Fle che , Robe e al.
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Towa ds ans o ma i e jus ice in conse a ion inance:
The case o Basic Income o Na u e and Clima e (BINC)
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F eibu g Ins i u e o Basic Income S udies
Towa ds T ans o ma i e Jus ice in
Conse a ion Finance: The Case o Basic
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Robe Fle che * e al.
DOI:10.6094/FRIBIS/DiscussionPape /14/01-2025
* Sociology o De elopmen and Change, Wageningen Uni e si y, Ne he lands
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1
Towa ds T ans o ma i e Jus ice in Conse a ion
Finance: The Case o Basic Income o Na u e and
Clima e (BINC)
Robe Fle che (Wageningen Uni e si y, Ne he lands), Geo g Buchholz (GIZ, Ge many), Emiel de
Lange (WCS, Cambodia); Isabel Feland o (Cool Ea h, Pe u), Hannes Ho z (GIZ, Ge many), A iana
Kelman (Gi eDi ec ly, UK), Munib Khanya i (Na u e Conse a ion Founda ion, India), Lee
Mcloughlin (Flo ida In e na ional Uni e si y, USA), Sonny Mumbunan (UIII Indonesian In e na ional
Islamic Uni e si y), Be nha d Neumä ke (F eibu g Uni e si y, Ge many), Oma Sai (WCS, Cambodia),
Ma in Simonneau (Cool Ea h, UK), Jim S inson (Yo k Uni e si y, Canada), Jocelyne Sze (Au onomous
Uni e si y o Ba celona, Spain), Ben Wes (Gi eDi ec ly, Ge many)
In oduc ion
This a icle ou lines he case o a Basic Income o Na u e and Clima e (BINC): a no el mechanism o
unding biodi e si y conse a ion and clima e change mi iga ion ac i i ies. O e he pas 150 yea s,
he in e na ional conse a ion mo emen has success ully p o ec ed endange ed species in many
places h oughou he wo ld (Langhamme e al. 2024). Ye i cu en ly s uggles o con on apidly
accele a ing global biodi e si y loss, which some ha e labelled he six h ex inc ion c isis (WWF 2024).
This biodi e si y c isis is compounded by he g owing impac s o an h opogenic clima e change.
Conse a ion and clima e policy ha e hus become inc easingly conjoined (Locke e al. 2021). A he
same ime, howe e , he e is g owing ecogni ion ha dominan conse a ion app oaches, cen ed
mainly on c ea ion and en o cemen o p o ec ed a eas (PAs) and o he a ea-based measu es, ha e
p oduced a ange o social injus ices, including widesp ead displacemen o ma ginaliza ion o hose
li ing in o nea conse a ion-c i ical spaces (Dowie 2011; Tauli-Co puz e al 2020). G owing economic
inequali y h oughou he wo ld is a documen ed h ea o biodi e si y (Mikkelson e al. 2007). Ye
a he han ed essing his inequali y, conse a ion has un o una ely o en con ibu ed o i by
u he ma ginalizing he u al poo who mos di ec ly ely on biodi e si y o hei li elihoods and
who a e mos nega i ely impac ed by clima e change (Tu ne e al. 2012).
As a esul o all his, conse a ionis s inc easingly call o ans o ma i e change in policy and p ac ice
o add ess biodi e si y loss, clima e change, and social injus ice oge he (Díaz e al. 2019; Massa ella
e al. 2021). One key a ea o conce n in such calls is how conse a ion and clima e ac ion a e inanced,
bo h globally and locally. O he hund eds o billions o dolla s spen annually o add ess hese issues,
he majo i y emains cap u ed by al eady weal hy and powe ul o ganiza ions and ac o s in he Global
No h a he han eaching he poo es o he poo in he Global Sou h who need i mos . And e en
hese unds a e conside ed woe ully inadequa e o e ec i ely con on he scale o he p oblems o
be add essed (UNEP 2021; Lee e al. 2023).
To add ess his sho all, a sui e o so-called “ma ke -based ins umen s” (MBIs) ha e been de eloped
o e he pas se e al decades o deli e conse a ion and clima e inance by ha nessing he economic
alue o conse ed esou ces ia “non-consump i e” use o gene a e conse a ion- iendly li elihood
oppo uni ies o local people. P ominen MBIs include eco ou ism and paymen o ecosys em
se ices (PES) p og ammes. O he o shoo s include he Reduced Emissions h ough a oided
De o es a ion and o es Deg ada ion (REDD+) ini ia i e, biodi e si y and we lands o se s, and so
2
o h. Ye as we desc ibe u he below, hi y yea s o de elopmen and expe imen a ion wi h MBIs
ha e hus a p oduced ew success s o ies and a ange o c i icisms (Fle che 2023).
New unding mechanisms a e he e o e u gen ly needed o ed ess inequali y by edis ibu ing
exis ing esou ces o deli e maximum bene i s o hose on he on lines o conse a ion and clima e
mi iga ion e o s. In his a icle, we ad ance he idea o a Basic Income o Na u e and Clima e (BINC)
as a complemen o al e na i e o MBIs ha aims o add ess many o hei sho comings. BINC is
inspi ed by he g owing popula i y o cash ans e p og ammes (CTPs) and (uni e sal) basic income
((U)BI) ini ia i es. These seek o o e an al e na i e o con en ional economic de elopmen
app oaches ha ocus on deli e ing p ede ined bene i s o local people. Ins ead, he cash ans e
app oach p o ides di ec inancial esou ces ha can be used in he ways ecipien s deem mos
impo an (wi h he possibili y o some es ic ions included o condi ional CTPs). The widesp ead
success o CTPs in alle ia ing po e y while p omo ing empowe men and sel -de e mina ion has also
inspi ed a p oli e a ion o e en mo e subs an ial BI pilo p ojec s as well as g owing calls o scale up
UBI on a socie y-wide (o e en global) basis (see e.g. Hanlon e al. 2012; S anding 2017).
Howe e , nei he CTPs no (U)BI p ojec s usually include di ec a en ion o en i onmen al issues
alongside social ones. A ailable empi ical e idence conce ning he en i onmen al impac s o exis ing
CTPs ha a e no explici ly linked o conse a ion aims (i.e. do no ha e condi ionali y wi h espec o
en i onmen al beha iou s o ou comes) is mixed. Some s udies e alua ing such p og ams indica e
posi i e en i onmen al impac s. Fo example, Indonesia’s ‘Family Hope’ p og am, a CTP a ge ed a
he poo es amilies condi ional on a endance a schools and heal h cen e s, esul ed in 30%
educ ions in de o es a ion whe e he p og am was implemen ed (Fe a o & Simo angki 2020).
Posi i e en i onmen al ou comes ha e also been documen ed o CTPs in Colombia (Male ba 2020)
and B azil (Dyngeland e al. 2020; Ronnings ad e al 2020). Ye , he opposi e e ec has been
documen ed by s udies o simila p og ams in Mexico (Alix-Ga cia e al. 2013) and Sie a Leone
(Wilebo e e al. 2019). This signals he need o be e unde s and which con ex ual ac o s and/o
design conside a ions in luence he impac s o CTPs on su ounding ecosys ems, in o de o in o m
he design o CTPs ha a e e ec i e a achie ing posi i e en i onmen al ou comes.
He e, we b ing social and en i onmen al conside a ions oge he in ou BINC p oposal as a p omising
new means o add ess biodi e si y loss, clima e change, and social de elopmen in conce wi hin a
igh s-based amewo k. We begin by b ie ly desc ibing he ise o MBIs as an unde s andable bu
ul ima ely limi ed e o o add ess his same cons ella ion o issues. We ou line he easons why MBIs
ha e o en ailed o achie e hei aims and hence why ano he app oach is needed. We hen explain
how a BINC could po en ially compensa e o hese a ious de iciencies. We ou line he BINC
mechanism based on compa ison wi h indings om cash ans e and basic income s udies. Then we
an icipa e he likely challenges o implemen ing BINC and he a ia ions ha may be possible gi en
con ex ual and design conside a ions. Like any single mechanism, o cou se, BINC could ne e be a
sil e bulle . We he e o e desc ibe he key cons ain s and enabling condi ions o p omo ing BINC
success. To illus a e he p ac icali y o ou p oposal, we hen b ie ly ou line a i s e o o pu BINC
in o p ac ice ia a new ini ia i e in he Pe u ian Amazon. We inish by calling o he global
conse a ion communi y o e lec on he po en ial o BINC and in es in BINC as a key componen o
he ans o ma i e jus ice needed going o wa d.
3
MBIs and hei Discon en s
MBIs we e in oduced in he 1990s as pa o a b oade s a egy o in eg a e social conce ns in o
conse a ion planning, o en called he In eg a ed Conse a ion and De elopmen P ojec (ICDP)
app oach. They ha e p o en qui e popula . In addi ion o coun less eco ou ism en e p ises, he e a e
cu en ly mo e han 500 PES p og ammes in ope a ion wo ldwide and a simila numbe o REDD+
p ojec s (Fle che and Büsche 2020). The e a e a wide a ie y o di e en MBIs wi h di e se o ms
and modes o unc ioning (Pi a d 2012). None heless, MBIs sha e a common aim o incen i ize
conse a ion by asc ibing su icien mone a y alue o p o ec ed esou ces o co e he oppo uni y
cos s o al e na i e land uses and so make conse a ion mo e p o i able han esou ce ex ac ion (see
Dempsey 2016). In a numbe o cases, local g oups ha e been able o le e age MBIs o signi ican
socio-economic bene i s (Shapi o-Ga za e al. 2020). O e all, howe e , o e he decades o hei
exis ence, MBIs’ pe o mance has been disappoin ing, as has he b oade ICDP app oach o which hey
a e pa (Fle che 2023).
MBIs’ ela i ely poo pe o mance is due o a a ie y o ac o s. Fi s and o emos , i has p o en
ex emely di icul o MBIs o gene a e su icien e enue o allow conse a ion o ou compe e
esou ce ex ac ion (Koh e al. 2024). This is pa ly because wi hin global ma ke s, ex ac ion is usually
a mo e p o i able han conse a ion. Consequen ly, he e enues deli e ed o local esou ce use s
o conse a ion a e gene ally a oo low o co e he oppo uni y cos s o al e na e land uses. As a
esul , na ional go e nmen s o o he en i ies a e commonly o ced o in e ene ei he o supplemen
paymen s, o o en o ce es ic ions o land use, o bo h, in o de o make MBIs unc ion (Fle che and
Büsche 2017). Many MBIs he e o e unc ion much like he go e nmen subsidy schemes hey we e
usually in oduced o eplace (Fle che and B ei ling 2012). This s ands in di ec con adic ion o he
ma ke -based logic o he ins umen s hemsel es (Fle che 2023). In addi ion, he design cos s and
bu eauc acy needed o de elop and go e n MBIs, in pa icula o accoun o he moni o ing,
epo ing and e i ica ion (MRV) o en i onmen al ou comes, means ha he ins umen s a e usually
op-hea y, wi h a la ge po ion o in es ed esou ces going o ins i u ional o e head o echnical
consul an s a he han he local esou ces use s on whom he ini ia i es a e os ensibly ocused.
Mo eo e , ying inances o ola ile global ma ke s means ha unding o MBIs is gene ally
unp edic able and unsus ainable o e he long e m (conside , o ins ance, he d ama ic luc ua ions
in p ices on he global ca bon ma ke in ecen yea s) (Haya e al. 2023).
Compounding such p ac ical conside a ions, o he p oblems ha e been iden i ied in he MBI
app oach. C i ics wo y ha emphasizing he ins umen al economic alue o na u al esou ces
p omo es a capi alis logic in ela ing o na u e (Sulli an 2013). This po en ially c owds ou cul u al,
spi i ual, o o he ways o aluing and ela ing o na u e, as well as in insic mo i a ion o
conse a ion in a ou o ex e nal mo i a ion (Ake s & Yasué 2019; Lliso e al. 2020). Addi ionally,
ying conse a ion inance o speci ic ou comes in his way subjec s local people o s ic ex e nal
o e sigh and con ol, limi ing hei eedom, agency and sel -de e mina ion. On a deepe le el c i ics
poin ou ha he MBI app oach is g ounded in a a he pessimis ic iew o human na u e and
beha io , assuming ha people a e sel ish and compe i i e, and consequen ly mus be incen i ized
wi h inancial ewa ds o ac in he common good (Fle che 2023).
Finally, Indigenous Peoples and local communi ies (IPLCs) in ol ed in MBIs ha e aised conce ns
ega ding hei social impac s. As Osbo ne e al. (2024: 128) summa ize, common complain s include
MBIs inducing: displacemen and dispossession (Sa mien o-Ba le i and La son 2017), he
unde mining o local go e nance s uc u es, and communi y con lic (Alusiola e al. 2021).
Many REDD+ p ojec s ha e p o ided minimal li elihood suppo (Sunde lin e al. 2017), yielding only
4
empo a y bene i s o some communi y membe s (Duchelle e al. 2017; Kapos e al. 2022) while
o he s lose ou (Duchelle e al. 2018). In his way, REDD+ p ojec s ha e been shown o eplica e pas
ha ms agains Indigenous Peoples, pa icula ly a ound issues o e i o ial sel -de e mina ion (Hein
e al. 2020), while unde compensa ing hem o los access o o es esou ces. REDD+ has ecei ed
widesp ead c i icism om Indigenous o ganiza ions o i s ailu es o suppo Indigenous sel -
de e mina ion and e i o ial de ense (Ci uen es 2021).
A he same ime, some IPLCs poin ou ha he e a e cu en ly ew al e na i e inancing mechanisms
a ailable o suppo s ewa dship o hei lands.1 Ou BINC p oposal aims o add ess his and he o he
conce ns discussed abo e.
The Case o BINC
Cash ans e p og ammes (CTPs)
A inance mechanism g ounded in a cash ans e o basic income model po en ially a oids many o
he issues ou lined in he p e ious sec ion. Indeed, CTPs we e o iginally de eloped p ecisely o add ess
and o e come p oblems c ea ed by con en ional ma ke -led de elopmen policies. Ra he han p e-
de ining de elopmen p ojec s hen aining local people on how o implemen hem as he basis o
income gene a ion, CTPs ins ead p o ide cash paymen s di ec ly o p og amme pa icipan s o spend
(mos ly) as hey choose. Many CTPs also include complemen a y se ices o aining p og ams – a so-
called “cash+” app oach. Since hei in oduc ion in he 1990s, CTPs ha e expanded d ama ically o
now encompass a leas 720 million people in mo e han 130 coun ies wo ldwide (Wo ld Bank 2018).
P ac i ione s gene ally ca ego ize CTPs as uncondi ional (allowing ecipien s o spend hei ans e s
eely) o condi ional (whe e ce ain beha io s, like ecei ing accina ions o school a endance, a e
p econdi ions o he eceip o a ans e ). Some CTPs also include es ic ions, whe e ans e s
hemsel es can only be spen on a limi ed se o goods and/o se ices.
In eali y, howe e , he spec um o p og amming is mo e luid. No wi hs anding he nuances
dis inguishing p og ams ha a e condi ional e sus hose ha a e es ic ed (which has mo e o do
wi h how hose who design he p og ams unde s and hem and less o do wi h how cash ans e
ecipien s expe ience hem), he e is signi ican a ia ion in how p og ams a e deli e ed. Some
uncondi ional p og ams con ain so-called “nudges” o a e amed in ways ha can signi ican ly
in luence how pa icipan s spend hei money. Fo example, an uncondi ional ans e may nudge
in es men in educa ion by being communica ed o ecipien s as an educa ional s ipend, o
ecipien s migh be nudged o in es in ag icul u al inpu s by deli e ing la ge ans e s igh be o e
he plan ing season. P o iding complemen a y se ices o “plus” componen s, like ainings, can also
in luence how ecipien s beha e.
On he o he hand, some nominally condi ional p og ams ha e moni o ing ha is so lax as o p esen
no eal ba ie o ecipien s spending hei ans e s how hey choose. S ill, a ound he wo ld, he e
a e a mo e o mally condi ional CTPs han uncondi ional ones, as many au ho i ies a e dis us ul o
ecipien s’ abili y o spend money esponsibly (Peck and Theodo e 2015). Consequen ly, condi ionali y
emains a ho opic o con en ion wi hin he cash ans e wo ld, despi e he ac ha empi ical
esea ch conce ning CTP ou comes la gely suppo s he claim ha uncondi ional p og ammes
1 h ps://www. scindigenous ounda ion.o g/global-sou h- oices-in-suppo -o - edd/
5
p oduce as much posi i e bene i as condi ional ones o a wide ange o ou comes (Bags agli e al.
2016; S anding 2017).
Basic Income (BI) app oaches
Basic income (BI) builds on he CTP expe ience o p opose an e en mo e ambi ious p og amme o
po e y alle ia ion ( a ian s o his concep ha e also been called ‘uncondi ional basic income,’ ‘basic
income g an ,’ ‘ci izen's income,’ ‘social di idend,’ a ‘nega i e income ax,’ a ‘capi al g an ’ and
‘pa icipa ion income’). Like CTPs, BI p oposes di ec cash paymen s o ecipien s. Howe e , while
CTPs gene ally p o ide modes paymen s, BI p oposes a le el o paymen co e ing an indi idual’s o al
basic needs (how his is de ined emains deba ed), allowing hem o su i e on he paymen s alone.
Addi ionally, while CTPs usually a ge only a subsec ion o he popula ion (i.e., he e y poo , elde ly
o disabled), BI is in ended o e e yone, ich and poo alike ( he a ionale being ha paymen s o he
weal hy will be e u ned back ia axa ion). Finally, BI ollows he uncondi ional CTP model in
p oposing a ully no-s ings-a ached paymen scheme.
In sum, p oponen s asse ha a genuine BI mus embody he ollowing i e p inciples (as de ined by
he Basic Income Ea h Ne wo k, a global ne wo k o BI p ac i ione s)2:
1. Pe iodic: i is paid a egula in e als ( o example e e y mon h), no as a one-o g an .
2. Cash paymen : i is paid in an app op ia e medium o exchange, allowing hose who ecei e
i o decide wha hey spend i on. I is no , he e o e, paid ei he in kind (such as ood o
se ices) o in ouche s dedica ed o a speci ic use.
3. Indi idual: i is paid on an indi idual basis—and no , o ins ance, o households.
4. Uni e sal: i is paid o all (wi hin he bounda ies o he gi en ju isdic ion o p ojec ).
5. Uncondi ional: i is paid wi hou means es ing and wi hou a equi emen o wo k o o
demons a e willingness- o-wo k.
The di icul y o ul illing all o hese condi ions means ha a ue socie y-wide UBI has ne e ye
exis ed in eali y. Howe e , a p oli e a ing a ay o p ojec s and p og ammes ha e implemen ed BI o
a ying deg ees ( he p inciple o uni e sali y is usually he ha des o eplica e gi en limi ed p ojec
unding). In ecen yea s, BI pilo s udies ha e been implemen ed in a numbe o high-income
coun ies including Canada, Finland and he Ne he lands, as well as lowe income coun ies such as
Kenya, India and Namibia (S anding, 2017). The closes app oxima ion o an UBI cu en ly is he Alaska
Pe manen Fund (APF). Ini ia ed in 1976, he APF p o ides e e y o icial esiden o he s a e wi h a
di ec yea ly di idend om oil p oduc ion e enues wi hin he e i o y ( he amoun luc ua es bu is
o en a ound US $2000/yea ). While his paymen is no enough o suppo ecipien s’ o al basic
needs, he APF “has long appealed o ad oca es o basic income. . .and can be ega ded as a nascen
und o paymen o ei he basic capi al g an s o basic incomes” (S anding 2017: 151).
All o his implemen a ion has p oduced a g owing body o obus esea ch. O e whelmingly, his
li e a u e demons a es ha BI expe imen s deli e signi ican bene i s o pa icipan s while some
an icipa ed nega i e ou comes, such as eeloading, a e no obse ed (e.g., Bags agli e al. 2016;
S anding 2017; Bane jee e al. 2019). This cons i u es compelling e idence ha an expanded and
2 h ps://basicincome.o g/abou -basic-income/
6
ex ended BI p og amme could po en ially elimina e po e y o a subs an ial deg ee. Mo eo e , BI has
po en ial o change he e y na u e o he ela ionship be ween wo ke s and owne s wi hin a capi alis
economy, in ha he mechanism essen ially “ euni es wo ke s wi h he means o subsis ence, e en
hough hey emain sepa a ed om he means o p oduc ion; i hus di ec ly modi ies he basic class
ela ions o capi alism” (W igh 2019: 109).
Basic Income o Na u e and Clima e
Ou Basic Income o Na u e and Clima e (BINC) p oposal aims o in eg a e hese co e BI p inciples
in o a composi e ins umen ha pu sues en i onmen al p o ec ion alongside po e y alle ia ion in
a eas o high biodi e si y and clima e alue. A p e ious e sion o his p oposal was ad anced as a
“conse a ion basic income” (CBI; Fle che and Büsche 2020). He e, building on Mumbunan e al.
(2021), we expand he concep o cen alize clima e mi iga ion alongside biodi e si y p o ec ion. The
esul would be a egula paymen o membe s o communi ies li ing in o nea a eas conside ed
c i ical o conse a ion and/o clima e mi iga ion in o de o subsidize li elihoods based on
sus ainable esou ce use.
BINC hus o e s an al e na i e app oach o conse a ion inance ha may compensa e o he a ious
de iciencies associa ed wi h MBIs. I explici ly cen e s local people’s igh s and building us be ween
dono s and ecipien s as a i s s ep o achie ing jus ice (Sai e al 2022). By ying paymen s o basic
needs a he han any speci ic alua ion o “ecosys em se ices”, BINC would help e e se he
commodi ica ion o na u al esou ces ha MBIs encou age. They could p o ide an income loo ,
allowing mo e sus ainable o ms o li elihood gene a ion o become su icien o ecipien s o
depend on, e en i he paymen s a e lowe han he p o i s om al e na i e ex ac i e ac i i ies.
P o iding uncondi ional paymen s would gi e ecipien s he eedom and au onomy o decide how
bes o spend he money hey ecei e. Elimina ing he need o o e sigh o en o ce condi ionali y and
deli e ing cash paymen s di ec ly in o he hands o p og amme pa icipan s would educe
bu eauc a ic o e head and he amoun o p ojec unding going o in e media ies. This could also
help empowe he local agen s cha ged wi h disbu sing he BINC paymen s. Delinking om o se
inancing would also a oid di icul ies commonly encoun e ed by MBIs in add essing key issues o
addi ionali y, pe manence and leakage. Ins ead, BINC could de elop a mo e sus ainable and
dependable unding s eam sou ce ha is able o shield p og amme pa icipan s om inancial
luc ua ions.
Ra he han a paymen o p o ision o a speci ic ecosys em se ice o esou ce, BINC, like BI mo e
b oadly, can ins ead be unde s ood as an ins umen o social jus ice. In o he wo ds, BINC should be
amed no as a handou o gi bu a he as he e u n o a igh ul “sha e” o he global commons
ha has been la gely enclosed o p i a e gain (Fe guson 2015), including h ough exclusiona y
conse a ion ac ions. Fo people who ha e p e iously been displaced om o denied access o spaces
om which hey once de i ed li elihoods as a esul o conse a ion e o s, BINC can also be amed
as a o m o compensa ion o epa a ions (see Büsche and Fle che 2020). Fu he , BINC can be
unde s ood as compensa ion o he unpaid labou many u al peoples de o e o conse a ion
ac i i ies in spaces unde hei con ol (RRI 2019; Neima k e al. 2020).
13
mo e ime o be spen on amily a ming. Communi y cohesion emained s ong, wi h membe s able
o ul il hei communal du ies and ac i ely pa icipa e in conse a ion e o s like e o es a ion o he
p o ec ion and managemen o impo an wa e ing holes.
Conclusion
This a icle has made he case o de eloping BINC as an ins umen o ans o ma i e jus ice in
conse a ion and clima e inance. We ha e desc ibed how he case o BINC eme ges om he
g owing u gency o combine conse a ion and clima e ac ion wi h social jus ice and suppo o human
igh s. We explained how cu en e o s o add ess his cons ella ion o issues h ough MBIs ha e
o en allen sho o hei aims. Ra he han encou aging u he economic g ow h h ough ma ke
in eg a ion, we ha e a gued ha en i onmen al inance should ocus on e ec i ely edis ibu ing
exis ing weal h and esou ces o hose on he on lines o he conse a ion and clima e c ises. BINC
is one po en ial means o achie e his. We ha e shown how a i s BINC p ojec ongoing in Pe u o e s
p omising e idence o he mechanism’s po en ial o econcile po e y educ ion wi h en i onmen al
p o ec ion. Bu we ha e also highligh ed he complexi y o pu ing BINC in o p ac ice, and he a ious
conside a ions ha will need o be aken in o accoun o mould he mechanism o di e se local
con ex s.
The nex s ep, o which ou g owing in e na ional ne wo k is commi ed, is o de elop new BINC pilo
p ojec s in o he si es in which we wo k, in pa ne ship wi h local ci il socie y o ganiza ions and
esou ce use s. These p ojec s should be embedded wi hin a igo ous ansdisciplina y esea ch
amewo k ha in eg a es economic, ecological and sociological me hods in pu sui o a holis ic
unde s anding o BINC p ocesses and ou comes. Such esea ch should yield compa able indings ha
can be used o c oss- e ilize insigh s om di e en si es o in o m adap i e managemen as p ojec s
p og ess. This linking and lea ning should also assis in de eloping a gene al model and se o bes
p ac ices o guide implemen a ion o mo e p ojec s in he u u e. In his way, we hope o scale up
po en ial o BINC o con ibu e o ans o ming how conse a ion and clima e ac ion a e inanced
h oughou he wo ld. We in i e o he conse a ionis s o join us in his e o in pu sui o a mo e
jus and sus ainable u u e.
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