Resilience factors of Ukrainian micro, small, and medium-sized business

Dligach, And ii; S a y skyy, And iy
A icle
Resilience ac o s o Uk ainian mic o, small, and medium-
sized business
Economies
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Sugges ed Ci a ion: Dligach, And ii; S a y skyy, And iy (2024) : Resilience ac o s o Uk ainian mic o,
small, and medium-sized business, Economies, ISSN 2227-7099, MDPI, Basel, Vol. 12, Iss. 12, pp.
1-25,
h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/economies12120319
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Ci a ion: Dligach, And ii, and And iy
S a y skyy. 2024. Resilience Fac o s o
Uk ainian Mic o, Small, and
Medium-Sized Business. Economies 12:
319. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/
economies12120319
Academic Edi o : Ral Fendel
Recei ed: 24 Sep embe 2024
Re ised: 21 No embe 2024
Accep ed: 22 No embe 2024
Published: 26 No embe 2024
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A icle
Resilience Fac o s o Uk ainian Mic o, Small, and Medium-Sized
Business
And ii Dligach and And iy S a y skyy *
Facul y o Economics, Ta as She chenko Na ional Uni e si y o Kyi , 01601 Kyi , Uk aine; [email p o ec ed]
*Co espondence: [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac : Nowadays, businesses in Uk aine ace new challenges ha he wo ld has ne e expe ienced
be o e. Ea lie , du ing he wa , coun ies had o cu ail hei economic ac i i ies, e e y hing ope a ed
o he sake o mili a y needs. Howe e , now, wi hin hyb id wa s, he coun y’s economy and
i s ac o s ha e o demons a e apid adap i e models and changes in s a egies, and some imes
unc ion wi hou s a egies a all. Ad an e G oup conduc ed a su ey o 696 Uk ainian en e p ises
in he pe iod om 20 Decembe 2023 o 8 Janua y 2024 (a yea o ull-scale agg ession); a di ec
ques ionnai e me hod was used. Key hypo heses (10 hypo heses) ega ding he esilience ac o s
o Uk ainian businesses du ing he pe iod o he ull-scale in asion we e es ed using s a is ical
analysis me hods. S a is ically signi ican di e ences we e es ablished in a ious aspec s o he
unc ioning o SMBs. Based on he esea ch, i is concluded ha e o ms in he legal sphe e, aimed a
acili a ing condi ions o business and p o ec ing he igh s o en e p ises, a e an u gen necessi y
o he u he de elopmen o he economy o Uk aine. P ac ical ecommenda ions a ising om
he esea ch a e p esen ed, including educing he le el o unce ain y o business, e ising he
ax sys em, c ea ing incen i es o he de elopmen o SMBs, and inc easing he anspa ency and
s abili y o he condi ions o esou ce mobiliza ion. Se e al key p inciples o he na ional policy
aimed a acili a ing condi ions o he de elopmen o en ep eneu ship and an i-co up ion a e
also sugges ed.
Keywo ds: mic o, small, and medium-sized en e p ises (MSMEs); adap i e s a egies; Wilkinson’s
es ; C ame ’s s a is ics; ANOVA; en ep eneu ship de elopmen
1. In oduc ion
Almos 91% o en e p ises ha e esumed hei ac i i ies a e he agg esso coun y
launched a la ge-scale in asion o Uk aine in 2022 (Uni ed Na ions De elopmen P o-
g amme in Uk aine 2024). In he en mon hs o 2023, only 9.6% o businesses we e s ill
suspended o almos ou o business, con ibu ing o a leas a pa ial eco e y o he
economy. In 2022, a ca as ophic d op in he GDP o Uk aine by 22.8% was eco ded; in
2023, mode a e g ow h a he le el o 5% was obse ed (Na ional Bank o Uk aine 2024).
Na u ally, his g ow h was p ima ily caused by he low base e ec in 2022, bu i allowed
a leas a pa ial es o a ion o he demand o goods and se ices and s imula ed he
de elopmen o logis ics chains.
Despi e he unp eceden ed losses and challenges b ough on by he wa , Uk aine
succeeded in p ese ing ela i e mac oeconomic and p ice s abili y, as well as in o e com-
ing p oduc ion shu downs and managing he impac o labo esou ce ou lows due o
eloca ion o sa e a eas.
Howe e , he numbe and le el o p oblems emain massi e, despi e Uk aine’s pa -
ne s’ a emp s o p o ide suppo . Fi s o all, Uk aine aces logis ical p oblems due o he
blockade o seapo s and he concen a ion o missile s ikes on expo logis ics anspo .
This ha ms o eign economic ac i i y. Due o he decline o he economy, Uk ainian busi-
nesses mus adap o he new le el o demand. A c ucial ole is played by mic o, small,
Economies 2024,12, 319. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/economies12120319 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/economies
Economies 2024,12, 319 2 o 25
and medium-sized en e p ises, which make up 99.98% o all Uk ainian en e p ises and
gene a e 64% o added alue, p o iding 74% o all jobs (Uni ed Na ions De elopmen
P og amme in Uk aine 2024). The e o e, a en ion o he p oblems o mic o, small, and
medium-sized en e p ises is c ucial o he o ma ion o a co ec s a egy o Uk aine’s
eco e y a e he wa .
Du ing he esea ch, a su ey o he managemen o Uk ainian mic o, small, and
medium-sized en e p ises (MSMEs) was conduc ed. Key challenges, p oblems, and h ea s
o business de elopmen we e iden i ied. I should be no ed ha his o ically, he dis inc ion
be ween mic o, small, and medium-sized businesses in Uk aine has been qui e blu ed.
Thanks o a ious ax op imiza ion schemes, he company could unc ion as a se o mic o-
companies, which a e some ime me ged in o one. F om a legal pe spec i e, he di e ence
was only in he numbe o employees and u no e o he company. Fo mic o-en e p ises,
which in mos cases we e egis e ed as indi idual en ep eneu s, ax accoun ing is much
simple han o la ge companies, so he p ocess o enla gemen o such i ms is cu en ly
unde way in Uk aine. Fo his eason, he analysis is ele an o all conside ed ypes
o companies.
The e o e, he pu pose o his esea ch is o de e mine he key ac o s ha shape he
s abili y o business in wa condi ions, based on a di ec su ey.
The logic o he esea ch consis s o he analysis o ecen cases om a ound he
wo ld ega ding he adap a ion o businesses o signi ican luc ua ions and c ises. The
me hodology is based on he need o s a is ical con i ma ion o di e ences in samples in
o de o highligh homogenei y o he e ogenei y in a la ge a ay o esponden s’ answe s.
I is he ools o s a is ical analysis ha a e capable o p o iding ma hema ically based
conclusions o esea ch hypo heses. The calcula ions o he esea ch gi e g ounds o
de eloping ecommenda ions and amewo ks, as well as s e ches o he de elopmen o
oad maps wi hin he Uk ainian economy and messages o he in es men eco e y o he
Uk ainian economy.
The pape es s he ollowing s a emen s: whe he companies ha had been es ablished
a long ime ago u ned ou o be mo e esis an o he challenges o wa ime; whe he
companies ha had had a b oad in e na ionaliza ion s a egy eally u ned ou o be mo e
s able in wa ime; whe he companies headed by women eally u ned ou o be mo e
ulne able o he challenges o wa ime; whe he companies eally los human esou ces
du ing he wa ; o whe he companies a e eally no eady o in es esou ces du ing a
pe iod o u bulence.
S uc u ally, he pape consis s o he ollowing classic pa s: an o e iew o he cu en
si ua ion in he ield and challenges ha make his ma e ial ele an (in oduc ion); a li e a y
e iew o exis ing cases in he li e a u e ega ding o he coun ies ha su e ed om mili a y
ope a ions since he beginning o he millennium; he me hodology o he compu a ional
basis o s a is ically weigh ed e ec i e heses and con i ma ion/ e u a ion o hypo heses;
and calcula ion esul s wi h conclusions o u he eal p ac ical implemen a ion.
2. Li e a y Re iew
Business in condi ions o ins abili y (Candiya Bongomin e al. 2018), such as geopoli i-
cal changes and wa s, (Is ael (Ma om and Lussie 2014), Koso o (Go o i 2013), Uk aine
(Na e e al. 2022), e c.) is s ill no conside ed a he desi ed le el in scien i ic discou se,
pa ly due o he p esence o ce ain angible momen s (Na adda Gamage e al. 2020),
deli e ing o his o y om he winne s’ pe spec i e e c.
Bosnia and He zego ina. Djip (2014) iden i ied h ee ypes o condi ions ha in luence
en ep eneu ship in Bosnia and He zego ina: socio-poli ical, economic, and legal.
Koso o. Go o i (2013) and Soini and Veseli (2011) ecognize ha ex e nal ac o s—
including access o inance, compe i ion, co up ion, and go e nmen policies—signi ican ly
a ec he de elopmen o SMEs in Koso o. Imp o ing access o inance has been high-
ligh ed as essen ial o os e ing a suppo i e en i onmen o SME g ow h. None heless,
SMEs in bo h de eloping and de eloped na ions equen ly ace subs an ial unding ba -
Economies 2024,12, 319 3 o 25
ie s, such as high adminis a i e cos s, s ic colla e al equi emen s, and banks’ gene al
eluc ance o lend o hem.
Inc easing awa eness o he ole o SMEs and imp o ing hei access o inance can help
enhance economic condi ions in de eloping coun ies. This app oach can d i e inno a ion,
s imula e GDP g ow h, and educe economic dispa i ies and unemploymen .
Sy ia: Çö ekçio˘glu e al. (2021), examining he impac o he Sy ian wa on SME
expo s, ound ha expo olume and subsidies om KOSGEB ( he SME De elopmen
O ganiza ion o Tu key) we e majo ac o s in business dis up ions, while o he an icipa ed
ac o s we e less ele an . Despi e ea lie assump ions ha i ms in he egion s uggled
wi h high logis ics cos s, he s udy sugges s ha expanding he scope and amoun o
logis ics subsidies om KOSGEB could be ad an ageous.
A ica: Candiya Bongomin e al. (2018) iden i ied a s ong in e ac ion be ween go -
e nmen suppo and a ious ac o s—such as business skills, capi al adequacy, access
o inance and ma ke s, and en ep eneu ial educa ion—in in luencing he su i al o
Small, Medium, and Mic o En e p ises (SMMEs) in pos -con lic communi ies in No h-
e n Uganda. Each o hese ac o s—business skills, capi al adequacy, access o inance,
ma ke access, en ep eneu ial educa ion, and go e nmen suppo —was ound o ha e a
signi ican , posi i e impac on SMME su i al in hese communi ies.
A he same ime, Fa ja e al. (2017) indica e ha he success ul g ow h and esis an
models o Is aeli SMEs a e based on wo ac o s: unding and knowledge. Howe e ,
Pales inian SME esea che s (Alone Sul an (2014), Fa ja e al. (2016)), mos ly see i in
clus e ing. Meanwhile, he backg ound (Felsens ein and Schwa z 1993) says ha du ing
he ini ial s a -up phase, he indi idual ai s o he en ep eneu help educe he likelihood
o acing cons ain s, whe eas as he i m expands in size, he p obabili y o encoun e ing
cons ain s ends o inc ease. Du ing he ope a ional phase, he pe sonal a ibu es o he
owne and he ype o economic ac i i y play signi ican oles in in luencing ou comes.
Men o ship (Na e e al. 2022), gende , and ma u i y o he i ms we e conside ed as he
impac ul ac o s in he p e-wa pe iod o Uk aine (S a y skyy e al. 2020). The COVID-19
pe iod and he ollowing ac i e-phase wa e ealed one mo e ins umen o mo e on o
Uk ainian SMEs—Digi al Ma ke ing (Oklande e al. 2024).
3. Me hodology
Small and medium-sized en e p ises (SMEs) a e widely ecognized as c i ical d i e s
o economic g ow h, employmen , and inno a ion in mode n economies. Acco ding o
he O ganiza ion o Economic Co-ope a ion and De elopmen (OECD), SMEs accoun o
app oxima ely 99% o all businesses and con ibu e signi ican ly o GDP in mos coun ies
(Pulka and Gawuna 2022). These en e p ises play a pi o al ole in os e ing egional
de elopmen , educing inequali ies, and enhancing economic esilience in imes o c isis
(Wo´zniak e al. 2019;Taiwo e al. 2022;Hossin e al. 2023).
Resea ch highligh s he unique ulne abili ies o SMEs, pa icula ly in ola ile and un-
ce ain en i onmen s, such as hose shaped by global pandemics, economic ecessions, and
mili a y con lic s. S udies by (E diaw-Kwasie e al. 2023) and (Yapicioglu 2023) emphasize
he need o adap i e s a egies and suppo i e policy amewo ks o sus ain SME g ow h
unde such condi ions.
In Uk aine (see Appendix A, Figu e A1), SMEs con ibu e o abou 50% o GDP
and ep esen a signi ican po ion o employmen . Mic o, small, and medium-sized
en e p ises (MSMEs) o m he backbone o Uk aine’s economy, accoun ing o 99.98%
o all business en i ies, p o iding 74% o o al employmen , and gene a ing 64% o he
coun y’s added alue. Howe e , he ongoing challenges o wa and economic ins abili y
ha e exposed he sec o o unp eceden ed isks. Despi e hese challenges, SMEs in Uk aine
demons a e ema kable esilience, adap ing h ough inno a i e p ac ices, s a egic pi o s,
and le e aging digi al ools.
Economies 2024,12, 319 4 o 25
This pape a emp s o build on he ex ensi e body o esea ch add essing he ole o
SMEs in economic sys ems while p o iding new insigh s in o he esilience ac o s ha
enable hese en e p ises o h i e unde ex eme ci cums ances. Ou indings ha e he
ambi ion o con ibu e o he b oade discussion on he necessi y o s uc u al e o ms,
pa icula ly in legal amewo ks and esou ce mobiliza ion, o enhance he long- e m
sus ainabili y o SMEs in de eloping economies.
In his esea ch, key a en ion is paid o he opinions o manage s and owne s o mic o,
small, and medium-sized businesses, which allows o ecei ing indi idual in o ma ion,
no biased by agg ega e indica o s. Du ing Decembe 2023–Janua y 2024, a su ey o
business leade s was conduc ed wi h he help o a Google Fo m. Du ing he su ey pe iod
om 20 Decembe 2023 o 8 Janua y 2024, he answe s o 696 esponden s we e ecei ed
and analyzed. Among hem, 66.3% ep esen ed mic o-businesses, 31.1% accoun ed o
small businesses, and 2.6% co e ed medium-sized businesses; 83% o ques ionnai es we e
illed by business owne s, and 17% we e illed by senio manage s. Companies di e in
hei main ma ke s. In pa icula , 32% o companies ope a e h oughou Uk aine, 10%
o companies ocus only on he capi al o he coun y, and 7.8% o i ms ope a e in he
Kha ki egion. The companies a e ai ly e enly dis ibu ed ac oss indus ies: 11.35% wo k
in wholesale ade, 10.2% in e ail ade, 8.76% in cons uc ion, 8.19% in IT, and 7.33% in
se ice p o ision. In o al, 30 sphe es o ac i i y o he companies we e analyzed. We mus
admi ha in Uk aine, he bounda ies be ween mic o, small, and medium-sized en e p ises
a e no clea ly de ined. Legally, hese businesses a e classi ied based on employee coun
and u no e . Howe e , due o p e alen ax op imiza ion p ac ices, a single business
can ope a e as a g oup o mic o-en e p ises, which may la e me ge in o one o ganiza ion.
Mic o-en e p ises a e ypically egis e ed as sole p op ie o s and bene i om simpli ied
ax egula ions compa ed o la ge companies. Gi en his con ex , he s udy’s indings
a e ele an o businesses o all sizes, as esponses om mic o, small, and medium-sized
en e p ises e ealed no signi ican a ia ions. Ca ego ical scales we e used in he s udy o
digi ize esponses (see Appendix A, Table A1).
The esea ch hypo heses a e es ablished as ollows:
H1: Di e ences exis in he esilience o SMEs depending on whe he he company is chai ed by a
male o a emale.
H2: A s a is ically signi ican di e ence exis s in he abili y o main ain u no e and pe sonnel
depending on he ma u i y o he company.
H3: The esilience o a company du ing he pe iod o he ull-scale in asion signi ican ly depends
on i s loca ion ( egion o Uk aine).
H4: Companies’ iews on he u u e di e signi ican ly depending on hei loca ion ( egion o
Uk aine).
H5: Company esilience in a mili a y si ua ion a ies signi ican ly based on he le el o
in e na ionaliza ion.
H6: The need o inancial assis ance a ies signi ican ly depending on he le el o in e na ionaliza ion.
H7: The amoun o in es men di e s signi ican ly depending on he le el o in e na ionaliza ion o
he company.
H8: Company esilience a ies signi ican ly depending on whe he i s ac i i ies we e suspended
du ing he pe iod o he ull-scale in asion.
H9: The need o addi ional esou ces di e s signi ican ly among companies wi h di e en u no e
le els and ypes o axa ion.

Economies 2024,12, 319 5 o 25
H10: The amoun o in es men di e s signi ican ly depending on he ma u i y o he company.
To analyze da a o uni o mi y ep esen a ion, he Ja que–Be a es is applied o a
no mal dis ibu ion. The Ja que–Be a es is an asymp o ic es , i.e., applicable o la ge
samples. I e o s a e no mally dis ibu ed, hen, acco ding o he Gauss–Ma ko heo em,
he leas squa es es ima o will be be e (will ha e he lowes dispe sion wi hin he
class o linea unbiased es ima o s), and eg ession coe icien s also will be dis ibu ed
asymp o ically no mally. The es looks as ollows:
JB =n
6 S2+(K−3)2
4!∼χ2(1−α; 2)
S=1
n
n
∑
=1y −y
ˆ
σ3
,K=1
n
n
∑
=1y −y
ˆ
σ4
n—numbe o obse a ions, σ—es ima o o he mean squa ed e o o he se ies.
This s a is ic has a
χ2
-dis ibu ion wi h wo deg ees o eedom. The close he e o
dis ibu ion is o no mal, he less he Ja que–Be a s a is ic di e s om ze o. Wi h a su i-
cien ly la ge alue o he s a is ic, he p- alue will be small, and hen he e will be g ounds
o ejec he null hypo hesis (s a is ics ell in o he ail a ea o dis ibu ion).
The me hodology o analyzing such a la ge da a se should inco po a e a ange o
me hods o ensu e su icien and eliable esul s and conclusions, including mul i a ia e
s a is ical analysis, desc ip i e s a is ical analysis, linea eg ession, and o he s. We ha e se-
lec ed he mos app op ia e me hods o e ec i ely add ess he p ima y esea ch objec i es:
(1)
One-way ANOVA and a - es wi h a s a is ical signi icance o 5% a e used o check
he s a is ical signi icance o he di e ences; ANOVA (Thomsen e al. 2013) ac o
analysis is used o de e mine he di e ences be ween he numbe o wo g oups o
en ep eneu s (like gende di e ence). The - es and ANOVA a e analy ical me hods
used o de e mine whe he he e is a signi ican di e ence be ween g oups. The
- es compa es he means o wo g oups, assessing whe he any obse ed di e ence
is s a is ically signi ican o likely due o chance. ANOVA, on he o he hand, is
used when compa ing he means ac oss mul iple g oups o iden i y any signi ican
di e ences among hem (S uden 1908).
(2)
Desc ip i e s a is ics a e used o assess he di e ence in le els and di e si y wi hin
da a se s because many obse a ions a e physically una ailable o analysis using a
g aph o able.
(3)
The Wilcoxon ank-sum es (McCullough 2004) is used o assess di e ences in e-
sponses be ween wo g oups (e.g., gende ) by es ing he null hypo hesis ha bo h
subg oups a e independen samples d awn om he same o e all dis ibu ion. I he
es ejec s he null hypo hesis, he al e na i e hypo hesis sugges s ha he alues in
one g oup end o di e signi ican ly om hose in he o he g oup.
(4) In analyzing condi ional independence be ween se ies wi hin a g oup, EViews p esen s
measu es o associa ion o each condi ional able in a abula o ma . These mea-
su es unc ion simila ly o co ela ion coe icien s, whe e a highe measu e indica es
a s onge associa ion be ween he ow and column se ies in he able. Alongside
he Pea son
χ2
s a is ic o he able, EViews also epo s h ee addi ional measu es
o associa ion:
Phi_coe icien =sχ2
N
C ame s_V=sχ2
N·min{ ,c}−1
Economies 2024,12, 319 6 o 25
Con ingency_coe icien =sχ2
χ2+N
In his con ex , min( ,c) ep esen s he smalle alue be ween he numbe o ow
ca ego ies and column ca ego ies c in he able, while Ndeno es he o al numbe o
obse a ions. No ably, all h ee measu es ange om 0 o 1, whe e a highe alue signi ies
a s onge ela ionship be ween he wo se ies in he able. Unlike he co ela ion coe i-
cien , which only cap u es linea associa ion, hese nonpa ame ic measu es a e obus o
de ia ions om linea i y, making hem sui able o assessing a ious ypes o ela ionships.
Below, we p o ide a summa y o he iden i ied limi a ions and he s eps aken o
mi iga e hei impac on he esea ch:
(1)
Limi a ion o Sample Rep esen a ion (while he s udy co e ed a ela i ely la ge num-
be o en e p ises (696), he sample may no ully ep esen all sec o s and egions
o Uk aine).
Decision o sol e: o add ess his, we ensu ed di e se geog aphic and sec o al ep esen-
a ion wi hin he sample, hough u he s a i ica ion could imp o e gene alizabili y.
(2) Limi a ion o Sel -Repo ed Da a ( he esea ch elied on a di ec ques ionnai e me hod,
which inhe en ly ca ies he isk o esponse bias).
Decision o sol e: o minimize his, he su ey design included ca e ully s uc u ed,
neu al ques ions o educe subjec i i y, and mul iple-choice op ions we e alida ed
o align wi h he esea ch objec i es.
(3)
Limi a ion o Tempo al Cons ain s ( he da a collec ion pe iod (Decembe 2023 o
Janua y 2024) e lec s a snapsho o he ongoing challenges aced by SMEs. The apidly
changing economic and geopoli ical landscape in Uk aine may limi he applicabili y
o indings o e ime).
Decision o sol e: we ecognize his limi a ion and sugges u u e s udies adop a
longi udinal app oach o cap u e e ol ing ends.
(4)
Limi a ion o Speci ici y o Con ex ( he s udy ocuses on SMEs wi hin he unique
con ex o Uk aine, pa icula ly du ing a ime o wa and economic u bulence. While
his p o ides aluable insigh s, i limi s he gene aliza ion o esul s o o he coun ies
o con ex s).
Decision o sol e: u he compa a i e s udies ac oss di e en economies could
p o ide a b oade pe spec i e.
(5)
Limi a ion o Da a In e p e a ion ( he s a is ical analysis es ed 10 hypo heses bu
elied on agg ega ed da a, which migh o e look nuanced di e ences among mic o,
small, and medium en e p ises).
Decision o sol e: we conduc ed subg oup analyses whe e easible and cla i ied in
he discussion ha a ia ions among subca ego ies should be in e p e ed cau iously.
We belie e hese limi a ions a e inhe en o s udies conduc ed in such complex en i-
onmen s and ha e aken e e y possible s ep o mi iga e hei impac on he quali y and
in e p e a ion o esul s.
4. Da a Desc ip ion
Based on he p oposed hypo heses o he analysis, we ake se e al basic ac o
cha ac e is ics o he esponden s who ook pa in he su ey:
(1)
Ma u i y: we can see (Figu e 1) ha in gene al, he dis ibu ion o he su eyed
en e p ises by he yea o es ablishmen does no co espond o a no mal dis ibu ion
(as shown by he Ja que–Be a es ); wi h sligh a iabili y, en e p ises om he 2000–
2013 yea o es ablishmen p e ail.
(2)
Gende : we can see (Figu e 2) ha in gene al, he dis ibu ion o su eyed en e p ises
by he gende o he owne does no co espond o a no mal dis ibu ion (as shown by
he Ja que–Be a es ); wi h sligh a iabili y, en e p ises wi h male managemen p e ail.
(3)
Region: we can see (Figu e 3) ha in gene al, he dis ibu ion o su eyed en e p ises
by loca ion as o he beginning o he ull-scale wa does no co espond o a no mal
Economies 2024,12, 319 7 o 25
dis ibu ion (as shown by he Ja que–Be a es ); wi h sligh a iabili y, en e p ises
wi h a egional p esence p e ail.
(4) Taxa ion: we can see (Figu e 4) ha in gene al, he dis ibu ion o su eyed en e p ises
by he o m o axa ion does no co espond o a no mal dis ibu ion (as shown by
he Ja que–Be a es ); wi h sligh a iabili y, en e p ises wi h he single ax and he
VAT p e ail.
(5)
Tu no e : we can see (Figu e 5) ha in gene al, he dis ibu ion o su eyed en e -
p ises by u no e olume does no co espond o a no mal dis ibu ion (as shown
by he Ja que–Be a es ); wi h ai ly insigni ican a iabili y, en e p ises wi h UAH
5–10 million p e ail.
(6)
Wo k o ce: we can see (Figu e 6) ha in gene al, he dis ibu ion o su eyed en e -
p ises by he numbe o employees does no co espond o a no mal dis ibu ion (as
shown by he Ja que–Be a es ); wi h ai ly insigni ican a iabili y, en e p ises wi h
6–10 employees p e ail.
(7) Cancela ion: in gene al, he majo i y o su eyed companies suspended hei ac i i ies,
bu o less han 1 mon h (Figu e 7).
(8)
In e na ionaliza ion: mos o he companies ha ook pa in he su ey had no been
in ol ed in in e na ional pa ne ships ei he be o e o du ing he ull-scale in asion
(Table 1).
Table 1. Desc ip i e s a is ics o a 17 and a 18.
a 17 a 18
Mean 0.283046 0.251437
Median 0.000000 0.000000
Maximum 1.000000 1.000000
Minimum 0.000000 0.000000
S d. De . 0.450803 0.434151
Skewness 0.963216 1.145878
Ku osis 1.927785 2.313035
Ja que–Be a 140.9627 165.9978
P obabili y 0.000000 0.000000
Sum 197.0000 175.0000
Sum Sq. De . 141.2399 130.9986
Obse a ions 696 696
Economies 2024, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 o 25
4. Da a Desc ip ion
Based on he p oposed hypo heses o he analysis, we ake se e al basic ac o cha -
ac e is ics o he esponden s who ook pa in he su ey:
(1) Ma u i y: we can see (Figu e 1) ha in gene al, he dis ibu ion o he su eyed en-
e p ises by he yea o es ablishmen does no co espond o a no mal dis ibu ion
(as shown by he Ja que–Be a es ); wi h sligh a iabili y, en e p ises om he 2000–
2013 yea o es ablishmen p e ail.
(2) Gende : we can see (Figu e 2) ha in gene al, he dis ibu ion o su eyed en e p ises
by he gende o he owne does no co espond o a no mal dis ibu ion (as shown
by he Ja que–Be a es ); wi h sligh a iabili y, en e p ises wi h male managemen
p e ail.
(3) Region: we can see (Figu e 3) ha in gene al, he dis ibu ion o su eyed en e p ises
by loca ion as o he beginning o he ull-scale wa does no co espond o a no mal
dis ibu ion (as shown by he Ja que–Be a es ); wi h sligh a iabili y, en e p ises
wi h a egional p esence p e ail.
(4) Taxa ion: we can see (Figu e 4) ha in gene al, he dis ibu ion o su eyed en e -
p ises by he o m o axa ion does no co espond o a no mal dis ibu ion (as shown
by he Ja que–Be a es ); wi h sligh a iabili y, en e p ises wi h he single ax and
he VAT p e ail.
(5) Tu no e : we can see (Figu e 5) ha in gene al, he dis ibu ion o su eyed en e -
p ises by u no e olume does no co espond o a no mal dis ibu ion (as shown
by he Ja que–Be a es ); wi h ai ly insignifican a iabili y, en e p ises wi h UAH
5–10 million p e ail.
(6) Wo k o ce: we can see (Figu e 6) ha in gene al, he dis ibu ion o su eyed en e -
p ises by he numbe o employees does no co espond o a no mal dis ibu ion (as
shown by he Ja que–Be a es ); wi h ai ly insignifican a iabili y, en e p ises wi h
6–10 employees p e ail.
(7) Cancela ion: in gene al, he majo i y o su eyed companies suspended hei ac i i-
ies, bu o less han 1 mon h (Figu e 7).
(8) In e na ionaliza ion: mos o he companies ha ook pa in he su ey had no been
in ol ed in in e na ional pa ne ships ei he be o e o du ing he ull-scale in asion
(Table 1).
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
12 3 4 5 6 7
Se ies: _2______________________
Sample 1 696
Obse a ions 696
Mean 2.462644
Median 2.000000
Maximum 7.000000
Minimum 1.000000
S d. De . 1.178359
Skewness 1.203596
Ku osis 4.905498
Ja que-Be a 273.3394
P obabili y 0.000000
Figu e 1. Dis ibu ion o esponses o a 02. Sou ce: Calcula ed by he au ho s.
Figu e 1. Dis ibu ion o esponses o a 02. Sou ce: Calcula ed by he au ho s.
Economies 2024,12, 319 8 o 25
Economies 2024, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 o 25
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Se ies: _4__________________
Sample 1 696
Obse a ions 696
Mean 0.777299
Median 1.000000
Maximum 1.000000
Minimum 0.000000
S d. De . 0.416359
Skewness -1.332978
Ku osis 2.776829
Ja que-Be a 207.5565
P obabili y 0.000000
Figu e 2. Dis ibu ion o esponses o a 04. Sou ce: Calcula ed by he au ho s.
0
100
200
300
400
500
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0
Se ies: _5______________________
Sample 1 696
Obse a ions 696
Mean 1.741379
Median 1.000000
Maximum 3.000000
Minimum 1.000000
S d. De . 0.913093
Skewness 0.532638
Ku osis 1.413041
Ja que-Be a 105.9444
P obabili y 0.000000
Figu e 3. Dis ibu ion o esponses o a 05.Sou ce: Calcula ed by he au ho s.
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
320
360
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
Se ies: _7______________________
Sample 1 696
Obse a ions 696
Mean 1.510057
Median 2.000000
Maximum 2.000000
Minimum 1.000000
S d. De . 0.500258
Skewness -0.040238
Ku osis 1.001619
Ja que-Be a 116.0001
P obabili y 0.000000
Figu e 4. Dis ibu ion o esponses o a 07. Sou ce: Calcula ed by he au ho s.
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
01234567
Se ies: _8___________________202
Sample 1 696
Obse a ions 696
Mean 4.600575
Median 6.000000
Maximum 7.000000
Minimum 0.000000
S d. De . 2.053584
Skewness -0.250979
Ku osis 1.486775
Ja que-Be a 73.71251
P obabili y 0.000000
Figu e 5. Dis ibu ion o esponses o a 08. Sou ce: Calcula ed by he au ho s.
Figu e 2. Dis ibu ion o esponses o a 04. Sou ce: Calcula ed by he au ho s.
Economies 2024, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 o 25
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Se ies: _4__________________
Sample 1 696
Obse a ions 696
Mean 0.777299
Median 1.000000
Maximum 1.000000
Minimum 0.000000
S d. De . 0.416359
Skewness -1.332978
Ku osis 2.776829
Ja que-Be a 207.5565
P obabili y 0.000000
Figu e 2. Dis ibu ion o esponses o a 04. Sou ce: Calcula ed by he au ho s.
0
100
200
300
400
500
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0
Se ies: _5______________________
Sample 1 696
Obse a ions 696
Mean 1.741379
Median 1.000000
Maximum 3.000000
Minimum 1.000000
S d. De . 0.913093
Skewness 0.532638
Ku osis 1.413041
Ja que-Be a 105.9444
P obabili y 0.000000
Figu e 3. Dis ibu ion o esponses o a 05.Sou ce: Calcula ed by he au ho s.
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
320
360
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
Se ies: _7______________________
Sample 1 696
Obse a ions 696
Mean 1.510057
Median 2.000000
Maximum 2.000000
Minimum 1.000000
S d. De . 0.500258
Skewness -0.040238
Ku osis 1.001619
Ja que-Be a 116.0001
P obabili y 0.000000
Figu e 4. Dis ibu ion o esponses o a 07. Sou ce: Calcula ed by he au ho s.
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
01234567
Se ies: _8___________________202
Sample 1 696
Obse a ions 696
Mean 4.600575
Median 6.000000
Maximum 7.000000
Minimum 0.000000
S d. De . 2.053584
Skewness -0.250979
Ku osis 1.486775
Ja que-Be a 73.71251
P obabili y 0.000000
Figu e 5. Dis ibu ion o esponses o a 08. Sou ce: Calcula ed by he au ho s.
Figu e 3. Dis ibu ion o esponses o a 05.Sou ce: Calcula ed by he au ho s.
Economies 2024, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 o 25
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Se ies: _4__________________
Sample 1 696
Obse a ions 696
Mean 0.777299
Median 1.000000
Maximum 1.000000
Minimum 0.000000
S d. De . 0.416359
Skewness -1.332978
Ku osis 2.776829
Ja que-Be a 207.5565
P obabili y 0.000000
Figu e 2. Dis ibu ion o esponses o a 04. Sou ce: Calcula ed by he au ho s.
0
100
200
300
400
500
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0
Se ies: _5______________________
Sample 1 696
Obse a ions 696
Mean 1.741379
Median 1.000000
Maximum 3.000000
Minimum 1.000000
S d. De . 0.913093
Skewness 0.532638
Ku osis 1.413041
Ja que-Be a 105.9444
P obabili y 0.000000
Figu e 3. Dis ibu ion o esponses o a 05.Sou ce: Calcula ed by he au ho s.
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
320
360
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
Se ies: _7______________________
Sample 1 696
Obse a ions 696
Mean 1.510057
Median 2.000000
Maximum 2.000000
Minimum 1.000000
S d. De . 0.500258
Skewness -0.040238
Ku osis 1.001619
Ja que-Be a 116.0001
P obabili y 0.000000
Figu e 4. Dis ibu ion o esponses o a 07. Sou ce: Calcula ed by he au ho s.
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
01234567
Se ies: _8___________________202
Sample 1 696
Obse a ions 696
Mean 4.600575
Median 6.000000
Maximum 7.000000
Minimum 0.000000
S d. De . 2.053584
Skewness -0.250979
Ku osis 1.486775
Ja que-Be a 73.71251
P obabili y 0.000000
Figu e 5. Dis ibu ion o esponses o a 08. Sou ce: Calcula ed by he au ho s.
Figu e 4. Dis ibu ion o esponses o a 07. Sou ce: Calcula ed by he au ho s.
Economies 2024, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 o 25
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Se ies: _4__________________
Sample 1 696
Obse a ions 696
Mean 0.777299
Median 1.000000
Maximum 1.000000
Minimum 0.000000
S d. De . 0.416359
Skewness -1.332978
Ku osis 2.776829
Ja que-Be a 207.5565
P obabili y 0.000000
Figu e 2. Dis ibu ion o esponses o a 04. Sou ce: Calcula ed by he au ho s.
0
100
200
300
400
500
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0
Se ies: _5______________________
Sample 1 696
Obse a ions 696
Mean 1.741379
Median 1.000000
Maximum 3.000000
Minimum 1.000000
S d. De . 0.913093
Skewness 0.532638
Ku osis 1.413041
Ja que-Be a 105.9444
P obabili y 0.000000
Figu e 3. Dis ibu ion o esponses o a 05.Sou ce: Calcula ed by he au ho s.
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
320
360
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
Se ies: _7______________________
Sample 1 696
Obse a ions 696
Mean 1.510057
Median 2.000000
Maximum 2.000000
Minimum 1.000000
S d. De . 0.500258
Skewness -0.040238
Ku osis 1.001619
Ja que-Be a 116.0001
P obabili y 0.000000
Figu e 4. Dis ibu ion o esponses o a 07. Sou ce: Calcula ed by he au ho s.
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
01234567
Se ies: _8___________________202
Sample 1 696
Obse a ions 696
Mean 4.600575
Median 6.000000
Maximum 7.000000
Minimum 0.000000
S d. De . 2.053584
Skewness -0.250979
Ku osis 1.486775
Ja que-Be a 73.71251
P obabili y 0.000000
Figu e 5. Dis ibu ion o esponses o a 08. Sou ce: Calcula ed by he au ho s.
Figu e 5. Dis ibu ion o esponses o a 08. Sou ce: Calcula ed by he au ho s.
Economies 2024,12, 319 15 o 25
Gi en ha he p- alue is less han ze o, we ejec he null hypo hesis, so he e is
a di e ence.
Table 16. Resul s o es ing Hypo hesis 9: a 08 and a 46.
Me hod d Value P obabili y
Wilcoxon/Mann–Whi ney 7.942360 0.0000
Wilcoxon/Mann–Whi ney ( ie-adj.) 8.046791 0.0000
Med. Chi-squa e 1 36.19793 0.0000
Adj. Med. Chi-squa e 1 35.54865 0.0000
K uskal–Wallis 1 63.08214 0.0000
K uskal–Wallis ( ie-adj.) 1 64.75194 0.0000
an de Wae den 1 56.60441 0.0000
Gi en ha he p- alue is less han ze o, we ejec he null hypo hesis, so he e is
a di e ence.
Table 17. Resul s o es ing Hypo hesis 9: a 07 and a 44.
Me hod d Value P obabili y
Wilcoxon/Mann–Whi ney 13.11496 0.0000
Wilcoxon/Mann–Whi ney ( ie-adj.) 14.06874 0.0000
Med. Chi-squa e 1 306.2156 0.0000
Adj. Med. Chi-squa e 1 303.7805 0.0000
K uskal–Wallis 1 172.0039 0.0000
K uskal–Wallis ( ie-adj.) 1 197.9314 0.0000
an de Wae den 1 161.8713 0.0000
Gi en ha he p- alue is less han ze o, we ejec he null hypo hesis, so he e is
a di e ence.
Table 18. Resul s o es ing Hypo hesis 9: a 07 and a 46.
Me hod d Value P obabili y
Wilcoxon/Mann–Whi ney 15.39878 0.0000
Wilcoxon/Mann–Whi ney ( ie-adj.) 15.89107 0.0000
Med. Chi-squa e 1 620.1121 0.0000
Adj. Med. Chi-squa e 1 617.2246 0.0000
K uskal–Wallis 1 237.1244 0.0000
K uskal–Wallis ( ie-adj.) 1 252.5283 0.0000
an de Wae den 1 191.6135 0.0000
Gi en ha he p- alue is less han ze o, we ejec he null hypo hesis, so he e is
a di e ence.
H19: The e is a di e ence in in es men olumes depending on he ma u i y o he company
(Table 19).
Table 19. Resul s o es ing Hypo hesis 10: a 02 and a 46.
Me hod d Value P obabili y
Wilcoxon/Mann–Whi ney 7.878484 0.0000
Wilcoxon/Mann–Whi ney ( ie-adj.) 8.008908 0.0000
Med. Chi-squa e 1 229.5285 0.0000
Adj. Med. Chi-squa e 1 227.7731 0.0000
K uskal–Wallis 1 62.07155 0.0000
K uskal–Wallis ( ie-adj.) 1 64.14369 0.0000
an de Wae den 1 49.85394 0.0000

Economies 2024,12, 319 16 o 25
Gi en ha he p- alue is less han ze o, we ejec he null hypo hesis, so he e is
a di e ence.
Le us check he conclusions ob ained abo e using K ame ’s s a is ics, conside ing he
ep esen a ion o he sample (Table 20).
Table 20. The esul s o es ing esea ch hypo heses using C ame ’s s a is ics (Condi ional indepen-
dence be ween se ies in he g oup).
Va iables Desc ip ion Pea son X2Likelihood
Ra io G2 C ame ’s V
a 02 Business es ablishmen yea
114.5637
P ob = 0.0150
101.5574
P ob = 0.0933
a 41 How do you assess p ospec s o he
Uk ainian economy in 2024?
a 04 Company owne
Condi ional a 04 = 0
( a 02– a 41)
Condi ion: he owne o he company is a
woman; is he e any di e ence in he
es ablishmen yea and assessmen p ospec s
o he Uk ainian economy in 2024?
39.28415
P ob = 0.3249
40.6084
P ob = 0.2745 0.205526 *
Condi ional a 04 = 1
( a 02– a 41)
Condi ion: he owne o he company is a
man; is he e any di e ence in he
es ablishmen yea and assessmen p ospec s
o he Uk ainian economy in 2024?
50.13307
P ob = 0.0590
39.13184
P ob = 0.3310 0.124276
Uncondi ional
a 02– a 41
No condi ion: is he e any di e ence in he
es ablishmen yea and assessmen p ospec s
o he Uk ainian economy in 2024?
33.90021
P ob = 0.5688
32.59059
P ob = 0.6315 0.090099
a 44
44. Wha amoun o inancial esou ces does
you business need addi ionally (addi ionally
o esou ces a ailable o you) o implemen
you business de elopmen s a egy wi hin
3 yea s?
1814.476
P ob = 0.0000
720.5307
P ob = 0.0000
a 46 46. Wha amoun do you plan o in es in
business de elopmen in he ollowing yea ?
a 02 Business es ablishmen yea
Condi ional a 02 = 1
( a 44– a 46)
Condi ion: business es ablishmen yea is
be o e 2000. Is he e any di e ence be ween
he amoun o necessa y addi ional inancial
esou ces o business and a planned amoun
o in es men in he ollowing yea ?
113.6952
P ob = 0.0000
112.5079
P ob = 0.0000 0.383266
Condi ional a 02= 2
( a 44– a 46)
Condi ion: business es ablishmen yea is
2000–2013. Is he e any di e ence be ween
he amoun o necessa y addi ional inancial
esou ces o business and a planned amoun
o in es men in he ollowing yea ?
291.8439
P ob = 0.0000
199.7963
P ob = 0.0000 0.419803
Condi ional a 02 = 3
( a 44– a 46)
Condi ion: business es ablishmen yea is
2014–2019. Is he e any di e ence be ween
he amoun o necessa y addi ional inancial
esou ces o business and a planned amoun
o in es men in he ollowing yea ?
223.0970
P ob = 0.0000
155.6882
P ob = 0.0000 0.423825
Condi ional a 02 = 4
( a 44– a 46)
Condi ion: business es ablishmen yea is
2020. Is he e any di e ence be ween he
amoun o necessa y addi ional inancial
esou ces o business and a planned amoun
o in es men in he ollowing yea ?
41.42619
P ob = 0.2106
36.74545
P ob = 0.3879 0.486540
Economies 2024,12, 319 17 o 25
Table 20. Con .
Va iables Desc ip ion Pea son X2Likelihood
Ra io G2 C ame ’s V
Condi ional a 02 = 5
( a 44– a 46)
Condi ion: business es ablishmen yea is
2021. Is he e any di e ence be ween he
amoun o necessa y addi ional inancial
esou ces o business and a planned amoun
o in es men in he ollowing yea ?
47.76778
P ob = 0.0736
41.86354
P ob = 0.1975 0.606172
Condi ional a 02 = 6
( a 44– a 46)
Condi ion: business es ablishmen yea is
2022. Is he e any di e ence be ween he
amoun o necessa y addi ional inancial
esou ces o business and a planned amoun
o in es men in he ollowing yea ?
37.96769
P ob = 0.1506
24.81173
P ob = 0.7341 0.632187
Condi ional a 02 = 7
( a 44– a 46)
Condi ion: business es ablishmen yea is
2023. Is he e any di e ence be ween he
amoun o necessa y addi ional inancial
esou ces o business and a planned amoun
o in es men in he ollowing yea ?
4.000000
P ob = 0.1353
4.498681
P ob = 0.1055 1.000000
Uncondi ional
a 44– a 46
No condi ion: Is he e any di e ence be ween
he amoun o necessa y addi ional inancial
esou ces o business and a planned amoun
o in es men in he ollowing yea ?
578.6611
P ob = 0.0000
416.4818
P ob = 0.0000 0.372248
* a mo e likely dependence scena io.
Thus, as he esul s show, o companies whe e women a e he owne s, he ma u i y
ac o is mo e ela ed o he p ospec s o he Uk ainian economy in 2024 han o men.
Tes ing he hypo hesis o how he ma u i y o he company a ec s he in es men
capabili ies/needs, we concluded ha he s onges dependence conce ns he need o in es
in companies ounded in 2023, and he weakes dependence ela es o hose egis e ed
be o e 2000. Tha is, he assump ion was con i med.
6. Conclusions and Discussion
This esea ch was conduc ed on he basis o he collec ed da abase o esponses om
owne s and manage s o MSMEs in Uk aine om he end o 2023 o he beginning o
2024. The main objec i e was o de e mine he ac o s a ec ing he esilience o small
and medium-sized en e p ises (MSMEs) in he ace o he ull-scale in asion. Fo his,
10 hypo heses we e o med, which we e es ed using s a is ical ools. The esul s o he
esea ch con i med a s a is ically signi ican di e ence acco ding o nine hypo heses.
The e a e di e ences in he esilience o MSMEs depending on he gende o he head
o he company, which may indica e a di e en app oach o men and women o business
managemen in c isis si ua ions. The esilience o companies o main ain u no e and
pe sonnel signi ican ly depends on he age o he company; in pa icula , mo e ma u e
companies a e likely o ha e mo e esou ces and expe ience o wi hs and c ises. S a is ically
signi ican di e ences we e e ealed in he iews o companies on he u u e depending on
hei loca ion in he egion o Uk aine. This may be due o di e en economic and social
condi ions in di e en egions. Fo example, companies ha do business ac oss he coun y
o in he capi al a e mo e esilien han egional companies.
Companies ha ha e a highe le el o in e na ionaliza ion demons a e g ea e e-
silience in a mili a y si ua ion. This may be due o he di e si ica ion o ma ke s and
he p esence o in e na ional pa ne s. The e is a s a is ically signi ican di e ence in he
need o inancial assis ance depending on he le el o in e na ionaliza ion o he i m.
In e na ionalized companies can ha e be e access o in e na ional inancial esou ces, as
well as mo e oppo uni ies o a ac loan unds. The le el o in e na ionaliza ion o he
i m a ec s he amoun o in es men . Companies ha a e ac i e in in e na ional ma ke s
Economies 2024,12, 319 18 o 25
a e likely o ecei e mo e in es men . A i m’s su i al depends on whe he i suspended
ope a ions du ing he ull-scale in asion. Companies ha ha e con inued o ope a e show
be e esul s in esilience.
The e is a signi ican di e ence in he need o addi ional esou ces o companies
wi h di e en u no e s and di e en ypes o axa ion. Companies wi h highe u no e
may ha e be e oppo uni ies o a ac addi ional esou ces, as well as la ge ese es.
In es men olumes depend signi ican ly on he ma u i y o he company. Mo e ma u e
companies a e likely o ha e mo e oppo uni ies o a ac in es men .
Only one hypo hesis (H3), which p edic ed he exis ence o a s a is ically signi ican
di e ence in company esilience du ing a ull-scale in asion depending on i s loca ion
(a egion o Uk aine), was no con i med. This may indica e ha all companies in he
coun y we e a ec ed by he la ge-scale in asion and ha e su e ed he co esponding
consequences o economic su i al.
The esea ch con i ms ha a ious ac o s, including he gende o he manage , he
ma u i y o he i m, he le el o in e na ionaliza ion, and he ope a ional s a us du ing he
c isis, play an impo an ole in he esilience o small and medium-sized en e p ises in he
c isis. This indica es he need o an in eg a ed app oach o he managemen and suppo
o MSMEs, conside ing hese di e en aspec s, o inc ease hei esilience and adap abili y
in he u u e.
Despi e he magni ude o he esea ch, i has se e al limi a ions. Fi s ly, he e is an
une en dis ibu ion o business size, in pa icula , a la ge sha e o esponden s (66.3%)
ep esen s mic o-business, while a medium-sized business is ep esen ed only a 2.6%. This
can lead o biasing he esul s owa d he p oblems and p ospec s o mic o-businesses,
unde es ima ing he peculia challenges medium-sized businesses ace.
Secondly, he su ey was conduc ed o e a ai ly sho pe iod o ime, which may
ail o conside seasonal luc ua ions and changes in he business en i onmen . I is also
impo an o conduc simila s udies in di e en pe iods.
Thi dly, he esea ch used ca ego ical a ing scales, which allowed s uc u ing he
esponses, bu limi ed he dep h o he analysis.
Howe e , in any case, his s udy p o ided aluable insigh s in o he esilience o mic o,
small, and medium-sized en e p ises in c ises. To imp o e he quali y o esea ch in he
u u e, he possibili y o mo e uni o m and long- e m da a collec ion, he engagemen o
a ious s akeholde s, and he use o mixed me hods o da a analysis should be conside ed.
Finally, o imp o e he esilience o MSMEs, unce ain y a bo h he mili a y and
na ional le els need o be educed; co up ion le els need o be lowe ed pe manen ly; access
o loans should be imp o ed; and judicial and ax e o ms should be de eloped. Businesses
should also demand a e iew o he axa ion sys em and s imula ion o he de elopmen o
SMEs. To achie e hese goals, he go e nmen mus c ea e s able condi ions o business,
in pa icula by imp o ing he egula o y en i onmen and ensu ing anspa ency in e ms
o mobiliza ion. In addi ion, a c ucial condi ion is he need o u he implemen a ion o
he p inciples o economic eedom o p omo e he de elopmen o MSMEs in Uk aine.
Au ho Con ibu ions: Concep ualiza ion, A.D. and A.S.; me hodology, A.S.; so wa e, A.S.; alida-
ion, A.D. and A.S.; o mal analysis, A.S.; in es iga ion, A.D.; esou ces, A.D.; da a cu a ion, A.D.;
w i ing—o iginal d a p epa a ion, A.S.; w i ing— e iew and edi ing, A.S. and A.D.; isualiza ion,
A.D.; supe ision, A.D.; p ojec adminis a ion, A.D.; unding acquisi ion, A.D. All au ho s ha e ead
and ag eed o he published e sion o he manusc ip .
Funding: This esea ch ecei ed no ex e nal unding.
In o med Consen S a emen : The pa icipan s ha e signed an in o med consen o m be o e aking
pa in he su ey.
Da a A ailabili y S a emen : Da a is una ailable due o p i acy o e hical es ic ions.
Con lic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no con lic s o in e es .
Economies 2024,12, 319 19 o 25
Appendix A
Economies 2024, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 19 o 25
he u u e, he possibili y o mo e uni o m and long- e m da a collec ion, he engagemen
o a ious s akeholde s, and he use o mixed me hods o da a analysis should be consid-
e ed.
Finally, o imp o e he esilience o MSMEs, unce ain y a bo h he mili a y and na-
ional le els need o be educed; co up ion le els need o be lowe ed pe manen ly; access
o loans should be imp o ed; and judicial and ax e o ms should be de eloped. Busi-
nesses should also demand a e iew o he axa ion sys em and s imula ion o he de el-
opmen o SMEs. To achie e hese goals, he go e nmen mus c ea e s able condi ions o
business, in pa icula by imp o ing he egula o y en i onmen and ensu ing anspa -
ency in e ms o mobiliza ion. In addi ion, a c ucial condi ion is he need o u he im-
plemen a ion o he p inciples o economic eedom o p omo e he de elopmen o
MSMEs in Uk aine.
Au ho Con ibu ions: Concep ualiza ion, A.D. and A.S.; me hodology, A.S.; so wa e, A.S.; alida-
ion, A.D. and A.S.; o mal analysis, A.S.; in es iga ion, A.D.; esou ces, A.D.; da a cu a ion, A.D.;
w i ing—o iginal d a p epa a ion, A.S.; w i ing— e iew and edi ing, A.S, A.D..; isualiza ion,
A.D.; supe ision, A.D.; p ojec adminis a ion, A.D.; unding acquisi ion, A.D. All au ho s ha e
ead and ag eed o he published e sion o he manusc ip .
Funding: This esea ch ecei ed no ex e nal unding.
In o med Consen S a emen : No applicable.
Da a A ailabili y S a emen : da a is una ailable due o p i acy o e hical es ic ions.
Conflic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no conflic s o in e es .
Appendix A
Figu e A1. The map o Uk aine: scale o en ep eneu ship, 2023.
Table A1. Ques ionnai e a iables.
Tex Ques ion
Va
Answe s
Codes
1. Posi ion o he pe son filling ou he ques ionnai e
a 01
owne
1
Senio manage
0
2. Yea o business es ablishmen
a 02
be o e 2000
1
2000–2013
2
2014–2019
3
2020
4
2021
5
Figu e A1. The map o Uk aine: scale o en ep eneu ship, 2023.
Table A1. Ques ionnai e a iables.
Tex Ques ion Va Answe s Codes
1. Posi ion o he pe son illing ou he
ques ionnai e a 01 owne 1
Senio manage 0
2. Yea o business es ablishmen a 02 be o e 2000 1
2000–2013 2
2014–2019 3
2020 4
2021 5
2022 6
2023 7
3. O ganiza ional o m o you business a 03 Indi idual en ep eneu 1
Legal en i y 2
4. Company owne a 04 Woman 0
Man 1
5. Speci y he loca ion o you business (whe e
he main income is gene a ed) a 05 One egion 1
Kyi 2
All o Uk aine 3
6. Which a ea o business is he MAIN one in
you ac i i y? a 06 Cons uc ion 1
P oduc ion o u ni u e 2
P oduc ion o ood 3
Wa e supply, sewage, was e managemen 4
Ho el business 5
Ac i i ies in he ield o adminis a i e and
auxilia y se ices 6
Mining and qua ying 7
Media 8
O he ypes o p ocessing indus y 9
Economies 2024,12, 319 20 o 25
Table A1. Con .
Tex Ques ion Va Answe s Codes
IT sec o 10
Ligh indus y 11
Enginee ing 12
A s, spo s, en e ainmen , and ec ea ion 13
P o ision o o he ypes o se ices 14
Real es a e ansac ions 15
Wholesale ade 16
Educa ion 17
Heal h ca e and p o ision o social assis ance 18
Supply o elec ici y, gas, s eam, and ai
condi ioning 19
P o essional, scien i ic, and echnical ac i i y 20
P o essional se ices: ma ke ing, consul ing,
design 21
Repai o mo o ehicles 22
Res au an s and ca és 23
Re ail ade o o he p oduc s 24
Re ail ade o ood 25
Ag icul u e, o es y, and ishe ies 26
Telecommunica ions 27
T anspo , wa ehousing, pos al and cou ie
ac i i ies 28
Tou ism 29
Financial and insu ance ac i i ies 30
7. Which o m o ax paymen is he main one in
you business? a 07 Gene al sys em o axa ion 1
Single ax 2
8. Business u no e in 2022 a 08 Up o UAH 1 million 1
UAH 1–5 million 2
UAH 5–10 million 3
UAH 10–50 million 4
UAH 50–100 million 5
UAH 100–500 million 6
UAH 500+ million 7
9. How many employees a e cu en ly wo king
in you business? a 09 Up o 5 1
6–10 2
11–50 3
51–250 4
251–1000 5
mo e han 5,000 6
10. Did you company suspend ope a ions due
o a ull-scale in usion? a 10 No 0
Yes, o less han 1 mon h 1
Yes, o 1–3 mon hs 2
Yes, o 3–6 mon hs 3
Yes, o 6–12 mon hs 4
Yes, o mo e han 12 mon hs 5
11. Wha was he a e age load le el (acco ding
o capaci y) o you company? [Be o e he
ull-scale in asion]
a 11 [0;100] [0; 100]
12. Wha was he a e age load le el (acco ding
o capaci y) o you company? [2022] a 12 [0;100] [0; 100]
13. Wha was he a e age load le el (acco ding
o capaci y) o you company? [2023] a 13 [0;100] [0; 100]

Economies 2024,12, 319 21 o 25
Table A1. Con .
Tex Ques ion Va Answe s Codes
14. Wha was he a e age load le el (acco ding
o capaci y) o you company? [2024 ( o ecas )] a 14 [0;100] [0; 100]
15. Did he business eloca e due o he wa ? a 15 No eloca ion 1
Pa ially mo ed o ano he egion 2
Yes, business comple ely eloca ed o ano he
egion 3
New b anches we e opened in ano he egion 4
New sales poin s we e opened in ano he egion
5
16. I so, wha we e he main ac o s ha
in luenced you choice o a new egion? a 16 Yes 1
No 0
17. Was he company pa o he supply chain o
in e na ional companies [Be o e he ull-scale
in asion]
a 17 Yes 1
No 0
18. Was he company pa o he supply chain o
in e na ional companies [A e he ull-scale
in asion]
a 18 Yes 1
No 0
19. How do you es ima e he inancial loss due
o he ull-scale in asion? a 19 No inancial losses incu ed 0
Up o USD 10,000 1
F om USD 10,000 o USD 50,000 2
F om USD 50,000 o USD 100,000 3
F om USD 100,000 o USD 500,000 4
USD 100,000–USD 1 million 5
USD 1 million– USD 10 million 6
Mo e han USD 10 million 7
20. Wha was he inancial and economic
condi ion o you en e p ise be o e he ull-scale
in asion?
a 20 Bad 0
Sa is ac o y 1
Good 2
Excellen 3
21. How do you assess he cu en inancial and
economic condi ion o you en e p ise? a 21 Bad 0
Sa is ac o y 1
Good 2
Excellen 3
22. Business pe o mance esul s in 2023
compa ed o he pe iod be o e he ull-scale
in asion (dolla equi alen )
a 22 Business e ec i ely ceased ope a ions (0–30%) 0
Signi ican ly below expec a ions (40–60%) 1
Below expec a ions (70–90%) 2
Mee expec a ions (100%) 3
Exceeded expec a ions (110–130%) 4
Signi ican ly exceeded expec a ions (140%+) 5
23. Business pe o mance esul s in 2023
compa ed o he same pe iod in 2022 (dolla
equi alen )
a 23 Business e ec i ely ceased ope a ions (0–30%) 0
Signi ican ly below expec a ions (40–60%) 1
Below expec a ions (70–90%) 2
Mee expec a ions (100%) 3
Exceeded expec a ions (110–130%) 4
Signi ican ly exceeded expec a ions (140%+) 5
Economies 2024,12, 319 22 o 25
Table A1. Con .
Tex Ques ion Va Answe s Codes
24. How has he numbe o employees changed
in 2023 compa ed o he pe iod be o e he
ull-scale in asion?
a 24 Signi ican educ ion: −50 o −100% −3
20–40% educ ion −2
Mino educ ion: −10% −1
Remained unchanged 0
Mino inc ease: +10% 1
20–40% inc ease 2
50–100% inc ease 3
Mo e han doubled 4
25. How has he numbe o pe sonnel changed
in 2023 compa ed o 2022? a 25 Signi ican educ ion: −50 o −100% −3
20–40% educ ion −2
Mino educ ion: −10% −1
Remained unchanged 0
Mino inc ease: +10% 1
20–40% inc ease 2
50–100% inc ease 3
Mo e han doubled 4
26. How has he numbe o ORDERS om
cus ome s ha he business ecei es changed
o e he pas mon h?
a 26 Has allen −1
Remained unchanged 0
Has g own 1
27. How has he numbe o EMPLOYEES
( ull- ime and pa - ime) changed o e he pas
mon h?
a 27 Has allen −1
Remained unchanged 0
Has g own 1
28. How has he PRODUCTION VOLUME o
p oduc s/p o ided se ices changed o e he
pas mon h?
a 28 Has allen −1
Remained unchanged 0
Has g own 1
29. How has he o e all le el o INVENTORIES
changed o e he pas mon h? a 29 Has allen −1
Remained unchanged 0
Has g own 1
Ou business has no in en o ies 2
30. How has he numbe o you ORDERS om
you supplie s changed o e he pas mon h? a 30 Has allen −1
Remained unchanged 0
Has g own 1
34. Wha p opo ion o he s a has been
educed a he cu en momen ? (pe cen age o
he numbe as o 23 Feb ua y 2022)
a 34 [0; 100] [0; 100]
35. Wha p opo ion o he s a is on unpaid
lea e (as a pe cen age o he wo k o ce as o 23
Feb ua y 2022)
a 35 [0; 100] [0; 100]
36. Wha p opo ion o he s a (o hose who
a e cu en ly wo king) is wo king o educed
wages? (pe cen age o cu en ly employed
people)
a 36 [0; 100] [0; 100]
37. Wha p opo ion o employees (o hose
hi ed since he s a o he ull-scale in asion)
ha e IDP s a us?
a 37 [0; 100] [0; 100]
Economies 2024,12, 319 23 o 25
Table A1. Con .
Tex Ques ion Va Answe s Codes
38. You o ecas s o 2024 ega ding you
business—compa ed o 2023 (in h y nias) a 38 Business will no ope a e/ceased ope a ions 0
o 50% om 2022 1
50–90% om 2022 2
Almos like in 2022 3
110–120% om 2022 (10–20% g ow h) 4
130–140% om 2022 (30–40% g ow h) 5
150–160% om 2022 (50–60% g ow h) 6
170–180% om 2022 (70–80% g ow h) 7
190–200% om 2022 (90–100% g ow h) 8
Business will g ow 2–3 imes (in h y nias,
compa ed o 2022) 9
Business will g ow 4 imes o mo e (in h y nias,
compa ed o 2022) 10
39. To wha ex en do you plan o change he
numbe o he s a in he company in 2024
(pe cen age o hose cu en ly employed)?
a 39 Signi ican educ ion: −50 o −100% −3
Reduc ion by 20–40% −2
Mino educ ion: −10% −1
Will emain unchanged 0
Mino inc ease: +10% 1
Inc ease by 20–40% 2
Inc ease by 50–100% 3
Will mo e han double 4
40. Wha a e you expec a ions ega ding he
inancial and economic condi ion o you
en e p ise in 2024?
a 40 Will signi ican ly wo sen −2
Will wo sen −1
Will emain unchanged 0
Will imp o e 1
Will imp o e signi ican ly 2
41. How do you assess he p ospec s o he
Uk ainian economy in 2024? a 41 GDP will dec ease signi ican ly (by 5% o mo e) −2
GDP will dec ease sligh ly (be ween −1% and
−4%) −1
GDP will ac ually no change compa ed o 2023 0
GDP g ow h in he ange o 1–4% 1
GDP g ow h in 2024 by 5–9% 2
GDP g ow h in 2024 by 10% o mo e 3
42. A e you engaged in o eign economic ac i i y
as o now? a 42 We do no ca y ou o eign economic
ansac ions 0
We plan o en e in e na ional ma ke s in 2024 1
We only ca y ou expo ansac ions 2
We only ca y ou impo ansac ions 3
We ca y ou expo and impo ansac ions 4
44. Wha amoun o addi ional inancial
esou ces does you business need (in addi ion
o esou ces a ailable o you) o implemen you
business de elopmen s a egy wi hin 3 yea s?
a 44 up o USD 30,000 1
USD 30,000–USD 300,000 2
USD 300,000–USD 1,000,000 3
USD 1,000,000–USD 3,000,000 4
USD 3,000,000–USD 10,000,000 5
Mo e han USD 10,000,000 6
Economies 2024,12, 319 24 o 25
Table A1. Con .
Tex Ques ion Va Answe s Codes
46. Wha amoun do you plan o in es in
business de elopmen nex yea ? a 46 Up o USD 1000 1
USD 1000–USD 5000 2
USD 5000–USD 10,000 3
USD 10,000–USD 30,000 4
USD 30,000–USD 50,000 5
USD 50,000–USD 100,000 6
USD 100,000–USD 300,000 7
USD 300,000–USD 1,000,000 8
USD 1,000,000–USD 3,000,000 9
USD 3,000,000–USD 10,000,000 10
Mo e han USD 10,000,000 11
47. Do you plan o a ac o eign in es men s? I
so, how much do you plan o aise? a 47 We do no plan o a ac o eign in es men s 0
USD 10,000–100,000 1
USD 100,000–500,000 2
USD 500,000–USD 1 million 3
USD 1–5 million 4
USD 5–10 million 5
mo e han USD 10 million 6
49. How use ul was his assis ance? a 49 No use ul a all −2
No e y use ul −1
Somewha use ul 0
Ve y use ul 1
Ex emely use ul 2
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