Moisoiu, C is ian; Ciupagea, Cons an in; Op ea, S e an-Radu; Pi calabescu, Raz an
A icle
The echnologies o he u u e in he ield o e ilise s and
Romania's oppo uni ies o eco e his indus y
Am i ea u Economic
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
The Bucha es Uni e si y o Economic S udies
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Moisoiu, C is ian; Ciupagea, Cons an in; Op ea, S e an-Radu; Pi calabescu,
Raz an (2025) : The echnologies o he u u e in he ield o e ilise s and Romania's oppo uni ies
o eco e his indus y, Am i ea u Economic, ISSN 2247-9104, The Bucha es Uni e si y o
Economic S udies, Bucha es , Vol. 27, Iss. 69, pp. 688-702,
h ps://doi.o g/10.24818/EA/2025/69/688
This Ve sion is a ailable a :
h ps://hdl.handle.ne /10419/319832
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AE
The Technologies o he Fu u e in he Field o Fe ilise s and Romania’s
Oppo uni ies o Reco e his Indus y
688 Am i ea u Economic
THE TECHNOLOGIES OF THE FUTURE IN THE FIELD OF FERTILISERS
AND ROMANIA’S OPPORTUNITIES TO RECOVER THIS INDUSTRY
C is ian Moisoiu1
*
, Cons an in Ciupagea2, Ș e an-Radu Op ea3
and Răz an Pî călăbescu4
1)2) Ins i u ul de Economie Mondială, Bucu eș i, România
3) Cancela ia P im-Minis ului, Gu e nul României
4) Academia de S udii Economice, Bucu eș i, România
Please ci e his a icle as:
Moisoiu, C., Ciupagea, C., Op ea, S.R., and Pî călăbescu,
R., 2025. The Technologies o he Fu u e in he Field o
Fe ilise s and Romania’s Oppo uni ies o Reco e his
Indus y. Am i ea u Economic, 27(69), pp. 688-706.
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.24818/EA/2025/69/688
A icle His o y
P imi : 25 No embe 2024
Re izui : 20 Decembe 2024
Accep a : 2 Feb ua y 2025
Abs ac
The e ilise indus y in he Eu opean Union is unde going s uc u al ans o ma ions
imposed by EU commi men s o become ca bon neu al by 2050. In e ms o he exis ing
possibili ies, he indus y is in he a en ion o decision-make s and in es o s, wi h a ious
business models being analysed ha enable echnologies o he ou h indus ial e olu ion
ha will imp o e he e iciency o manu ac u ing o e ilise s necessa y o sus ainable
ag icul u e, wi h he educ ion o ca bon dioxide emissions. The p esen pape aims o
analyse he e olu ion o he e ilise indus y in Romania, in e ms o in e na ional
compe i i eness and economic pe o mance o companies, as well as o e alua e he exis ing
possibili ies o mode nising and eco e ing he indus y. These analyses and e alua ions can
p o ide a basis o o mula ing ecommenda ions o decision-make s in eindus ialisa ion
policies, aking in o accoun new echnologies ha can capi alise on he esou ces and
oppo uni ies o he egional ma ke , while main aining o in ensi ying he policies
unde aken o deca bonise he ene gy-in ensi e indus ies.
Keywo ds: indus ial policies, o eign ade, in e na ional compe i i eness, e ilise s
indus y, g een echnologies, g een ansi ion, g een and blue ammonia
JEL Classi ica ion: L52, L65, L81, O33, Q58
*
Co esponding au ho , C is ian Ma ius Moisoiu – email: [email p o ec ed].
This is an Open Access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion License, which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in
any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. © 2025 The Au ho (s).
Am i ea u Economic ecommends
AE
Vol. 27 • No. 69 • May 2025 689
In oduc ion
The e ilise indus y is one o he hea y indus ies o s a egic impo ance o Romania.
Gi en he size o he ag icul u al sec o and he a eas dedica ed o ag icul u al c ops,
Romania is one o he main consume s o e ilise s o ag icul u e in he EU. Agains he
backd op o s uc u al ans o ma ions aking place in he economy and he EU’s
commi men s o become ca bon neu al by 2050, he e ilise indus y needs a signi ican
boos o e o i ing and mode nisa ion. A he beginning o he 1990s, Romania had 11
chemical plan s ha p oduced aw ma e ials o e ilise s and ni ogen e ilise s. Cu en ly,
only h ee o hem a e s ill unc ional, bu hey also ope a e a a e y low capaci y and wi h
empo a y in e up ions o p oduc ion, due o un a ou able ma ke ac o s. In ecen yea s,
he inc ease in ene gy p ices, especially na u al gas, which is he main aw ma e ial used in
he echnological p ocess, in conjunc ion wi h he igh ening o en i onmen al es ic ions,
has led o an inc ease in he cos o p oduc ion o an uncompe i i e le el. Al hough Romania
has a demand o aw ma e ials and e ilise s o abou 1.5 million ons annually, cu en ly, i
co e s mos o he demand by impo s.
In e ms o d i e s o change, he echnological p og ess and he shaping o he ou h
indus ial e olu ion (IR4.0), in a ie cely compe i i e en i onmen wo ldwide (Jo a e al.,
2025), a e he p emises o he elaunch o he chemical indus y, including e ilise s
manu ac u ing, b inging ad anced, physical and digi al echnologies (Van Thienen, 2016).
Solu ions o he deca bonisa ion o he chemical indus y b ing new manu ac u ing and
business models, which in ol e he adop ion o g een echnologies. One such solu ion is blue
ammonia, using na u al gas o ob ain ammonia, while cap u ing and s o ing ca bon dioxide
om manu ac u ing p ocesses. Companies ha pu sue such in es men s also come up wi h
models o op imising p oduc ion h ough echnologies o he ou h indus ial e olu ion.
The p esen pape aims o analyse he e olu ion o he e ilise sec o in Romania, in e ms
o economic pe o mance a he le el o companies in he sec o and in he con ex o
in e na ional compe i i eness, as well as o e alua e he exis ing possibili ies o he eco e y
o he e ilise manu ac u ing h ough e u bishmen and implemen a ion o new business
models. These analyses and e alua ions can p o ide a basis o making ecommenda ions o
decision-make s in eindus ialisa ion policies, aking in o accoun new echnologies ha can
capi alise on exis ing esou ces and egional ma ke oppo uni ies, while main aining o
in ensi ying he policies commi ed o deca bonising he ene gy-in ensi e indus ies. Fo he
au ho s, he opic is also in e es ing in e ms o di ec p o essional commi men s o he
elabo a ion and implemen a ion o Romania’s indus ial policies.
1. The e ilise indus y and he ou h indus ial e olu ion in he li e a u e
Indus y 4.0 combines in e connec ed echnologies such as he In e ne o Things, Big Da a,
Robo ics, A i icial In elligence, Ad anced Ma e ials and Addi i e Manu ac u ing, e c. Wi h
echnological p og ess, he in e es o academia and companies o iden i y possible
capi alisa ions o hose echnologies in manu ac u es has also inc eased. Companies in he
manu ac u e sec o s ha e ealised ha au oma ion solu ions by mo ing owa ds he In e ne
o Things and digi alisa ion can b ing signi ican imp o emen s in he e iciency o he
p ocesses. One can imp o e he p oduc i i y o chemical plan s by a ious sma echniques:
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The Technologies o he Fu u e in he Field o Fe ilise s and Romania’s
Oppo uni ies o Reco e his Indus y
690 Am i ea u Economic
p edic i e asse managemen , p ocess con ol, manu ac u e simula ion, e c. The new
echnologies can be in eg a ed in o he co e con e sion p ocesses o chemical plan s,
ma ke ing, and he ac i a ion o sma supply chains, as well as o se up new business models
(Van Thienen, 2016). In any case, s udies on he applica ions o Indus y 4.0 echnologies in
he e ilise indus y in each coun y a e jus a he beginning (Shabu , 2024). Due o he
na u e o manu ac u ing p ocesses, which imply basic chemical eac ions, he e ilise
indus y is no among he i s indus ies o be impac ed by echnological ad ances. S udies
on he applica ions o Indus y 4.0 in chemical e ilise s ha e e ol ed mainly in he di ec ion
o s eamlining ag icul u al p ocesses, which leads o limi ing soil pollu ion wi h ni a es, in
acco dance wi h sus ainable objec i es (Subei, 2023), a he same ime as an imp o emen in
plan yield. Nano echnologies ha e he po en ial o imp o e e ilisa ion o mulas (DeRosa,
2010).
The g een and digi al ansi ion c ea es he oppo uni y o companies o e ol e in bo h
di ec ions. The e u bishmen o old chemical plan s o he de elopmen o new ac o ies o
ammonia go oge he wi h new digi al solu ions o s eamline he p oduc ion p ocess and i s
con e sion in o physical p oduc s. En i onmen al p essu es and clima e policies ha e led
companies o adop sus ainable manu ac u ing p ocesses. In ha sense, new chemical plan s
consume a hi d less ene gy pe on o ammonia han olde plan s. Inno a ions in ad anced
ca aly ic p ocesses, which acili a e he chemical eac ions equi ed o ob ain ammonia, ha e
led o an 85% educ ion in ni ogen oxide emissions in he manu ac u ing p ocess
(In e na ional Finance Co po a ion, 2023).
Table no. 1. IR4.0 and g een echnologies a ailable o he e ilise indus y
IR4.0 Technologies
Posi i e ou comes
In e ne o Things
Senso s and connec ed de ices o eal- ime
moni o ing o empe a u e, p essu e, and
chemical concen a ions
P edic i e managemen o chemical
eac ions
Big da a analysis
P ocess op imisa ion,
Reduc ion o ene gy consump ion
A i icial in elligence
Algo i hms p edic equipmen wea ,
op imise supply chains, and imp o e p ocess
con ol
Minimisa ion o in e up ions,
P og am op imisa ion,
Ad anced p ocess con ol
Use o eal- ime da a o adjus pa ame e s in
he echnological p ocess
Imp o ing he s abili y and e iciency o
p oduc ion p ocesses, educing esidual losses
Au oma ion and obo s
Reducing labou cos s,
Minimising human e o ,
Imp o ing sa e y
Ene gy Managemen Sys ems
Reducing ene gy cos s and ca bon emissions
G een echnologies
Posi i e ou comes
NH3 blue = na u al gas + CCS
Reducing ca bon emissions
G een NH3 = hyd olysis + g een ene gy +
ni ogen ob ained by ai sepa a ion +
H2 + N2
Ne -ze o emissions
Sou ce: p epa ed by he au ho s.
Am i ea u Economic ecommends
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2. Ammonia in a global and egional con ex
The global demand o e ilise s will con inue o g ow due o he inc ease in popula ion and
implici ly o he demand in ag icul u e. Also, ammonia, a aw ma e ial o ni ogen e ilise s
(u ea and ni a es), can be used as a sus ainable uel especially in ma i ime anspo , bu also
as a anspo ehicle o hyd ogen, which will play a signi ican ole in he g een ansi ion
in anspo . As a esul , ammonia plays a key ole in he global economy.
The Eu opean Union has se i sel he goal o becoming ca bon neu al by 2050. As an
in e media e s ep, he Eu opean Commission ag eed on a package o measu es in 2021
(Fi o 55) o educe ca bon emissions by 55% by 2030, compa ed o 1990 le els (Eu opean
Commission, 2021). P essu es o educe ca bon dioxide emissions will inc ease
in e na ionally, so incen i es and suppo policies om s a es a e ising. Hyd ogen and
ammonia will be o pa icula ele ance o achie ing he 2030 and 2050 a ge s.
Ammonia (NH3) is a gaseous chemical compound ha can be ob ained ei he om na u al
gas h ough con en ional me hods (“g ey ammonia”), o by using hyd ogen esul ing om
he p ocess o elec olysis in combina ion a high empe a u es wi h ni ogen ob ained om
ai , using an ai sepa a ion uni (“g een ammonia”). “Blue hyd ogen” is he hyd ogen
ob ained om he elec olysis by using elec ici y om con en ional sou ces, oge he wi h
he s o age o ca bon emissions. “G een hyd ogen” is he one ob ained by using enewable
ene gy in he elec olysis p ocess. “Blue ammonia” esul s om na u al gas h ough he
con en ional me hod and he cap u e and s o age o ca bon emissions.
As subjec s o he EU-ETS ading sys em, he p oduce s in he chemical indus y will ha e
o pu chase emission allowances and bea he cos o ca bon as soon as he ee alloca ion o
pe mi s d ops. As an excep ion, p oduce s o ammonia and blue hyd ogen will no ha e o
bea he cos o pollu ion i hey mee Eu opean s anda ds o s o ing ca bon dioxide
emissions (Eu opean Commission, 2023).
Wi h he ising p ice o ca bon, he p oduc ion o e ilise s by con en ional me hods
becomes uncompe i i e as compa ed o coun ies ha ha e no commi ed o equally
es ic i e en i onmen al policies. La ely, he c isis o ene gy p ices on egional ma ke s has
gene a ed majo luc ua ions in he p ice o e ilise s. E en a e he gas p ice s abilised a e
he peaks o 2022, i is s ill oo high o domes ic p oduce s o be able o p oduce e ilise s
a a compe i i e p ice le el. Addi ionally, wi h he imposi ion o economic sanc ions agains
Russia as a esul o i s agg ession agains Uk aine, he olume o EU na u al gas impo s
om Russia dec eased by 59% ( olumes impo ed in he second qua e o 2024 compa ed
o he i s qua e o 2021) (Eu os a , 2024). A he same ime, al hough he impo olumes
o e ilise s om Russia dec eased by 52% compa ed o he olume in 2021, he e is a
suspicion ha pa o he olumes impo ed by he EU om o he coun ies con ain
in e media y goods (ammonia) om Russia. The Russian Fede a ion can expo chemicals a
a much lowe p ice han egional compe i o s due o he cheap gas and he su plus o domes ic
p oduc ion i achie es ollowing he decline in na u al gas expo s.
I we e e o he cons uc ion o new plan s o he p oduc ion o g een ammonia, his has
g ea po en ial globally, bu i is no ye economically easible, he in es men cos s being oo
high o be able o o e a compe i i e p ice.
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Oppo uni ies o Reco e his Indus y
692 Am i ea u Economic
The e o e, blue ammonia is conside ed a ansi ional solu ion in he nex 20-30 yea s, wi h a
lowe ca bon oo p in han g ey ammonia, un il g een ammonia becomes economically
easible. This app oach allows o he con inued use o exis ing ammonia p oduc ion
in as uc u e, equi ing in es men only in ca bon cap u e and s o age solu ions in echnical
o na u al ese oi s. Because he e a e oo many con en ional ammonia plan s, he e is an
oppo uni y o educe ca bon dioxide emissions om hese plan s ei he by cap u ing and
s o ing he ca bon dioxide esul ing om he p oduc ion p ocess o by de eloping adjacen
g een ammonia plan s. Global ammonia p oduc ion capaci y is expec ed o expand om 240
million me ic ons in 2022 o 290 million me ic ons by 2030. The e a e plans o build abou
107 new ammonia plan s, loca ed mainly in Asia and he Middle Eas , which a e expec ed o
en e p oduc ion by 2030. The global blue ammonia ma ke is p ojec ed o g ow om $78
billion in 2023 o $17.9 billion in 2030. The global g een ammonia ma ke is expec ed o
g ow om USD 40 million in 2023 o USD 4.7 billion in 2030 (S a is a, 2024). G een
ammonia is cu en ly 1.5 imes mo e expensi e han ammonia p oduced om na u al gas,
bu as g een ene gy becomes cheape , g een ammonia p oduc ion will o e ake ha o g ey
ammonia. This is expec ed o happen by 2040 (Subei, 2023).
The egions a ge ed by in es men s in blue ammonia a e hose ha ha e signi ican gas
ese es, such as he Middle Eas , No h Ame ica, and Russia (Tanzeem, 2023). The egions
a ge ed by in es men s in g een ammonia a e hose ha ha e cheap enewable ene gy, such
as Aus alia, Sou h Ame ica, he Middle Eas , and No he n Eu ope. In es men p ojec s o
ni ogen-based e ilise s a e also concen a ed in Russia, No h Ame ica, Asia, he Middle
Eas , he p esence in Eu ope being almos non-exis en (U ea Know How, 2024).
3. Me hodology
In he p esen pape , we used da a om o icial na ional and in e na ional sou ces in o de o
pe o m he quan i a i e analysis. The da a we e ex ac ed bo h a he le el o he NACE code
Re .2 2015 b anch – Manu ac u e o e ilise s and ni ogen p oduc s – and a he le el o
ep esen a i e companies in his b anch o ac i i y (companies ha accumula ed o e 98%
o he o al u no e o he b anch in he pe iod 2000-2023 we e selec ed). The main sou ces
o he da a a e:
- Na ional Ins i u e o S a is ics (TEMPO Da abase, annual, mon hly s a is ics),
- Top Companies Romania, published on he op i me.com websi e, which cen alises
public da a and aken om he websi e o he Minis y o Finance and o he public
go e nmen sou ces,
- Eu os a .
Based on he ime se ies, we gene a ed some g aphs ega ding he main economic and
inancial indica o s o he indus ial b anch and we pe o med an econome ic analysis
oexempli y he ecen de elopmen s in he case o a lagship company o he Romanian
ni ogen e ilise indus y, namely Azomu eș S.A.
The econome ic analysis consis ed o wo s ages:
- Ve i ica ion o he s a iona i y o he ime se ies used in he econome ic analysis,
- Linea eg ession wi h he e o co ec ion mechanism a ached.
Am i ea u Economic ecommends
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In e i ying he s a iona i y o he ime se ies, he In eg a ed Du bin-Wa son (IDW) es was
used (Cha emza, 1997), which in cases wi h s a is ically consis en esul s is simple o apply
han complex es s wi h equal ma gins o e o , such as Augmen ed Dickey Fulle (ADF).
The linea eg ession used was pe o med on s a iona y ime se ies by de i ing he ini ial
se ies, which we e economic indica o s in cu en p ices, ime se ies ha a e usually in eg al
a le el 1 (in o he wo ds, hey become s a iona y by compiling he loga i hm/de i a ion). In
o de o a oid he possible e o a ising om he au oco ela ion be ween he es ed economic
a iables, eg ession was used, in which an e o co ec ion mechanism was in oduced
among he independen a iables, i.e., an e o compensa ion e m calcula ed on he basis o
linea eg ession be ween he le el 1 in eg al a iables (no ye uncondi ional).
In a sepa a e sec ion, we pe o med a quali a i e analysis, using he SWOT model, a ge ing
he s eng hs, weaknesses, oppo uni ies and h ea s o he e ilise indus y.
4. The cu en s a e o he e ilise indus y in Romania
In he e ilise sec o in Romania, h ee la ge chemical plan s a e s ill ope a ional: Azomu eș,
CICH Nă oda i, and Ni amonia BC Slobozia ( o me ly Amonil, hen ChemGas Holding
Co po a ion S.R.L.). Two o he s could s ill be unc ional: Donau Chem Tu nu Măgu ele and
Ga P o Co Să ineș i ( o me ly Azochim), which a e in liquida ion ollowing bank up cy. In
addi ion o hese, se e al dozen SMEs also ope a e a na ional le el.
Romania has a chemical e ilise demand o abou 1.5 million ons annually, o which abou
450-500 housand ons o ni ogen-based e ilise s o ag icul u e ( he six h consume in he
EU, 5.2% o he o al consump ion in he EU) and 80-100 housand ons o phospho us-based
e ilise s (Eu os a , 2024).
Cu en ly, all unc ional Romanian chemical plan s ei he ha e closed o a e ope a ing a low
capaci y o wi h empo a y in e up ions. Azomu eș is he main p oduce o e ilise s o
ag icul u e and aw ma e ials o e ilise s, wi h an annual capaci y o 1.8 million ons. The
company empo a ily seized he p oduc ion du ing 2023-2024, due o he p ice o gas in
conjunc ion wi h he dec ease in e ilise p ices (Economica, 2024). The Chemical Fe ilize
Plan S.R.L. Nă oda i (CICH) p oduces ni ogen-based e ilise s, phospho us-based
e ilise s, p o essional bios imulan s ( he only p oduce in he coun y on his ype o
p oduc s), wi h a heo e ical capaci y o 1,400 ons/day. Th ee o me plan s o he o me
In e ag o g oup, in bank up cy, we e aken o e by Pambac S.A. Bacău: Amu co Bacău,
Ni opo os Făgă aș, and Ni amonia BC S.R.L. Two o he plan s pa o he In e ag o G oup
a e in liquida ion ollowing bank up cy and a e in he p ocess o being sold h ough di ec
nego ia ion: Donau Chem Tu nu Măgu ele and Ga P o Co Chemicals Să ineș i. Ano he
plan pa o he In e ag o G oup is in insol ency, namely Vi ome S.A. Vic o ia.
The chemical e ilise sec o achie ed a u no e o RON 2.62 billion in 2022, a dec ease o
18% compa ed o he p e ious yea , amid he dec ease in domes ic p oduc ion as a esul o
na u al gas p ices (Figu e 1).
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694 Am i ea u Economic
Figu e no. 1. Tu no e o he ni ogen e ilise s sec o , 2012-2022, million lei
Sou ce: p ocessed by he au ho s wi h da a om INS (2024).
Since 2015, Romania has expe ienced a s eady dec ease in he domes ic p oduc ion o
chemical e ilise s, so ha he olume o impo s has inc eased apidly, wi h an annual pace
o o e 15% (INS, 2023). The e olu ion o employees in he sec o , om o e 6,500
employees in 2012 o 1550 in 2022, also e lec s he losses o compe i i eness (INS, 2024).
The main ac o s ha in luenced he dec ease in he compe i i eness o his indus ial b anch
bo h in Romania and in he Eu opean Union we e he un a ou able e olu ion o he p ice o
na u al gas o non-household consume s, as well as he inc ease in eal e ms o he a e age
sala y on he NACE code 2015 b anch. The g oss sala y in he chemical indus y exceeded
he a e age sala y in he Romanian indus y, and, in ce ain yea s, i s inc ease was abo e he
inc eases in he p ices o indus ial p oduc ion.
4.1. Fo eign ade analysis
In 2023, Romania p oduced only 95 housand ons o ni ogen-based e ilise s, 90% less
han in 2021, bu 18% abo e he 2022 le el (Economica, 2024). The e o e, he domes ic
demand is co e ed by impo s. In 2023, Romania impo ed a olume o 1.6 million ons o
ni ogen e ilise s, espec i ely 0.77 million ons o aw ma e ials o e ilise s. Expo s o
ni ogen e ilise s amoun ed o 236 housand ons and aw ma e ials o e ilise s amoun ing
o 95 housand ons. The e o e, he ade de ici in he ca ego y o chemical e ilise p oduc s
was EUR 884 million in alue. The eco d was eached in 2022, when impo s alued EUR
1.96 billion, amid he escala ion o p ices on he global ma ke as a esul o Russia’s in asion
o Uk aine, hus gene a ing a ade de ici o EUR 1.74 billion (5% o he o al ade de ici
o he coun y) (INS, 2023) (Figu e 2).
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
million RON
Am i ea u Economic ecommends
AE
Vol. 27 • No. 69 • May 2025 695
Figu e no. 2. E olu ion o Romania’s o eign ade in chemical e ilise s,
2012-2023, million eu os
Sou ce: ARICE (2024).
The main coun ies o o igin o impo s o ni ogen e ilise s we e in 2023, Bulga ia (20.9%),
Egyp (16.8%), Tu kmenis an (10.6%), Hunga y (7%), Aze baijan (5.8%), and Russia
(4.7%). Rega ding chemical aw ma e ials o e ilise s, he main coun ies o o igin o
impo s we e G eece (16.5%), Russia (14%), Bulga ia (13.6%), Mo occo (12.1%), and
Aus ia (11.6%).
The nega i e e olu ion o domes ic p oduc ion in he las 10 yea s has e lec ed in a
downwa d end in he expo a e (Figu e 3).
Figu e no. 3. Ra io o expo s o u no e in he chemical e ilise s sec o , 2012-2022
Sou ce: de eloped by he au ho s, based on da a om INS (2024) and ARICE (2024).
0
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1000
1500
2000
2500
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
million EUR
Expo alue (FOB) Impo alue (CIF)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
AE
The Technologies o he Fu u e in he Field o Fe ilise s and Romania’s
Oppo uni ies o Reco e his Indus y
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Deloi e Uni e si y P ess.
Annex
Summa y – Tes ing he G oss P o i e o co ec ion mechanism
Reg ession S a is ics
Mul iple R
0.316863206
R Squa e
0.100402291
Adjus ed R Squa e
0.01044252
S anda d E o
0.428100926
Obse a ions
23
ANOVA
d
SS
MS
F
Signi icance F
Reg ession
2
0.409088822
0.204544411
1.11608
0.34712301
Residual
20
3.665408062
0.183270403
To al
22
4.074496884
Coe icien s
S anda d E o
S a
P- alue
Lowe 95%
Uppe 95%
Lowe 95.0%
Uppe 95.0%
In e cep
1.075868499
0.246640665
4.362088859
0.000302
0.56138509
1.590351911
0.561385
1.590352
Sala iu b u anual CAEN20 (RON) cs 2021
-0.54876415
0.452114916
-1.213771391
0.238975
-1.49185934
0.394331038
-1.49186
0.394331
P e gaze in e n cu axe cs 2021 ( -1)
0.00086256
0.217511338
0.003965587
0.996875
-0.45285814
0.454583261
-0.45286
0.454583
Summa y – Tes ing o he u no e e o co ec ion mechanism
Reg ession S a is ics
Mul iple R
0.61343065
R Squa e
0.37629716
Adjus ed R Squa e
0.31392688
S anda d E o
0.17667894
Obse a ions
23
ANOVA
d
SS
MS
F
Signi icance F
Reg ession
2
0.37666283
0.188331
6.03327638
0.008907939
Residual
20
0.62430893
0.031215
To al
22
1.00097177
Coe icien s
S anda d E o
S a
P- alue
Lowe 95%
Uppe 95%
Lowe 95.0%
Uppe 95.0%
In e cep
0.48956639
0.10178957
4.809593
0.00010661
0.277237057
0.701896
0.277237
0.701896
Sala iu b u anual CAEN20 (RON) cs 2021
0.64693025
0.1865896
3.467129
0.00243333
0.257711153
1.036149
0.257711
1.036149
P e gaze in e n cu axe cs 2021
-0.166611
0.08976779
-1.85602
0.07824637
-0.353863366
0.020641
-0.35386
0.020641
Reg ession o he G oss P o i Di e en ial in ela ion o he Annual G oss Sala ies Di e en ial and he Na u al Gas P ice Di e en ial
Reg ession S a is ics
Mul iple R
0.467259904
R Squa e
0.218331818
Adjus ed R Squa e
0.088053788
S anda d E o
0.810109384
Obse a ions
22
ANOVA
d
SS
MS
F
Signi icance F
Reg ession
3
3.299547831
1.099849277
1.675891
0.2077234
Residual
18
11.81298985
0.656277214
To al
21
15.11253768
Coe icien s
S anda d E o
S a
P- alue
Lowe 95%
Uppe 95%
Lowe 95.0%
Uppe 95.0%
In e cep
0.186224081
0.269625006
0.690678079
0.498578
-0.38023704
0.752685198
-0.38024
0.752685
Del a(LN(Sal cs ))
-2.1746993
2.961008173
-0.734445558
0.472137
-8.39554663
4.046148033
-8.39555
4.046148
Del a(LN(P Gaz cs )-1)
-0.92103909
0.758601944
-1.214126981
0.240389
-2.51480263
0.672724456
-2.5148
0.672724
ECM1( -1)
-0.95853295
0.456587218
-2.099342491
0.050155
-1.9177871
0.000721202
-1.91779
0.000721
Reg ession o he Tu no e di e en ial in ela ion o he annual g oss sala ies di e en ial and he Na u al Gas P ice di e en ial
Reg ession S a is ics
Mul iple R
0.599078
R Squa e
0.358894
Adjus ed R Squa e
0.238778
S anda d E o
0.204437
Obse a ions
22
ANOVA
d
SS
MS
F
Signi icance F
Reg ession
3
0.44453785
0.148179285
3.545435
0.035502
Residual
19
0.79409327
0.041794383
To al
22
1.23863112
Coe icien s
S anda d E o
S a
P- alue
Lowe 95%
Uppe 95%
Lowe 95.0%
Uppe 95.0%
In e cep
0
#N/A
#N/A
#N/A
#N/A
#N/A
#N/A
#N/A
Del a(LN(Sal cs ))
0.547155
0.52629779
1.039630755
0.311561
-0.5544
1.648709
-0.5544
1.648709
Del a(LN(P Gaz cs )) ( -1)
-0.49710
0.18142749
-2.739939205
0.013016
-0.87683
-0.11737
-0.87683
-0.11737
ECM2( -1)
-0.82945
0.29856351
-2.778144147
0.01198
-1.45435
-0.20455
-1.45435
-0.20455
