No a iani, R. Ai ; Kusumah, R. Wedi Rusmawan; Yadia i, Winwin; Rachma , Radhi
Abdul Halim; Rachman, And y A i ian
A icle
In e nal audi o compe ence and in e nal con ol:
Imp o ing in e nal audi quali y o p e en audulen
inancial s a emen s
Cogen Business & Managemen
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Sugges ed Ci a ion: No a iani, R. Ai ; Kusumah, R. Wedi Rusmawan; Yadia i, Winwin; Rachma , Radhi
Abdul Halim; Rachman, And y A i ian (2024) : In e nal audi o compe ence and in e nal con ol:
Imp o ing in e nal audi quali y o p e en audulen inancial s a emen s, Cogen Business &
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In e nal audi o compe ence and in e nal con ol:
Imp o ing in e nal audi quali y o p e en
audulen financial s a emen s
R. Ai No a iani, R. Wedi Rusmawan Kusumah, Winwin Yadia i, Radhi Abdul
Halim Rachma & And y A ifian Rachman
To ci e his a icle: R. Ai No a iani, R. Wedi Rusmawan Kusumah, Winwin Yadia i, Radhi Abdul
Halim Rachma & And y A ifian Rachman (2024) In e nal audi o compe ence and in e nal
con ol: Imp o ing in e nal audi quali y o p e en audulen financial s a emen s, Cogen
Business & Managemen , 11:1, 2409339, DOI: 10.1080/23311975.2024.2409339
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2024, VoL. 11, no. 1, 2409339
In e nal audi o compe ence and in e nal con ol: Imp o ing
in e nal audi quali y o p e en audulen inancial s a emen s
. Ai no a iania , . Wedi usmawan Kusumaha , Winwin Yadia ib , adhi Abdul
halim achma a and And y A i ian achmana
aDepa men o accoun ing, Widya ama uni e si y, Bandung, indonesia; bDepa men o accoun ing, uni e si as Padjadja an,
Bandung, indonesia
ABSTRACT
s a e-owned en e p ises (BuMns) in indonesia a e aced wi h challenges due o he
weak p e en ion o audulen inancial s a emen s. he p e en ion o audulen
inancial s a emen s has long been a subjec o discussion. he e o e, his s udy aimed
o in es iga e he ela ionship be ween in e nal audi o compe ence, in e nal con ol,
and in e nal audi quali y in e o s o p e en audulen inancial s a emen s.
esponden s in his esea ch we e 475 people om 33 BuMn in indonesia. Da a we e
hen collec ed h ough online su eys using google Fo ms and di ec isi s o se e al
BuMns, and subsequen ly analysed using seM-pls. he esul s showed ha in e nal
audi o compe ence had an impac on in e nal audi quali y and he p e en ion o
audulen inancial s a emen s. in e nal con ol in luenced bo h in e nal audi quali y
and he p e en ion o audulen inancial s a emen s. Mo eo e , in e nal audi quali y
a ec ed he p e en ion o audulen inancial s a emen s, while media ing he e ec s
o in e nal con ol on p e en ing audulen inancial s a emen s. his esea ch p o ides
a p ac ical con ibu ion, which can con ibu e o BuMn in indonesia in imp o ing he
p e en ion o audulen inancial s a emen s. Fu he mo e, i con ibu es o inc easing
he con idence o in es o s and o he s akeholde s in in es ing in BuMn in indonesia.
In oduc ion
one o he p ima y esponsibili ies o managemen o businesses is he p esen a ion o inancial
epo s ha a e anspa en and de oid o subs an ial miss a emen s, whe he esul ing om aud o
e o (nu unnabi e al., 2011; no a iani & usmawan, 2019; n i e al., 2020; Yang e al., 2022). Audi s
a e necessa y o ensu e ha he inancial s a emen s a e accu a e, as well as o gua an ee o manage-
men accoun abili y and he alidi y o inancial in o ma ion (lo e al., 2019; n i e al., 2020; sze wo,
2020). howe e , he high-quali y inancial s a emen s can be comp omised by a ious ypes o aud,
including ea nings managemen , c ea i e accoun ing, accoun ing aud, and ea nings smoo hing (Di
aio & a iale, 2019; pizzi e al., 2020). Financial s a emen s ha a e manipula ed o con ain audu-
len elemen s p esen biased and misleading in o ma ion, educing in es o con idence, a ec ing
inancial ma ke s, and impac ing he in e na ional socie y a la ge (law, 2011; Ami am e al., 2018).
Financial s a emen aud includes planned ac ions by indi iduals bo h inside and ou side he com-
pany o mislead use s o inancial da a h ough da a manipula ion and delibe a e miss a emen s ( ahman
& B eme , 2016; Dubey e al., 2018; Muslu e al., 2019; Jaswadi e al., 2022). his phenomenon o en
occu s in indonesian s a e-owned en e p ises (BuMns), whe e in o ma ion is manipula ed o in la e
© 2024 he au ho (s). Published by in o ma uK Limi ed, ading as aylo & F ancis g oup
CONTACT R. ai no a iani ai .no a[email p o ec ed] Depa men o accoun ing, Widya ama uni e si y, Bandung, indonesia
his a icle was o iginally published wi h e o s, which ha e now been co ec ed in he online e sion. Please see Co ec ion (h p://dx.doi.o
g/10.1080/23311975.2025.2557654).
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23311975.2024.2409339
his is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons a ibu ion License (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/), which
pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. he e ms on which his a icle has been
published allow he pos ing o he accep ed Manusc ip in a eposi o y by he au ho (s) o wi h hei consen .
ARTICLE HISTORY
ecei ed 26 Janua y 2024
e ised 14 sep embe
2024
Accep ed 20 sep embe
2024
KEYWORDS
in e nal audi o
compe ence; in e nal
con ol; in e nal audi
quali y; audulen
inancial s a emen
p e en ion
SUBJECTS
Financial Accoun ing;
Accoun ing; Business,
Managemen and
Accoun ing
2 . A. no A iAni e Al.
p o i s and ob ain bonuses o awa ds. public accoun an s o en ail o ec i y o co e up his aud. able
1 shows some indonesian BuMns commi ed o aud in inancial s a emen s.
Financial s a emen aud cases a e shown in able 1 wi hin se e al indonesian BuMns, a ibu ed o
inadequa e measu es in p e en ing audulen inancial s a emen s. he de iciencies in p e en ing aud
in hese en i ies o igina e om bo h oppo uni ies and p essu es o engage in audulen ac i i ies.
ine ec i e p e en ion measu es open a enues o po en ial audulen inancial s a emen s (Alqudah
e al., 2019). Acco ding o Bamah os and Wan-hussin (2015), Deme jian e al. (2017), and oba e al.
(2023), manage s play a ole in implemen ing ea nings smoo hing and delibe a e ea nings managemen .
his is o en done o bene i sha eholde s and ca e o he pe sonal in e es s o manage s in bols e ing
epu a ion. Fu he mo e, execu i e di ec o s implemen in es men and ea nings managemen s a egies
o inc ease he alue o compensa ion and inc ease s ock p ices (chu & song, 2012; sun, 2012;
Boudabbous e al., 2021). p e ious s udies ha e p edominan ly concen a ed on inancial s a emen aud
wi hin he inancial se ices sec o , pa icula ly public and p i a e banks (Kedia & philippon, 2009; Bea y
e al., 2013; Königs o e & halmann, 2020; Al-hashedi & Magalingam, 2021; As e iou e al., 2021; Di
e al., 2021; Flo e e al., 2021; Zhao e al., 2022; A um e al., 2023). p e ious s udies also o en igno e
audulen inancial p e en ion and ocus on de ec ing inancial s a emen aud (skousen e al., 2009;
a isanka e al., 2011; Wes & Bha acha ya, 2016).
his esea ch speci ically ocuses on p e en ing inancial s a emen aud a BuMn in indonesia. his
is because BuMn o en causes aud in he inancial s a emen s as p esen ed in able 1, so i is necessa y
o p e en audulen inancial s a emen s. in addi ion, audulen inancial s a emen ac i i ies in BuMn
a e caused by he p e alence o accoun ing in o ma ion alsi ica ion aimed a po aying p o i abili y o
secu e ewa ds o incen i es. gi en ha audulen ac i i ies we e equen ly concealed and a ely dis-
closed. he e o e, BuMn is used as he uni o analysis in his s udy compa ed o non-BuMn companies.
his s udy ills he gap om p e ious esea ch, namely highligh ing he weak p e en ion o inancial
s a emen aud ha occu s in BuMn in indonesia.
e o s a audulen inancial s a emen p e en ion can be suppo ed by quali y in e nal audi s, in e -
nal audi o s who ha e he compe ence and e ec i eness o in e nal con ol (Donelson e al., 2017;
cam e man & Wielhouwe , 2019; chen e al., 2021). Fu he mo e, in e nal audi quali y can be suppo ed
by compe en in e nal audi o s and e ec i e in e nal con ols (A zal, 2023; Kim, 2023).
We belie e ha enhancing in e nal audi o compe ence could imp o e bo h in e nal audi quali y
and he p e en ion o audulen inancial s a emen s. in e nal con ol could bols e bo h quali y in e -
nal audi s and p e en inancial s a emen aud. e ec i e in e nal audi quali y signi ican ly con ib-
u ed o he p e en ion o inancial s a emen aud. he e o e, his esea ch is e y impo an o be
conduc ed a BuMns in indonesia. in addi ion, ou esul s should be o in e es o in es o s and o he
s akeholde s.
Based on his explana ion, his esea ch con ibu es o de eloping heo y by p o iding comple e
knowledge abou he componen s ha help companies imp o e inancial s a emen aud p e en ion.
speci ically, he pu pose o his s udy is o analyse he compe ence o in e nal audi o s ha a ec in e -
nal audi quali y and inancial s a emen aud p e en ion, in e nal con ols ha a ec in e nal audi
Table 1. Financial s a emen aud cases in se e al BuMns in indonesia.
name o BuMns Financial s a emen aud cases
P . ga uda indonesia a mis ake occu ed in p esen ing he 2018 inancial s a emen s o P ga uda, showing an inc eased p o i .
his was due o he ecogni ion o e enue, no in acco dance wi h PsaK 23. Re enue should be
ecognised when he ask is comple ed, o pe o mance equi emen s a e me .
P . asu ansi Jiwas aya M agung, he Chai man o BPK, s a ed ha he 2017 inancial s a emen s o P asu ansi Jiwas aya we e
alsi ied. he company eco ded a p o i o Rp 360.3 billion bu ecei ed an un a o able opinion due o
a ese e sho all o Rp 7.7 illion. he company po en ially su e ed losses when ese es we e
app op ia ely accoun ed.
P . Waski a Ka ya M. Choliq, he new P esiden Di ec o o P Waski a Ka ya, disco e ed inadequa e eco dings in he
inancial s a emen s om 2004 o 2007, amoun ing o an o e s a ed ne p o i o 400 billion Rupiah.
P . Ke e a api indonesia (Kai) he 2005 inancial s a emen s o P Kai showed manipula ion. Despi e incu ing a loss o Rp 600 billion,
he company epo ed ea nings o Rp 6.9 billion, alsely p esen ing a p o i ins ead o he ac ual loss.
P Kimia Fa ma he e was an in la ion o ne ea nings in he inancial s a emen s o P Kimia Fa ma s a ing in 2001. he
managemen eco ded a ne p o i o Rp 132.3 billion, while he ac ual p o i was only Rp 99.6 billion,
showing an in la ed amoun o Rp 32.7 billion.
cogen Business & MAnAgeMen 3
quali y and inancial s a emen aud p e en ion. in addi ion, es ing he quali y o in e nal audi s ha
has an in luence on he p e en ion o inancial s a emen aud.
he a icle is o ganised in o segmen s: segmen wo p o ides a li e a u e e iew as well as hypo he-
ses, segmen h ee p o ides an explana ion o he esea ch me hodology, segmen ou de ails he
esul s and discussion, and segmen i e p o ides conclusions.
Li e a u e and hypo hesis
In e nal audi o compe ence and in e nal audi quali y
he compe ence o in e nal audi o s acili a es he execu ion o examina ions, con ibu ing o high-quali y
in e nal audi s (Angg aini, 2020; a & Doan, 2022; A zal, 2023). se e al elemen s ha de e mine in e nal
audi quali y, speci ically being independen and compe en ( oussy & B i o , 2016; Demeke & Kau ,
2021; samagaio & Felício, 2023). he abili y o an in e nal audi o o conduc audi s e ec i ely can lead
o e ec i e in e nal audi s (gamayuni, 2018). he e o e, he hypo hesis s a ed:
h1: in e nal audi o compe ence in luences in e nal audi quali y
In e nal con ol and in e nal audi quali y
Adequa e and e ec i ely implemen ed in e nal con ol can ensu e high audi quali y (Kim, 2023; nu
Zeina & e endy, 2015). Mo eo e , in e nal con ol has he po en ial o imp o e audi quali y (Yi-Fang
e al., 2015; Ba -pulliam e al., 2022; Diya, 2022). he ollowing hypo hesis was p oposed based on his
a ionale:
h2: in e nal con ol a ec s in e nal audi quali y.
In e nal audi o compe ence and audulen inancial s a emen p e en ion
Audi o s wi h op imal abili ies can mi iga e he occu ence o aud (Ahmed Abdullah e al., 2022; chen
e al., 2021). Mo eo e , chi e al. (2011) signi ied he need o compe en audi o s o p e en aud in
inancial epo s, such as managemen o ea nings, he eby he inancial s a emen s become quali y.
p o icien in e nal audi o s can hinde inancial s a emen aud h ough examina ions (ind iasih, 2016;
Budia maja & Yanua , 2022). his p emise led o he ollowing hypo hesis:
h3: in e nal audi o compe ence a ec s audulen inancial s a emen p e en ion.
In e nal con ol and audulen inancial s a emen p e en ion
Well-implemen ed in e nal con ol measu es can p e en aud ( unggal, 2012), while inadequa e imple-
men a ion may p o ide oppo uni ies o manage s o manipula e inancial epo ing (Donelson e al.,
2017). Awa eness o aud can de e audulen ac ions, necessi a ing an in e nal con ol amewo k capa-
ble o helping in comba ing inancial s a emen aud (lyinomen & nkechi, 2016; au ik, 2019; Budia maja
& Yanua , 2022; Maulidi & Ansel, 2022). he ollowing hypo hesis was p oposed based on he discus-
sion abo e:
h4: in e nal con ol in luences audulen inancial s a emen p e en ion.
In e nal audi quali y and audulen inancial s a emen p e en ion
empowe ed in e nal audi is a c ucial s ep in mi iga ing aud wi hin inancial s a emen s (Dbouk &
Zaa ou , 2017; iwan pu a e al., 2022; cam e man & Wielhouwe , 2019). Mo eo e , aud in inancial
s a emen s can be educed by compe en in e nal audi (Madawaki e al., 2021). he enhancemen o
4 . A. no A iAni e Al.
p e en ing aud inancial s a emen s, such as educed oppo uni ies and jus i ica ions, is a ibu ed o
he p esence o quali y in e nal audi , which include compe ence, independen scope, and examina ion
implemen a ion (Alleyne & howa d, 2005). Fu he mo e, Alsha ai i and iq ai (2017), pu a e al. (2022),
and lon o e al. (2023) s a ed success ul in e nal audi ing is a p e en i e measu e agains aud in inan-
cial s a emen s, pa icula ly ega ding ea nings managemen . companies conduc ing in e nal audi s
e ec i ely can iden i y and p e en aud, esul ing in imp o ed inancial epo ing and enhanced co po-
a e alue h ough en i onmen al con ols (ismael & obe s, 2018). he ollowing hypo hesis was p o-
posed based on he discussion abo e:
h5: in e nal audi quali y a ec s audulen inancial s a emen p e en ion.
In e nal con ol, in e nal audi quali y, and audulen inancial s a emen p e en ion
e ec i e p e en ion o inancial epo ing aud can be achie ed wi h adequa e in e nal con ol, which
is ealised h ough quali y in e nal audi s (Mandal & s, 2023). he impe us o commi ing aud in inan-
cial s a emen s o igina es om a lack o unde s anding and is caused by oppo uni ies and p essu es.
he e o e, aud can be p e en ed h ough e ec i e in e nal con ol (oma e al., 2016). Weak in e nal
con ol is a signi ican ac o con ibu ing o aud occu ences, and imp o ed con ol is acili a ed
h ough audi suppo (Zaka ia e al., 2016; odu o & c omwell, 2018). he ollowing hypo hesis was p o-
posed based on he discussion abo e:
h6: in e nal audi quali y media es he e ec o in e nal con ol on audulen inancial s a emen
p e en ion.
Based on he heo e ical e iew o p e ious esea ch and he ela ionship be ween esea ch a iables
in he amewo k, a concep ual model can be made as shown in Figu e 1.
Me hodology
S udy me hod
his s udy adop ed a quan i a i e me hod, speci ically aimed a es ing heo ies, es ablishing ac s, show-
ing ela ionships be ween a iables, p o iding s a is ical explana ions, es ima ing, and o ecas ing ou -
comes (sugiyono, 2018).
Figu e 1. Concep ual model.
cogen Business & MAnAgeMen 5
Popula ion, sample and s udy design
he uni o analysis in his esea ch is BuMn. he popula ion in his s udy is he holding company o
BuMn in indonesia, o alling 33 BuMn. he echnique o de e mining he sample wi h non-p obabili y
sampling namely he census sample echnique, whe e all membe s o he popula ion a e used as sample
(sugiyono, 2018). esponden s in his s udy we e 475 people om 33 BuMn in indonesia consis ing o
he gM in cha ge o inancial epo ing/Accoun ing Manage , spi Manage and Audi commi ee. his is
because hese s a a e ela ed o ou esea ch a iables and he scope o hei wo k is ele an o he
esea ch a iables. able 2 explains ha esea che s ini ially a ge ed o each 495 esponden s om 33
BuMn in indonesia, namely each BuMn ep esen ed by 15 esponden s consis ing o a gM in cha ge o
inancial epo ing/Accoun ing Manage ep esen ed by 5 esponden s, spi Manage ep esen ed by 5
esponden s, and Audi commi ee ep esen ed by 5 esponden s.
We dis ibu ed ques ionnai es o 495 esponden s om 33 BuMn h ough online pla o ms and di ec
isi s o he BuMn. F om he da a ob ained, 20 esponden s did no comple e he ques ionnai e, so i
could no be used o u he analysis.
Da a collec ion
Based on he esul s o dis ibu ing ques ionnai es, esponden s who we e willing o ill ou he ques-
ionnai e we e 475 people om 33 BuMn in indonesia. A o al o 185 esponden s om he gM in
cha ge o inancial epo ing/Accoun ing Manage illed ou he audulen inancial s a emen p e en-
ion a iable ques ionnai e, as many as 160 esponden s om he spi Manage o ill ou he in e nal
audi o compe ence a iable ques ionnai e and he in e nal con ol a iable. Fu he mo e, 130 espon-
den s om he Audi commi ee illed ou he in e nal audi quali y a iable ques ionnai e. he esul s
o he ques ionnai e e u n a e p esen ed in able 3.
Be o e illing in he ques ionnai e, esponden s need o be su e o he ques ions hey will ill in. We
esea che s ha e gi en ins uc ions a he beginning ha he gM in cha ge o inancial epo ing/
Accoun ing Manage only ills in he ques ionnai e in pa d, he spi Manage only ills in pa a and pa
b, and hen he Audi commi ee ills in pa c.
Ques ionnai es we e dis ibu ed h ough he google Fo ms pla o m and di ec isi s o BuMns willing
o pa icipa e, chosen o lexibili y and wide each. he i ems in he ques ionnai e we e a ed on a
i e-poin like scale, wi h sco es anging om one (s ongly disag ee) o i e (s ongly ag ee).
Table 2. a ge esea ch esponden s.
no Posi ion o al esponden s
1gM in cha ge o inancial epo ing/accoun ing
manage
5 people
2sPi manage 5 people
3audi Commi ee 5 people
o al a ge esponden o each BuMn 15 people
o al BuMns in indonesia 33 BuMn
o al a ge esea ch esponden s 495 people
Table 3. Resul s o ques ionnai e e u ns.
analysis uni Ques ionnai e e u ns esul s
BuMn Posi ion Responden s Filling ou he ques ionnai e
BuMn 33 gM in cha ge o inancial
epo ing/accoun ing
manage
185 F audulen inancial s a emen
p e en ion (Pa d)
sPi manage 160 in e nal audi o compe ence and
in e nal con ol (Pa a and Pa b)
audi Commi ee 130 in e nal audi quali y (Pa c)
o al ques ionnai e e u ns
esul s
33 BuMn 475 People
6 . A. no A iAni e Al.
subsequen ly, he da a collec ed was analysed o alidi y and eliabili y. hypo hesis es ing was also
conduc ed s uc u al equa ion Modeling wi h pa ial-leas squa e (seM-pls).
his esea ch has passed and has ecei ed app o al om he esea ch e hics commi ee o uni e si as
padjadja an (unpAD) wi h numbe : 1017/un6.Kep/ec/2023, da ed 8 Augus 2023.
hen we dis ibu ed he ques ionnai es o he esponden s by ollowing p ocedu es in acco dance
wi h he esea ch e hics commi ee, such as:
a. seeking consen om he esponden s be o e asking hem o comple e he ques ionnai e
b. main aining he con iden iali y o da a om esponden s
c. he pa icipa ion o he esponden s is olun a y and he e is no coe cion
he consen o he esponden s was collec ed in w i en o m.
Measu emen
Measu emen o in e nal audi o compe ence was adop ed om Bailey (2010) and gamayuni (2018),
which comp ised i e dimensions, namely gene al compe ence, beha iou al skills, echnical skills, knowl-
edge, as well as audi ools and echniques. in e nal con ol measu emen was adop ed om coso
(2013) and A ens Al in e al. (2014), consis ing o i e dimensions, namely con ol en i onmen , isk
assessmen , con ol ac i i ies, moni o ing, as well as in o ma ion and communica ion. in e nal audi qual-
i y is measu ed by adop ing om gamayuni (2018) and singh e al. (2021), comp ising wo dimensions,
namely a ibu e and pe o mance s anda ds. he measu emen o audulen inancial s a emen p e en-
ion was adop ed om Do miney e al. (2012) and Ka yono (2013), consis ing o h ee dimensions,
namely educing p essu e, educing oppo uni ies, and educing jus i ica ion.
Resul s and discussions
Resul s
Responden Cha ac e is ics
able 4 shows ha he majo i y o esponden s we e male (59%), holding he posi ion o gM esponsible
o inancial s a emen s/accoun ing manage (39%), aged be ween 41 and 45 yea s (23%), wi h a bache-
lo ’s deg ee (36%), and ha ing 6–10 yea s o se ice (34%).
E alua ion o he measu emen model (ou e Model)
his esea ch comp ised 18 la en a iables wi h a o al o 53 mani es a iables. he la en a iable o
in e nal audi o compe ence consis ed o 15 mani es a iables, wi h in e nal con ol comp ising 17,
in e nal audi quali y including 10, and audulen inancial s a emen p e en ion consis ing o 16.
he loading ac o s con ained in Figu e 2 showed ha all indica o s had loading ac o s g ea e han 0.4.
he esul s o alidi y and eliabili y es s in he i s s age o in e nal audi o compe ence a e shown
in able 5, in e nal con ol is p esen ed in able 6, in e nal audi quali y is ealised using able 7 and
audulen inancial s a emen p e en ion is p o ided in able 8. Fu he mo e, he alidi y es ing and
eliabili y es ing in he second s age a e desc ibed in able 9. An indica o is conside ed alid i he A e
is la ge han 0.50 and ac o loading exceeds 0.4. simila ly, an indica o is conside ed eliable when bo h
i s c and cA alues su pass 0.70. he esul s showed ha all pa ame e s me he accep ance c i e ia.
Coe icien o de e mina ion
he coe icien o de e mina ion o in e nal audi quali y was 0.411, signi ying ha in e nal audi o com-
pe ence and in e nal con ol could a ec in e nal audi quali y by 41.1%. he coe icien o de e mina ion
o audulen inancial s a emen p e en ion was 0.768, showing ha in e nal audi o compe ence, in e -
nal con ol, and in e nal audi quali y collec i ely explained 76.8% o he a iance in audulen inancial
cogen Business & MAnAgeMen 7
s a emen p e en ion. able 10 p o ides he coe icien o de e mina ion o he causal ela ionship o
exogenous and endogenous a iables.
Model s uc u al (inne model)
s uc u al models a e used o p edic causal ela ionships be ween a iables. he signi icance le el used
o he deg ees o eedom, speci ically 471, was 5%, esul ing in a - able alue o 1.965. he da a
ob ained om he es esul s showed ha all al e na i e hypo heses p esen ed in able 11 and
Figu e 3 could be accep ed.
Table 4. Responden cha ac e is ics.
no Demog aphy amoun Pe cen age
1 gende
Men 280 59 %
Women 195 41 %
2 Posi ion
gM in cha ge o inancial
epo ing/accoun ing
manage
185 39 %
sPi manage 160 34 %
audi Commi ee 130 27 %
3age
Less han 35 yea s 92 19 %
35–40 yea s 98 21 %
41–45 yea s 110 23 %
46–50 yea s 95 20 %
abo e 50 yea s 80 17 %
4 educa ion
D-3 48 10 %
s-1 172 36 %
s-2 165 35 %
s-3 90 19 %
5Leng h o se ice
Less han 1 yea 73 15 %
1–5 yea s 123 26 %
6–10 yea 159 34 %
Mo e han 10 yea s 120 25 %
Figu e 2. s uc u al model pa h coe icien alues.
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