys ems cos ing
R30 000 and upwa d we e acqui ed
by
14,1
% o he
businesses.
Main easons o pu chasing mic ocompu e s
Table 3 supplies he main easons o pu chasing
mic ocompu e s. F om his able i
is
e iden ha
educing he adminis a i e wo kload
in
1984
was he
main eason. In
1987
he esponden s ga e be e
planning, con ol, and decision making
as
main easons.
I does seem ha he small businessman
is
accep ing he
alue
o
managemen in o ma ion sys ems and he
ex en o which mic ocompu e s can be used.
Time-lapse and p oblem expe iencing
The au ho s also ied o es ablish wha he ime-lapse
is
be o e small businesses expe ience hei i s p oblems
Table 5 A e age esponse ega ding ce ain a iables
Va iable A e age S anda d de ia ion
PROB
3,1 0,11
PROG
3,2 0,13
APP
2,4 0,09
POWER
2,6 0,12
IGNO
3,2 0,12
SERV
2,6 0,13
EXPROB
2,4 0,11
MANAGE
5,0 0,12
DMIN 5,6 0,09
DEC
4,1 0,14
PLAN
2,9 0,14
PROD
4,5 0,11
AGENT
4,4 0,13
AGENTR
5,0 0,11
REDAD
4,8 0,12
COSTR
4,2 0,12
PERS 3,0 0,13
CONTR
5,3 0,11
DECPLAN
4,4 0,13
ACON
5,1 0,11
SUFF
3,9 0,12
FAM
5,1 0.10
succ 5,4 0.08
Table 6 Types
o
so wa e p og ams used
So wa e p og ams
Gene al sales ledge
Deb o s
C edi o s
S ock con ol
Sala ies and wages
Wo d p ocessing
Planning
O he s
(Sp eadshee s,
salc:s
analysis,
e c.)
Pe cen age use s
%
00,7
81,7
52,9
42,9
32,5
36,1
24,1
22,0
29
wi h mic ocompu e s. F om Table 4, aking he pe iod
1984-1987 in o accoun , i bel:ame e iden ha a change
has occu ed
in
he p oblems expe ienced. A p esen
45,5%
o
he p oblems a e expe iended a e mo e han
h ee mon hs. Du ing he 1984-su ey 55%
o
he
p oblems we e encoun e ed wi hin he i s wo weeks.
Response on se en-poin scale ques ions
Table 5 con ains he abb e ia ions o aspec s ha had o
be e alua ed on a se en-poin scale. These esul s
will
be
discussed oge he wi h hose
o
Tables 6 and
7.
These
ables con ain in o ma ion ega ding he so wa e
p og ammes being used, as well as aining and
expe ience.
Discussion
o
esul s
Sc u inizing he esul s p esen ed abo e e eal ha
p incipal use s
o
mic ocompu e s a e small businesses
in
Table 7 T aining and expe ience
o
use s
A: Fo mal aining Pe cen age
None 57,1
School 4,7
Technicon 1,6
Uni e si y 7,9
Compu e cou ses 28,8
B: T aining
on
p esen compu e sys em
One
day
o
less 25,1
1-5 Days 38,7
6-10 Days 11,5
11
Days
o
mo e 24,6
C: Expe ience P esen sys em In o al
1
Day-
I Mon h 1,0 4,2
1-2 Mon hs 4,7 2,1
+
1--6
Mon hs 11,0
9,9
+6-12
Mon hs 14,1 8,4
+
1-2
Yea s 24,6 19,9
+2-5
Yea s 37,2 40,8
+ 5 Yea s and longe 7,3 14,7
30
he manu ac u ing, elec ical, au omobile, and medical
ields.
Signi ican changes ha e also occu ed
in
he ype
o
compu e s used wi h majo shi s owa d p oduc s
o
coun ies om he Eas . The decline
in
he Apple and
possible decline
in
o he
USA-compu e s
in
he nea
u u e may be he esul
o
he wi hd awal
o
hese
companies om he ma ke o he Republic
o
Sou h
A ica.
F om he s udy i also became e iden ha unde -
a e age p oblems a e expe ienced ( e e Table 5).
Fu he mo e, he mic ocompu e sys em also
con ibu es o a la ge ex en o ease managemen ,
planning, and decision-making p oblems.
Adminis a i e wo k
is
also simpli ied
by
he
mic ocompu e s and i con ibu es o an inc ease in
o e all p oduc i i y. A s udy conduc ed
by
C agg
showed ha bene i s gained om compu e iza ion we e:
ime-sa ing/ease; be e in o ma ion, and cos sa ing
(C agg, 1986). Whe e small businesses employed less
han
20
pe sons, Gun he Riihl (1982) saw he main
bene i s
in
he ields o p oduc ion and sales. In
businesses wi h mo e han
20
employees he bene i s also
ex ended o adminis a i e asks.
The p oblems expe ienced also changed signi ican ly.
This can be a ibu ed mainly o he echnological
ad ancemen
in
ha dwa e and expansion o so wa e
o e he pas
ew
yea s. Al hough aining
in
he use
o
mic ocompu e s
is
s ill no adequa e, i can be deduced
ha he e has been a d ama ic imp o emen which also
con ibu es o less p oblems being expe ienced.
The applica ion o he mic ocompu e by small
businessmen shows ha i
is
mainly used o deb o
sys ems (81,7%). Gene al sales leJge sys ems (60,7%)
a e also used qui e ex ensi ely. The 24, 1 % esponden s
who use i o planning pu poses indica e ha small
businesses ealize he alue o managemen in o ma ion
and i s gene a ion h ough mic ocompu e s. The da a
ega ding o mal aining, p esen ed
in
Table 7, may
di ec ly ela e o his.
In
he pas
ew
yea s since he mic ocompu e was
in oduced o he small business sec o a easonable
pe cen age (55,5%) o employe s and employees gained
expe ience o wo yea s and longe . This ac , oge he
wi h he ac ha 38,3% use s had o mal aining
beyond school le el, mainly con ibu ed o he ex en
o
success achie ed wi h mic ocompu e s
in
he small
business sec o . F om Table 5 i can be seen ha an
a e age esponse
o
5,4 on he se en-poin scale was
eco ded
in
so a as he ' o al success'
o
mic ocompu e s
is
conce ned.
Conclusions
The le el o mic ocompu e usage
in
sou he n A ica
is
inc easing apidly and mic ocompu e s a e being used
mo e and mo e
as
a decision making means o suppo .
Due
o la ge en olmen
in
compu e cou ses use s a e
also becoming mo e compu e li e a e.
Small businessmen expe ience less p oblems wi h hei
S.-A . Tydsk . Bed y sl.1990,21(1)
mic ocompu e sys ems han a ew yea s
ago
and
mic ocompu e s a e being used o mo e sophis ica ed
pu poses han p e iously.
Taking in o accoun he g ea e complexi y o
he
ma ke and he inc easing and oughe compe i ion,
he
ques o mo e sophis ica ed managemen
wi h
he
suppo
o
mic ocompu e s
is
becoming g ea e .
This
si ua ion
in
u n necessi a es u he esea ch on
aspec s
such
as
s uc u e
o
in o ma ion se ices, end
use -
compu ing, in o ma ion sys ems planning, and
decision
suppo sys ems o small businesses (Cooley,
Walz
&
Walz, 1987).
Re e ences
Bailey,
E.J.
& Pea son, S.W. 1988. A ool o compu e
use
sa is ac ion. Manage. Sci., ol.29, 530.
Bol on,
J.E.
1971. Small i ms. Repo
o
he Commi ee
o
Enqui y on Small Fi ms.
London,
G.B.
He
Majes y's
S a iona y.
Bulloch,
J.F
..
&
He z,
L. 1982.
An
in e na ional accep able
small business de ini ion. In e n. Small Business Con e .,
Mad id.
B uwe , P.J.S. 1984a. A desc ip i e model
o
success o
compu e
based in o ma ion sys ems. In o m. Manage.,
ol.7, Ams e dam; No h Holland Publ. Co.
B uwe , P.J.S. 1984b.
Use
sa is ac ion, use a i udes and
he
success
o
a compu e -based in o ma ion sys em.
P oc.
In e n. Compu e Symp., ol.
1,
Tamkang
Uni e si y,
Taipei, Taiwan, p. 189.
B uwe , P.J.S. & P e o ius,
C.E.
1986.
'n
Onde soek
na
die
aanwending an Mik o ekenaa s elsels in klein
sakeonde nemings an Suid-A ika.
S.
A . Tydsk .
Bed y 5l., ol.17, 125-129.
Cooley,
P.L.,
Walz,
T.
& Walz, B. 1987. A esea ch agenda
o compu e s
and
small business.
Am.
J.
Small Bus.,
ol.I ,
31----42.
C agg,
P.
1986. Mic ocompu e s and small i ms in New
Zealand. In e n. Small
Bus.].,
ol.5,
41----46.
Dixon, W.J. & B own,
M.D.
1981. BMDP-81 Biomedical
Compu e P og ams, P-se ies. Be keley, Los Angeles.
Uni e si y
o
Cali o nia P ess.
Lincoln,
D.J.
& Wa be g, W.B. 1987.
The
ole
o
mic ocompu e s
in
small business ma ke ing.
J.
Small
Bus.
Manage., ol.25, 8-17.
Lucas,
H.C.,
J .
1975. Why i,1 o ma ion sys ems ail. New
Yo k,
Columbia Uni e si y P ess.
Massey,
T.K.,
J . 1986.
Compu e s
in small business: a case o
unde u iliza ion.
Am.
J.
Small Bus., ol.11, 51-59.
Nickell, G.S. & Seado, P.C. 1986.
The
impac
o
a i udes and
expe ience on small business
compu e
use.
Am.
J.
Small
Bus., ol. o,
37----48.
Ruhl,
G.
1982.
The
ole
o
he
mic ocompu e in small i ms.
P oc.
o
he Rencon es de S Gall, S Gallen, Swi ze land,
RE23,
1----4.
Schweize isches Ins i u ii Gewe bliche Wi shca 1982.
Bc ich iibe die diskussion zu
ak andum
23:
Kleincompu e
im
Gcwe be.
P oc.
o
he Rencon es
de
S
Gall, S Gallen, Swi ze land, RE23, 1-6.

S.A .J .Bus.Mgm .1990,21(1)
Appendix 1 Va iables used
in
he p ojec
Va iable
BRANCH
COMP
WHO
TYPE
WHY
TIME
BEFORE
PROB
LONG
PROG
APP
POWER
IGNO
SERV
EXPROB
FISRT
PREY
REASON
MANAGE
ADMIN
DEC
PLAN
SPROGI
SPROG2
SPROG3
SPROG4
Meaning
Numbe
o
b ancbcs
Does he i m ha e a compu e sys em
o
no ?
Who wo ks wi h he compu e sys em?
Type
o
compu e sys em
Main eason o buying he compu e sys em
How long he compu e sys em has been
in
use
How was he wo k p esen ly done
by
compu e p e ious-
ly
done
To
wha ex en ha e p oblems been encoun e ed
How long a e pu chase we e he i s p oblems ex-
pe ienced?
To
wha ex en we e so wa e p oblems expe ienced?
To wha ex en we e ha dwa e p oblems expe ienced?
P oblems as a esul
o
powe ailu es
P oblems as a esul
o
igno ance
P oblems
as
a esul
o
poo se ice
by
he supplie
o
agen
To wha ex en a c p oblems s ill being expe ienced?
Is
i
he i s compu e sys em pu chased?
I i
is
no he i s sys em, wha sys em was used p e-
iously?
Main easons o he eplac.emen o a compu e sys em
To
wha ex en he compu e sys em simpli ies mana-
ge ial, planning, and decision-making asks
To
wha ex en adminis a i e wo k
is
simpli ied
To
wha ex en compu e ou pu
is
u ilized o decision-
making pu poses
To
wha ex en planning so wa e
is
used
I
he i m uses a gene al ledge sys em
I a dcbbo 's sys em
is
used
I
a c edi o 's sys em
is
used
I
a s ock con o& sys em
is
used
SPROG5
SPROC6
SPROG7
SPROG8
PROD
AGENT
AGENTR
REDAD
COSTR
PERS
CONTR
DECPLAN
ADCON
PER
TRAIN
EXPER
PRES
SUFF
FAM
succ
BUS
TURN
INVEST
EMP
COSTS
I
a sala y
o
wages sys em
is
used
I
a wo d p ocessing package
is
used
I
planning packages a c used
Any o he applica ions
31
To
wha ex en p oduc i i y
is
inc eased by he compu e
sys em
To wha ex en he se ice ende ed
by
he agen
o
sup-
plie was sa is ac o y
To
wha ex en he compu e li ed up o agen 's ep e-
sen a ions
To wha ex en he compu e sys em educed
adminis a i e wo k
To
wha ex en cos educ ion was achie ed
by
he
compu e sys em
To
wha ex en pe sonnel educ ion was achie ed
by
he
compu e sys em
To wha ex en be e con ol esul ed om he compu e
sys em
To wha ex en be e decision-making and planning
esul ed om use
o
he compu e sys em
To wha ex en be e adminis a i e con ol
is
possible
wi h he compu e sys em
How long he p esen compu e sys em has been
in
use
Fo mal compu e aining ecei ed
by
employee using
he compu e sys em
Expe ience
o
he pe son using he compu e
Amoun
o
aining ecei ed o ope a e p esen
compu e
To
wha ex en he aining was su icien
Familia i y wi h he compu e sys em
E alua ion o he o al success
o
he p esen compu e
sys em
Type
o
business
Annual u no e
Capi al in es men
in
business
Numbe
o
employees
To al cos
o
compu e and so wa e