Valenzuela-O iz, And ea; Chica-Olmo, Jo ge; Cas añeda Ga cía, J. Albe o
A icle
Loca ion ac o s and agglome a ion economies in he
ho el indus y: The case o Spain
Eu opean Jou nal o Managemen and Business Economics (EJM&BE)
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Eu opean Academy o Managemen and Business Economics (AEDEM), Vigo (Pon e ed a)
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Valenzuela-O iz, And ea; Chica-Olmo, Jo ge; Cas añeda Ga cía, J. Albe o (2025) :
Loca ion ac o s and agglome a ion economies in he ho el indus y: The case o Spain, Eu opean
Jou nal o Managemen and Business Economics (EJM&BE), ISSN 2444-8451, Eme ald, Leeds, Vol.
34, Iss. 1, pp. 1-22,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/EJMBE-10-2021-0273
This Ve sion is a ailable a :
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Loca ion ac o s and
agglome a ion economies in he
ho el indus y: he case o Spain
And ea Valenzuela-O iz
Facul y o Economics and Business Adminis a ion, Uni e si y o G anada,
G anada, Spain and
Uni e si y o Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuado , and
Jo ge Chica-Olmo and Jos
e-Albe o Cas a~
neda
Facul y o Economics and Business Adminis a ion, Uni e si y o G anada,
G anada, Spain
Abs ac
Pu pose –This esea ch in es iga es he e ec o accessibili y o poin s o ou is in e es (bu e ) and di ec
and indi ec spa ial spillo e e ec s o agglome a ion economies on ou ism indus y e enues in Spain.
Design/me hodology/app oach –Da a we e collec ed om he Bu eau an Dijk’s (B D) O bis global
da abase. The da a we e analysed using a spa ial econome ic model and he Cobb–Douglas p oduc ion unc ion.
Findings –This s udy e eals ha ho els loca ed inside he bu e zone o poin s o ou is in e es achie e
be e economic ou comes han ho els loca ed ou side he bu e . Fu he mo e, he esul s show ha he e is a
di ec and indi ec spa ial spillo e e ec in he ho el indus y.
P ac ical implica ions –The esul s p o ide aluable in o ma ion o iden i ying a eas whe e he agglome a ion
o ho els will p oduce a spillo e e ec on ho el e enue and he a ea o in luence o loca ion cha ac e is ics. This
in o ma ion is ele an o ho els al eady es ablished in a des ina ion o when seeking a loca ion o a new ho el.
Social implica ions –The esul s o his s udy can help ci y planne s in in luencing he dis ibu ion o ho els
o i desi ed pa e ns and imp o e an a ea’s spa ial beau y.
O iginali y/ alue –The pape p o ides insigh s in o how in es men , s uc u al cha ac e is ics, epu a ion
and loca ion a ec ho el e enue.
Keywo ds Ho el indus y, Spillo e e ec s, Ho el e enue, Spa ial policy di usion, Clus e ing,
Spa ial accessibili y
Pape ype Resea ch pape
1. In oduc ion
The ho el indus y is one o he mos impo an indus ies uelling global socioeconomic
de elopmen , especially in coun ies like Spain. Howe e , adi ional ho els cu en ly ace
challenges o p ese e and imp o e indus y e iciency (Zhang e al., 2020). Since 2020, he
COVID-19 c isis has a ec ed he accommoda ion indus y (Nicola e al., 2020). Mo eo e , he
ise o nons anda d accommoda ion (e.g. Ai bnb) has hi he indus y (Zhang e al., 2020).
To iden i y ho els wi h a g ea e capaci y o wi hs and pe iods o c isis in he ou ism
indus y, we in es iga e a ele an compe i i e ad an age o ho els: loca ion (Cheng, 2013).
Loca ion
ac o s and
agglome a ion
in ho els
1
© And ea Valenzuela-O iz, Jo ge Chica-Olmo and Jos
e-Albe o Cas a~
neda. Published in Eu opean
Jou nal o Managemen and Business Economics. Published by Eme ald Publishing Limi ed. This a icle
is published unde he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion (CC BY 4.0) licence. Anyone may ep oduce,
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may be seen a h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licences/by/4.0/legalcode
Funding: This esea ch was unded by Jun a de Andaluc
ıa and FEDER unds (No: B-SEJ-381-
UGR18) and he Spanish S a e Resea ch Agency (No: PID2019-110941RB-I00).
The cu en issue and ull ex a chi e o his jou nal is a ailable on Eme ald Insigh a :
h ps://www.eme ald.com/insigh /2444-8494.h m
Recei ed 8 Oc obe 2021
Re ised 9 Ma ch 2022
6 July 2022
Accep ed 1 Augus 2022
Eu opean Jou nal o Managemen
and Business Economics
Vol. 34 No. 1, 2025
pp. 1-22
Eme ald Publishing Limi ed
e-ISSN: 2444-8494
p-ISSN: 2444-8451
DOI 10.1108/EJMBE-10-2021-0273
The li e a u e classi ies a iables ela ed o ho el loca ion ac o s in o h ee g oups: (1)
ho el accessibili y, which includes he main poin s o access such as bus/ ain s a ions and
ai po s (Kim e al., 2020;Lado-Ses ayo e al., 2020); (2) p oximi y o ou is a ac ions,
including he i age si es and he coas line (Valen in and O’Neill, 2019); and (3) spillo e e ec s
caused by economic agglome a ion and policy di usion obse ed in he ho el indus y (Zhou
e al., 2019). Howe e , ew s udies ha e analysed he ela ionship be ween hese loca ion
ac o s and spa ial spillo e e ec s (Lado-Ses ayo e al., 2020) and e en less so he a ea o
in luence (bu e ) o poin s o ou is in e es o he ela ion be ween spa ial spillo e e ec s
and mechanisms o policy di usion in he ho el indus y.
Policy di usion e e s o he ac ha he policies o one en i y a e in luenced by he
policies o o he en i ies. The bulk o he li e a u e on policy di usion examines policy sp ead
by s a e and local policymake s (Gila di and Wasse allen, 2019). The di usion li e a u e
conside s ou mechanisms o di usion: coe cion, compe i ion, imi a ion and lea ning (Shipan
and Volden, 2008). Th ee mechanisms may lead o he p esence o spa ial spillo e e ec ,
namely compe i ion, imi a ion and lea ning (Chica-Olmo e al., 2021). Spa ial spillo e e e s o
he ac ha one company’s ac i i ies usually impac on o he nea by companies (Tallman
e al., 2004). In his line, Ba os (2005) indica ed ha ho els can ob ain posi i e spillo e e ec s
om neighbou ing ho els. This e ec is accoun ed o in he models h ough he p esence o
spa ial au oco ela ion.
The aim o his s udy is o explain he e ec o accessibili y o ce ain poin s o ou is
in e es (he i age si es, ai po s and he coas ) and he spa ial spillo e e ec o he hospi ali y
indus y on e enue. Also, o elimina e speci ica ion p oblems, we included o he ele an
p edic o a iables as con ols, which a e di ided in o h ee g oups: s uc u e (size and
numbe o s a s), in es men (wo k o ce and capi al in es men ) and epu a ion (cus ome
a ings). Las ly, spa ial econome ic models we e used. The indings o his s udy p o ide
use ul in o ma ion o selec ing he bes loca ion o new ho els in a gi en des ina ion and
de ec ing he e ec o policy di usion on ho el e enue.
2. Li e a u e e iew
Agglome a ion economies a e de ined as posi i e (o nega i e) ex e nali ies esul ing om he
geog aphic clus e ing o i ms (Myles Sha e and Flye , 2000). These economies a e linked o he
geog aphical p oximi y be ween companies in egions wi h loca ion ad an ages, hus gi ing
ise o compe i i e ad an ages (Po e , 1998). Th ee main posi i e ex e nali ies a e ela ed o
i m loca ion: (1) knowledge spillo e s; (2) pool o specialised labou ; and (3) specialised inpu
p o ided (Myles Sha e and Flye , 2000). The li e a u e on agglome a ion economies sugges s
ha geog aphic clus e s imp o e i m pe o mance due o be e p oduc ion and/o demand,
which in u n causes indus ies, such as echnology, hospi ali y, ood and e ail, o choose o
clus e (Canina e al., 2005).
Agglome a ion o ou ism businesses can imp o e hei e enues ia loca ion-speci ic
ex e nali ies (Tallman e al., 2004). In ou ism, agglome a ion economies a e signi ican due o
he ma ked localisa ion o se ices, which a e conside ed insepa able in ime and space (Kim
e al., 2021). Tou ism ma ke s a e spa ially concen a ed in a speci ic place, known as spa ial
clus e s. Ho els loca ed in spa ial clus e s ha e ad an ages in e ms o bo h supply (access o
supplie s and se ices) and demand (lowe cos s o consume s) (Canina e al., 2005). In u n,
agglome a ion economies a e linked o policy di usion, leading ho els o o m spa ial clus e s
(Fe ei a Ne o, 2021).
Di e en spa ial in e ac ions such as he domino e ec o he en y and exi o compe i o s
cause spa ial spillo e e ec s ha mo i a e companies o clus e geog aphically, hus leading
o highe e enues (Tallman e al., 2004). Ho el e enues depend on agglome a ion economies
due o he bene i s ha companies ob ain om being close o o he s (C uz and Teixei a, 2010).
EJMBE
34,1
2
This s udy uses ou ypes o explana o y a iables o de e mine he ac o s ha impac
ho el e enue: in es men , s uc u al cha ac e is ics, epu a ion and loca ion. The li e a u e
has linked hese ac o s o oom a es, bu ew au ho s ha e analysed how hey a ec ho el
e enue (€
O
g€
u and Onu -Tas
¸, 2012).
In es men : The Cobb–Douglas p oduc ion unc ion is p obably he mos widely used
unc ion o explain indus ial p oduc ion and has been employed in he ho el indus y
(Ba os, 2004) and agglome a ion economies (Viladecans-Ma sal, 2004) whe e he main
ac o s o p oduc ion a e wo k o ce and capi al in es men .
S uc u al cha ac e is ics: One o he s uc u al ea u es conside ed in some s udies is ho el
size measu ed by numbe o ooms, which is di ec ly ela ed o ho el e enue (i.e. e enue pe
a ailable oom) (Kim e al., 2013;€
O
g€
u and Onu -Tas
¸, 2012). Ano he s uc u al ea u e ha
could be ela ed o e enue is s a a ing. S a a ing includes aspec s such as physical
cha ac e is ics like oom size and acili ies (Pawlicz and Napie ala, 2017). The numbe o s a s
depends on ac o s like oom size, ai condi ioning and o he ameni ies. In gene al, ho els wi h
highe s a a ings gene a e mo e e enue (Ma in-Fuen es, 2016).
Repu a ion: Ano he ac o ha has ecei ed conside able a en ion as an explana o y
a iable o ho el e enue is cus ome a ings. S udies ha e linked cus ome a ings o ho el
p ices and e enue (Blal and S u man, 2014). €
O
g€
u and Onu -Tas
¸(2012) examined how an
inc ease in cus ome a ings inc eases ho el indus y e enue in some Eu opean des ina ions,
such as Pa is and London. Elias-Almeida e al. (2016) ound ha only cus ome deligh
gene a es mo e a ou able esul s o ho els by inc easing sales, cus ome loyal y, wo d-o -
mou h communica ion and epu chase in en ions.
In sho , a la ge body o li e a u e has linked ho el indus y e enue wi h a iables
ela ing o hese h ee ypes o ac o s. Howe e , loca ion ac o s ha e been li le s udied.
2.1 Spa ial analysis o ho el loca ion
Spa ial analysis is used o iden i y he loca ion pa e ns o ho els in di e en locali ies and
hei causes (Luo and Yang, 2016). The indings o spa ial analyses a e use ul o p edic ing
ho el indus y beha iou and de e mining he impo ance o o he ac o s such as esou ces
and cul u e (Roehl and Van-Do en, 1990). The academic li e a u e has sough di e se ways o
explain hese pa e ns a he na ional, egional and in e - and in a- egional scales (Yang e al.,
2014). In his ega d, a ious echniques ha e been used, amongs hem cho ople h maps
(Roehl and Van-Do en, 1990), spa ial s a is ics (Luo and Yang, 2013), he monocen ic model
(Yang e al., 2012) and agglome a ion models (Kalnins and Chung, 2004).
Spa ial pa e ns amongs ho els can be unde s ood h ough he pe cei ed agglome a ion
e ec s o hei geog aphical concen a ion. The agglome a ion model explains hese pa e ns
acco ding o he ela i e loca ion o en y ho els wi h espec o incumben ho els (Yang e al.,
2014). Se e al s udies ha e shown ha en y ho els end o be close o o he compe i o s
(Baum and Ha eman, 1997) and a highe densi y o ho els inc eases he p obabili y ha en y
ho els will choose ha loca ion (Kalnins and Chung, 2004).
Addi ionally, agglome a ion models conside di e ences be ween en y ho els and
incumben ho els in e ms o ho el a ings (Kalnins and Chung, 2004), ho el size (Yang e al.,
2012) o ho el b and (Kalnis and Chung, 2004).
Fo he empi ical es ima ion o spa ial agglome a ion, spa ial models ha e been
de eloped, e.g. he spa ial au o eg essi e (SAR) model and he spa ial e o model (SEM).
The SAR model ocusses on he in e ac ion be ween dependen a iables, while he SEM
es ima es he e ec o spa ial in e ac ion be ween pe u bances (Wang e al., 2019). SAR
models ha e been used in he ho el indus y o de e mine he e ec s o agglome a ion on ho el
and es au an demand (Sk ede and T e e aas, 2019), ho el loca ion choices (Kalnins and
Chung, 2004), ho el p ices (Balague and Pe n
ıas, 2013) and labou p oduc i i y (Kim, 2020).
Loca ion
ac o s and
agglome a ion
in ho els
3
Howe e , hese models ha e no been used in he li e a u e o examine he e ec s o
agglome a ion on ho el pe o mance in e ms o p o i abili y (e.g. Ma co-Laja a e al., 2014)
and he e idence is mixed (Lado-Ses ayo e al., 2017). The e is posi i e empi ical e idence o
he e ec o agglome a ion on ho el e enues (Chung and Kalnins, 2001). I has been shown
ha close compe i o s ha e access o esou ces (e.g. knowledge ans e , echnology) ha
o he compe i o s which a e no close in space lack (Tallman e al., 2004).
In addi ion, o ake ad an age o he ex e nali ies o s onge i ms and imp o e e enues,
weake i ms end o loca e close o s onge ones (Myles Sha e and Flye , 2000). The e is
e idence in he li e a u e o a nega i e ela ionship be ween agglome a ion and p o i abili y
(Ma co-Laja a e al., 2014) due o he compe i ion caused by p oximi y and diminishing
ma ginal e u ns (Baum and Ha eman, 1997). In he ho el indus y, e enues a e he mos
accessible a iable gi en ha da a a e published annually oge he wi h company accoun s.
In addi ion, his a iable is ela ed o he p oduc ion unc ion (Assa , 2012).
2.2 P oduc ion unc ion
Empi ical s udies on he ou ism and hospi ali y indus y ha e used he Cobb–Douglas
unc ion o measu e he impac o ope a ional s a egies and policies on indus y
pe o mance, pa icula ly in e ms o pe cei ed cos s and e enues (A belo e al., 2018).
S udies using e enue as he dependen a iable (Assa and Magnini, 2012) ha e been
conduc ed o ou ism indus ies in Eu opean coun ies such as Po ugal (Ba os, 2004)and
Spain (P
e ez-Rod
ıguez and Acos a-Gonz
alez, 2007), as well as in non-Eu opean des ina ions
such as Taiwan (Chen, 2007), he Uni ed S a es (Assa and Magnini, 2012) and he Asia–Paci ic
egion (Assa , 2012). Simila ly, in he li e a u e on he economic e ec s o agglome a ion,
a emp s ha e been made o explain o he a iables such as labou p oduc i i y (Ande son
e al.,1999). In his o he ield, he s a egies used o es ima e agglome a ion e ec s a e based
mainly on he Cobb–Douglas unc ional o m (Fe nandes e al., 2017).
An al e na i e unc ional o m used in agglome a ion s udies is he anslog unc ion.
T anslog is conside ed an op imal unc ion in some s udies (e.g. A belo e al.,2018;Ma
ın-
Ri e o e al., 2021) because i does no equi e s ic assump ions such as “pe ec ”o “smoo h”
subs i u ion be ween p oduc ion ac o s o pe ec compe i ion on he p oduc ion ac o s ma ke
(Pa elescu, 2011). Howe e , he anslog unc ion is mo e di icul o manipula e ma hema ically
(Ma ins e al., 2012) and can lead o p oblems o collinea i y (Fe nandes e al., 2017;Lione i,
2009) o highe co ela ion (Vi es and Jacob, 2020) due o he la ge numbe o pa ame e s ha
mus bees ima edineachp oduc ion ac o (Pa elescu, 2011).
Fo his eason, o he s udies ha e a gued ha he Cobb–Douglas unc ion is he mos
app op ia e unc ion (Assa and Magnini, 2012;Deng e al., 2019) as i sa is ies p ope ies
such as explici ep esen abili y, pa simony, lexibili y and uni o mi y (Bhanumu hy, 2002);
i is easie o use o es ima ing and in e p e ing elas ici ies (Deng e al., 2019), and la gely
app oxima es a p oduc ion p ocess (Reynes, 2017). Gi en hese quali ies, he Cobb–Douglas
p oduc ion unc ion is used o he quan i a i e analysis pe o med in his s udy.
In line wi h o he s udies (Chiang and Cheng, 2014;Wannak ai oj and Velu, 2021), he
Cobb–Douglas p oduc ion unc ion was es ima ed omi ing eco ds o ho els wi h no ac i i y
mainly o allow o he use o log-linea es ima es. Al e na i es o dealing wi h hese cases
ha e been p oposed in he li e a u e, such as he use o a dummy a iable (Ba ese, 1997)o
ela i e alues (Chiang and Cheng, 2014). Howe e , es ima ions ob ained wi h ans o med
alues could be ex emely sensi i e o he chosen ans o ma ion (Soloaga, 1999).
2.3 Loca ion ac o s and bu e
Loca ion choice is he mos c ucial decision o a new ho el (Yang e al., 2012) and he ho el
indus y elies hea ily on i s s a egies o choosing whe e o loca e i s es ablishmen s.
EJMBE
34,1
4
An e ec i e loca ion is linked o highe occupancy a e, p o i abili y and e enue pe oom and
will in luence cus ome / ou is a ac ion and success/ ailu e agains compe i ion (La inopoulos,
2018;Luo and Yang, 2016). Ho els will choose o loca e close o o he ho els wi h simila
cha ac e is ics o bene i om he ex e nal economies o all i ms in he same en i onmen ; a
beha iou ha is e e ed o as “spa ial agglome a ion”(Adam and Mensah, 2014). Yang e al.
(2014) a gued ha ho els a e no andomly dis ibu ed bu o m spa ial clus e s due o hese
agglome a ion economies. These spa ial clus e s o ho els a e ela ed o loca ion ac o s.
The mos equen ly used measu e o accessibili y and p oximi y in hese models is he
dis ance be ween some poin s o o igin and des ina ion (Th ane, 2007). Mos o he s udies
ci ed abo e sugges a mono onically dec easing ela ionship be ween dis ance o he
des ina ion’s ou is a ac ions and ho el pe o mance. Howe e , he beha iou o ou is s
when selec ing accommoda ion may no ollow his pa e n, and he e ec may e en disappea
a e a ce ain dis ance, hus gi ing ise o a bu e zone o a ea o in luence a ound he poin o
in e es . One me hodological aspec ou s udy aims o de e mine is whe he i is be e o
speci y accessibili y by means o a bu e zone o o di ec ly conside he dis ance be ween he
ho el and he poin o in e es . Simila models ha e been de eloped o es ima e he p ice o
housing (Chica-Olmo e al., 2019) and ho el accommoda ions (Blal and S u man, 2014).
In acco dance wi h Toble ’s (1970) i s law o geog aphy ha “e e y hing is ela ed o
e e y hing else, bu nea hings a e mo e ela ed han dis an hings”, ho el e enues a e assumed
o be spa ially au o-co ela ed since nea by ho els a e mo e likely o ha e he same (1) de elopmen
goals and equi emen s; (2) a ibu es (La inopoulos, 2018); (3) accessibili y o anspo a ion
sys ems (Valen in and O’Neill, 2019); and (4) sha e complemen a y p oduc s o e ed by nea by
businesses (e.g. es au an s, places o in e es ) (Rigall-I-To en and Flu i
a, 2011).
Some s udies ha e highligh ed he impo ance o accessibili y o ai po s, oad and ail oad
ne wo ks o ho el gues s (Lado-Ses ayoe al., 2020;Yang e al., 2018). Gi en ha ou is s wan o
be well linked o he place hey a e isi ing, anspo a ion accessibili y is an impo an d i e o
ho el loca ion and gues sa is ac ion (Valen in and O’Neill, 2019;Yang e al., 2012).
The dis ance be ween means o anspo and accommoda ion has a nega i e e ec on he
numbe o isi o s and ho el indus y e enue (Mon an , 2020). As he p ima y poin o
en ance in ci ies, ai po s play an essen ial ole in accessibili y (Valen in and O’Neill, 2019).
Ho el gues s pe cei e ai po p oximi y as a bene i du ing hei s ay (Kim e al., 2020) and
ho el demand inc eases when poin s o ou ism in e es become mo e accessible (Yang e al.,
2018). T anspo a ion o ou is des ina ions imp o es he u ili y and sa is ac ion o ho el
gues s, hus inc easing he ho el’s pe o mance and e enue (Chou e al., 2008).
In Spain, 82% o in e na ional ou is s a i e by ai (Na ional Ins i u e o S a is ics [INE],
2020). The coun y’s wo main poin s o in e es o ou ism a e i s sun, sea, sand o e ing and
cul u al he i age (Hue e-Alcoce e al., 2019). Gi en ha hese a e he mos equen ypes o
ou ism in Spain (Cisne os-Ma
ınez and Fe n
andez-Mo ales, 2015), we p opose he ollowing
hypo heses:
H1. The spa ial accessibili y o a ho el o he nea es ai po posi i ely in luences ho el
e enue.
H2. The spa ial accessibili y o a ho el o a des ina ion’s main a ac ions (coas al and
cul u al) posi i ely in luences ho el e enue.
2.4 Policy di usion mechanisms and spa ial spillo e e ec s
Ho el manage s make decisions o imp o e pe o mance in luenced by di usion
mechanisms. Shipan and Volden (2008) conside ed ou mechanisms o di usion: coe cion,
compe i ion, imi a ion and lea ning. The las h ee mechanisms a e di ec ly associa ed wi h
he p esence o spa ial spillo e e ec s al hough coe cion may indi ec ly induce imi a ion.
Loca ion
ac o s and
agglome a ion
in ho els
5
Compe i ion is a na u al mechanism o he compe i i e ma ke by which companies eac in
o de no o lose business wi h espec o hei closes compe i o s in he space.
The imi a ion mechanism occu s when he managemen o a ho el imi a es he decision o
he managemen o o he neighbou ing ho els, wi hou conside ing whe he his decision is
e ec i e. Howe e , he lea ning mechanism occu s when a ho el adop s he decision o o he
ho els because i has lea n om hei expe ience. Thus, simila and ela ed companies in he
same clus e c ea e lea ning zones ha enable knowledge spillo e s and encou age lea ning
and inno a ion, which in u n inc eases company and clus e p oduc i i y (Kim e al., 2021).
Acco ding o Shaw and Williams (2009), i is easie o c ea e human capi al (as a esul o
obse a ion and imi a ion) in geog aphically concen a ed a eas due o anspa ency and
p oximi y. In he ou ism indus y, compe i i eness, newly acqui ed knowledge and he
imi a ion p ocess can p omo e inno a ion a business le el, hus imp o ing he company’s
compe i i eness and p oduc i i y (Weiden eld e al., 2010). In a lea ning en i onmen like
his, human capi al and knowledge spillo e s accumula ed in he mo emen o expe ienced
labou be ween clus e en e p ises ha e an impo an impac on p oduc i i y (Kim e al.,
2021) o due o ac o s such as echnology o knowledge ans e (A bia e al., 2010).
Howe e , he e ec s o hese mechanisms a e no easy o sepa a e, measu e o quan i y
(Shipan and Volden, 2008), al hough hey will ha e e ec s on he econome ic model, gi ing
ise o he p esence o spa ial spillo e e ec s.
Policy di usion gi es ise o spa ial clus e s (Myles Sha e and Flye , 2000), which a e
p oduced by wo ypes o spa ial spillo e e ec s. The i s e ec is subs an i e spa ial
dependence (Anselin, 1988), which in ol es a spillo e e ec on he pe o mance o
geog aphically close ho els. Due o a spa ial mechanism o di usion, ho el manage s migh be
expec ed o make decisions aimed a inc easing e enues, such ha ho els wi h high e enues
will be loca ed nex o o he s wi h high e enues and ice e sa, esul ing in he p esence o a
spa ial spillo e e ec o he dependen a iable (subs an i e spa ial dependence).
The second e ec is indi ec (LeSage and Pace, 2009). This is he spa ial spillo e e ec o
explana o y a iables and occu s when ac o s ha explain he e enue o some ho els a ec
he e enue o hei neighbou s. In his case, ho el manage s’decisions wi h espec o some
explana o y a iables a ec he e enues o neighbou ing ho els. Fo example, i a ho el
manage decides o inc ease he numbe o employees, his will bene i o he nea by ho els, as
i will be ela i ely easy o ind ained s a . Few s udies ha e conside ed he e ec s o spa ial
spillo e on ho el e enue (Lee and Jang, 2012) and e en ewe o none ha e examined he
ela ion be ween spa ial spillo e and di usion policies.
The e o e, wo addi ional hypo heses ega ding he loca ion o ho els a e p oposed:
H3. Mechanisms o di usion lead o he p esence o subs an i e spillo e in he ho el
indus y.
H4. Th ough mechanisms o di usion, he explana o y ac o s o a ho el’s e enue will
a ec he e enue o neighbou ing ho els, hus leading o indi ec e ec s.
3. Me hodology
O dina y leas squa es (OLS) is p obably he mos widely used me hod o s udy
accommoda ion pe o mance (Whi e and Mulligan, 2002). The spa ial ela ionship be ween
he alues o a spa ially dis ibu ed a iable de e mines spa ial dependence, which is
measu ed by spa ial au oco ela ion (Anselin, 1988). In he p esence o spa ial
au oco ela ion, OLS igno es spa ial dependence and p o ides biased s anda d e o s and
ine icien es ima ions (Anselin, 1988). This jus i ies he use o mo e sophis ica ed spa ial
me hodologies such as he spa ial econome ic models ecen ly used in s udies on he lodging
indus y (Eugenio-Ma in e al., 2019).
EJMBE
34,1
6
Al hough he e a e se e al ypes o spa ial econome ic models (Anselin, 1988;Elho s ,
2014), only wo a e commonly used:
(1) Spa ial au o eg essi e model (SAR):
y¼
ρ
Wy þXβþ
ε
(1)
(2) Spa ial e o model (SEM):
y¼Xβþu
u¼λWu þ
ε
(2)
whe e yis a ec o o he alues o he dependen a iable; Xis a ma ix wi h explana o y
a iables; βis a ec o o he pa ame e s; Wis a ow-s anda dised spa ial weigh s ma ix
whose elemen s a e w
ij
;Wy is a ec o ep esen ing he spa ial lag o he dependen a iable;
ρ
is he spa ial au o eg essi e pa ame e and ep esen s he endogenous o subs an i e spa ial
spillo e e ec s; Wu is a ec o ep esen ing he spa ial lag pe u ba ions wi h λas i s
associa ed pa ame e ; and
ε
deno es no mal ec o pe u ba ions.
In ou s udy, a SAR model has been p e e ed (see sec ion 6) and he speci ica ion is:
ln_Re enue ¼β1iþβ2Iþβ3Sþβ4Rþβ5Lþ
ρ
W1ln_Re enue þ
ε
(3)
whe e ln_Re enue is a ec o wi h log o ho el e enue; iis a ec o o ones; I,S,Rand La e
ma ices wi h in es men , s uc u al, epu a ional and loca ional a iables; W
1
is he spa ial
weigh s ma ix whose elemen s a e w
ij
51/d
ij
, whe e d
ij
ep esen s he dis ance be ween wo
ho els; and βjand
ρ
a e he associa ed pa ame e s.
3.1 S udy a ea and da a desc ip ion
This s udy is geog aphically based on ho els loca ed in Spain using inancial me ics
e enues pe ho el. Wi h 82.6 million in e na ional ou is s in 2018 (UNWTO, 2019b), Spain
occupies a p ominen posi ion wi hin he in e na ional ho el indus y (Lado-Ses ayo e al.,
2020); one o he main gene a o s o employmen in he coun y. O e 2.5 million people we e
employed in he ou ism indus y in 2018, 3.7% mo e han in he p e ious yea (UNWTO,
2019b). In addi ion, 13.5% o o al employmen in Spain is linked o ou ism- ela ed ac i i ies
(UNWTO, 2019a). Bujosa e al. (2015) p ojec ed ha ou ism will con inue o g ow and
de elop d i en by he sun, sea and sand p oduc , which is cu en ly he la ges ou ism
segmen in he wo ld.
Howe e , i is no he only ou ism p oduc ha a ac s in e na ional a i als, as cul u al
ou ism has expe ienced apid g ow h wo ldwide (Hue e-Alcoce e al., 2019). Spain was
chosen o his s udy as i has been he second ou is des ina ion wo ldwide o se e al yea s
(UNWTO, 2019a). Wi h i s 8,000 km o coas line, Spain has a wide sun, sea and sand ou ism
o e ing (IGN, 2020), as well as an impo an cul u al ou ism o e ing due o i s 48 si es
egis e ed on he Wo ld He i age Lis (UNESCO, 2020).
We ob ained he da a om Bu eau an Dijk’s (B D) O bis global da abase in 2018.
This da abase has been used in se e al s udies (Kalemli-Ozcan e al., 2015) as i con ains
da a on he mos impo an companies in each coun y and e i ies he accu acy o he
in o ma ion. Al hough a o al o 14,742 ho els we e in ope a ion in Spain in 2018 (INE, 2020),
he O bis da abase has in o ma ion o only 2,047. Mo eo e , due o he lack o da a o he
indi idual analysis o some o he ho els, he s udy sample was educed o 1,537
es ablishmen s. As in Chiang and Cheng (2014) and Wannak ai oj and Velu (2021), he
sample was es ic ed o he posi i e alues o he dependen and independen a iables o
enable he use o log-linea es ima es and be e in e p e he elas ici ies. Thus, non-ope a ing
Loca ion
ac o s and
agglome a ion
in ho els
7
ho els in 2018 we e elimina ed om he analysis and a inal sample o 1,015 ho els was
ob ained. The s udy uses a la ge da a se han has been a ailable in p e ious analyses
(Balague and Pe n
ıas, 2013;Lado-Ses ayo e al., 2020).
Cus ome deligh leads o g ea e cus ome loyal y and commi men and gene a es
a ou able gues beha iou such as posi i e wo d-o -mou h and epea bookings (To es and
Kline, 2006). Consequen ly, po en ial gues s will ake his deligh ac o in o accoun when
consul ing cus ome a ings o book accommoda ion. Howe e , he deligh ac o may be
di e en o each consume and he scale used by di e en websi es may di e
(T ipAd iso ’s scale anges om 1–5, while Booking.com’s scale is 2.5–10). Jim
enez e al.
(2016) ound mo e han hal o ho els (52.56%) had a a ing o 4–5 in T ipAd iso ,
while Mellinas e al. (2015) de e mined 8 is he a e age a ing o Spanish ho els in
Booking.com.
The de ini ions o a iables used in his s udy a e shown in Table 1 and he classi ica ion
o a iables and s udy hypo heses a e shown in Figu e 1.
Va iable
Ca ego y o
a iable Name o le els Desc ip ion Sou ce
Re enue Dependen –Ho el e enue O bis Global Da abase
Capi al Independen –Fixed asse s as a p oxy o
capi al (Ba os and San os,
2006)
Wo k o ce Independen –Numbe o wo ke s
Company
size
Independen Small_size
Medium_size
La ge_size
Dummy o each size. The
c i e ion o company size
used by O bis akes in o
accoun ope a ing e enue,
o al asse s and numbe o
employees
Numbe o
ho el s a
Independen 3_s a s 4_5_s a s In line wi h Ande sson
(2010) we included a dummy
a iable o 4- o 5-s a
ho els unde he assump ion
ha his ca ego y is based
on supe io quali y
compa ed o 3-s a ho els. 1
o 2-s a ho els is he
e e ence ca ego y
Booking.com
Consume
a ing
Independen Booking Dummy a iable. 1
ep esen s a a ing equal o
o g ea e han 8 and ze o
o he wise (Mellina e al.,
2015)
Booking.com
Loca ion Independen Dis _coas (km)
Dis _he i age (km)
Dis _ai po (km)
The Euclidean dis ance in
kilome es. The Spanish
ai po s (managed by
AENA) and he si es on he
Uni ed Na ions Educa ional,
Scien i ic and Cul u al
O ganisa ion (UNESCO)
Wo ld He i age Lis
(Na ional Geog aphic
Ins i u e) we e geo-
e e enced using a GIS
Geo e e enced da a o
ho el loca ion om
O bis Global Da abase
Table 1.
De ini ion and sou ce
o a iables
EJMBE
34,1
8
The in e p e a ion o a dicho omous a iable such as 4_5_s a s would be as ollows: i ho el i
has 4 o 5 s a s, i s e enue will inc ease by app oxima ely 17.86% ((exp (0.1643)1)*100)
(di ec e ec ) wi h espec o a 1- o 2-s a ho el and his will indi ec ly in luence he e enue o
neighbou ing ho els by 1.36% ((exp (0.0135)–1)*100) (indi ec e ec ), hus esul ing in a o al
e ec o 19.22%. Hence, in a SAR model i is possible o in e p e he indi ec e ec s as he
e ec s o di usion mechanisms caused by he decisions o neighbou ing ho el manage s in
ela ion o he explana o y a iables. Tha is, i he manage o a neighbou ing ho el (j)
decides o inc ease in es men in he wo k o ce, his decision will ha e an indi ec e ec on
he e enues o he ho el (i), ei he by imi a ing he manage ’s decision, o lea ning ha his
decision can imp o e e enue o because o compe i ion.
The esul s ob ained om he indi ec e ec s enable us o es hypo hesis H4 and indica e
ha he explana o y ac o s o a ho el’s e enue will a ec he e enue o i s neighbou s likely
due o di usion mechanisms.
5. Conclusion and implica ions
Simila o p e ious s udies, we ha e shown ha agglome a ion ex e nali ies in luence ho el
loca ion decisions (e.g. Canina e al., 2005;C uz and Teixei a, 2010). Thus, he choice o ho el
loca ion cons i u es an impo an ac o in ho el pe o mance (Chung and Kalnins, 2001;
Tallman e al., 2004). Speci ically, ou esul s show ha agglome a ion economies and policy
di usion play a signi ican ole in ho el indus y e enue. While agglome a ion economies
a e ela ed o se e al ac o s linked o spa ial accessibili y, mechanisms o policy di usion a e
ela ed o spa ial spillo e e ec s. This s udy showed i is be e o use speci ica ions by
bu e zones han a mono onically dec easing ela ionship o dis ance o he main poin s o
in e es o quan i y spa ial accessibili y. This b ings he heo e ical model close o he
ma ke eali y, and hese ac o s should be aken in o accoun in he immedia e su oundings
when conside ing he loca ion o a new ho el.
I should be no ed ha he explana o y a iables o p oximi y o poin s o in e es such as
he coas , he i age si es, and ai po s ha e a signi ican posi i e e ec on ho el e enue owing
o he a ea o in luence. Mo e speci ically, he adius o he a ea o in luence o he coas is
12 km, o UNESCO he i age si es i is 40 km and o ai po s i is 23 km. In addi ion, i a ho el
is loca ed in an a ea whe e he e a e ho els wi h high e enue, high in es men s in p oduc i e
ac o s, good s uc u e indica o s (size and s a s) and good cus ome a ings, he ho el’s
e enue will inc ease.
This s udy shows accessibili y a iables p oduce agglome a ion economies because ho els
end o be loca ed close o each o he o ob ain bene i s om hese a iables and he ho el’s
pe o mance inc eases due o a spillo e e ec caused by i s neighbou s (Ba os, 2005). Ho els
ha ake ad an age o high agglome a ion economies end o ha e highe su i al a es in imes
Va iable Di ec e ec Indi ec e ec To al e ec
ln_Wo k o ce 0.7759 (0.000) 0.0637 (0.000) 0.8396 (0.000)
ln_Capi al 0.0516 (0.000) 0.0042 (0.000) 0.0558 (0.000)
Medium_Size 0.3485 (0.000) 0.0286 (0.000) 0.3771 (0.000)
La ge_size 0.7660 (0.000) 0.0629 (0.000) 0.8288 (0.000)
3_s a s 0.0712 (0.001) 0.0058 (0.005) 0.0770 (0.001)
4_5_s a s 0.1643 (0.000) 0.0135 (0.000) 0.1777 (0.000)
Booking 0.0694 (0.010) 0.0057 (0.027) 0.0751 (0.011)
Coas _12 km 0.0835 (0.000) 0.0069 (0.000) 0.0904 (0.000)
He i age_40 km 0.0731 (0.005) 0.0060 (0.008) 0.0791 (0.004)
Ai po _23 km 0.0936 (0.000) 0.0077 (0.001) 0.1013 (0.000)
No e(s): p- alues in b acke s
Table 5.
Di ec , indi ec , and
o al e ec s
Loca ion
ac o s and
agglome a ion
in ho els
15
o c isis han ho els loca ed in a eas wi h low agglome a ion economies (Luo and Yang, 2013).
Mo eo e , wo ypes o spa ial spillo e possibly caused by di usion mechanisms ha e been
obse ed: endogenous o subs an i e spillo e and indi ec e ec s.
Rega ding he s uc u al a iables, ho el size and s a a ing bo h ha e he expec ed signs
(Kim e al.,2013). Repu a ional ac o s, like cus ome a ings, ha e a posi i e e ec on e enue
(€
O
g€
u and Onu Tas
¸,2012). Fo he in es men ca ego y, he a iables Capi al and Wo k o ce
ha e a posi i e impac onho el e enue, which is consis en wi h he li e a u e (Ba os, 2004). In
addi ion o ha ing di ec e ec s, in es men , s uc u al, and epu a ional ac o s ha e indi ec
spillo e e ec s on ho el e enue. Consequen ly, imp o emen s made by a ho el no only ha e a
posi i e e ec on he e enue o ha speci ic ho el, bu such in es men s ha e a ma ginal e ec
on nea by ho els. Fo example, an imp o emen in cus ome a ings o neighbou ing ho els will
a ac mo e ou is s o an a ea, hus bene i ing all he ho els in ha a ea.
The esul s o his s udy con i m he ou hypo heses p oposed and show ha loca ion
ac o s ha e signi ican e ec s on ho el e enue in Spain. I has been de e mined ha ho el
e enue is a ec ed by bo h (H1) p oximi y o means o anspo such as ai po s, and (H2) he
classic sun, sea and sand o e ing, as well as cul u al ou is a ac ions, he wo hypo heses
ela ed o he p esence o agglome a ion economies. The s udy de ec ed subs an i e spillo e
whe e ho el e enue is in luenced by he e enue o neighbou ing ho els (H3) and indi ec
e ec s whe e ho els bene i om he explana o y a iables o he e enue o neighbou ing
ho els (H4), bo h o which a e caused by mechanisms o di usion.
We pe o med a alidi y es aking in o accoun he di ec impac o he COVID-19 heal h
c isis on he ou ism indus y. O e nigh s ays we e ob ained o he second hal o 2020
(pe iod in which he lockdown es ic ions in Spain we e li ed) and 2018 (yea o ou da a) o
bo h domes ic and in e na ional ou is s (INE, 2020). The objec i e is o compa e whe he
he e we e signi ican changes in he isi ing p e e ences o domes ic and in e na ional
ou is s in his pe iod, ega dless o he absolu e numbe o ou is s.
A o al o 102 main ou is spo s in Spain (municipali ies) ha accoun o 76% o ho el
ooms in he coun y we e conside ed and he co ela ion coe icien s we e calcula ed o
o e nigh s ays in 2020 and 2018. Compa ing bo h pe iods, he calcula ed co ela ion is 0.92
o domes ic ou ism and 0.93 o in e na ional ou ism. This sugges s ha al hough ou ism
indexes ha e been a ec ed, ou is p e e ences ega ding places o isi emained he same in
2020. The e o e, we assume he esul s ob ained in his esea ch can be ex apola ed o he
cu en si ua ion o he indus y.
Ou indings ha e implica ions o he ho el indus y, go e nmen s and academia. Fi s ly,
hey p o ide ele an in o ma ion o he ho el indus y and sha eholde s who wish o in es
in a new ho el since bo h he di ec and indi ec e ec s o spa ial spillo e on ho el e enues a e
quan i ied. Secondly, he a ea o in luence o ac o s ela ed o accessibili y and ho el e enue
ha e been iden i ied, which can help in making decisions on whe e o loca e new ho els.
The in luence o poin s o in e es (a eas wi h high in es men in p oduc i e ac o s and
in as uc u e) on he le el o ho el e enue unde lines he impo ance o public and p i a e
in es men inc ea ingagglome a ion economies ha gene a e posi i e ex e nali ies (Chung and
Kalnins, 2001;Tallman e al., 2004), he design o u ban planning models ha i he desi ed
pa e ns andenhance he spa ial a ac i eness o an a ea (Ma co-Laja a e al., 2014), and policies
aimed a ou ism de elopmen (Yang e al., 2014). In addi ion, his s udy p o ides a no el esul
ega ding he ac ha di usion policies c ea e a spillo e e ec be ween nea by ho els in e ms
o e enue (subs an i e spillo e e ec ) and p edic o s o e enue (indi ec e ec ).
Mo eo e , gi en ha he ho el en i onmen is conside ed na u al capi al and con ibu es
o ho el esilience, a con enien loca ion will be bene icial o he eco e y o he indus y a e
he impac s o COVID-19 (Dua e Alonso e al., 2020). Addi ionally, he spa ial dis ibu ion o
ho els and hei p oximi y o ai po s and ou is a ac ions should be conside ed in he
de elopmen o ou ism policies o maximise hei e ec i eness.
EJMBE
34,1
16
Finally, ou s udy suppo s he heo e ical a gumen s o agglome a ion heo ies which
a gue ha he bene i s associa ed wi h a highe concen a ion o compe i o s imp o e a i m’s
e enue. These indings suppo he posi i e ex e nali ies ob ained om he geog aphic
clus e ing o ho els (Adam and Mensah, 2014;Yang e al., 2014) and is con adic o y wi h he
li e a u e ha sugges s a nega i e ela ionship be ween agglome a ion and p o i abili y
(Baum and Ha eman, 1997;Ma co-Laja a e al., 2014). This demons a es he ele ance o
wo king wi h spa ial econome ic models o explain ho el indus y pe o mance and
agglome a ion e ec s in o he geog aphical loca ions, as well as o cla i y he mixed e idence
ega ding he e ec s o agglome a ion on ho el p o i abili y (Lado-Ses ayo e al., 2017).
Despi e he impo ance o ou indings and hei con ibu ions o he li e a u e, his s udy
has some limi a ions o u u e esea ch. Fi s ly, ou heo e ical and p ac ical esul s a e o a
mo e gene al na u e, and i would be o in e es o conduc esea ch on o he geog aphical
a eas p esen ing speci ic ea u es.
Secondly, al hough he o e all a ing o each ho el was used as an indica o o ho el
se ice quali y (Nicolau e al., 2020), i does no pain a comple e pic u e o cus ome
sa is ac ion since all cus ome s do no pos hei a ings on he websi e and hey canno be
quan i ied. The e o e, o e ec i ely quan i y cus ome pe cep ions o ho el se ice quali y,
esul s o ad-hoc measu es could be compa ed o he esul s ob ained using he measu e
p oposed in his esea ch.
Finally, i would be o in e es o conside addi ional a iables such as en i onmen al
a iables (ai pollu ion, noise), policy di usion mechanisms (lea ning, inancial, o iscal
a iables); s uc u al a iables (ho el age o e u bishmen s) and o he a iables ha would
jus i y loca ing ho els in a speci ic e i o y.
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