Gup a, Sh eya; Das, Sukanya; Rahu , Dil Bahadu
Wo king Pape
Local communi ies' pe spec i es on ecological es o a ion
o na i e plan species: E idence om Dlhi's Su he n Rdge
ADBI Wo king Pape , No. 1484
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Asian De elopmen Bank Ins i u e (ADBI), Tokyo
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Gup a, Sh eya; Das, Sukanya; Rahu , Dil Bahadu (2024) : Local communi ies'
pe spec i es on ecological es o a ion o na i e plan species: E idence om Dlhi's Su he n Rdge,
ADBI Wo king Pape , No. 1484, Asian De elopmen Bank Ins i u e (ADBI), Tokyo,
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ADBI Wo king Pape Se ies
LOCAL COMMUNITIES’ PERSPECTIVES
ON ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION OF
NATIVE PLANT SPECIES: EVIDENCE
FROM DELHI’S SOUTHERN RIDGE
Sh eya Gup a, Sukanya Das, and Dil B. Rahu
No. 1484
Sep embe 2024
Asian De elopmen Bank Ins i u e
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he numbe ing o he pape s con inued wi hou in e up ion o change. ADBI’s wo king
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The Asian De elopmen Bank e e s o “China” as he People’s Republic o China.
Sugges ed ci a ion:
Gup a, S., S. Das, and D. B. Rahu . 2024. Local Communi ies’ Pe spec i es on Ecological
Res o a ion o Na i e Plan Species: E idence om Delhi’s Sou he n Ridge. ADBI Wo king
Pape 1484. Tokyo: Asian De elopmen Bank Ins i u e. A ailable:
h ps://doi.o g/10.56506/AHHD7962
Please con ac he au ho s o in o ma ion abou his pape .
Email: [email p o ec ed], [email p o ec ed], [email p o ec ed]
Sh eya Gup a is a Resea ch Associa e in he T anspo and U ban Go e nance Di ision,
The Ene gy and Resou ces Ins i u e, India. Sukanya Das is a P o esso in he
Depa men o Policy and Managemen S udies, TERI School o Ad anced S udies,
India. Dil B. Rahu is Vice-Chai o Resea ch and Senio Resea ch Fellow a he Asian
De elopmen Bank Ins i u e, Tokyo, Japan.
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ADBI Wo king Pape 1484 S. Gup a e al.
Abs ac
Human ac i i ies and na u al dis u bances ha e signi ican ly damaged ecosys ems, esul ing
in a loss o biodi e si y and c ea ing a need o ecological es o a ion. U ban o es s,
in pa icula , a e impac ed by in asi e species such as P osopis juli lo a, which compe e
wi h na i e species and dis up ecosys em unc ions. Al hough in oduced o bene i s
like uelwood and dese i ica ion con ol, hese species ha e u ned in o ha m ul in ade s.
Res o a ion e o s equi e balancing local biodi e si y needs wi h socie al alues and
managing con lic s among s akeholde s. Unde s anding communi y pe cep ions o
ecosys em se ices and disse ices is c ucial o e ec i e managemen . This s udy
in es iga es local pe cep ions o communi ies nea Delhi’s Sou he n Ridge ega ding
P osopis juli lo a and he willingness o pay o i s biological con ol. Using p incipal
componen analysis (PCA), he s udy iden i ied six ecosys em se ice (ES) and h ee
ecosys em disse ice (EDS) bundles. ES bundles we e ca ego ized using he Common
In e na ional Classi ica ion o Ecosys em Se ices (CICES), while EDS bundles ollowed
p io s udies. The esul s e ealed connec ions be ween biodi e si y, ec ea ional ac i i ies,
and disse ices such as poo isibili y and connec i i y. The indings also highligh ed
ade-o s be ween p o isioning and egula ing se ices, wi h gende -speci ic impac s on
connec i i y and accessibili y. The mean and median Willingness o Pay (WTP) o
ecological es o a ion o na i e plan species was also calcula ed o di e en scena ios,
showing an inc easing end in mean WTP wi h mo e conse a ion, while median
WTP showed luc ua ions depending on he po en ial economic impac o elimina ing
P osopis juli lo a.
Keywo ds: ecosys em se ices and disse ices, ecological es o a ion, in asi e plan
species, P osopis juli lo a, con ingen alua ion me hod, u ban biodi e si y
JEL Classi ica ion: Q57
ADBI Wo king Pape 1484 S. Gup a e al.
Con en s
1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1
2. METHODS ................................................................................................................... 3
2.1 Concep ual F amewo k .................................................................................... 3
2.2 S udy A ea ........................................................................................................ 4
2.3 E adica ion o P osopis juli lo a using Biological Supp ession ......................... 5
2.4 Ecosys em Se ices and Disse ices ............................................................... 6
2.5 Economic Valua ion Me hods ........................................................................... 7
2.6 Da a Analysis ................................................................................................... 8
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ..................................................................................... 9
3.1 ES and EDS Pe cei ed Supply Bundles .......................................................... 9
3.2 Economic Valua ion o E adica ion/Con ol o P osopis juli lo a
Using Biological Supp ession ......................................................................... 10
3.3 Impac o ES and EDS Bundles on Responden s’ WTP
on E adica ion/Con ol o P osopis juli lo a .................................................... 11
4. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................... 13
REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................... 15
ANNEX ................................................................................................................................... 18
ADBI Wo king Pape 1484 S. Gup a e al.
1
1. INTRODUCTION
An h opogenic and na u al dis u bances on o es lands ha e al e ed hei “na u al
adap i e capaci y,” leading o ex inc ion o damage o local ecosys ems and/o na i e
species (Keenan 2015; Hess, Mesléa d, and Buisson 2019), which a e c ucial in
enhancing biodi e si y alue. The e e -g owing demand om humans has esul ed in
he dep ecia ion o ecosys ems, leading o he deg ada ion o app oxima ely a qua e
o he o al land.1 The e o e, ecological es o a ion o biodi e si y becomes an impo an
objec i e unde he o e all goal o sus ainable de elopmen . Ecological es o a ion,
de ined as “ he p ocess o assis ing he eco e y o a deg aded ecosys em o e lec
inhe en alues and p o ide goods and se ices alued by people” (Fische e al.
2021), becomes c ucial unde he b oade amewo k o sus ainable de elopmen .
Res o a ion has gained global a en ion, wi h he UN decla ing 2021-2030 as he
“Decade on Ecosys em Res o a ion” and he goals o es o ing e es ial and ma ine
ecosys ems ea u ing p ominen ly in he 2030 Sus ainable De elopmen Goals (Gann
e al. 2019). De e io a ion o he ecosys em (due o an h opogenic p essu e and
clima e change) ac s as a mo i a ion o ecological es o a ion, bu wha d i es he
p ocess a e con lic ing socie al alues (Lackey 2001, ci ed in S an u e al. 2014) and
li elihood equi emen s (S an u e al. 2014).
U ban o es s a e composed o di e se mic ohabi a s suppo ing ex ensi e lo a and
auna. These mic ohabi a s ha e speci ic condi ions like sunligh and humidi y ha
suppo pa icula o ganisms (DFW 2022a). Ecosys em eco e y o hese mic ohabi a s
can be ei he passi e—s opping human ac i i ies like g azing, o ac i e—in ol ing
human in e en ion h ough di ec pa icipa ion o nongo e nmen al o ganiza ions
(Clewell and A onson 2006; Holl and Aide 2011). O e ime, he ege a ion ype,
especially in he A a allis in India, has ans o med in o “an a i icial ege a i e mix u e”
due o he in oduc ion o exo ic species (DFW 2022a) ha coexis and compe e wi h
na i e species o na u al esou ces. Such plan s a e e e ed o as “na u alized” plan s,
which ha e adap ed o he local ecosys ems (DFW 2022a) and biophysical condi ions
despi e being in oduced om a o eign2 egion. These include in asi e species like
P osopis juli lo a and Lan ana ha can inhibi he heal hy de elopmen o na i e
ecology (Hess, Mesléa d, and Buisson 2019; DFW 2022b).
In asi e alien species a e “non-na i e species ha h ea en ecosys ems, habi a s o
species” (CBD 2008, ci ed in Pejcha and Mooney 2009) and a e o en conside ed as
ecosys em disse ices as hey educe secu i y, heal h, and social ela ionships ha
cons i u e human well-being (Mooney 2005; Hanley and Robe s 2019). Alien ees a e
in oduced in o de o mee he inc easing demand o imbe and o he ma e ial
bene i s (Dode and Colle 2012, ci ed in Naudiyal, Schme beck, and Gä ne 2017) bu
no limi ed o biomass-de i ed se ices and a e o en in oduced o e o es a ion o
damaged si es (Naudiyal, Schme beck, and Gä ne 2017) and o limi dese i ica ion
beyond accep able h esholds (DFW 2022a). Howe e , some imes, hese alien
in oduc ions u n in o “agg essi e” in asions (Hussain e al. 2021), al e ing he
composi ion and s uc u e o na i e ecosys ems (Naudiyal Schme beck, and Gä ne
2017). Acco ding o Uni ed Na ions In e go e nmen al Pla o m o Biodi e si y and
Ecosys em Se ices (IPBES), in asi e species h ea en app oxima ely 20% o he
1 De ails a ailable a h ps://www.unep.o g/ge / ocal-a eas/land-deg ada ion.
2 “Fo eign” e e s o any egion ou side o he local habi a and i should no be con used wi h
geog aphical bounda ies.
ADBI Wo king Pape 1484 S. Gup a e al.
2
Ea h’s su ace, including biodi e si y ho spo s (IPBES, 2019, ci ed in Rai and
Singh, 2020).
Igno ing he economic impac s o in asi e alien species migh esul in an “in isible ax”
on he supply o ESs (Pejcha and Mooney 2009). In asi e species can al e he
biophysical condi ions o local habi a s like soil e osion a es and ex eme wea he
e en s egula ions in hei a o , making i less a o able o he na i e species
(MA 2005; Vilà e al. 2010). E en a single in asi e species can d as ically change
ecosys em unc ions due o i s impac on species ichness (MA 2005). Along wi h
biodi e si y loss (Pyšek e al. 2020), a decline in ES supply can cause mul iple
economic losses such as de imen al impac s on ag icul u al yield, damage o
in as uc u e (bo h esiden ial and comme cial), dis up ion o he low o wa e
( o d inking, i iga ion, and o he pu poses) and inc ease he isk o i es (bo h in e ms
o in ensi y and equency) (MA 2005). In he People’s Republic o China, Xu e al.
(2006) es ima ed damage o ecosys em p ocesses and unc ions as “indi ec ” losses
and damage o ag icul u e, in as uc u e, e c., as “di ec ” losses. To al di ec losses
we e es ima ed o be app oxima ely US$2397.39 million (ag icul u e and human heal h
accoun ing o 61.48% and 14.72%, espec i ely) and indi ec losses we e es ima ed
o be US$12056.58 million (Xu e al. 2006), sugges ing ha indi ec losses we e
US$4.03 million highe han di ec losses.
Howe e , no all in asions nega i ely impac ecosys em unc ions and se ices.
Some imes, a loss in biodi e si y due o in asion can nega i ely in luence na i e
ecosys ems’ abili y o deli e ESs bu migh no imply a loss in o e all ES deli e ed.
Fo example, Vilà e al. (2011) ound ha while in aded a eas epo ed biodi e si y
loss, a single p oduc i e species could sus ain ES supply. The success o es o a ion
e o s depend on he en i onmen ’s suscep ibili y o in asions and he in e ac ions
be ween he in ade , na i e species, and he biophysical condi ions (Lonsdale 1999;
Hess, Mesléa d, and Buisson 2019). T ade-o s and syne gies eme ge om hese
in e ac ions causing con lic s among s akeholde s in ol ed in es o a ion (Po gie e
e al. 2017). The e o e, es o a ion policies should be based on he es ima ion o losses
o ex inc ion o local biodi e si y and alues a ibu ed o ESs and EDSs by local
popula ions compa ed o global h ea s (MA 2005).
P osopis juli lo a holds signi ican economic and ecological alue in a id and semi-a id
egions wo ldwide, howe e i s in oduc ion has led o he in asion o na i e biodi e si y
due o i s as g ow h (Linde s e al. 2020). In oduced o a id egions o uelwood,
odde , and dese i ica ion con ol (Dayal 2007; Laxén 2007), i has since in aded
beyond i s na u al h eshold, a ec ing biodi e si y and ecosys em unc ions. Fo
ins ance, i h ea ens ige habi a s in Ran hambo e and g oundwa e echa ge in Delhi
Ridge (DFW 2022b).
Despi e g owing esea ch on ecosys em se ices and ade-o s, p ac ical, insigh s in o
managing people’s pe cep ions o ESs du ing es o a ion e o s emain sca ce. Only
ew s udies ha e in eg a ed local pe cep ions o ecosys em se ices wi h managemen
s a egies. Unde s anding hese pe cep ions is c ucial o op imizing ade-o s, as
well as o iden i ying app op ia e policies o compensa ion mechanisms. Social
alua ion can be a aluable esea ch ool, in his con ex , enabling he assessmen
o local pe cep ions o ecosys em se ices and he ade-o s be ween na i e and
in asi e species.
This pape aims o examine how local communi ies nea a p o ec ed a ea o Sou he n
Ridge in Delhi, India pe cei e ecosys em se ices and disse ices p o ided by
P osopis juli lo a. I explo es how hese pe cep ions in luence he willingness o pay o
ADBI Wo king Pape 1484 S. Gup a e al.
3
biological con ol measu es aimed a es o ing na i e biodi e si y by con olling o
elimina ing P osopis juli lo a.
2. METHODS
2.1 Concep ual F amewo k
The concep ual amewo k o he s udy is summa ized in Figu e 1. I shows ha
alien species a e in oduced in o he ecosys em o imp o e he ecological condi ions
and biodi e si y. Such in oduc ion o he alien species b ings ad e se consequences
along wi h bene i s. The e o e, his s udy empi ically add esses he ollowing
esea ch objec i es:
1) To iden i y and de i e bundles (se s equen ly iden i ied) o pe cei ed ESs and
EDSs and examine ade-o s and syne gies be ween hem.
2) To es ima e he mean and median willingness o pay (WTP) o elimina e
o con ol he in asi e species, P osopis juli lo a, h ough i s biological
supp ession
3) To examine he impac o bundles o he pe cei ed supply o ESs and EDSs by
P osopis juli lo a on his WTP o i s biological supp ession.
Figu e 1: Concep ual F amewo k
Sou ce: Adap ed om MA (2005) and Ma in-Lopez e al. (2014).
ADBI Wo king Pape 1484 S. Gup a e al.
4
2.2 S udy A ea
This s udy was ca ied ou in wo locali ies (lying in a adius o < 5 km), namely
Sangam Viha and Tughlakabad, in p oximi y o Asola Bha i Wildli e Sanc ua y
(AB-WLS) as shown in Figu e 2, loca ed in he Sou h Delhi Dis ic (28° 24′ 52′′–28° 29′
45′′ N and 77° 11′ 32′′ –77° 16′ 13′′ E). The sampling dis ibu ion is shown in Table 1
The Fo es Su ey o India (FSI; 2021) epo ed ha he Sou h Delhi dis ic has
he maximum o es co e a ea (among all dis ic s) o 84.64 sq. km (34.27% o he
dis ic ’s geog aphical a ea) and saw an inc ease o 0.01 sq. km (as compa ed o he
2019 assessmen ) (DFW 2022b). Along wi h he maximum o al o es co e , Sou h
Delhi also anked highes in e ms o densi y o o es co e age (FSI 2021). AB-WLS
was no i ied as a p o ec ed a ea in 1986 and co e ed mos o he Sou he n Ridge
(Chop a, Singh, and Khuman 2022) wi h a o al a ea o 1972.93 Ha (DFW 2022b).
Figu e 2: Locali ies a ound AB-WLS: Sangam Viha and Tughlakabad
AB-WLS is he only p o ec ed a ea in he u ban conglome a ion a he Delhi–Gu gaon–
Fa idabad bo de and ep esen s he “g een lungs” ac ing as ca bon s o age g ounds
o densely popula ed Delhi and Ha yana’s neighbo ing a eas (Sinha 2014). The Delhi
Ridge has ou physiog aphic di isions: Khada (associa ed wi h i e s), Banga
(i iga ed a ea), Daba (low-land ain- ed a eas), and Kohi o Paha i (associa ed wi h
hillsides). AB-WLS and i s su ounding a eas all unde he Kohi o Paha i di ision,
which has ocky and undula ing a eas (Sinha 2014). The soil is su icien ly pe meable
and ac s as an aqui e o Delhi’s g oundwa e echa ge (DFW 2022b). The a e age
annual p ecipi a ion is es ima ed o be 617 mm, and he ainy season usually
alls be ween June and Sep embe (Ganguly and Chauhan 2018). Sou he n Ridge
ADBI Wo king Pape 1484 S. Gup a e al.
11
3.3 Impac o ES and EDS Bundles on Responden s’ WTP on
E adica ion/Con ol o P osopis juli lo a
Table 8 shows he logis ic eg ession esul s o unde s and he impac o ES and EDS
bundles on people’s willingness o con ibu e owa ds na i e species’ es o a ion unde
he biological supp ession o P osopis juli lo a. Biological supp ession o P osopis
juli lo a has been conside ed o unde s and he willingness o people o emo e
P osopis juli lo a and eplace hose ees wi h as -g owing na i e species in an a emp
o en ich he landscape wi h na i e biodi e si y. Socioeconomic a iables ha e been
included as con ols. The socioeconomic a iables a e desc ibed in he Annex.
Table 8: Reg ession Resul s in he Case o Biological Supp ession
Dependen Va iable: WTP (Yes/No)
Scena io A o B
Scena io B o C
Scena io C o D
Li ecycle main enance, habi a and gene pool
p o ec ion ES bundle
0.061**
(0.234)
0.091*
(0.198)
–0.238
(0.203)
Regula ion and main enance ES bundle
–0.230
(0.247)
–0.117
(0.218)
0.253
(0.224)
Timbe
0.469
(0.441)
–0.91
(0.351)
0.233
(0.234)
Fodde
0.512
(0.321)
–0.221
(0.227)
–0.341
(0.229)
Rec ea ion ES
0.823**
(0.412)
0.724**
(0.361)
0.462
(0.387)
Mass s abiliza ion and con ol o e osion a es
ES bundle
0.029
(0.255)
0.113
(0.236)
–0.209
(0.242)
Educa ional awa eness ES bundle
–0.086
(0.188)
0.025
(0.160)
–0.107
(0.160)
Medicinal ou pu ES bundle
–0.591
(0.302)
–0.603
(0.290)
0.138
(0.285)
Rec ea ional and eligious EDS bundle
0.424
(0.642)
0.966*
(0.533)
–0.284
(0.512)
Gende X connec i i y EDS bundle
0.049*
(0.554)
0.401*
(0.490)
0.223
(0.499)
Mass low EDS bundle
1.325**
(0.667)
1.358**
(0.614)
–0.811
(0.688)
Age
–0.096
(0.085)
–0.006
(0.076)
–0.119
(0.102)
Gende
0.281
(0.399)
0.433
(0.346)
0.816**
(0.399)
Educa ion
–0.176*
(0.105)
–0.029
(0.100)
0.044
(0.107)
Employmen
0.145
(0.094)
0.166*
(0.089)
0.145
(0.107)
Income
–0.042
(0.094)
0.079
(0.089)
0.043
(0.104)
Expendi u e
0.022
(0.120)
–0.163
(0.107)
–0.136
(0.119)
Household size
0.105
(0.131)
0.123
(0.113)
0.023
(0.121)
Family s a e
0.004
(0.033)
–0.016
(0.031)
–0.008
(0.031)
Cons an
0.070
(1.526)
–2.84**
(1.333)
–1.314
(1.328)
***S a is ically signi ican a 1%, ** a 5%, * a 10%.
ADBI Wo king Pape 1484 S. Gup a e al.
12
Li ecycle main enance, habi a , and gene pool p o ec ion ES bundle has a posi i e and
signi ican impac on people’s willingness o pay o he emo al o P osopis juli lo a
ha impac any na i e plan species, indica ing ha people pe cei e ha biodi e si y
(bo h sho and long e m) along wi h he associa ed se ices assis ed by na i e plan
species a e a ec ed by P osopis juli lo a, i.e., na i e plan species a e o e all
pe cei ed o be mo e sui able o p o iding habi a o biodi e si y and p ese e gene ic
di e si y. Ma e ial and physical in e ac ion o he ES bundle also signi ican ly impac s
he elimina ion o P osopis juli lo a, which damages any na i e species. Howe e , o
unde s and he causes o hese ac o s, eg ession o all ESs was unde aken
sepa a ely. Timbe and odde came ou o be insigni ican in he WTP o he
e adica ion o P osopis juli lo a. I is impo an o no e ha a p o ec ed a ea was
selec ed o con ol/exclude any ma e ial o biomass bene i s ha P osopis juli lo a
could p o ide. I was ound ha ec ea ional ES mo i a ed people o p omo e he
en ichmen o na i e plan biodi e si y and biologically supp ess P osopis juli lo a.
Rec ea ional and eligious EDS bundle posi i ely impac s he elimina ion o con ol o
P osopis juli lo a, implying ha people pe cei e P osopis juli lo a o be a hind ance
in he leisu e ac i i ies hey ca y ou in and a ound AB-WLS. I is esponsible o
deli e ing disse ices like unpleasan sounds o smells ha cause physical inju ies. I
is also ound ha P osopis juli lo a seems o cause hind ance in people’s eligious
p ac ices o sen imen s. This can be a ibu ed o he ac ha P osopis juli lo a
suppo s o he species like snakes ha a e conside ed o be e il o some o he insec s
ha cause nuisance o eligious p ac ices. Connec i i y EDS bundles a e no signi ican
alone; howe e , i in e ac ed wi h gende , has a posi i e signi ican impac on he
con ol o elimina ion o P osopis juli lo a ha damage any na i e species, indica ing
ha he dense ege a ion o he in asi e species poses a signi ican p oblem in e ms
o isibili y, ne wo k accessibili y, and human–monkey con lic s o women in and
a ound AB-WLS. The mass low EDS bundle has a posi i e signi ican impac on he
con ol/elimina ion o P osopis juli lo a ha impac s any na i e species.
Resul s indica e ha people associa e he deli e y o bo h p o isional se ices like
imbe and odde (al hough e y limi ed esponden s as i is a p o ec ed a ea) wi h
ec ea ional and leisu e ac i i ies like hiking, cycling, e c., sugges ing ha many o he
esponden s who pe cei ed he plan species as a sou ce o imbe we e also enjoying
he ec ea ional oppo uni ies o he o es s. This is an impo an implica ion as i
sugges s ha o hese selec esponden s, he u ili y om P osopis juli lo a was
de i ed om bo h hese ac i i ies as a combined bundle, howe e , dis ega ding he ac
ha as a g ea e numbe o ees o plan s a e cu down o p ocu emen o
p o isioning se ices like ood and odde , he ec ea ional and leisu e se ices would
be a ec ed e en mo e. This becomes e en mo e pe inen as gene ic di e si y and
habi a o biodi e si y a e signi ican pe cei ed se ices playing a majo ole o locals’
willingness o con ibu e owa ds he biological supp ession o P osopis juli lo a. The e
is a di e need o awa eness ega ding biodi e si y conse a ion in such a eas. The
Cen e o Conse a ion (CEC) by Bombay Na u al His o y Socie y has been a emp ing
o o ganize p og ams and awa eness d i es a he Asola Bha i Wildli e Sanc ua y, bu
limi ed bene i s ha e ickled down o he locals, so much so ha a la ge sec ion o
hem ha e ei he no o e y li le in o ma ion ega ding such awa eness d i es.
ADBI Wo king Pape 1484 S. Gup a e al.
13
Resul s also con ey ha people pe cei e ha a highe use o landscape o species o
ec ea ional se ices will also accompany a dec ease in egula ing se ices, p obably
because o he inc eased human dis u bance o he a ea o ec ea ion o a a la ge
scale o ou ism pu poses ha can also be a ibu ed o imp ope was e disposal o
o he human ac i i ies. O he ade-o s include hose be ween Mass S abiliza ion and
Con ol o Was e and E osion bundles and Ma e ial and Physical In e ac ion bundles,
indica ing ha people pe cei e ha inc eased u iliza ion o he landscape o species o
ma e ial bene i s can, in u n, pose a cos o soil heal h and he abili y o ecosys ems o
p e en ex eme wea he e en s (p o isioning s. egula ing se ices), and he ade-o
be ween he Connec i i y EDS bundle and he Rec ea ional and Religious EDS bundle.
This is an odd ela ionship as i sugges s ha people pe cei e ha an inc ease in he
disse ices o poo isibili y and ne wo k and communica ion blockage supplied due
o he densi y o ege a ion usually accompanies wi h lowe ec ea ional disse ices
like unpleasan sounds/smells and physical inju ies and eligious EDS like hu o
hind ance in eligious p ac ices. When u he in es iga ed, i was ound ha people
who pe cei e ha he ege a ion leads o p oblems in connec i i y p oblems end o
a oid hose places o leisu e o eligious ac i i ies; hence, he disse ices caused a e
by de aul dec eased.
In e ms o ecosys em disse ices, ne wo k accessibili y and isibili y ha e con inued o
a ec he well-being o women o hese a eas. Along wi h his, he dense canopies
o P osopis juli lo a ha e made i a shel e o he monkeys ha end o escape he
p emises o AB-WLS and plague he well-being o he locals, especially women li ing in
he nea by a eas. This is in andem wi h he esea ch by Ganguly and Chauhan (2018).
Fu he , he isk o o es i es ha could sp ead and a ec he li elihoods o hese
locals is a con ibu ing ac o owa ds he e adica ion o P osopis juli lo a.
4. CONCLUSION
The dominance o P osopis juli lo a in he Sou he n Ridge makes i c ucial o
unde s and he dynamics ha a e a play due o i s in asi e na u e. The mos impac ed
se ice by his species is biodi e si y. Na i e es o a ion in p o ec ed a eas can lead
o a signi ican inc ease in biodi e si y le els, which was ag eed upon by he local
popula ion. Howe e , he mo e di e se he species, he mo e suscep ible o in asion,
which makes p o ec ed a eas ulne able a he same ime. Long- e m moni o ing and
biodi e si y su eillance in s ic ly p ohibi ed a eas like AB-WLS a e equi ed o be e
unde s and in asi e species' ole in na i e mic ohabi a s so ha i can be eplica ed in
o he landscapes and ecosys ems.
This s udy can enable he Ridge Managemen Boa d o inco po a e he pe cei ed
supply o ecosys em se ice bundles by he local communi ies assis ed by he
es o a ion o na i e plan species o mic ohabi a s. Fu he , he choice o echnique
o managing he in asi e species will be made conside ing he local communi ies’
dependence on he in asi e species o ma e ial biomass. Se e al agencies, including
he DDA, No h Delhi Municipal Co po a ion, Sou h Delhi Municipal Co po a ion, and
he Cen al Public Wo ks Depa men (CPWD). Au onomous local bodies will be able o
unde s and, p io i ize ce ain echniques o elimina ion o in asi e species based on
hei compa a i e ad an ages o e o he s and de elop a c i e ia o selec ion o he
species assemblage o be used in es o a ion wi h minimal impac on he pe cei ed
supply and demand o ESs o he local communi ies and b ing maximum elie
om he pe cei ed supply and demand o Ecosys em disse ices. Fo example, Heens
(Cappa is sepa ia) is a na i e species and a hos plan o bu e lies ha is ex emely
d ough - esis an and a binde . I is a as -g owing plan ha can be u ilized in he
ADBI Wo king Pape 1484 S. Gup a e al.
14
supp ession o P osopis juli lo a. A compa a i e ad an age would, in u n, be c ea ed
i he es o a ion is dominan in a eas whe e he e is a syne gy be ween he pe cei ed
demand o egula ion o soil conse a ion (Mass s abiliza ion and e osion and was e
con ol bundle) and pollina ion o heal hy habi a o biodi e si y (li ecycle main enance,
habi a , and gene pool bundle) by he local communi ies. Mo ing o wa d, i is
impo an o inco po a e o he aspec s o li elihood. Fo example, ec ea ional o heal h
disse ices like inju ies o diseases migh no be pe cei ed by locals o cause as
much nuisance i immedia e and imp o ed heal hca e was accessible. Hence, he e
migh be ce ain o he aspec s apa om p o isional se ices like uelwood ha need
o be con olled.
ADBI Wo king Pape 1484 S. Gup a e al.
15
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ANNEX
A.1: Sociodemog aphic Cha ac e is ics
Ca ego y
%
Age
Less han 15
7.78
15–20
19.44
20–25
23.89
25–30
22.78
30–35
7.22
35–40
5.56
40–45
7.78
45–50
2.22
Mo e han 50
3.33
HH Size
%
2
1.11
3
13.33
4
38.89
5
19.44
6
15
7
6.11
8
2.78
9
1.67
10
1.11
11
0.56
Gende
No.
Female
78
Male
102
Educa ion
%
Diploma
0.56
G adua ion
42.78
Highe Seconda y School
24.44
Middle School
11.67
No o mal educa ion
2.22
Pos -G adua ion and Abo e
6.67
Seconda y School
10
Up o P ima y School
1.67
Employmen
Casual/Daily wage wo ke
1.67
F eelance
0.56
Housewi e
8.33
Pensione /Re i ed
0.56
Regula sala ied (go e nmen )
3.33
Regula sala ied (p i a e)
21.11
Sel -employed/Business
24.44
S uden /Resea che
29.44
Tempo a y/Con ac Employmen
4.44
Unemployed
6.11
Income (in ‘000)
10 o 15
5.56
15–20
7.22
20–30
23.33
30–40
19.44
40–50
13.89
50–60
12.22
60–70
6.11
Less han 10
10
Mo e han 70
2.22
ADBI Wo king Pape 1484 S. Gup a e al.
19
A.2: Ques ionnai e
Good mo ning/a e noon/e ening
My name is Sh eya Gup a, and I would like o in e iew you abou
__________________________The ques ionnai e will ake app oxima ely__
( ime)_________________________________
Sec ion 1. Socio-demog aphic P o ile o Responden s
1. Name o he in e iewee
2. Age o he in e iewee
3. Whe e is you esidence loca ed?
4. Whe e is you amily o iginally om?
[please indica e he s a e]
5. Wha is you household size?
(No. o amily membe s)
6. Gende
Male
Female
O he
7. Educa ion
Up o p ima y school, o mal educa ion
Seconda y o Madhyamik
Highe seconda y / echnical school
G adua e
Pos g adua e and abo e
O he : __________________________
8. Wo king Sec o /Employmen
Regula sala ied (go e nmen )
Regula sala ied (p i a e)
Sel -employed / Business
Pensione / Re i ed
Housewi e
Casual / Daily Wage Wo ke
S uden / Resea che
Unemployed
Tempo a y/Con ac Employmen
O he : __________________________
9. Income/Mon hly expendi u e on
consump ion
Less han Rs.5,000
Rs.5,000–Rs.10,000
Rs.10,000–Rs.15,000
Rs.15,000–Rs.20,000
Rs.20,000–Rs.30,000
Mo e han Rs.30,000
Speci ic Income (op ional)..........................
ADBI Wo king Pape 1484 S. Gup a e al.
20
Sec ion 2. En i onmen al A i udes o Responden s
Ra e you a i udes owa ds he en i onmen on he basis o he ollowing 5-poin
Like scale
En i onmen al Empa hy
Ex emely
Unimpo an
Unimpo an
Neu al
Impo an
Ex emely
Impo an
Na u al Resou ce Conse a ion
1
2
3
4
5
Reducing was e le els
1
2
3
4
5
C ea ing and p o iding be e li ing
en i onmen o u u e gene a ions
1
2
3
4
5
Pe sonally mo i a ed conce n owa ds he
en i onmen
1
2
3
4
5
Business and Legal
Ex emely
Unimpo an
Unimpo an
Neu al
Impo an
Ex emely
Impo an
Respec ing en i onmen al laws
1
2
3
4
5
A oiding companies ha use misleading
en i onmen al p ac ices
1
2
3
4
5
Pa icipa ion and Rep esen a ion
Ex emely
Unimpo an
Unimpo an
Neu al
Impo an
Ex emely
Impo an
O en in e en ions using he media o
comba en i onmen al deg ada ion
1
2
3
4
5
Suppo ing en i onmen al p essu e g oups
o comba en i onmen al deg ada ion
h ough di ec /indi ec pa icipa ion
1
2
3
4
5
Vo ing o poli ical ep esen a i es because
o any en i onmen al bias
1
2
3
4
5
Sec ion 3. ES A ibu es
A. P o isioning Se ices:
Ecosys em se ices a e se ices p o ided by na u al esou ces ha a e di ec ly o
indi ec ly consumed o enjoyed by humans, hus impac ing human well-being. Respond
in ei he Yes o No o he ollowing ques ions:
P o isioning Se ices
Yes/No
Ag icul u al p oduc s/ ood
Do you depend di ec ly on P osopis juli lo a o ood (c ops,
s ock o ishe ies)?
I yes, ha e you expe ienced any i i a ion/ill-e ec s like
alle gies, sickness, e c. on consump ion/physical p oximi y
(du ing collec ion)?
Timbe
Do you depend on P osopis juli lo a o aw ma e ials such as
wood, bio uel?
Medicinal Resou ces
Do you depend on popula ions o P osopis juli lo a which ha e
medicinal alue OR will you be willing o make use o plan s
ha ha e medicinal po en ial in he u u e?
Pas u e and Fodde
Does i p o ide o pas u e land and odde o g azing?
