Hallinan, Blake; Reynolds, C. J.; Ro hens ein, Ome
A icle
Copy igh callou s and he p omise o c ea o -d i en
pla o m go e nance
In e ne Policy Re iew
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Alexande on Humbold Ins i u e o In e ne and Socie y (HIIG), Be lin
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Hallinan, Blake; Reynolds, C. J.; Ro hens ein, Ome (2024) : Copy igh callou s
and he p omise o c ea o -d i en pla o m go e nance, In e ne Policy Re iew, ISSN 2197-6775,
Alexande on Humbold Ins i u e o In e ne and Socie y, Be lin, Vol. 13, Iss. 2, pp. 1-43,
h ps://doi.o g/10.14763/2024.2.1770
This Ve sion is a ailable a :
h ps://hdl.handle.ne /10419/300744
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Die Dokumen e au EconS o dü en zu eigenen wissenscha lichen
Zwecken und zum P i a geb auch gespeiche und kopie we den.
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Documen s in EconS o may be sa ed and copied o you pe sonal
and schola ly pu poses.
You a e no o copy documen s o public o comme cial pu poses, o
exhibi he documen s publicly, o make hem publicly a ailable on he
in e ne , o o dis ibu e o o he wise use he documen s in public.
I he documen s ha e been made a ailable unde an Open Con en
Licence (especially C ea i e Commons Licences), you may exe cise
u he usage igh s as speci ied in he indica ed licence.
h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/3.0/de/legalcode
Volume 13 |
Copy igh callou s and he p omise o
c ea o -d i en pla o m go e nance
Blake Hallinan Heb ew Uni e si y o Je usalem
CJ Reynolds Heb ew Uni e si y o Je usalem
Ome Ro hens ein Heb ew Uni e si y o Je usalem
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.14763/2024.2.1770
Published: 26 June 2024
Recei ed: 30 Oc obe 2023 Accep ed: 22 Ma ch 2024
Funding: This esea ch was unded by a g an om he Facul y o Social Sciences a
he Heb ew Uni e si y o Je usalem.
Compe ing In e es s: The au ho has decla ed ha no compe ing in e es s exis ha
ha e in luenced he ex .
Licence: This is an open-access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e
Commons A ibu ion 3.0 License (Ge many) which pe mi s un es ic ed use,
dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly
ci ed. h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/3.0/de/deed.en
Copy igh emains wi h he au ho (s).
Ci a ion: Hallinan, B. & Reynolds, C. & Ro hens ein, O. (2024). Copy igh callou s and
he p omise o c ea o -d i en pla o m go e nance. In e ne Policy Re iew, 13(2).
h ps://doi.o g/10.14763/2024.2.1770
Keywo ds: Copy igh , C ea o s, No ms, Pla o m go e nance, YouTube
Abs ac : Responding o us a ions wi h he en o cemen o copy igh on YouTube, some c ea o s
publish ideos ha discuss hei expe iences, challenge claims o in ingemen , and c i ique
b oade s uc u es o con en mode a ion. Pla o m callou s, o public complain s abou he
conduc o o on pla o ms, a e one o he p ima y ways c ea o s challenge he powe imbalance
be ween use s and co po a ions. Th ough an analysis o 135 ideos, we p o ide a ich empi ical
accoun o how c ea o s publicly de ine he p oblem o copy igh en o cemen , p opose solu ions,
and a ibu e esponsibili y o o he c ea o s, he pla o m, and ex e nal ac o s like media
conglome a es. C ea o s c i icise he p e alence o “ alse” copy igh claims ha igno e ai use o
se e ul e io mo i es like ha assmen , censo ship, and inancial ex o ion, as well as he
challenges o communica ing wi h he pla o m. D awing inspi a ion om o ganisa ional heo y, we
di e en ia e ho izon al and e ical callou s acco ding o he ins i u ional posi ioning o he
speake and a ge . Ho izon al callou s, o public complain s be ween pee s, o e a mechanism o
communi y sel -policing, while e ical callou s, o public complain s di ec ed owa ds
o ganisa ions, p o ide a mechanism o in luencing cen alised con en mode a ion policies and
p ac ices. We conclude wi h a discussion o he bene i s and limi a ions o callou s as a s a egy o
c ea o -d i en pla o m go e nance.
Issue 2
This pape is pa o Loca ing and heo ising pla o m powe , a special issue o In e ne
Policy Re iew gues -edi ed by Da id Niebo g, Thomas Poell, Robyn Caplan and José an
Dijck.
In oduc ion
Social media pla o ms a e mo e popula han e e due, in pa , o a g owing sub-
se o “comme cializing and p o essionalizing” use s known as c ea o s (Cunning-
ham & C aig, 2021, p. 1). Th ough ad- e enue sha ing ag eemen s (Caplan & Gille-
spie, 2020), b and deals (Hund, 2023), and a combina ion o me chandise, an
unding, and a ilia e p og ams (Riede e al., 2023), c ea o s mone ise hei audi-
ences and con ibu e o he “c ea o economy,” cu en ly alued a 250 billion USD
(Pe elli, 2023). As a ca ee pa h, con en c ea ion o e s signi ican lexibili y and
au onomy (Cunningham & C aig, 2021), ye comes wi h p eca ious wo king condi-
ions (Du y e al., 2021). C ea o s, like all social media use s, a e subjec o
opaque and o en au oma ed o ms o pla o m go e nance whe e con en can be
emo ed and accoun s e mina ed wi h li le no ice o explana ion (Go wa e al.,
2020). These condi ions gene a e a “c isis o legi imacy” (Zucke man & Rajend a-
Nicolucci, 2023), wi h polls inding, o example, ha h ee-qua e s o Ame icans
do no us social media companies o mode a e con en ai ly (Kemp & Ekins,
2021). Issues wi h con en mode a ion also gene a e social, emo ional, and eco-
nomic consequences o c ea o s (A e & B iggs, 2023; Kingsley e al., 2022), chill
speech (Mye s Wes , 2018), de e he use o pla o m epo ing ools (Vacca o e
al., 2020), and p omo e conspi acy heo ising abou pla o m ope a ions (Riedl e
al., 2023).
In he ace o such us a ions, c ea o s ha e li le ecou se gi en he implici ly
eudal design o pla o ms whe e use s a e “subjec o a powe s uc u e ha is ap-
pa en ly absolu e and unal e able by hose who lack such powe ” (Schneide ,
2022, p. 1966). As a consequence, c ea o s employ an asso men o s a egies o
na iga e he ickle c ea o economy, including op imising con en p oduc ion (Hal-
linan, 2023), sha ing heo ies abou how pla o ms ope a e (Kaye & G ay, 2021),
and joining in e media y comme cial o ganisa ions (Siciliano, 2020). Howe e ,
each s a egy conce ns oppo uni ies o success wi hin a gi en pla o m con ex .
C ea o s who seek o ans o m pla o m ope a ions ha e wo p ima y s a egies
o o ganisa ional change: exi and oice (Hi schman, 1970; see F ey & Schneide ,
2023 o an elabo a ion o hese op ions in a pla o m con ex ). In o he wo ds,
c ea o s can ei he lea e he pla o m o communica e hei displeasu e. Nei he
2 In e ne Policy Re iew 13(2) | 2024
op ion is necessa ily appealing: he o me is disincen i ised by he lack o ma ke
compe i ion and he la e bese wi h ques ions o who can o should add ess hei
complain s.
Pla o m callou s, o public complain s abou he conduc o o on pla o ms, a e
one o he p ima y ways ha c ea o s oice hei us a ions wi h go e nance is-
sues. Compa ed o o he exp essions o consume discon en , c ea o s bene i om
in-buil audiences and hei p o essional specialisa ion in public communica ion.
Such condi ions also di e en ia e c ea o complain s om o he callou s on social
media associa ed wi h he collec i e beha iou o semi-anonymous masses (Kim e
al., 2022). While c ea o s ha e spoken up abou censo ship, economic oppo uni y,
copy igh abuse, algo i hmic bias, and p eda o y beha iou (Kaye & G ay, 2021;
Kuma , 2019; Reynolds & Hallinan, 2024; Ta in & S an ill, 2022), ques ions e-
main o e he abili y o oice-based s a egies o o e come he inhe en imbal-
ances o pla o m powe (Nielsen & Gan e , 2022). Pla o ms a e selec i e abou
which con o e sies hey espond o (Shapi o e al., 2024) and public esponses
can lea e s uc u al issues unchecked, esul ing in wha Ta in and S an ill call
“go e nance washing” (2022). Fu he mo e, he eliance on public ou age, om
c ea o s o o he wise, may ap pla o ms in eac iona y cycles wi h unsa is ying
solu ions (Annany & Gillespie, 2016). Despi e hese s uc u al cons ain s, he pe -
sis ence o public complain s mo i a es ou in es iga ion in o he ole pla o m
callou s play in he b oade go e nance ecosys em.
To do so, we u n o a pa icula ly en enched domain o pla o m go e nance
whe e we would expec c ea o s o ha e li le in luence: copy igh policy. Pla -
o ms’ copy igh policies a e hea ily shaped by egula ions ha a ou he in e -
es s o majo co po a e igh s holde s (De gache a & Ka zenbach, 2023; G ay,
2020) and copy igh en o cemen is an es ablished poin o us a ion o c ea o s
(Fiesle e al., 2023; Kaye & G ay, 2021). Focusing on YouTube, an indus y leade
in copy igh managemen (G ay, 2020) and c ea o mone isa ion p og ammes (Ca-
plan & Gillespie, 2021), we analyse callou ideos, de ined as social media con en
whe e c ea o s discuss hei expe iences wi h copy igh en o cemen , challenge
claims o in ingemen , and c i ique he b oade s uc u es o con en mode a ion.
In wha ollows, we p esen he possibili ies o use pa icipa ion in pla o m go -
e nance and b ie ly desc ibe YouTube’s copy igh managemen sys em. We hen
ou line ou me hodological app oach and show how callou ideos al e na i ely
add ess o he c ea o s, he pla o m i sel , and ex e nal ac o s like co po a e igh s
holde s, spamme s, and scamme s. Finally, we di e en ia e be ween ho izon al
and e ical callou s, dis inguished by he ela ionship be ween ins i u ional posi-
3 Hallinan, Reynolds, Ro hens ein
ioning o he speake and a ge , and discuss he implica ions o bo h as ools o
c ea o -d i en pla o m go e nance.
Pa icipa ion s uc u es o pla o m go e nance
While con en mode a ion includes ad anced au oma ion (Go wa e al., 2020),
mos pla o ms also delega e wo k o hei use s ia ools o epo iola ions
(C aw o d & Gillespie, 2016). Use epo s o copy igh in ingemen o communi y
guidelines iola ions p o ide a aluable signal o pla o ms’ T us and Sa e y
eams (P e e ko n, 2022) and o e a mechanism o use pa icipa ion in pla o m
go e nance, al hough he design o epo ing sys ems minimises public delibe a-
ion and collec i e ac ion (C aw o d & Gillespie, 2016). E en in hese ci cum-
s ances, use s ac oss pla o ms and he poli ical spec um ha e app op ia ed lag-
ging ools (e.g. Fio e-Sil as , 2012; Zhao & Chen, 2023), ans o ming epo s in o
a si e o “con es ed pla o m go e nance” whe e use s challenge he “co e alues,
iden i y, and/o pu poses o he pla o m” (Sybe , 2022, p. 2312). In doing so,
use s h ea en he in eg i y o use epo s as a signal o co po a e pla o m go -
e nance objec i es (Zhao & Chen, 2023).
Some pla o ms u he delega e esponsibili y, consul ing wi h ci il socie y o gan-
isa ions (Caplan, 2023) and p o iding ools o communi y-d i en mode a ion
(Zucke man & Rajend a-Nicolucci, 2023). The la e se up is pa icula ly e iden on
decen alised pla o ms (S ue e al., 2023) and o um pla o ms like Reddi ,
whe e indi idual in e es g oups, o sub eddi s, ha e speci ic ules and olun ee
mode a o s who en o ce hem (See ing, 2020). Seemingly cen alised pla o ms
like Facebook p o ide use s ools o mode a e di e en “sub-pla o ms” like pe -
sonal p o iles, pages, and Facebook g oups (Na on & Noy, 2023). Simila ly,
YouTube p o ides ools o c ea o s o mode a e he commen s ha appea along-
side hei ideos, pos s, and li es eams. Al hough a communi y-d i en app oach
o pa icipa ion is mo e obus han lagging ools, i emains limi ed by how pla -
o ms de ine communi y (e.g. indi idual accoun s on YouTube s. sub eddi s on
Reddi ), he ools hey p o ide, and he supplemen a y s a us o communi y mod-
e a ion, whe e use s can add new ules bu canno challenge pla o m-wide poli-
cies.
Fo use s us a ed wi h cen alised pla o m go e nance, he e a e ew oppo u-
ni ies o ecou se. Like any consume , use s can exi he ma ke (Hi shman, 1970)
and swi ch o a new pla o m o educe social media use. Howe e , as an indus y,
social media is domina ed by a ew big playe s and lacks obus compe i ion. Fu -
he mo e, pla o ms hea ily d aw hei alue om ne wo k e ec s, making pla -
4 In e ne Policy Re iew 13(2) | 2024
o m mig a ion socially and echnically di icul (Fiesle & Dym, 2020). These ac-
o s a e in ensi ied o c ea o s, who d aw pe sonal and economic alue om he
audiences hey os e on pa icula pla o ms (Cunningham & C aig, 2021). While
he a e c ea o has success ully ansi ioned hei ca ee om one pla o m o an-
o he (Shapi o e al., 2024), his emains an excep ional accomplishmen . Finally,
gi en he scale o majo pla o ms, a subs an ial numbe o use s mus exi o send
a clea signal o co po a e leade ship.
Gi en he cons ain s on lea ing a pla o m, some use s y o change pla o ms
om wi hin h ough oice-based s a egies (Hi schman, 1970, p. 30). Use s can ex-
p ess us a ions h ough o icial channels such as appealing a con en mode a-
ion decision. When o icial channels ail o a e una ailable, use s may go public
wi h hei complain s (Meisne , 2023; Reynolds & Hallinan, 2024). Howe e , pla -
o ms a e selec i e in which oices hey espond o (Shapi o e al., 2024), a ou -
ing use s wi h impo an oles o pla o m unc ionali y like mode a o s on Reddi
o high-p o ile c ea o s on YouTube. E en among hese popula ions, he e a e con-
ce ns abou he e icacy o oice as a esponse, e lec ed in F ey and Schneide ’s
(2023) dis inc ion be ween e ec i e and a ec i e oice whe e he o me e e s o
di ec in luence and he la e o indi ec pe suasion. Public complain s clea ly all
in he ca ego y o a ec i e oice, joining a b oade con e sa ion abou callou s,
cancella ions, and new s a egies o public accoun abili y (Lewis & Ch is in, 2021).
As public complain s ha use shaming o p omo e social no ms, callou s hea ily
depend on social media pla o ms o ci cula ion. Mos esea ch ocuses on call-
ou s ha a ge indi iduals a he han engage in ins i u ional o o ganisa ional
c i ique (e.g. Kim e al., 2022; Lee & Abidin, 2024). In his con ex , esea che s
ha e exp essed conce n ha callou s may acili a e ha assmen o s uggle o p o-
mo e beha iou al change (Billingham & Pa , 2020; Kim e al., 2022; Ma wick,
2021). Despi e hese conce ns, he ac o calling ou can p o ide exp essi e bene-
i s o speake s (He bison & Podosky, 2024) and cons i u e a o m o ci ic engage-
men (Kligle -Vilenchik, 2017). Fu he mo e, as a public con e sa ion, he a ge is
no he only ele an audience; indeed, callou s can p omo e communal no ms
wi hou changing he a i ude o beha iou o he a ge (Lewis & Ch is in, 2021).
To in es iga e he ole o callou s in pla o m go e nance, we u n o a undamen-
al sou ce o ic ion be ween use s and pla o ms: copy igh policy.
Copy igh on YouTube as a es case o pla o m powe
Copy igh has long been a sou ce o con en ion on YouTube as an a ea whe e “bal-
ancing he in e es s o he pla o m’s a ious ‘ma ke s’ (o con en supplie s, audi-
5 Hallinan, Reynolds, Ro hens ein
ences, ad e ise s, and media pa ne s) is mos complex and ques ionable in he
ai ness o i s applica ion” (Bu gess & G een, 2018, p. 48). S a es legisla e copy-
igh agendas o p o ec in ellec ual p ope y igh s, os e inno a ion, and, occa-
sionally, se e he public in e es (G ay, 2020). Pla o ms en o ce policies and de-
elop echnological solu ions o main ain legal compliance, p e-emp po en ially
bu densome legisla ion, appease copy igh holde s, and os e an appealing en i-
onmen o use s (G ay, 2020; Suzo , 2019). Whe e copy igh was “once he exclu-
si e domain o co po a e lawye s and policymake s”, i s cen ali y on digi al pla -
o ms has inc eased public awa eness and in e es (Gillespie, 2007, p. 5), e lec ed
in he p e alence o “copy igh gossip” on YouTube (Kaye & G ay, 2021) and discus-
sions among ans o ma i e andom communi ies (Fiesle e al., 2023). Ye , as G ay
a gues, when i comes o legisla ion, he public in e es is poo ly ep esen ed and
la ge co po a e s akeholde s domina e (G ay, 2020, p. 132).
The ex e nal go e nance o copy igh on YouTube includes a di e se and in e na-
ional pa chwo k o legisla ion. Cen al among hese is he Digi al Millennium
Copy igh Ac om he Uni ed S a es, passed in 1998, which ins i u ed he “no ice
and akedown” app oach o copy igh iola ions (Deche ney, 2014). E en beyond
he con ex o copy igh , he no ice and akedown app oach “has become he go- o
model o hose a emp ing o sol e any numbe o online dispu es o e in ellec u-
al p ope y, online speech, and o he issues”, including adema k and he igh o
be o go en claims (Deche ney, p. 19). Google has also played a majo ole in ex-
po ing U.S. copy igh no ms, including he “no ice and akedown” app oach and
“ ai use” p inciples, o o he coun ies h ough policies, lobbying, and use educa-
ion ini ia i es (Deche ney, 2014). Ye he Uni ed S a es is no he only ele an
egula o y ac o , as he 2019 passage o A icle 17 o he Eu opean Union Copy-
igh Di ec i e demons a es. This legisla ion add essed long-s anding complain s
o music igh s holde s in Eu ope ha digi al pla o ms, especially YouTube, used
sa e ha bou p inciples o unde alue copy igh ed wo ks (B idy, 2019). While he
implica ions o he Copy igh Di ec i e con inue o un old, esea ch sugges s ha
i s enac men has led o inc eased copy igh akedowns on YouTube (De gache a
& Ka zenbach, 2023).
The in e nal go e nance o copy igh by YouTube e ol es a ound he pla o m’s
Con en Managemen Sui e which includes h ee p ima y ools: he Web o m, he
Copy igh Ma ch Tool, and he Con en ID sys em. The Web o m is an online e-
po ing ool ha allows anyone o manually claim in inging con en . The Copy-
igh Ma ch ool au oma ically iden i ies ideos euploaded by o he channels and
is a ailable o membe s o he YouTube Pa ne P og am o c ea o s wi h a his o y
6 In e ne Policy Re iew 13(2) | 2024
o con en akedowns. Finally, Con en ID is a “scaled ool” ha ully au oma es he
copy igh claim p ocess and is a ailable o “ hose wi h he mos complex igh s
managemen needs, such as mo ie s udios, eco d labels, and collec ing socie ies”
(Google, 2022, p. 3). In he i s hal o 2022 alone, Con en ID p ocessed mo e han
750 million claims, accoun ing o 98% o all copy igh claims on he pla o m
(Google, 2022, p. 4). Au oma ed copy igh en o cemen is bo h an exp ession o
Google’s pla o m powe and a e lec ion o he economic powe o media con-
glome a es. Indeed, pa o he ma ke appeal o Con en ID is ha i enables
igh s holde s o ea n signi ican e enue, upwa ds o US$30 billion o e he pas
h ee yea s (Google, 2022, p. 1).
YouTube’s Con en Managemen Sui e o e s unequal esou ces o co po a e s ake-
holde s and independen con en c ea o s, leading some c ea o s o conclude ha
copy igh go e nance on he pla o m does no se e hei in e es s (Fiesle e al.,
2023; Hui, 2021). As e hnog aphe Michael Siciliano explains, many c ea o s he
spoke wi h “ el powe less, desc ibing a silence and insc u abili y simila o o he
use s o Google’s in as uc u es and ecoun ing leng hy appeal p ocesses ha o -
en ailed” (2020, p. 149). One way ha c ea o s aim o make hei wo k less p e-
ca ious is h ough he ci cula ion o “gossip” in ideos whe e hey sha e “ hei ex-
pe iences wi h copy igh en o cemen on YouTube” and s a egies o a oiding o
add essing copy igh en o cemen (Kaye & G ay, 2021, p. 1). C ea o s ha e also
c i ically engaged wi h copy igh policy in he case o he #WTFU hash ag cam-
paign1 s a ed by The Nos algia C i ic in 2016 o e us a ions wi h Con en ID,
which led he YouTube policy eam o issue a s a emen acknowledging communi-
y conce ns (Edwa ds, 2018). Toge he , his wo k p o ides e idence ha use s play
a ole in he go e nance o copy igh en o cemen on he pla o m, i ing wi hin a
b oade pa e n o “communal solida i y” eme ging among c ea o s (Kuma , 2019),
al hough he pa icula no ms, communi y bounda ies, and mechanisms o go e -
nance emain opaque.
Me hods
To collec YouTube copy igh callou ideos, we conduc ed a ge ed keywo d
sea ches using YouTube Da a Tools (Riede , 2015).2 We es ic ed he esul s o
ideos published a e 2019 o upda e exis ing esea ch,3 and emo ed ideos ha
1. An ac onym o “Whe e’s he ai use?”.
2. We collec ed 50 ideos o each o he ollowing sea ch e ms: copy igh , copy igh claim, copy igh
s ike, DMCA, con en id YouTube, YouTube copy igh sys em, YouTube copy igh d ama, YouTube
copy igh abuse, YouTube copy igh upda e, YouTube copy igh ai use, alse copy igh , copy igh
oll, copys ike, copy igh claim s eal, and copy igh an .
7 Hallinan, Reynolds, Ro hens ein
we e o - opic, uploaded by non-c ea o s (i.e. om an o icial YouTube channel),
and no p ima ily in English. We also sc eened ou exclusi ely desc ip i e ideos
o lacking he elemen o “complain ” cen al o ou de ini ion o callou s. We hen
manually added 20 ideos ha appea ed in pla o m ecommenda ions o news
co e age o copy igh issues, esul ing in a da ase o 230 ideos. Two au ho s
wa ched 10 ideos om he da ase o de elop he codebook, adap ing ca ego ies
om p e ious esea ch o i wi h he da a (Kaye & G ay, 2021; Reynolds & Halli-
nan, 2024). Ou codebook add esses how callou ideos de ine he p oblem o
copy igh en o cemen , a ibu e esponsibili y, and p opose solu ions (see Appen-
dix 1 o he ull codebook). Gi en p io esea ch showing s ong gende seg ega-
ion in YouTube communi ies (Wegene e al., 2020) and g ea e ep esen a ion o
men in pla o m callou ideos (Reynolds & Hallinan, 2024), we also coded he
pe cei ed gende o c ea o s, p io i ising sel -iden i ica ion when a ailable, using
con en ional isual and e bal ma ke s o he wise,4 and ea ing VTube s and u -
ies as a sepa a e ca ego y.5
Two au ho s began independen ly coding he ideos, one wo king om he op
and he lis and he o he om he bo om, mee ing o discuss indings h ough-
ou . We s opped coding a 135 ideos when we no iced signi ican epe i ion in
he esul s (see Appendix 2 o ideo de ails). Mos ideos ecei ed mo e han
50,000 iews, al hough he e was nea ly an e en spli (see Table 1). The o e -
whelming majo i y o speake s we e men (n=101), along wi h a small mino i y o
women (n=13) and VTube s/ u ies (n=7), aligning wi h p io wo k on YouTube call-
ou s (Hallinan & Reynolds, 2024). Channels ep esen ed a ious gen es including
gaming, music e iews, ilm e iews, eac ideos, and cul u al commen a y.
TABLE 1: Desc ip i e s a is ics o ideos included in he inal da ase
DATE N VIDEO LENGTH N VIEWS N
2019 35 0:00-4:59 19 <1000 16
2020 22 5:00-9:59 53 1000-10,000 24
3. Kaye and G ay’s s udy o copy igh gossip ocuses on ideos published om 2017 – 2019; we chose
2019 as he s a ing poin o ou s udy o p o ide a poin o o e lap wi h hei esea ch wi hou
ully duplica ing hei ime pe iod.
4. We ecognise ha his app oach is p oblema ic and isks ein o cing gende s e eo ypes and a bina-
y app oach o gende . To mi iga e he isks, we epo on he coding in agg ega e and do no as-
sign labels (o p onouns) o speci ic c ea o s in he ex when sel -de ini ion is no a ailable.
5. VTube , o i ual YouTube , is a c ea o ha uses a i ual a a a . While no all u ies a e VTube s,
and no all VTube s a e u ies, he u ies in ou da ase used i ual an h opomo phized animal
a a a s.
8 In e ne Policy Re iew 13(2) | 2024
making a ai use e alua ion.27 The popula i y o ai use discou se may be due o
he concep 's p ominence in YouTube's "Copy igh School", a se o educa ional
ideos ha c ea o s mus wa ch a e ecei ing a copy igh s ike (Fiesle e al.,
2023). Rega dless o i s o igins, he epea ed in oca ion o ai use as a iend o
c ea o s ha is o e looked by he pla o m and igno ed by co po a ions os e s an
a ini y be ween c ea o s and he law.
Ve ical and ho izon al callou s as ac ics o pla o m
go e nance
Ou da ase o copy igh callou ideos indica es ha us a ion wi h he p e a-
lence o “ alse” copy igh claims is a p ima y mo i a o o c ea o s o speak ou .
As a ca ego y, he s a egic ambigui y o alse claims makes he accusa ion pe sua-
si ely appealing: i is b oad enough o encompass a wide a ie y o beha iou , i is
p ohibi ed by bo h YouTube’s policies and copy igh law (Google, 2022; Mazzone,
2011), and he label’s nega i e associa ions make ew likely o de end i whole-
sale. Despi e gene al ag eemen o e he p oblem o alse copy igh claims, c e-
a o s o e ed di e se accoun s o wha dis inguishes audulen uses o copy igh
managemen ools. While a ew ideos exp essed ex eme iews such as he posi-
ion ha claiming copy igh “is he wo s hing you can do”28 o ha copy igh en-
o cemen is a “no man’s land” whe e alid s a egies a e only de e mined by wha
someone can ge away wi h,29 mos p o essed ela i ely mode a e posi ions some-
whe e be ween o al eedom and o al con ol. Fo example, H3 Podcas hos
E han Klein desc ibed he compe ing in e es s o di e en s akeholde s shaping
copy igh policy o his audience:
You guys go o unde s and he e a e laws ha YouTube has o abide by. The e a e
legal p eceden s ha i hey don' abide by — he DMCA — hen he sys em which
we enjoy is jus simply no possible. YouTube canno exis . Because hey ha e his
ea y, i 's like a diploma ic ag eemen in a wa . 30
In app oaching copy igh managemen as a balancing ac , mos c ea o s adop ed
he gene al disposi ion o copy igh law (Bu gess & G een, 2018; G ay, 2020), e en
i hey disag eed on wha cons i u es balance in p ac ice.
27. YTC103, YTC110, and YTC122
28. YTC093
29. YTC024
30. YTC076
15 Hallinan, Reynolds, Ro hens ein
Despi e hei sha ed conce n wi h “ alse” copy igh claims, we ound a dis inc ion
in how he ideos le e aged shame ha b oadly aligns wi h who hey deem e-
sponsible o he p oblem. C ea o s who called ou o he c ea o s add essed hei
pee s, while c ea o s who called ou he pla o m o o he co po a ions add essed
en i ies wi h g ea e ins i u ional s a us. While all callou s p esen a iola ion o
social no ms and appeal o (p esumably) sha ed alues (He bison & Podosky,
2024), we a gue ha callou s pe o m di e en unc ions o pla o m go e nance
depending on he ins i u ional ela ionship be ween he speake and he a ge o
he callou . The dis inc ion be ween ho izon al and e ical communica ion in o -
ganisa ional schola ship helps cla i y ou a gumen . Ho izon al communica ion
“ e e s o ha be ween colleagues on an equal hie a chical le el” while e ical
communica ion “is ha which a els up and down he hie a chy” (Ba els e al.,
2010, p. 212). Building on his dis inc ion, we di e en ia e be ween ho izon al and
e ical callou s.
Ho izon al callou s e e o public c i icism whe e he speake and he a ge sha e
he same ins i u ional s a us, which, in he con ex o ou s udy, in ol ed social
media c ea o s add essing o he c ea o s. Ho izon al callou s p ima ily appealed o
communi y as a sha ed alue. Al hough i would be a mis ake o speak o a singula
cul u e on YouTube gi en i s scale, geog aphic each, and linguis ic di e si y, as
well as he pla o m’s comme cialisa ion (Bu gess & G een, 2018), c ea o s and au-
diences alike ha e long adop ed he language o communi y, especially when en-
gaging in no ma i e deba es abou pla o m alues (Bu gess e al., 2016; Lewis &
Ch is in, 2021). Some callou ideos speci ied pa icula g oups on he pla o m
such as he “gacha eac ion communi y”,31 while o he s appealed o a b oade
pla o m iden i y h ough he use o e ms like “c ea o s” o “YouTube s”. While
communi y is an expansi e ca ego y in copy igh callou ideos, i is no limi less.
We did no , o example, ind any callou s ying o en ol spamme s o scamme s
in o he sha ed no ms o a communi y — ins ead, c ea o s ypically appealed o
he pla o m o in e ene o encou aged o he c ea o s o p o ec hemsel es. In
d awing bounda ies a ound communal iden i y and accep able beha iou , ho izon-
al callou s pe o m a simila unc ion o me adiscussion on o ums, wi h bo h o -
e ing a “mechanism h ough which g oups can in e oga e he bounda ies o wha
is accep able, can cons uc no ms… and can en o ce a ce ain deg ee o compli-
ance o hose no ms” (Bu ne & Bonnici, 2003, p. 342).
Ve ical callou s e e o public c i icism whe e he speake and he a ge ha e di -
31. YTC017. Gacha e e s o ideo games such as Genshin Impac ha implemen a “gashapon” mechan-
ic, e e ing o oy ending machines popula in Japan.
16 In e ne Policy Re iew 13(2) | 2024
e en ins i u ional s a uses: in he con ex o ou s udy, his ypically in ol ed c e-
a o s add essing social media pla o ms. Ve ical callou s p ima ily appealed o
ai ness as a sha ed alue, highligh ing bo h indi idual con en mode a ion deci-
sions and he s uc u al condi ions o copy igh en o cemen on YouTube as un ai .
Howe e , he en enched powe dispa i y be ween c ea o s and co po a ions e-
qui es a collec i e esponse o inc ease he chance o being hea d (Reynolds &
Hallinan, 2024). Thus, calling ou pla o ms and ex e nal ac o s is la gely abou
ma shalling a communi y, composed o audiences and ellow c ea o s, o d aw a -
en ion o an a ea o conce n and appeal o b oadly endo sed alues. Whe e ho i-
zon al callou s di ec communi y p ac ices, e ical callou s seek co po a e in e -
cession o add ess p oblems ha canno be esol ed h ough communi y ag ee-
men , including speci ic con en mode a ion ac ions like emo ing a copy igh
s ike, as well as mo e s uc u al ac o s in ol ing he p ocess o adjudica ing
copy igh claims. Al hough he e ical callou s in ou da ase p ima ily add essed
YouTube, a ew c ea o s eques ed media conglome a es like Nin endo and Uni e -
sal Music G oup o ea use s mo e ai ly and acknowledge e iewing a ideo
game o eaching audiences how o play music as ai use. The in equency o ad-
d essing ex e nal co po a ions may e lec a lack o con idence ha callou ideos
a e an e ec i e mechanism o change. While c ea o s also exp essed doub ha
“YouTube” was lis ening, hey in oked p eceden s om hei own expe ience o he
expe ience o o he c ea o s whe e going public wi h a p oblem success ully led o
i s esolu ion.
Conclusion
Responding o he call o analyse how “powe is dis ibu ed amongs a ious
s akeholde s whose pla o ms exe dis inc i e ye in e dependen unc ions in he
ecosys em” ( an Dijck e al., 2019, p. 12), ou accoun o eg ounds he exis ing and
po en ial ole o c ea o s in pla o m go e nance wi hou oman icising he agency
o indi iduals o o e looking s uc u al ac o s. While pla o ms con igu e highly
asymme ical ela ionships among di e en s akeholde s (Nielsen & Gan e , 2022;
Shapi o, 2024), schola ly ocus on he exe cise o powe by a pla o m isks ea -
ing he powe o pla o ms as an o e ly de e minis ic, op-down a ai , some hing
done o and h ough use s. In so doing, hese heo isa ions s uggle o accoun o
a dis inc i e ea u e o social media as a enue whe e messages ci cula e and
publics o m, and hus downplay he ole o use s as “ i al agen s o pla o m poli-
ics” (Reynolds & Hallinan, 2021, p. 3268). Al hough YouTube lacks any “ o malised
p ocess o s akeholde pa icipa ion” (Kuma , 2019, p. 15), con ibu ing o he p e-
ca i y o c ea o s and gi ing he company signi ican disc e ion in he conce ns i
17 Hallinan, Reynolds, Ro hens ein
chooses o add ess, c ea o s engage in pla o m go e nance h ough no el s a e-
gies o “ oice” (Hi schman, 1970). We iden i ied wo s a egies o pa icipa ion:
ho izon al callou s, which di ec public c i icism owa ds pee s, and e ical call-
ou s, which di ec public c i icism owa ds ins i u ional supe io s including he
leade ship o comme cial pla o ms.
Ho izon al and e ical callou s se e di e en oles in he pla o m go e nance
ecosys em: he o me o e s a mechanism o communi y sel -policing (See ing,
2020) while he la e p o ides a mechanism o in luencing cen alised con en
mode a ion policies and p ac ices (Shapi o e al., 2024). Assessing he e icacy o
callou s, o he “condi ions unde which oice-based mechanisms” can “ensu e ac-
coun abili y” (Schneide , 2022, p. 1980), would hus bene i om unde s anding
he di e en unc ions ha callou s se e. Fo example, he e ec i eness o ho i-
zon al callou s could be e lec ed in sha ed ideas o accep able conduc , along
wi h beha iou al o a i udinal changes om he a ge o he callou . While he
c ea o s in ou da ase oughly ag eed ha alse copy igh claims a e a p oblem, o
wha ex en o he c ea o s o audiences sha e pa icula ideas o pla o m commu-
ni y o “ ai ” use emains an open ques ion. Simila ly, he e ec i eness o e ical
callou s could be e lec ed in whe he , and in wha ways, he pla o m esponds o
publicised complain s, only some o which will be e lec ed in public s a emen s.
Al hough ou da ase con ained s o ies o YouTube o e u ning pa icula deci-
sions, he p e alence o his p ac ice, as well as he inequali ies in ol ed in who is
able o success ully le e age public appeal (Reynolds & Hallinan, 2024; Shapi o e
al., 2024), me i u he in es iga ion. Finally, he assessmen o bo h ho izon al
and e ical callou s would bene i om g ea e a en ion o he exp essi e bene-
i s o calling ou as a p ac ice (He binson & Podosky, 2024; Kligle -Vilenchik,
2017). Wha ac o s lead c ea o s o go public wi h hei p oblems? How do hey
e alua e he expe ience o doing so? And is he e a ia ion be ween he mo i a-
ions and expe iences o ho izon al e sus e ical callou s?
Ho izon al callou s, like any o m o communi y go e nance, aise impo an con-
side a ions a ound he bounda ies o he communi y (Ma wick, 2021; See ing,
2022), especially on a pla o m he scale o YouTube. While we ound signi ican
commonali ies in he a icula ion o communi y in ou da ase , ou s udy also
highligh s a ew p ominen limi a ions. Fi s , we only analysed English-language
ideos on a p o oundly mul i-lingual, mul i-na ional pla o m. Second, he speak-
e s in ou sample a e o e whelmingly men, e en hough women ac i ely pa ici-
pa e in copy igh discussions in o he con ex s (Fiesle e al., 2023) and engage in
o he gen es o YouTube callou s (Lewis and Ch is in, 2022). Mo e wo k is needed
18 In e ne Policy Re iew 13(2) | 2024
o unde s and he ela i ely low le els o pa icipa ion om women in copy igh
dispu es and i s implica ions o communi y go e nance. Thi d, ou da ase high-
ligh s he meaning ul di e ences in pa icipa ion among big and small c ea o s.
YouTube p o ides big c ea o s wi h be e ools o managing copy igh and o icial
channels o oicing us a ions (Caplan & Gillespie, 2021). While small c ea o s
may be able o le e age communi y-di ec ed powe wi hin pa icula niches on he
pla o m, hei o e all abili y o pa icipa e is con ingen on ca ching he a en ion
o a la ge c ea o o going i al.
Al hough e ical callou s can be success ully mobilised o a ec he pla o m’s
decision-making, hey a e a blun and unwieldy ool ha eac i ely esponds o is-
sues wi h exis ing policies and en o cemen a he han p oac i ely pa icipa ing
in he de elopmen o new policies. Ve ical callou s may also be a s a egy o di-
minishing e u ns. Social media pla o ms a e no s ange s o con o e sy, esul -
ing in a si ua ion whe e “indi idual con o e sies — small shocks ha make pla -
o m go e nance look less legi ima e — can be wea he ed by echnology compa-
nies wi hou eal las ing change” as ech companies de elop and adop c isis com-
munica ion s a egies (Suzo , 2019, p. 121; see also Ananny & Gillespie, 2017).
Fu he mo e, he pla o m ecosys em i sel is changing. While YouTube seems ela-
i ely s able in social media e ms, X, he o he pla o m ha YouTube s elied on
o mobilise public a en ion, is in a mo e liminal s a e ollowing i s pu chase by
Elon Musk. Whe he X will con inue o help use s a ac he igh ype o a en-
ion o publicly p essu e YouTube and o he co po a ions emains an open ques-
ion.
Toge he , p ac ical conside a ions abou he con inued e icacy o e ical callou s
combined wi h he exclusions inhe en o any concep ion o communi y in oked
h ough ho izon al callou s, especially in la ge and di e se pla o m en i onmen s,
o e easons o esis any simple celeb a ion o use agency. A he same ime, ou
analysis o copy igh callou s complica es accoun s o pla o m powe ha ocus
on he echnological and economic in luence o majo co po a ions. Theo isa ions
o pla o m powe should conside no only he powe o pla o ms o he egula-
o y powe o e pla o ms bu also he powe a o ded o c ea o s by i ue o he
audiences hey ga ne and he communi ies hey cul i a e on and h ough digi al
media pla o ms. He e we in oke a di e en conno a ion o pla o m as “a place
om which o speak and be hea d” (Gillespie, 2010, p. 352). Ye c ea o -d i en ap-
p oaches o pla o m go e nance need no s op a callou s. Pla o ms like YouTube
can mo e beyond he minimal ools o use in ol emen like lagging sys ems
(C aw o d & Gillespie, 2016), aking inspi a ion om he communi y mode a ion
19 Hallinan, Reynolds, Ro hens ein
ools de eloped on o he pla o ms (See ing, 202) o ha ness communi y expe ise
and b ing mo e humans in o he mode a ion p ocess — a ea u e consis en ly e-
ques ed by use s (Vacca o e al., 2020). Fo egula o s, c ea o s ep esen an oppo -
uni y o b ing mo e public pa icipa ion in o legisla ion. As he ea ly example o
he Nos algia C i ic’s #WTFU campaign a es s, c ea o s can e ec i ely mobilise
hei audiences and ne wo ks o o he c ea o s o pa icipa e in public hea ings
(Edwa ds, 2018). Such oppo uni ies p omise ways o expanding an unde s anding
o he unspoken ules go e ning digi al pla o ms, he oles o c ea o s in shaping
and en o cing hem, and pa hways owa ds a mo e balanced con igu a ion o pla -
o m powe .
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The au ho s hank he jou nal, special issue edi o s, and e iewe s o a igo ous
and li ely e ision p ocess ha signi ican ly imp o ed he pape . Blake also hanks
D. Bondy Valdo inos Kaye and Limo Shi man o hei eedback, Ted S iphas o
he eading ecommenda ions, Casey Fiesle ’s inspi a ional wo k on copy igh
cul u e, and he bi d app’s commi men o deli e ing c ea o d ama o hei eed.
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G ay, J. E. (2020). Google ules: The his o y and u u e o copy igh unde he in luence o Google.
Ox o d Uni e si y P ess. h ps://doi.o g/10.1093/oso/9780190072070.001.0001
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1720919963
Hallinan, B. (2023). No judgmen : Value op imiza ion and he ein en ion o e iewing on YouTube.
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Appendices
Appendix 1: Codebook
1. Wha aspec o copy igh en o cemen is discussed in he ideo? (check all
24 In e ne Policy Re iew 13(2) | 2024
LABEL CHANNEL
NAME
CHANNEL
LOCATION VIDEO ID VIDEO TITLE VIEWS LIKES COMMENTS
Copy igh
Claims
unde FAIR
USE o any
YouTube
eac o s
YTC027 Nik
Noc u nal Canada xRwwYwko2
cA
You ube's
Copy igh
Sys em is
BROKEN!
48497 3282 256
YTC028 baldbookge
ek
Uni ed
Kingdom
0idS l5V7X
U
you ube ix
you
copy igh
and ai use
/ an
158 13 10
YTC029 The Ac Man Uni ed
S a es
k1OWLq2dO
2c
Copy igh
Abuse on
YouTube -
Fea u ing
Quan um TV
2536546 185165 25197
YTC030 igobyneq Uni ed
S a es
4X weoOhx
lw
How
dis ibu ion
se ices a e
ying o
s eal you
copy igh s
424 29 15
YTC031 3kliksphilip Uni ed
Kingdom Ia1Li_A Za0
Bob Tik VS
Doo S uck
Meme
511253 28839 1202
YTC032 Sc een
Sanc um
Uni ed
S a es
WhEnYFA8P
_E
YouTube
Copy igh
S ike /
Dispu e
Ran
76 7 7
YTC033 DJ Pain 1 Uni ed
S a es
Zk cT2O0TC
8
The
P oblem
Wi h
Uploading
Bea s o
YouTube:
How I Deal
Wi h
Copy igh
Claims
43186 2320 396
YTC034 Asmongold
TV
Uni ed
S a es
PzhcRBYGM
y4
Asmongold
Reac s o
Copy igh
Abuse on
YouTube by
The Ac Man
1428193 39731 3968
YTC035 Ma Lowne Uni ed
Kingdom FylSosFlGIA
IT'S OVER -
Copy igh -
Claim FINAL
Upda e
121788 7441 746
31 Hallinan, Reynolds, Ro hens ein
LABEL CHANNEL
NAME
CHANNEL
LOCATION VIDEO ID VIDEO TITLE VIEWS LIKES COMMENTS
YTC036 Anime
Ame ica
Uni ed
S a es 6OkPsYilc5o
Is Toei
Anima ion
Going Too
Fa ? -
Copy igh
and Fai Use
Ran
21753 1642 304
YTC037 Simon Mas I aly 7 bm l32Bi
w
The
IDIOCIES o
Music
Copy igh : A
an
11 2 0
YTC038 YT To ials Uni ed
S a es
G0MkO5g-
p_Y
How o
make a
Copy igh
claim on
YouTube
2021
37848 836 114
YTC039 TJR N/A IX5 u4 cDjo
You ube
Admi s To
Millions O
False
Copy igh
Claims
988 99 24
YTC040 Bowblax Canada Cu246b4W4
h4
The Mos
Insecu e
Commen a
o on
YouTube
(Jus Des iny
Copys ike
Abuse)
16912 608 229
YTC041
Da id
Pakman
Show
Uni ed
S a es
Z43JM a1x
0
CNN AND
NBC D op
Hamme on
Da id
Pakman
Show
68417 5364 968
YTC042 Edy Chand a N/A pPOqq-
kckSs
How Do You
Ge
Copy igh
S ikes on
You ube
3682 85 22
YTC043 MinxyOne Uni ed
S a es
BF3hUy4Qx
1w
Copy igh
Abuse on
You ube By
The Ac Man
| Minxy
Reac s
7270 275 52
YTC044 Op imus Uni ed
S a es
QjN TCcQug
8
YouTube Is
SUING A
No o ious
Copy igh
T oll
167043 8610 996
YTC045 Celpon N/A RE9KL5l7X1 Kobo 65359 3849 83
32 In e ne Policy Re iew 13(2) | 2024
LABEL CHANNEL
NAME
CHANNEL
LOCATION VIDEO ID VIDEO TITLE VIEWS LIKES COMMENTS
Ceha. c
wo ied
abou
ge ing
copy igh
(DMCA)?Call
i Kobo?
YTC046 Re iewTech
USA
Uni ed
S a es
z_JUQd8syN
E
Ang y Joe Is
Ge ing
Sc ewed
O e By
False
Copy igh
Claims
107425 6447 766
YTC047 Papa Gu
A chi e N/A uIdR2qIsjk8
Educa ing
Mysel On
The
Quan um TV
Copy igh
Abuse
Con o e sy
9423 363 44
YTC048 The Ac Man Uni ed
S a es
XOQh 6YqI
I
The
YouTube
D ama
Ne e
Ends...
663816 51486 3204
YTC049 a k Uni ed
S a es
_ImE2O RR
w
Ch is D'Elia
Filed False
Copy igh
Claim In
A emp To
Takedown
Documen a
y
35111 753 230
YTC050 YongYea Uni ed
S a es
dG7duZ56d
B0
Jukin Media
Ex o s
YouTube
MxR By
Abusing
YouTube's
Aw ul
Copy igh
Sys em
475453 37518 4629
YTC051 No akas Uni ed
S a es
CW O6 D El
c
False
Copy igh
Claim -
Onision -
ONISION
TRIES TO
RELATE TO
GAMERS |
No akas
1048 73 25
YTC052 Uppe
Echelon
Uni ed
S a es
GueX u54CY
g
This Needs
o END -
False
Copy igh
S ike SAGA
100643 10155 688
33 Hallinan, Reynolds, Ro hens ein
LABEL CHANNEL
NAME
CHANNEL
LOCATION VIDEO ID VIDEO TITLE VIEWS LIKES COMMENTS
YTC053 Amanda he
Jedi Canada j27bj2Z9q_I
Ch is
Hansen is
False
Copy igh
S iking
Channels
ALL o e
YouTube
36661 2017 144
YTC054 Eckha sLad
de Canada 5R6j6jIU3 Y
The
Scumbags
Abusing
YouTube's
TERRIBLE
Copy igh
Sys em
131079 11324 1231
YTC055 Da kFla e Uni ed
S a es
3XCQ XJeK_
w
Nin endo:
The Bigges
Copy igh
T olls
2126 126 36
YTC056
Video
Ma ke ing
Unico n -
Ka in
Angelly
Uni ed
S a es
bGzLyVw99
MI
Should You
Remo e
Copy igh
Claims On
YouTube?
47197 2063 947
YTC057 Quissa h Uni ed
Kingdom
GXcScBqIyz
w
Quissa h
Reac s o
Copy igh
Abuse on
YouTube -
Fea u ing
Quan um TV
1069 54 16
YTC058 TwoSe Violi
n Aus alia uoT3jCOZwl
I
Upda e on
he
Copy igh
Issue
504087 34482 2201
YTC059 Mois Me a Uni ed
S a es
NR0qWUwZ
D4
Mois c 1 ika
l Reac s To
Copy igh
Abuse on
You ube By
The Ac Man
234 4 0
YTC060
In e ne
Commen
E ique e
wi h E ik
Uni ed
S a es
dwp881 K6I
A
In e ne
Commen
E ique e:
"Bogus
Copy igh
Claims"
600968 37315 1378
YTC061 Da e
Simpson N/A Dem-
C45YY
Ye Mo e
Copy igh
S ikes
(RANT
ALERT)
7561 626 313
YTC062 SmokingEss
y7887
Uni ed
S a es
XTxLwOFKK
kw
Wha is a
copy igh ©️
oll
17 1 0
34 In e ne Policy Re iew 13(2) | 2024
LABEL CHANNEL
NAME
CHANNEL
LOCATION VIDEO ID VIDEO TITLE VIEWS LIKES COMMENTS
YTC063 PewDiePie Japan yMuEeUyM
Uo
STOP
DOING
THIS! -
Copy igh
S iking
C i icism e c
9179842 558591 40528
YTC064 jus mehabib
i N/A 7_CQonpTS
Ro
YouTube
Copy igh is
B oken...
129084 7365 663
YTC065 Islam
C i iqued N/A lZ9K0xgcB-
8
An Open
Le e o
YouTube:
Yasi Qadhi
and
Copy igh
Abuse
18008 1885 191
YTC066 GalaxyIsOk Bela us sn0dDnWSh
Vc
Jellobug
Abuses The
Copy igh
Sys em:
Ran P 2
75727 4042 1531
YTC067 And ei
Te bea Romania 7iRILbewgo
s
The
Lamen able
Tale o
POKIMANE
6096963 352698 32898
YTC068 Canadian
Game Canada OAb7KCH d
a8
I 's all an
ac ! (Lady
Decade
an )
3893 233 253
YTC069 an ano N/A wLRJhjQ4Dy
8
YouTube
Upda es
Copy igh
Claiming
Policy
123308 4839 395
YTC070 T easu eCh i
s N/A u4Qa8jG NF
s
Pas o s
Abuse
YouTube
Copy igh |
Joel Os een,
S e en
Fu ick,
Benny Hinn,
Mike Winge
56162 3985 199
YTC071 PewDiePie Japan Ku1ykhGP7
64
You ube
copy igh
se iously
pisses me
o .. PEW
NEWS
3044074 307211 12145
YTC072 Madco eMo
Fo Aus alia zzyeg6wKV
s
Fa an
Balanced
T ies To
Dele e
Di ini y
Said -
1437 183 25
35 Hallinan, Reynolds, Ro hens ein
LABEL CHANNEL
NAME
CHANNEL
LOCATION VIDEO ID VIDEO TITLE VIEWS LIKES COMMENTS
YouTube
False
Copy igh
Abuse,
Gues Tell
S o ies
YTC073 Cxl xn Uni ed
S a es
y5_SsmxqRX
I
YOUTUBE
SUES THE
PERSON
THAT FALSE
COPYRIGHT
ED MY
VIDEOS
(Ch is
B ady)
52276 3096 272
YTC074 Py oLIVE N/A eJSw 1DHL
mA
Huge
Nikocado
A ocado
D ama
875352 49895 2315
YTC075 Poin less Uni ed
Kingdom
cG0NwmY4
BL4
IShowSpeed
IS
OFFICIALLY
CANCELLED.
.. (exposed)
16449 864 197
YTC076 H3 Podcas Uni ed
S a es
lYeKe WNU
0g
YouTube
Ends
Copy igh
Abuse - H3
Podcas
#135
1127427 27323 5414
YTC077 In e noPlus Uni ed
S a es
P pOh0Qo8I
w
Copy igh
Abuse Is
Killing
You ube
1636716 122324 16838
YTC078 Ka os Uni ed
Kingdom
V2hdgb9Tq3
E
IShowSpeed
Has Been
Doing This
Behind
E e yone's
Back...
(CAUGHT
RED
HANDED)
124736 7394 918
YTC079 Che Bojack Uni ed
S a es
Z9Kou_HplD
s
An
In e en ion
wi h Jalyn
Abou False
Copy igh
S ikes and
Men al
Heal h
461 35 30
YTC080 Tips e Uni ed
S a es
mJqegC7i C
U
YouTube
Lady
Decade
EXTORTED
by Copy igh
5346 271 449
36 In e ne Policy Re iew 13(2) | 2024
LABEL CHANNEL
NAME
CHANNEL
LOCATION VIDEO ID VIDEO TITLE VIEWS LIKES COMMENTS
T oll!?!?
YTC081 Boid N/A _aA52 193
mo
My False
Copy igh
S ike 's
Email
Reponse
[Reupload]
83513 5252 481
YTC082 Game Thum
bTV
Uni ed
S a es
KcweFAuuk
1k
I 's Time o
Figh Back
Agains
Copy igh
Claim Abuse
16471 1541 319
YTC083 TheP o essi
onal N/A AsxiDwueq-
k
UMG
Claimed My
11 Hou
Walk h oug
h Fo 11
Seconds!!,
Copy igh
Abuse
P oo !
57819 3725 1007
YTC084 Daniel Ba al Uni ed
S a es
F ZQNS_J-
Q
Wha
Happens i
You S eal
YouTube
Videos? |
YouTube
Copy igh
Rules
40250 1443 823
YTC085 GiBi N/A 9N 65 uslb
0
Copy igh
T olls | How
YouTube
Fails I s
Use s
4343 291 67
YTC086 JackSucksA
S u
Uni ed
Kingdom
UiW7IPsSk1
s
This
You ube
channel is
s ealing ALL
my ideos!!
1156639 45448 1697
YTC087 Ma Lowne Uni ed
Kingdom jn BIl-Whbk
Channel
Upda e a e
he
Copy igh
Claims
78315 7532 967
YTC088 Paul Ba on Thailand 2Ap9mkgV5
2Q
YouTube
Copy igh
Abuse and
Scamme s
21261 2037 249
YTC089 F eedom! Uni ed
S a es 9JhUIaIl B8
Wha is
Con en ID
and How
can You Use
i |
F eedom!
Quick Tips
6665 109 69
37 Hallinan, Reynolds, Ro hens ein
LABEL CHANNEL
NAME
CHANNEL
LOCATION VIDEO ID VIDEO TITLE VIEWS LIKES COMMENTS
(2020)
YTC090 Papi onP i
me I eland C1N5dL9d7
0o
iShowSpeed
Caugh
S ealing
F om Fans |
Copy igh
Abuse
D ama |
Thumb
Media &
Ca igan
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CLAIM
REVIEW
143199 11261 2080
YTC095 Tech
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YouTube
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Channel 254558 14518 753
38 In e ne Policy Re iew 13(2) | 2024
LABEL CHANNEL
NAME
CHANNEL
LOCATION VIDEO ID VIDEO TITLE VIEWS LIKES COMMENTS
Upda e
(R.I.P. Doo
S uck!?)
YTC100 Pe ec o De
Cas o
Uni ed
S a es
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214
Copy igh
Claim
UPDATE +
Rico's
Commen
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YTC101 Men al
Ou law
Uni ed
S a es asgdeB RgI
The Bigges
YouTube
Con en ID
Scam in
His o y.
94933 6064 536
YTC102 dial2 as Uni ed
S a es
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0
Using
You ube
Copy igh
Ma ch Tool -
S olen
Videos
3846 216 55
YTC103 Beyond he
Game Canada gjH7QEOCu
kM
How does
FAIR USE
apply o
spo s on
YouTube
16401 951 80
YTC104 Rick Bea o Uni ed
S a es
F7AyZq5dVF
I
How I Fixed
My
COPYRIGHT
STRIKE
Takedowns
575740 30315 4215
YTC105 Daniel
G eene
Uni ed
S a es
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I Go A
Copy igh
S ike and
Now Ha e
To S op...
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YTC106 Ki a Uni ed
Kingdom
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Ea h 2
You ube
Filing False
Copy igh
Takedowns
on my
Channel
81414 5874 1082
YTC107
Business
English
Success
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YouTube
Copy igh
Claim Abuse
Solu ion -
Business
English
Success
19 2 0
YTC108 SmellyOc o
pus Canada w4WC9CbFE
y8
You ube
Copy igh
Claimed My
Voice ~
Wha 's
Going On?
734575 27878 5593
39 Hallinan, Reynolds, Ro hens ein
LABEL CHANNEL
NAME
CHANNEL
LOCATION VIDEO ID VIDEO TITLE VIEWS LIKES COMMENTS
YTC109
The
Ul ima e
Classical
Music Guide
by Da e
Hu wi z
Uni ed
S a es
FUSE1xqbF
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Music Cha :
A Ran
Abou
YouTube
Copy igh
Claims
4430 340 143
YTC110 Ian Co zine Uni ed
S a es
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YouTube
COPYRIGHT
Rules 2021 |
LAWYER's
EASY
Tu o ial!!!
46334 1478 328
YTC111 YongYea Uni ed
S a es
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Nin endo
A emp s
DMCA/
Copy igh
Abuse On
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Know
Gaming's
He oes O
Hy ule
Video,
Back i es
269915 15481 2357
YTC112 Eckha sLad
de Canada -D2KPK89X
oI
My channel
is being
ATTACKED
by Copy igh
T olls... and
i has me
wo ied
95861 11564 2086
YTC113 pwnyy Uni ed
S a es
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You ube
Copy igh
Sys em
Abuse
672 34 4
YTC114 TheTekki Re
alm
Uni ed
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kg
Man S ikes
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1,000,000
Videos by
Abusing The
YouTube
Copy igh
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171495 7405 766
YTC115 C ashe Talks
&Mo e Canada 4CuO28XhN
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RE: This
channel is
being
dele ed...
He e's why |
YOUTUBE,
FIX YOUR
COPYRIGHT
SYSTEM!!
630 57 21
YTC116 idIQ Uni ed
S a es
iUlUFO9kgh
Q
COPYRIGHT
STRIKE:
Wha I Is &
How To Fix
I
18268 1464 117
40 In e ne Policy Re iew 13(2) | 2024
