POWER ENGINEERING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING VOLUME: 22 |NUMBER: 1 |2024 |MARCH
Analysis O Ha monic Mi iga ion Techniques Fo
Cascaded Asymme ic In e e s
Lakshmi PRASANNA1, Jyo hsna.T.R.2
1Elec ical Enginee ing, Resea ch Schola , Andh a Uni e si y, Maddilapalem, Visakhapa nam, India
2Elec ical Enginee ing, P o esso , Andh a Uni e si y, Maddilapalem, Visakhapa nam, India
lakshmip asanna. s@andh auni e si y.edu.in, Thummalajy[email p o ec ed]
DOI: 10.15598/aeee. 22i1.5641
A icle his o y: Recei ed Dec 30, 2023; Re ised Ma 7, 2024; Accep ed Ma 22, 2024; Published Ma 31, 2024.
This is an open access a icle unde he BY-CC license.
Abs ac . Mul ile el in e e s (MLIs) a e a ac ing
he a en ion o academics as well as indus y as a ea-
sible echnology o an ex ensi e a ie y o pu poses,
like enewable ene gy sou ces, and Elec ic ehicles.
MLIs a e commonly employed as a pa o he sophis i-
ca ed con e e con igu a ions in bo h high and medium
ol age applica ions. The c ea ion o minimised swi ch
MLI s uc u es emains a key objec i e o he p esen
esea ch wi h he goal o achie e supe io esul s de-
spi e o in ol ed a g ea e numbe o swi ches. Ba-
sically, a ious layou s o asymme ical con igu a ion
using enhanced cascaded b idge opologies a e iden i ied
in a b ie o e iew and e alua ed agains impo an pa-
ame e s. I is a me hod o designing mul iple ol age
le els using iden ical swi ch coun and ewe de ices.
This wo k desc ibes nume ous a ie ies o ha monic
mi iga ion echniques, and i also ou lines he mos e -
ec i e swi ching angle op imiza ions o p oduce a ious
le els. Fu he mo e, he e ec i eness o con igu a ion
is e alua ed based on minimising THD due o dec eas-
ing lowe o de ha monics. THD is e alua ed agains
a ious mi iga ion echniques employing ce ain p o-
po ions o sou ce ol ages coming om sola ene gy
/ba e ies. THD is calcula ed heo e ically and con-
as ed o simula ion ou comes o he sugges ed con-
igu a ions. The simula ed wa e o ms o a ious con-
igu a ions a e examined using Ha dwa e in loop (HIL)
applica ion.
Keywo ds
Asymme ic In e e , Ha monic mi iga ion
echniques, Low equency scheme, To al Ha -
monic Dis o ion,OPAL-RT(OP4510).
1. In oduc ion
The inco po a ion o enewable ene gy sou ces in o
he cu en ly ope a ing powe ne wo k signi ican ly im-
p o ed sys em eliabili y. The mos impo an en i-
onmen ally iendly powe sou ces a e sola and wind
ene gies. Sola ene gy in e connec ion necessi a es he
inclusion o con e e s, a ype o simply dc o ac con-
e e s. The p ima y ea u es o implemen ing MLIs in
applica ions such as elec ic ehicles and enewable en-
e gy sou ces a e enhanced powe densi y, g ea e e ec-
i eness, less ha monic dis o ion, mo e e ec i e ol -
age con ol, lexibili y, adap abili y, and compa ibili y
wi h enewable ene gy sou ces. MLIs a e a desi able
op ion o a a ie y o applica ions in he enewable
ene gy and elec ic ehicle sec o s due o hese ad-
an ages MLIs a e equen ly u ilised o such appli-
ca ions [1,2].
Classic MLI con igu a ions such as neu al poin
clamped MLI (NPCMLI), cascaded H-b idge MLI
(CHBMLI), and lying capaci o MLI (FCMLI) ha e
become commonplace in p ac ical applica ions. The
CHB in e e opology necessi a e minimal componen
coun han o he con en ional in e e opologies o
c ea ing an iden ical le el o ou pu . CHB in e -
e s a e ansi ioning om a adi ional pe spec i e o
eal-wo ld applica ions due o capabili ies ha includes
high deg ee o modula i y, he abili y o sa ely link o
medium ol age wi h supe io powe quali y [3,4].
As a esul , MLIs using ewe componen s a e em-
ployed in ecen s udies o c ea e he iden ical num-
be o le els iden ical o he adi ional con igu a ion.
Despi e his, he app oach o minimizing componen
coun s displays ce ain di icul ies o academics. How-
e e , esea che s encoun e ed a ew obs acles while
c
2024 ADVANCES IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 36
POWER ENGINEERING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING VOLUME: 22 |NUMBER: 1 |2024 |MARCH
a emp ing o minimize componen coun s, such as
enhanced a ed ol age o swi ching de ices, losses
in ex ensibili y, minimiza ion o concu en modes
coun , occasionally demand o bidi ec ional swi ches,
ad anced con ol me hodologies, a massi e numbe o
sou ces o accomplish he an icipa ed le el coun om
he exis ing opologies [5–9]. Ne e heless, by in eg a -
ing sus ainable ene gy sou ces o ac as independen
inpu o he cascade in e e s, his d awback can be
ec i ied. In compa ison o o he con en ional in e e
s uc u es, he CHBMLI needs less swi ch coun and
all o he ac o s aking in o coun o c ea e iden ical
ol age le els in he ou pu [10].
By u ilising imp o ed cascaded b idge opologies in
asymme ical con igu a ions, i is possible o achie e
mul iple ol age le els wi h a minimum numbe o
swi ches by conside ing bene i s o asymme ic ol -
age di ision. These con igu a ions a e desi able o a
wide ange o applica ions since hey o e posi i e as-
pec s like less swi ch coun , op imized numbe o le els,
g ea e e iciency, and imp o ed aul ole ance. Due o
ea u es such as a good ex en o modula i y, he abil-
i y o secu ely connec o medium ol age, and good
powe quali y CHB in e e s ansi ioned om a a-
di ional iew o eal wo ld applica ions. Subjec o
he le el o ou pu ol age CHBMLI is gene ally called
symme ic o asymme ic. Those a e (i) equal ol -
age cascaded MLI(ECHBMLI), whe e all inpu ol -
ages a e in equal magni ude, (ii)na u al sequence cas-
caded MLI(NSCHBMLI), whe e all inpu ol age ol-
lows a i hme ic p og ession each is di e ed by one,
(iii) bina y cascaded MLI(BCHBMLI), whe e succes-
si e inpu ol ages a e doubled,(i ) ina y cascaded
MLI(TCHBMLI), in which successi e inpu ol ages
a e ipled,( )quasi-linea cascade MLI(QLCHBMLI),
whe e all inpu ol ages a e kep cons an so ha he
an icipa ed esul ing ol age is eached.
Modula ion echniques a e he undamen al aspec s
o any MLI s uc u e. In ac , sugges ing no el modu-
la ion schemes ha can be implemen ed o any ype o
s uc u e in o de o mee speci ied equi emen s can
be iewed as a dis inc a ea o esea ch [9,13]. Modula-
ion is he p ocess o con ol he ol age wa e o m us-
ing swi ches o mee speci ied equi emen s. MLI mod-
ula ion schemes a e commonly ca ego ized as high e-
quency (HF) o low equency (LF). In [27], i een le el
con igu a ion is desc ibed u ilizing high equency con-
ol scheme. Hyb id modula ion scheme is employed
o i een le el opology desc ibed in [26]. The low
equency con ol scheme possesses nume ous signi i-
can ea u es, which includes (a) highly e icien wi h
low equency o undamen al equency p opo ion;
(b) excellen ol age boos ing and a wide con e e ca-
paci y; (c) ewe il e demands; (d) comple e omission
o lowe ha monics; (e) low swi ching losses wi h e-
s ic ed ha monic egula ion; and ( ) addi ionally pe -
o mance index is op imised o a ious supe io as-
pec s. Va ious modula ion schemes o 15-le el opol-
ogy a e p esen ed [23,24]. The wo h o u ilizing a LF
scheme han HF scheme a e educed swi ching losses,
minimum s ess on swi ches, imp o ed de ice u iliza-
ion ac o , and enhanced con e e e iciency. Selec-
i e ha monic elimina ion (SHE), nea es le el con ol
(NLC), and space ec o con ol (SVC) a e some o he
popula LF schemes [11,12]. U ilizing NLC i een le el
is de eloped in [25]. Employing NLC dis inc hi een
le el opologies designed [28–30]. I g ea e he numbe
o le els, SVC is a easonable echnique only issue is i
does no elimina e speci ic ha monic. The abo e p ob-
lem is mi iga ed using he SHE me hod by adjus ing
he swi ch angles men ioned in [10,14]. Re iew o SHE
echnique algo i hms desc ibed [18–20]. Minimiza ion
o ha monics u ilizing Pa icle Swa m Op imiza ion
(PSO) app oach o symme ical MLI con igu a ion is
p esen ed [15,17]. Fu he mo e, PSO app oach [21] is
lacking o es ima e swi ching angles o speci ied mod-
ula ion indices (ma) based on compu a ional esul s
om Gene ic Algo i hm (GA) app oach [22]. As he
le el o ou pu ex en s, ob ain solu ions using SHE
become mo e challenging o implemen . As a conse-
quence, ano he s aigh o wa d app oach o SHE ad-
d esses abo e issue ha e been execu ed in [16], ha is
ha monic mi iga ion which in ol es ema kable mini-
miza ion o lowe o de ha monics a he han en i ely
e adica ing hem.
An asymme ical cascaded b idge MLI opology is
p oposed in his wo k, as well as mi iga ion echniques.
The ollowing posi i e aspec s a e o e ed by he ec-
ommended wo k:
•The applica ion o mi iga ion echniques has been
e icien ly ca ied ou , i is easily esol ed o con-
igu e up ma hema ical analysis and leads o lowe
ol age s ess.
•I ope a es e icien ly wi h a wide ange o loads.
•The a icle ou lines an open-loop s uc u e and
new cascade asymme ic in e e s ha a e es ed
using he OPAL-RT simula o .
This wo k has he ollowing s uc u e Sec ion 2.
con on s p oposed opologies wi h all swi ching s a es
o hi een and i een espec i ely. Sec ion 3. o-
cuses on mi iga ion echniques, Vol age s ess analysis
and Loss analysis. Sec ion 4. explo es simula ion
esul s, The mal modelling and HIL Implemen a ion,
Sec ion 5. compa es p oposed asymme ical con igu-
a ions wi h o he opologies and Sec ion 6. e e s o
conclusion o wo k.
c
2024 ADVANCES IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 37
POWER ENGINEERING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING VOLUME: 22 |NUMBER: 1 |2024 |MARCH
Load
S4 S2
S1 S3
S5 S7
S8 S6
S12 S10
S9 S11
V1 V2 V3
- V0 +
Fig. 1: P oposed Topology
2. P oposed Topology
Figu e 1 shows he planned H-b idge con igu a ion be-
o e lea ning mo e abou con igu a ions. I has h ee
ol age sou ces and wel e swi ches ha a e IGBTs in
an ipa allel wi h diodes. The ollowing subsec ions de-
ail he swi ching s a es and modes o ope a ion o he
ol age sou ces ha a e classed as 13-le el, and 15-le el
con igu a ions based on a ings.
2.1. Thi een-Le el Con igu a ion
Figu e 2 shows he swi ching s a es o his me hod,
which is a pa o he NSCHBMLI. In Figu e 2, ed
deno es he conduc ing pa h o he ma ching swi ches,
while g een deno es he non-conduc ing pa h. Twel e
swi ches a e in iew wi h h ee p e e ed ol age
sou ces a e a anged as a na u al sequence magni udes
while c ea ing le els. Since ol age sou ces a e a ed
he same, all swi ches a e also a ed he same. a-
ble 1 ep esen s he swi ching capabili ies o swi ches
o c ea ing he equi ed le el o ol age. Table 1 dis-
plays 0 o no conduc i i y and 1 o conduc i i y o
he swi ches. The emaining swi ches, such as S4,S3,
S8,S7,S12, and S11 illus a ed in igu e 2, a e comple-
men a y ope a ions o he swi ches as indica ed abo e
and a e shown in able1 as S1,S2,S5,S6,S9, and S10.
The ope a ing mode o his con igu a ion is based on
NSCHBMLI he e o e, he peak ou pu is exp essed as
equa ion (1). The ollowing de ails he con igu a ion’s
ope a ing mode:
Vopeak =
∞
X
n=1 n(n+ 1)
2Vdc.(1)
0Vdc: To achie e ze o ou pu ol age le el in his
mode o ope a ion, ei he S1,S3,S6,S8,S9, and S11
conduc o S2,S4,S5,S7,S10, and S12 conduc , as
shown in Figu e 2(d)&2( ) and Table 1(7) mode, e-
spec i ely.
±1Vdc:S1,S2,S6,S8,S9, and S11 conduc in ac-
co dance wi h he indica ions in Figu e 2(c) and Table
1(6) mode o ob ain +1Vdc as he ou pu ol age le el.
To ob ain −1Vdc as he ou pu ol age le el, S3,S4,
Tab. 1: Ope a ing modes o 13-le el con igu a ion
Swi ching Ac ion Mode Vou pu
S1S2S5S6S9S10
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 +6Vdc
1 0 1 1 1 1 2 +5Vdc
0 0 1 1 1 1 3 +4Vdc
1 0 0 1 1 1 4 +3Vdc
1 0 1 1 1 0 5 +2Vdc
1 1 0 1 1 0 6 +1Vdc
1 0 0 1 1 0 7 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 8 −1Vdc
0 1 0 0 0 1 9 −2Vdc
0 1 1 0 0 0 10 −3Vdc
1 1 0 0 0 0 11 −4Vdc
0 1 0 0 0 0 12 −5Vdc
0 0 0 0 0 0 13 −6Vdc
S5,S7,S10, and S12 conduc as shown in Figu e 2( )
and Table 1(8) mode espec i ely.
±2Vdc:S1,S3,S5,S6,S9, and S11 conduc as shown
in Figu e 2(b) and Table 1(5) mode o each +2Vdc as
he ou pu ol age le el. To ob ain −2Vdc as he ou pu
ol age le el, S2,S4,S7,S8,S10, and S12 conduc as
shown in Figu e 2( ) and Table 1(9) mode espec i ely.
±3Vdc:S1,S3,S6,S7,S9, and S10 conduc as shown
in Figu e 2(c) and Table 1(4) mode, in o de o p o-
duce +3Vdc as he ou pu ol age le el. S2,S4,S5,S7,
S11, and S12 conduc in he o de depic ed in Figu e
2(j) and Table 1(10) mode espec i ely, o p oduce an
ou pu ol age le el o −3Vdc.
±4Vdc: As illus a ed in Figu e 2(b) and Table 1(3)
mode, he swi ching pa e n o p oducing +4Vdc as
he ou pu ol age le el. The conduc i i y pa e n o
he swi ches is depic ed in Figu e 2(k) and Table 1(11)
mode espec i ely o ob ain −4Vdc as he ou pu ol -
age le el.
±5Vdc: Figu e 2(a) and Table 1(2) mode, which
demons a e he swi ching pa e ns used o p o ide
+5Vdc as he ou pu ol age le el, espec i ely. As
illus a ed in Figu e 2(l) and Table 1(12) mode, he
swi ching pa e n used o gene a e −5Vdc as he ou -
pu ol age le el.
±6Vdc:S1,S2,S5,S6,S9, and S10 conduc in he
manne depic ed in Figu e 2(a) and Table 1(1) mode
espec i ely, o p oduce an ou pu ol age le el o
+6Vdc.S3,S4,S7,S8,S11, and S12 conduc as il-
lus a ed in Figu e 2(h) and Table 1(13) espec i ely,
o p oduce an ou pu ol age le el o −6Vdc.
2.2. Fi een-Le el Con igu a ion
This design is a a ia ion on he BCHBMLI, and Fig-
u es 2&3 illus a es hei ways o swi ching ope a ion.
The con igu a ion used in his ins ance is a bina y one
wi h all ol age sou ce a ings. Simila o he example
c
2024 ADVANCES IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 38
POWER ENGINEERING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING VOLUME: 22 |NUMBER: 1 |2024 |MARCH
Load
S4 S2
S1 S3
S5 S7
S8 S6
S12 S10
S9 S11
V1 V2 V3
- V0 +
(a)
Load
S4 S2
S1 S3
S5 S7
S8 S6
S12 S10
S9 S11
V1 V2 V3
- V0 +
(b)
Load
S4 S2
S1 S3
S5 S7
S8 S6
S12 S10
S9 S11
V1 V2 V3
- V0 +
(c)
Load
S4 S2
S1 S3
S5 S7
S8 S6
S12 S10
S9 S11
V1 V2 V3
- V0 +
(d)
Load
S4 S2
S1 S3
S5 S7
S8 S6
S12 S10
S9 S11
V1 V2 V3
- V0 +
(e)
Load
S4 S2
S1 S3
S5 S7
S8 S6
S12 S10
S9 S11
V1 V2 V3
- V0 +
( )
Load
S4 S2
S1 S3
S5 S7
S8 S6
S12 S10
S9 S11
V1 V2 V3
- V0 +
(g)
Load
S4 S2
S1 S3
S5 S7
S8 S6
S12 S10
S9 S11
V1 V2 V3
- V0 +
(h)
Load
S4 S2
S1 S3
S5 S7
S8 S6
S12 S10
S9 S11
V1 V2 V3
- V0 +
(i)
Load
S4 S2
S1 S3
S5 S7
S8 S6
S12 S10
S9 S11
V1 V2 V3
- V0 +
(j)
Load
S4 S2
S1 S3
S5 S7
S8 S6
S12 S10
S9 S11
V1 V2 V3
- V0 +
(k)
Load
S4 S2
S1 S3
S5 S7
S8 S6
S12 S10
S9 S11
V1 V2 V3
- V0 +
(l)
Load
S4 S2
S1 S3
S5 S7
S8 S6
S12 S10
S9 S11
V1 V2 V3
- V0 +
(m)
Load
S4 S2
S1 S3
S5 S7
S8 S6
S12 S10
S9 S11
V1 V2 V3
- V0 +
(n)
Fig. 2: Ope a ing modes o 13-le el con igu a ion wi h (a) V0= +6Vdc, (b) V0= +5Vdc, (c) V0= +4Vdc, (d) V0= +3Vdc, (e)
V0= +2Vdc, ( ) V0= +1Vdc, (g) V0= 0, (h) V0= 0, (i) V0=−1Vdc, (j) V0=−2Vdc, (k) V0=−3Vdc, (l) V0=−4Vdc,
(m) V0=−5Vdc, (n) V0=−6Vdc.
c
2024 ADVANCES IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 39
POWER ENGINEERING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING VOLUME: 22 |NUMBER: 1 |2024 |MARCH
Load
S4 S2
S1 S3
S5 S7
S8 S6
S12 S10
S9 S11
V1 V2 V3
- V0 +
(a)
Load
S4 S2
S1 S3
S5 S7
S8 S6
S12 S10
S9 S11
V1 V2 V3
- V0 +
(b)
Fig. 3: Two ope a ing modes o 15-le el con igu a ion wi h (a) V0= +3Vdc, (b) V0=−3Vdc.
(m-1)/2
-(m-1)/2
Le els
ω
α1α2π/2 α(m-2)
α(m-1)
αm α(m+1)
α(3m-1)/2
3π /2
α3(m-1)/2
α(2m-3)
α2(m-1)
α(m-1)/2
π
2π
α(m+1)/2
0
Fig. 4: Mul i- le el in e e ou pu ol age wa e o m
gi en abo e, he a ings o he i s H-b idge swi ch
a e di e en om hose o he nex wo. The swi ch-
ing beha iou o a ious ope a ing modes is shown in
Table 2. The peak ou pu ol age o his con igu a ion
is indica ed as equa ion (2). I adhe es o he same se
o ci cums ances as desc ibed in Table 1. He e is an
explana ion o how he modes o ope a ion ansi ion.
Vopeak =
∞
X
n=1
(−(1 −2n))Vdc.(2)
Tab. 2: Swi ching modes o 15-le el con igu a ion
Swi ching Ac ion Mode Vou pu
S1S2S5S6S9S10
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 +7Vdc
1 0 1 1 1 1 2 +6Vdc
1 1 0 1 1 1 3 +5Vdc
1 0 0 1 1 1 4 +4Vdc
1 1 1 1 1 0 5 +3Vdc
1 0 1 1 1 0 6 +2Vdc
1 1 0 1 1 0 7 +1Vdc
1 0 0 1 1 0 8 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 9 −1Vdc
0 1 0 0 0 1 10 −2Vdc
0 0 0 0 0 1 11 −3Vdc
0 1 1 0 0 0 12 −4Vdc
0 0 1 0 0 0 13 −5Vdc
0 1 0 0 0 0 14 −6Vdc
0 0 0 0 0 0 15 −7Vdc
0Vdc: As p e iously men ioned in Table 1(7) mode,
he analogous swi ches a e conduc ed in he same man-
ne o his con igu a ion o achie e ze o ou pu ol age
le el, as demons a ed in Figu e 2(g)&2(h) and Table
2(8) mode espec i ely.
±1Vdc: As p e iously men ioned Table 1(6) mode,
he pa h i akes is depic ed in Figu e 2( ) and Table
2(7) mode espec i ely, o he c ea ion o +1Vdc as he
ou pu ol age le el. Simila o how Table 1(8) was
ep oduced in Figu e 2(i) and Table 2(9), i is possible
o acqui e he ou pu ol age le el o −1Vdc.
±2Vdc:S1,S3,S5,S6,S9, and S11 conduc s a e de-
pic ed in Figu e 2(e) and Table 2(6) mode espec i ely,
o o ma ion o +2Vdc as ou pu ol age le el. S2,S4,
S7,S8,S10, and S12 conduc s a e illus a ed in Figu e
2(j) and Table 2(10) mode espec i ely, o p o iding
−2Vdc as ou pu ol age le el.
±3Vdc: In o de o p o ide he +3Vdc ou pu ol -
age le el depic ed in Figu e 3(a) and Table 2(5) mode,
S1,S2,S5,S6,S9, and S11 conduc , espec i ely. As
demons a ed in Figu e 3(b) and Table 2(11) mode, e-
spec i ely, S3,S4,S7,S8,S10, and S12 conduc in he
same way o gene a e he −3Vdc ou pu ol age le el.
±4Vdc: In he same way as Table 1(1) mode was de-
sc ibed be o e, Table 2(4) mode and Figu e 2(d) bo h
display he +4Vdc ou pu ol age le el. The ou pu
ol age le el o −4Vdc is p oduced in he same manne
as ha desc ibed in Table 1(7) mode and is depic ed
in Figu e 2(k) and Table 2(12) mode, espec i ely.
±5Vdc: I ollows he same conduc ion pa h pa e n as
in Figu e 2(c) and p oduces an ou pu ol age le el o
+5Vdc, which is depic ed in Table 2(3) mode. Simila
o he conduc ion pa e n exhibi ed in Figu e 2(l), i
yields −5Vdc as he ou pu ol age le el depic ed in
Table 2(13) mode.
±6Vdc:S1,S3,S5,S6,S9, and S10 conduc s a e illus-
a ed in Figu e 2(b) and Table 2(2) mode espec i ely,
o o ma ion o +6Vdc as ou pu ol age le el. S2,S4,
S7,S8,S11, and S12 conduc s a e illus a ed in Figu e
2(m) and Table 2(14) mode espec i ely, o p o iding
−6Vdc as ou pu ol age le el.
±7Vdc: The same pa e n o he swi ches’ conduc ion
pa h, obse ed in Figu e 2(a), is ollowed and esul s in
he ou pu ol age le el o +7Vdc, which is ep esen ed
c
2024 ADVANCES IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 40

POWER ENGINEERING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING VOLUME: 22 |NUMBER: 1 |2024 |MARCH
in Table 2(1) mode. Following he same conduc ion
pa h as he swi ches in Figu e 2(n), i p oduces he
ou pu ol age le el o −7Vdc, which is illus a ed in
Table 2(15) mode.
3. Mi iga ion Techniques,
Vol age S ess Analysis and
Loss Analysis
3.1. Mi iga ion Techniques
The swi ching angles conside ed o a qua e wa e
symme y is shown in Figu e 4. The e a e 2(m-1)
swi ching angles a e exp essed in he wa e o m o an
m-le el (m is an odd numbe ) ou pu ol age wa e o m.
As seen om Figu e 4, swi ching angles a e di ided
in o ou quad an s. The i s quad an ( ange om
0 o π/2) swi ching angles a e called as main swi ch-
ing angles. By using main swi ching angles emaining
quad an angles a e calcula ed easily.
In Fi s quad an in e al (0-π/2), main swi ching
angles a e deno ed as
α1, α2, ......, α(m−1)/2.(3)
In second Quad an in e al (π/2−π), he swi ching
angles a e ep esen ed as
α(m+1)/2=π−α(m−1)/2, ...., α(m−1) =π−α1.(4)
In hi d quad an in e al(π−3π/2), he swi ching
angles a e indica ed as
αm=π+α1, ...., α3(m−1)/2=π+α(m−1)/2.(5)
In ou h quad an in e al(3π/2−2π), he swi ching
angles a e indica ed as
α(3m−1)/2= 2π−α(m−1)/2, ...., α2(m−1) = 2π−α1.
(6)
Equal phase me hod: The o mula (7) is capable
o being u ilized o c ea e an assessmen o swi ching
angles in his me hod. The swi ching angles a e equally
dis ibu ed, wi h an a e age spec um o 0-π/2. The
numbe m deno es he gene a ed numbe o le els.
αi=i∗180
m,(7)
whe e i= 1,2,...,(m−1)/2
Hal equal phase me hod: Since he ou pu is oo
na ow as well as he esul ing wa e o m appea s as a
iangle in EPM, he HEPM app oach has been c ea ed
o ob ain a la ge and mo e e ec i e ou pu om he
MLIs. The swi ching angles in he 0-π/2spec um a e
calcula ed using he o mula as ollows:
αi=i∗180
(m+ 1).(8)
Hal Heigh me hod: E en hough he i s wo
me hods can smoo hly a ange he main swi ching an-
gles, he ou pu wa e o m does no look like a sinu-
soidal. By using his me hod, he swi ching angles
in i s quad an a e es ima ed depending on he sine
unc ion. The heo y is ha when sine unc ion alue
aises o hal he al i ude o he le el, he swi ching an-
gle is posi ioned, leading o an imp o ed ou pu wa e
o m. The ollowing o mula speci ies he main swi ch-
ing angles.
αi= sin−12i−1
m−1.(9)
Tab. 3: Swi ching angles o hi een le el opology
Me hod Main swi ching angle
α1α2α3α4α5α6
EPM 13.84 27.69 41.54 55.38 69.23 83.07
HEPM 12.85 25.71 38.57 51.42 64.28 77.14
HHM 4.78 14.47 24.62 35.68 48.59 66.44
FFM 2.39 7.23 12.31 17.84 24.29 33.22
Feed Fo wa d me hod: Unlike o he app oaches,
his me hod was designed o minimize he di e ence
be ween he wo hal cycles o he ou pu wa e o m, as
shown by he equa ion (10)
αi=1
2sin−12i−1
m−1(10)
As a esul , he main swi ching angles a e e ec-
i ely ob ained o ’m’ numbe o le els by using ou
Equa ions (7)-(10). The calcula ion o swi ching an-
gle is independen wi h espec o o he me hods as
seen om equa ions (7)-(10). Fo hi een le el, i een
le el opologies, he main swi ching angles a e calcu-
la ed based on he ou me hods and depic ed in Table
3&Table 4 espec i ely.
The o mula o Modula ion Index (MI) in e ms o
undamen al maximum ol age (Vm) is exp essed as
equa ion (11). F om equa ion (12) i seems ha mod-
ula ion index is modi ied due o he a ia ion o main
swi ching angles espec i ely. The e o e, depending
on he in e e con igu a ion op imized alue o MI
changes o a ious main swi ching angles espec i ely.
MI =Vm
V1+V2+..... +Vn
,(11)
Vm=4
πV1cos α1+V2cos α2+.... +Vncos α(m−1)/2
(12)
c
2024 ADVANCES IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 41
POWER ENGINEERING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING VOLUME: 22 |NUMBER: 1 |2024 |MARCH
(a) (b)
Fig. 5: Vol age s ess o swi ches o dis inc con igu a ion wi h (a) 13-Le el, (b) 15-Le el.
Tab. 4: Swi ching angles o i een le el opology
Me hod Main swi ching angle
α1α2α3α4α5α6α7
EPM 12 24 36 48 60 72 84
HEPM 11.25 22.5 33.75 45 56.25 67.5 78.75
HHM 4.10 12.37 20.92 30.00 40.01 51.79 68.21
FFM 2.05 6.18 10.46 15.00 20.00 25.89 34.10
Tab. 5: Calcula ed %THD o 13-le el and 15-le el con igu a-
ions
Mi iga ion Me hod %THD
13-le el 15-le el
EPM 20.26 18.84
HEPM 18.61 17.54
HHM 6.35 5.5
FFM 21.15 20.67
Theo e ical calcula ion o THD: By using he equa-
ion (13) To al Ha monic Dis o ion (THD) is calcu-
la ed. Whe e P is he swi ching angle coun and αis
he main swi ching angle espec i ely. Fo example,
in case o 13-le el in e e P becomes 6 and he i s
e m o nume a o changes as π2∗36/8. The emaining
wo e ms is exp essed as equa ion (14) & (15) espec-
i ely. Using Table 4 he main swi ching angles o
hi een le el con igu a ion o indi idual me hod us-
ing equa ion 14 %THD is calcula ed. In he same ash-
ion o o he sugges ed con igu a ion, THD o mula is
exp essed. Fo all he ou me hods %THD calcula ed
alue is exp essed in able 5
3.2. Vol age S ess Analysis
Maximum ol age s ess o complemen a y swi ches
has iden ical magni udes. The maximum ol age s ess
o de ices is exp essed as (16), (17), and (18).
Vs1=Vs2=Vs3=Vs4=Vdc,(16)
Vs5=Vs6=Vs7=Vs8= 2Vdc,(17)
Vs9=Vs10 =Vs11 =Vs12 = 3Vdc.(18)
whe e VSn ep esen s peak ol age o swi ch when i is
u n-o .
Fo his s uc u e, he o al s anding ol age (TSV)
is deno ed as equa ion (19)
TSV = 4 ∗(Vs1+Vs5+Vs9) = 24Vdc.(19)
The p opo ion o sum o swi ch u n-o ol ages o
peak ol age seems h ough he load is TSV (p.u.). I
is 4p.u. in p esen s a e o he p oposed opology. Fig-
u e5 po ays a ba cha demons a ing ol age s ess
o indi idual swi ching de ice. A his ins ance o 13-
le el con igu a ion TSV (p.u.) is 4. Conside ing iden-
ical app oach o 15-le el con igu a ion ol age s ess
and TSV a e calcula ed. TSV (p.u.) is iden ical o 13-
le el o 15-le el con igu a ion. Fo 13-le el con igu a-
ion blocking ol age o swi ches depic ed as ba cha
shown in Figu e 5(a). F om Figu e 5(a), a +6Vdc le el
S1,S2,S5,S6,S9and S10 swi ches a e conduc ing and
emaining swi ches a e appea ed as a nonconduc i e
elemen . As a esul , he blocking ol age o swi ches
S3and S4is 1Vdc,S7and S8a e 2Vdc, and S11 and S12
is 3Vdc, espec i ely. Figu e 5(a) depic s he blocking
ol age o swi ches o a 13-le el con igu a ion in he
same way ha i does o o he modes o ope a ion.
In simila ashion o 15-le el con igu a ion depic ed in
Figu e 5(b).
3.3. Loss Analysis
Swi ching and conduc ion losses a e di e en ypes o
powe losses expe ienced by swi ching de ices. Con-
duc ion losses a e b ough on by on-s a e esis ance
c
2024 ADVANCES IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 42
POWER ENGINEERING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING VOLUME: 22 |NUMBER: 1 |2024 |MARCH
THD =
u
u
π2p2
8−π
4p−1
P
i=0
(2i−1) αi−p
P
i=1
cos αi2!
p
P
i=1
cos αi,(13)
2nd e m =π
4(α1+ 3α2+ 5α3+ 7α4+ 9α5+ 11α6),(14)
3 d e m = cos α1+ cos α2+ cos α3+ cos α4+ cos α5+ cos α6.(15)
while swi ching losses a e a esul o delays in he
swi ch’s on/o p ocesses. I is possible o exp ess he
swi ching loss du ing he u n-on p ocess as
Pswl u non(i) = ca ie Z on
0
( )i( )d
= ca ie Z on
0Vswo ,i
on
( on − )ion,i
on
d
=1
6 ca ie ∗Vswo ,i ∗ion,i ∗ on,(20)
Pswl u no (i) = ca ie Z o
0
( )i( )d
= ca ie Z o
0Vswo ,i
o
io ,i
o
( o − )d
=1
6 ca ie ∗Vswo ,i ∗io ,i ∗ o .(21)
whe e Pswl u non(i),Pswl uno (i)and Vswo deno es
he i h swi ch’s u n on, u n o loss, and o -s a e
swi ching ol age, espec i ely. Cu en s du ing he
swi ch’s on- and o -s a es, espec i ely, a e called Ion
and Io . To al swi ching losses (Psw) a e calcula ed
by summing u n-on and u n-o losses.
Psw(To al) =
Nsw
X
i=1


XNon(i)
j=1 Pswlon (ij)
+XNo (i)
j=1 Pswlo (ij)

(22)
whe e Nswis he o al numbe o swi ches o he p o-
posed MLI.
Conduc ion losses a e appea ed in a swi ch du ing
he conduc ion pe iod due o on-s a e esis ance and
ol age d op ac oss he swi ch. Gene alized equa ion
o conduc ion losses o diode and swi ch as ollows
PDcon =VDon ∗iDa g +RDon ∗i2
D ms (23)
Pswcon =Vswon ∗iswa g +Rswon ∗i2
sw ms,(24)
whe e PDcon and Pswcon a e diode and swi ch conduc-
ion losses, VDon and Vswon a e on-s a e ol age d op
o diode and swi ch espec i ely. RDon and Rswon a e
on-s a e esis ances o diode and swi ch, iDa g,iswa g,
iD ms and isw ms a e a e age and RMS cu en s o
swi ch espec i ely.
4. Resul s & Discussion
4.1. Simula ion Resul s
All he sugges ed con igu a ions in he simula ion a e
de eloped and simula ed in an open-loop a chi ec u e
employing he simula ion ool MATLAB/Simulink. In
he beginning, he swi ching angles o all echniques is
de e mined ela ed o i s quad an , and hen he as-
socia ed angles o he emaining quad an s es ima ed
u ilising qua e -wa e symme y es ima ions. Subse-
quen ly acqui ing all swi ching angles o each cycle
using he espec i e me hod, he co esponding swi ch-
ing ime o each o he swi ching angles du ing ha
pe iod is calcula ed nume ically. A his ins ance, o
13-le el con igu a ion en i ely 24 swi ching angles mus
be compu ed implying ha 24 swi ching imes accumu-
la e using a o emen ioned me hods o a cycle du a ion
50Hz. The swi ching modes as well as ime ha e been
implemen ed o ope a e in a manne i he e is a ab-
sence o ga e pulse, i ep esen s as null ou pu ha
co esponds o ze o swi ching. Topology and modu-
la ion make su e ze o swi ching a he beginning and
in e media e poin s conce ning posi i e cycle as well as
nega i e cycle.
A s anda d g id il e is in ended o ensu ing he
easibili y o he sugges ed asymme ical con igu a ions
o in eg a ion in o he g id since he esul an ol age
is s epped wa e he eby ende ing i pu e sinusoidal
when he sys em is o open loop. This app oach is ad-
di ionally employed o u he esea ch wi h RL loads
in o de o make su e he eliabili y o he sugges ed
in e e s. In simple e ms, an o dina y low pass pas-
si e T/π il e is buil i e a i ely o equency o 50
Hz conside ing equa ion (25)
=1
π√LC .(25)
I ough o be poin ed ou ha dis inc THD al-
ues ela ed o a ious modula ion index (MI) o all
he me hods add essed he e a e capable o being ac-
complished h ough modi ica ion o dc ol ages solely
since he swi ching angles emain unchanged o e e y
c
2024 ADVANCES IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 43
POWER ENGINEERING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING VOLUME: 22 |NUMBER: 1 |2024 |MARCH
Fig. 6: Swi ching pulses o 13-le el con igu a ion
Fig. 7: Ou pu s o each b idge o HHM (13-le el con igu a ion)
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Fig. 8: Ou pu Vol age and cu en o 13-le el con igu a ion wi h (a) R-load, (b) Va ious load scena ios, (c) Dis inc RL-loads,
(d) Change o sou ce ol ages.
c
2024 ADVANCES IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 44
POWER ENGINEERING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING VOLUME: 22 |NUMBER: 1 |2024 |MARCH
Tab. 6: Compa ison o Dis inc 13-le el Con igu a ions
Pa ame e s [28] [29] [30] P oposed
NLe els 13 13 13 13
NSw 15 16 12 12
TSV 6 5 6 4
H-B idge No No No No
Modula ion NLC NLC NLC HHM
Scheme
Pswloss Low Low Low Low
THD Medium Medium Medium Low
Tab. 7: Compa ison o Va ious 15-le el Con igu a ions
Pa ame e s [25] [26] [27] P oposed
NLe els 15 15 15 15
NSw 16 14 12 12
TSV 6 5.5 5 4
H-B idge No No No No
Modula ion NLC Hyb id LSPWM HHM
Scheme
Pswloss Low Medium High Low
THD Medium Medium High Low
5. Compa ison
In his sec ion, dis inc MLI con igu a ions ela ed o
hi een le el and i een le el a e p esen ed in Table
6 and Table 7 espec i ely. The con igu a ion in [28]
equi es 15 swi ches and ope a ing scheme is NLC. In
[29], he swi ches coun is 16 and in simila o [28] i
also ope a es u ilizing NLC scheme. In [30] swi ches
coun is in same ashion as p oposed and ope a ing
scheme is NLC. In compa ison o o he me hods HHM
p o ides minimum swi ching loss as well as THD.
Coming in o i een le el con igu a ions [26] wo k-
ing on hyb id me hodology (combina ion o HF scheme
and LF scheme) and coun o swi ches is 14. The unc-
ioning o con igu a ion [27] is ela ed o HF scheme
and swi ches coun is 12. Due o HF scheme losses a e
mo e han LF scheme and i is also ela ed o wo king
applica ion. [29] needs 16 swi ches and con ol me hod-
ology is NLC. In con as o o he con igu a ions p o-
posed asymme ic con igu a ion p o ides op imized e-
sul s.
6. Conclusion
The ecommended Cascaded b idge in e e u ilizing
asymme ical ope a ion p esen s ancho ed swi ching
de ices along wi h all h ee dc sou ces o p oduce ou -
pu ol age pa e ns employing hi een and i een
le els. The p esen s udy buil a simple con ol as
well as modula ion app oach employing a ma hema i-
cal swi ching me hod. By using PLECS so wa e o al
losses a e measu ed. In addi ion, he sugges ed con-
igu a ion has educed conduc ion and swi ching losses
o accomplishing unique c i e ia in e ms o cos ac-
o s and e ec i eness. Likewise, he modi ied module
using each kind o une en dc sou ces, he sugges ed
cascaded b idge s uc u e can be implemen ed o dis-
inc le els. Fu he mo e, THD in he p oposed in-
e e ou pu is minimum, as IEEE 519-2014 speci ica-
ions. Fo HHM, op imized swi ching angle compu a-
ion ha e been achie ed by using nume ical and simula-
ion analysis, along wi h in he HIL app oach o all he
con igu a ions. In ela ion o o he me hods, he sim-
ula ion ou comes demons a e he ac ha HHM en-
coun e s lowes THD. Mo eo e , HHM exhibi s highes
RMS wi h p ecise a ia ions in maximum ou pu ol -
age along wi h cu en . Gene ally, pho o ol aic pan-
els h ough app op ia e con ol me hods a e capable
o being inco po a ed wi h he p oposed opology o
showing execu ion o g id ei he in on o o issues ia
an e ec i e layou .
Au ho Con ibu ions
The au ho s equally con ibu ed in he p esen e-
sea ch, a all s ages om he o mula ion o he p ob-
lem o he inal indings and solu ion.
Re e ences
[1] . J. Rod íguez, J. S. Lai, and F. Z. Peng, “Mul-
ile el in e e s: A su ey o opologies, con ols,
and applica ions,” IEEE T ansac ions on Indus-
ial Elec onics, ol. 49, no. 4, pp. 724–738, Aug.
2002, DOI: 10.1109/TIE.2002.801052.
[2] S. Kou o e al., “Recen ad ances and in-
dus ial applica ions o mul ile el con e e s,”
IEEE T ansac ions on Indus ial Elec onics,
ol. 57, no. 8, pp. 2553–2580, Aug. 2010,
DOI: 10.1109/TIE.2010.2049719.
[3] S. De, D. Bane jee, K. Si a Kuma , K. Gopaku-
ma , R. Ramchand, and C. Pa el, “Mul ile el
in e e s o low-powe applica ion,” IET Powe
Elec onics, ol. 4, no. 4, pp. 384–392, Ap . 2011,
DOI: 10.1049/ie -pel.2010.0027.
[4] H. Abu-Rub, J. Hol z, J. Rod iguez, and G.
Baoming, “Medium- ol age mul ile el con-
e e s S a e o he a , challenges, and
equi emen s in Indus ial applica ions,”
IEEE T ansac ions on Indus ial Elec on-
ics, ol. 57, no. 8, pp. 2581–2596, Aug. 2010,
DOI: 10.1109/TIE.2010.2043039.
[5] K. K. Gup a, A. Ranjan, P. Bha naga , L. K.
Sahu, and S. Jain, “Mul ile el in e e opolo-
gies wi h educed de ice coun : A e iew,”
IEEE T ansac ions on Powe Elec onics, ol.
c
2024 ADVANCES IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 51

POWER ENGINEERING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING VOLUME: 22 |NUMBER: 1 |2024 |MARCH
31, no. 1. Ins i u e o Elec ical and Elec on-
ics Enginee s Inc., pp. 135–151, Jan. 01, 2016.
DOI: 10.1109/TPEL.2015.2405012.
[6] P. R. Bana, K. P. Panda, R. T. Naayagi, P. Siano,
and G. Panda, “Recen ly De eloped Reduced
Swi ch Mul ile el In e e o Renewable Ene gy
In eg a ion and D i es Applica ion: Topologies,
Comp ehensi e Analysis and Compa a i e E alu-
a ion,” IEEE Access, ol. 7, pp. 54888–54909,2019,
DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2913447.
[7] M. Vijeh, M. Rezanejad, E. Samadaei, and
K. Be ilsson, “A Gene al Re iew o Mul ile el
In e e s Based on Main Submodules: S uc-
u al Poin o View,” IEEE T ans Powe Elec-
on, ol. 34, no. 10, pp. 9479–9502, Oc . 2019,
DOI: 10.1109/TPEL.2018.2890649.
[8] H. P. Vemugan i, D. S eeni asa ao, S. K. Gan-
jikun a, H. M. Su yawanshi, and H. Abu-Rub,
“A su ey on educed swi ch coun mul ile el in-
e e s,” IEEE Open Jou nal o he Indus ial
Elec onics Socie y, ol. 2, pp. 80–111, 2021,
DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2021.3050214.
[9] V. K. N. V. and G. T, “A comp ehensi e su ey on
educed swi ch coun mul ile el in e e opolo-
gies and modula ion echniques,” Jou nal o Elec-
ical Sys ems and In o ma ion Technology, ol.
10, no. 1, Jan. 2023, DOI: 10.1186/s43067-023-
00071-8.
[10] M. Malinowski, K. Gopakuma , J. Rod iguez, and
M. A. Pe ez, “A su ey on cascaded mul ile el in-
e e s,” IEEE T ansac ions on Indus ial Elec-
onics, ol. 57, no. 7. pp. 2197–2206, Jul. 2010.
DOI: 10.1109/TIE.2009.2030767.
[11] M. S. A. Dahidah, G. Kons an inou, and
V. G. Agelidis, “A Re iew o Mul ile el Se-
lec i e Ha monic Elimina ion PWM: Fo mu-
la ions, SolVdcg Algo i hms, Implemen a ion
and Applica ions,” IEEE T ans Powe Elec-
on, ol. 30, no. 8, pp. 4091–4106, 2015,
DOI: 10.1109/TPEL.2014.2355226.
[12] A. Rakesh Kuma , T. Deepa, S. Padmanaban, and
J. Bo Holm-Nielsen, “Low-Swi ching F equency
Modula ion Schemes o Mul i-le el In e e s.”
[13] A. Poo akh aei, M. Na imani, and A. Emadi,
“A Re iew o Modula ion and Con ol Techniques
o Mul ile el In e e s in T ac ion Applica ions,”
IEEE Access, ol. 9. Ins i u e o Elec ical and
Elec onics Enginee s Inc., pp. 24187–24204, 2021.
DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3056612.
[14] H. Usa, J. Chiasson, L. Ad Tolbe , K. McKenzie,
and Z. Du, “P oceedings o he 42nd IEEE Con e -
ence on Decision and Con ol Elimina ion o Ha -
monics in a Mul ile el Con e e using he Theo y
o Symme ic Polynomials and Resul an s,” 2003.
[15] M. S ndo ic, A. Zhe esso , T. Alizadeh, Y. L. Fa-
milian , G. G andi, and A. Rude man, “Simul a-
neous Selec i e Ha monic Elimina ion and THD
Minimiza ion o a Single-Phase Mul ile el In-
e e wi h S ai case Modula ion,” IEEE T ans
Ind Appl, ol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1532–1541, Ma . 2018,
DOI: 10.1109/TIA.2017.2775178.
[16] J. Napoles, J. I. Leon, L. G. F anquelo, R. Po illo,
and M. A. Agui e, “Selec i e Ha monic Mi iga-
ion Technique o Mul ile el Cascaded H-b idge
Con e e s.”
[17] C. Albe o Lozano-Espinosa, “Minimiza ion
o THD and angles calcula ion o mul i-
le el in e e s Labopo -a powe elec onics
labo a o y View p ojec ,” 2012. A ailable
a : h ps://www. esea chga e.ne /
publica ion/326677762.
[18] M. S. A. Dahidah, G. Kons an inou, and
V. G. Agelidis, “A Re iew o Mul ile el Se-
lec i e Ha monic Elimina ion PWM: Fo mu-
la ions, SolVdcg Algo i hms, Implemen a ion
and Applica ions,” IEEE T ans Powe Elec-
on, ol. 30, no. 8, pp. 4091–4106, 2015,
DOI: 10.1109/TPEL.2014.2355226.
[19] J. Napoles e al., “Selec i e Ha monic Mi iga ion
Technique o Cascaded H-B idge Con e e s wi h
Non-Equal DC Link Vol ages,” 2011.
[20] T. Ka o, “Sequen ial Homo opy-Based Compu a-
ion o Mul iple Solu ions o Selec ed Ha monic
Elimina ion in PWM In e e s,” 1999.
[21] S.Ba ka , E. M. Be kouk, and M. S. Bouche i ,
“Pa icle swa m op imiza ion o ha monic elim-
ina ion in mul ile el in e e s,” Elec ical Engi-
nee ing, ol. 91, no. 4–5, pp. 221–228, Dec. 2009,
DOI: 10.1007/s00202-009-0135-9.
[22] J. Pon , J. Rod íguez, and R. Hue a, “Mi iga ion
o nonelimina ed ha monics o SHEPWM h ee-
le el mul ipulse h ee-phase ac i e on end con-
e e s wi h low swi ching equency o mee ing
s anda d IEEE-519-92,” IEEE T ans Powe Elec-
on, ol. 19, no. 6, pp. 1594–1600, No . 2004,
DOI: 10.1109/TPEL.2004.836616.
[23] S. X. Zhou, Z. X. Sang, J. Zhang, L. Jing, Z.
Du, and Q. T. Guo, “Compa ison on modula ion
schemes o 15-le el cascaded H-b idge mul ile el
in e e ,” IOP Con Se Ea h En i on Sci, ol.
188, p. 012039, Oc . 2018, DOI: 10.1088/1755-
1315/188/1/012039.
c
2024 ADVANCES IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 52
POWER ENGINEERING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING VOLUME: 22 |NUMBER: 1 |2024 |MARCH
[24] N. Vishwaji h, S. Naga aja Rao, and S. Sachin,
“Pe o mance analysis o educed swi ch ladde
ype mul ile el in e e using a ious modula ion
con ol s a egies,” J Phys Con Se , ol. 1706,
no. 1, p. 012092, Dec. 2020, DOI: 10.1088/1742-
6596/1706/1/012092.
[25] C. Dhanamjayulu, S. R. Khasim, S. Padmana-
ban, G. A unkuma , J. B. Holm-Nielsen, and F.
Blaabje g, “Design and implemen a ion o mul i-
le el in e e s o uel cell ene gy con e sion sys-
em,” IEEE Access, ol. 8, pp. 183690–183707,
2020, DOI: 10.1109/ ACCESS.2020.3029153.
[26] B. Nageswa Rao, Y. Su esh, B. Shi a Naik,
J. Venka a amanaiah, K. Adi ya, and A. Ku-
ma Panda, “A no el single sou ce mul ile el
in e e wi h hyb id swi ching echnique,” In-
e na ional Jou nal o Ci cui Theo y and Ap-
plica ions, ol. 50, no. 3, pp. 794–811, 2022,
DOI: 10.1002/c a.3196
[27] B. N. Rao, Y. Su esh, A. K. Panda, B. S.
Naik, and V. Jammala, “De elopmen o cas-
caded mul ile el in e e based ac i e powe il e
wi h educed ans o me s,” CPSS T ansac ions
on Powe Elec onics and Applica ions, ol. 5,
no. 2, pp. 147–157, 2020, DOI: 10.24295/CPSST-
PEA.2020.00013
[28] S. Up e i, B. Singh and N. Kuma , "A
Thi een Le el Ladde Type G id-Tied Sola
Powe Con e e in Va ying I adiance Con-
di ions," 2023 IEEE Renewable Ene gy and
Sus ainable E-Mobili y Con e ence (RESEM),
Bhopal, India, 2023, pp. 1-6, DOI: 10.1109/RE-
SEM57584.2023.10236018.
[29] A. Rou ay, K. Shilu e u, A. Singh, R. K.
Singh, and R. Mahan y, “Reduced ol age
s ess hi een-le el ex endable swi ched capac-
i o mul ile el in e e ,” in P oc. IEEE En-
e gy Con . Cong . Expo., 2019, pp. 6224– 6230,
DOI: 10.1109/ECCE.2019.8912869.
[30] J. Zeng, W. Lin, D. Cen, and L. Jun eng, “No el
K- ype mul ile el in e e wi h educed compo-
nen s and sel -balance,” IEEE J. Eme g. Sel. Top-
ics Powe Elec ., ol. 8, no. 4, pp. 4343–4354, Dec.
2020, DOI: 10.1109/JESTPE.2019.2939562.
Abou Au ho s
Lakshmi PRASANNA (co esponding au ho ) was
bo n in Rajahmund y, India. She ecei ed he B.E.
and M. Tech om Andh a Uni e si y and VJTI in
2008 and 2010, espec i ely. P esen ly she is wo king
as a Resea ch Schola a Andh a Uni e si y, Visakha-
pa nam. He esea ch in e es includes Mul ile el
in e e s, Elec ic D i es and Elec ic Vehicles.
Jyo hsna. T.R. was bo n in Visakhapa nam,
India. She ecei ed he M. Tech and Ph.D. om
Andh a Uni e si y, Visakhapa nam in 1997 and 2012
espec i ely. P esen ly she is wo king as a P o esso
in he Depa men o Elec ical Enginee ing, Andh a
Uni e si y, Visakhapa nam. He esea ch in e es
includes Double ed Induc ion Gene a o (DFIG),
Op imiza ion echniques, Mul ile el in e e s, Elec ic
D i es and Elec ic Vehicles.
c
2024 ADVANCES IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 53