Determination of fire and explosion characteristics of dust

T ansac ions o he VŠB - Technical uni e si y o Os a a Sa e y Enginee ing Se ies, ISSN 1805-3238 Vol. XI, No. 2, 2016 36 DETERMINATION OF FIRE AND EXPLOSION CHARACTERISTICS OF DUST Ma ej MENČÍK1, Richa d KURACINA2, Zuzana SZABOVÁ3, Ka ol BALOG4 1 Slo ak Uni e si y o Technology, Facul y o Ma e ials Science and Technology in T na a, T na a, Slo akia, [email p o ec ed] 2 Slo ak Uni e si y o Technology, Facul y o Ma e ials Science and Technology in T na a, T na a, Slo akia, [email p o ec ed] 3 Slo ak Uni e si y o Technology, Facul y o Ma e ials Science and Technology in T na a, T na a, Slo akia, [email p o ec ed] 4 Slo ak Uni e si y o Technology, Facul y o Ma e ials Science and Technology in T na a, T na a, Slo akia, [email p o ec ed] Abs ac : The aim o his pape is o app oxima e dange o dus clouds no mally occu by de e mining hei explosion cha ac e is ics. Nowadays, dus y en i onmen is phenomenon in he indus y. In gene al, abou 70% o dus p oduced is explosi e. Dus educ ion in companies is he main pu pose o he na ional and Eu opean legisla i e. Ea ly iden i i ca ion and cha ac e iza ion o dus in companies may educe he isk o explosion. I could be used o iden i y haza ds in indus ial p oduc ion whe e an explosi e dus is p oduced. Fo his pu pose se e al s anda ds o iden i i ca ion and cha ac e iza ion o explosion cha ac e is ics o indus ial dus a e being used. Keywo ds: Dus clouds, explosion cha ac e is ics, dus explosion, minimum igni ion ene gy, maximum explosion p essu e. Re iew a icle In oduc ion Acco ding o BS 2955: 1958 (BS2955 1958), ma e ials wi h pa icle size less han 1000 μm (16 BS mesh size) a e de i ned as ‘powde s’; when pa icles ha e a diame e less han 76 μm (200 BS mesh size), hey a e e e ed o as ‘dus ’. As pe NFPA (NFPA, 68 2002) ‘dus ’ is any i nely di ided solid, 420 μm o less in diame e . A dus explosion is ini ia ed by he apid combus ion o l ammable pa icula es suspended in ai . Any solid ma e ial ha can bu n in ai will do so wi h a iolence and speed ha inc eases wi h he deg ee o sub-di ision o he ma e ial (Eckho , 2003). Highe he deg ee o sub-di ision (in o he wo ds smalle he pa icle size) mo e apid and explosi e he bu ning, ill a limi ing s age is eached when pa icles oo i ne in size end o lump oge he . I he igni ed dus cloud is uncon i ned, i would only cause a l ash i e. Bu i he igni ed dus cloud is con i ned, e en pa ially, he hea o combus ion may esul in apid de elopmen o p essu e, wi h l ame p opaga ion ac oss he dus cloud and he e olu ion o la ge quan i ies o hea and eac ion p oduc s. The u ious pace o hese e en s esul s in an explosion. Besides he pa icle size, he iolence o such an explosion depends on he a e o ene gy elease due o combus ion ela i e o he deg ee o con i nemen and hea losses (Cashdolla , 2000). The condi ion necessa y o a dus explosion is a simul aneous p esence o dus cloud o app op ia e concen a ion in ai ha will suppo combus ion h oughou he p ocess and a sui able igni ion sou ce. In case o dus s made up o ola ile subs ances, he explosion may occu in h ee s eps which may ollow each o he in e y quick succession/de ola iza ion (whe e ola iles a e le o by he pa icle o he pa icles a e apou ized), gas phase mixing o uel ( eleased by dus s) and oxidan (usually ai ), and gas phase combus ion. Many combus ible dus s i dispe sed as a cloud in ai and igni ed, will allow a l ame o p opaga e h ough he cloud in a manne simila o ( hough no iden ical o) he p opaga ion o l ames in p emixed uel-oxidan gases. (P ous , 2005) Some o he na u al and syn he ic o ganic ma e ials ha can o m combus ible dus s include: pp. 36 - 42, DOI 10.1515/ sbses-2016-0015 B ough o you by | Technicka Uni e zi a Os a a Au hen ica ed Download Da e | 2/27/17 9:38 AM T ansac ions o he VŠB - Technical uni e si y o Os a a Sa e y Enginee ing Se ies, ISSN 1805-3238 Vol. XI, No. 2, 2016 37 • Food p oduc s (e.g., g ain, cellulose, powde ed milk, suga , l ou , s a ch, cocoa, mal odex in); • Pha maceu icals (e.g., i amins); • Wood (e.g., wood dus , wood l ou ); • Tex iles (e.g., co on dus , nylon dus ); • Plas ics (e.g., phenolics, polyp opylene); • Resins (e.g., lacque , phenol- o maldehyde); • Biosolids (d ied was es om sewage ea men plan s); • Coal and o he ca bon dus s. (Geddie, 2012) Combus ible dus s can also be o med om ino ganic ma e ials and me als including: • Aluminum; • I on; • Magnesium powde ; • Manganese; • Sul u . (Geddie, 2012) Ma e ials and me hods While i e is caused when h ee ac o s - uel, oxidan , and igni ion - come oge he o make wha has been called ‘ he i e iangle’, a dus explosion demands wo mo e ac o s: mixing (o dus and ai ), and con i nemen (o he dus cloud). The ‘dus explosion pen agon’ (Kau man, 1982) is o med when hese i e ac o s occu oge he (Fig. 1): I. p esence o combus ible dus in a i nely di ided o m; II. a ailabili y o oxidan ; III. p esence o an igni ion sou ce; IV. some deg ee o con i nemen ; V. s a e o mixed eac an s. Fig. 1 The dus explosion pen agon (Kau man, 1982) A poin o be no ed he e is ha e en pa ial con i nemen o an igni ed dus cloud is su i cien o cause a highly damaging explosion. In his sense, oo, dus clouds beha e in a manne simila o clouds o l ammable gases. (P ous , 2005) A dus laye is deemed ‘combus ible’ i i can be igni ed wi h a o eign sou ce and he local i e hus gene a ed p opaga es su i cien ly a e he ou side sou ce is aken away (Siwek, 1996). All explosible dus s ough o be combus ible, bu no all combus ible dus s a e easily explosible. (Vijaya agha an, 2004) As all he ini ia i es on he unde s anding, p e en ion, and con ol o dus explosions e ol e ound ‘dus explosibili y’, ‘minimum explosible dus concen a ion’, ‘minimum igni ion ene gy’, and ‘minimum igni ion empe a u e’ (Tab. 1), i may be ele an o dwell upon how hese pa ame e s a e measu ed and wha a e he unce ain ies in ol ed in he measu emen s. The wo appa a us mos o en used o dus explosibili y es ing ha e been he ‘Ha mann e ical ube’ and he ‘20 l sphe e’. O , hese he Ha mann ube was he i s o be commonly used and a g ea deal o da a exis s which has been gene a ed in he p e-1980 e a by his appa a us (Lees, 2005). A Ha mann appa a us consis s o a 1.2 l e ical ube in which dus is dispe sed by an ai blas . A ho wi e o a spa k igni e se es as igni ion sou ce (Fig. 2). Fig. 2 Ha mann e ical ube appa a us (Abbasi, 2006) Flame p opaga ion is obse ed as a unc ion o dus pa icle size, dus concen a ion, igni ion ene gy, empe a u e, e c. E en as he Ha mann e ical ube and i s a ian s - he ho izon al ube, and he in l amma o y appa a us - ha e been ex ensi ely u ilized in he pas , i has been inc easingly ealized ha he Ha mann ube is no ap o gi e uni o m condi ions o dus dispe sion and u bulence. Fu he , i is subjec o wall e ec s; a e he l ame pp. 36 - 42, DOI 10.1515/ sbses-2016-0015 B ough o you by | Technicka Uni e zi a Os a a Au hen ica ed Download Da e | 2/27/17 9:38 AM T ansac ions o he VŠB - Technical uni e si y o Os a a Sa e y Enginee ing Se ies, ISSN 1805-3238 Vol. XI, No. 2, 2016 38 Ini ia ion o dus and i s agi a ion is imed wi h dual digi al iming elay. The elay has a i xed ime in e al se be ween opening o he as opening al e and wi h connec ing powe o clamps o ini ia o . The p essu e changes inside he chambe a e eco ded h ough an indus ial p essu e ansduce wi h mA ou pu and he maximum measu able o e p essu e alue o 16 ba . The p essu e ansduce is powe ed by a s abilized DC sou ce. Response ime o he senso is 1 ms and he cu en alue is eco ded h ough he da alogge . Explosibili y classi i ca ion In he UK hese a e used o di ide dus s in o wo g oups: • G oup A - dus s able o igni e and p opaga e a l ame; • G oup B - dus s ha do no p opaga e a l ame. As in all explosion es ing, he sample selec ed o es ing mus be ep esen a i e o he ma e ial in he plan a isk. Bes p ac ice is o ensu e ha he sample is as d y as he d ies ma e ial in he plan and ha he size dis ibu ion o he es dus is simila o he i nes size ac ions ha a e likely o occu in any pa o he p ocess. Also i is impo an ha he classi i ca ion pe ains o he condi ions, o example, he empe a u e, unde which he dus will be handled. I is no sensible o conduc an explosibili y assessmen a oom empe a u e when he p ocess empe a u e is o be subs an ially highe . Some dus s, classi i ed as G oup B a oom empe a u e, can igni e a highe empe a u es. A se ies o es s has been de ised allowing explosibili y classi i ca ion unde inc easingly se e e condi ions. (Ba on, 2002) Explosibili y cha ac e is ics A quan i a i e assessmen equi es u he es ing o measu e explosion cha ac e is ics ha a e impo an o he design o explosion p o ec ion me hods such as en ing, supp ession, and con ainmen . These explosion cha ac e is ics a e: • The maximum explosion p essu e, Pmax. This is he highes explosion p essu e de eloped by an enclosed dus explosion. I is measu ed in a s anda d es a he op imum dus concen a ion. • The maximum a e o p essu e ise, (dP/d )max. This is he highes a e o p essu e ise gene a ed by an enclosed dus explosion. I is measu ed in a s anda d es a he op imum dus concen a ion. (Ba on, 2002) goes h ough ini ial sphe ical expansion, i a els as wo on s up and down he ube. These condi ions gi e a lowe a e o combus ion and o p essu e ise han he ac ual; consequen ly he s eng h o he p essu e ise one eco ds wi h he Ha mann bomb is less han one ge s om mo e ad anced appa a us. The Ha mann ube may also yield alse nega i es o dus s ha a e di i cul o igni e wi h a spa k bu a e igni able by s onge igni ion sou ces. (Cashdolla , 2000) The minimum explosible dus concen a ion and he minimum explosion ene gy a e also de e mined using 20l/1m3 sphe es. The expe imen al condi ions equi ed o ob ain ag eemen wi h he 1m3 ISO essel we e speci i ed in a s anda d issued by he Ame ican Socie y o Tes ing and Ma e ials (ASTM) in 1988 (Eckho , 2003). The igni ion sou ce has o be he same ype o 10 kJ chemical igni o as used in he 1m3 ISO es bu he igni ion delay can be sho e (60 ms) because o he smalle essel size EN 14034-3+A1:2012. Expe imen al modi i ed KV 150-M2 chambe has been used du ing expe imen . Scheme o a chambe is shown in Figu e 3. Dus clouds in his uni a e ca ied ou mechanically. The comp essed ai is ansmi ed om he ank o by as opening o he al e o inne space o chambe . The chambe has a olume o 291 li e s. The sample is loca ed on pla e and sp ead by comp essed ai . This comp essed ai is di ec ed o he sample h ough he me al p o i led shee ing. The sample is ini ia ed by a chambe ni ocellulose ini ia o a e he sp eading o his sample. The ini ia o wo ks on a esis i e p inciple. Immedia e ini ia ion o ni ocellulose is achie ed by he ol age alue which is supplied o he esis ance wi e and esul s in o an immedia e bu ning and in e up ion o wi e. Igni ion ene gy o ni ocellulose used in ini ia o is 5 kJ. Fig. 3 Scheme o modi i ed chambe KV 150-M2 (1 - lid, 2 - nozzle o sp eading o sample, 3 - desk, 4 - base, 5 - py o echnical igni e , 6 - essel, 7 - manome e , 8 - comp essed ai inle al e, 9 - as opening al e, 10 - window (Pas ie , 2014) pp. 36 - 42, DOI 10.1515/ sbses-2016-0015 B ough o you by | Technicka Uni e zi a Os a a Au hen ica ed Download Da e | 2/27/17 9:38 AM T ansac ions o he VŠB - Technical uni e si y o Os a a Sa e y Enginee ing Se ies, ISSN 1805-3238 Vol. XI, No. 2, 2016 39 The p ocedu es o measu ing hese cha ac e is ics a e gi en in an ISO s anda d a ailable as ISO 6184/1: 1985. The s anda d es essel o hese de e mina ions is he 1 m3 essel, bu he s anda d also allows he use o al e na i e essels p o ided i can be shown ha hey gi e compa able esul s. The c i e ia o demons a ing con o mi y a e gi en in he s anda d. CEN Technical Commi ee 305 is e i ning he ISO p ocedu e. They will ecommend use o he 1 m3 appa a us as he s anda d appa a us, bu will also allow he use o al e na i es such as he 20 li e sphe e i con o mi y can be demons a ed, and new Eu opean S anda ds o he de e mina ion o Pmax and (dP/d )max will be issued. The peak alue o he maximum a e o p essu e ise (dP/d )max, is used o calcula e a dus speci i c explosibili y cha ac e is ic called he Ks alue. The Ks alue is gi en by: (1) whe e (dP/d )max is he peak maximum a e o p essu e ise [ba .s-1] and V is he o al olume o he essel [m3]. The uni s o Ks a e ba .m.s-1. Tab. 1 De i ni ion o dus explosion classes (1 m3 appa a us, 10 kJ igni ion sou ce) (Ba on, 2002) The Ks alue is de i ed only om measu emen s in ei he he 1 m3 essel o he 20 li e sphe e. The Ks alue can be used o classi y dus s in o one o se e al g oups. Table 1 shows he classi i ca ion ha is gene ally adop ed. Compa isons o esul s om he 1 m3 essel and he 20 li e sphe ical es e gene ally show ha : • The alues o he maximum explosion p essu e, Pmax, measu ed in he 20 li e sphe e a e sligh ly lowe han hose measu ed in he 1 m3 appa a us; • The Ks alues a e equal up o abou 600 ba .m.s-1]. Explosion limi s Explosion limi s desc ibe he concen a ion ange o dus /ai mix u es in which explosions a e possible. Usually, only he lowe explosion limi (LEL) is de e mined. These measu emen s a e impo an i he a oidance o an explosible dus cloud o ms pa o he basis o sa e y. Fo he de e mina ion o he lowe explosion limi bo h he 1 m3 appa a us and he 20 li e sphe e appa a us a e commonly used. CEN Technical Commi ee 305 is cu en ly p epa ing a s anda d o he es p ocedu e. Essen ially he concen a ion o an explosible dus is sys ema ically educed in a se ies o es s un il he dus suspension can no longe be igni ed. The highes dus concen a ion a which he dus /ai mix u e can no longe be igni ed in he es s is speci i ed as he LEL. (Ba on, 2002) Minimum igni ion ene gy The minimum igni ion ene gy (MIE) o a dus ai mix u e is de i ned as he lowes alue o elec ical ene gy s o ed in a capaci o ha jus igni es he mos igni able dus /ai mix u e ollowing he discha ge o he ene gy ac oss a spa k gap. This measu emen is impo an when conside ing he elimina ion o igni ion sou ces as pa o he basis o sa e y. A single MIE alue o a subs ance canno be de i ned wi h uni e sal ag eemen because he alue depends on he physical and chemical p ope ies o he dus as well as he es appa a us used ( o example, he elec ical ci cui used o gene a e he spa k). The MIE is usually quo ed as a pai o alues. The lowe alue speci i es he ene gy a which igni ion no longe ook place. The highe alue speci i es he ene gy a which he mos igni able dus /ai mix u e could jus be igni ed. In iew o he dependency o he MIE on he appa a us used, he me hod used should be s a ed when alues a e quo ed (Mike, 1994). Minimum igni ion empe a u e o a dus cloud The minimum igni ion empe a u e (MIT) o a dus cloud desc ibes he igni ion beha iou o a dus /ai mix u e a a ho su ace. The MIT is speci i ed as he lowes empe a u e a which he mos igni able dus /ai mix u e could jus be igni ed. A es me hod is gi en in IEC 61241-2-1 (1994). Measu emen o he MIT is no only impo an when conside ing he elimina ion o igni ion sou ces, bu is also equi ed o he speci i ca ion o elec ical equipmen , and is a design pa ame e o explosion supp ession. Lowe alues o MIT a e usually de e mined in he BAM u nace, because, due o he na u e o he appa a us, delayed igni ion o he gases p oduced om he dus ha se les on he bo om o he u nace makes a con ibu ion. (IEC 61241-2-1 1994).  1/3 max / s KdPd V Dus explosion class Ks [ba m s-1] Cha ac e is ics S 0 0 Non-explosible S 1 0 < Ks ≤ 200 Weak o mode a ely explosible S 2 200 < Ks ≤ 300 S ongly explosible S 3 300 < Ks ≤ 800 Ve y s ongly explosible pp. 36 - 42, DOI 10.1515/ sbses-2016-0015 B ough o you by | Technicka Uni e zi a Os a a Au hen ica ed Download Da e | 2/27/17 9:38 AM T ansac ions o he VŠB - Technical uni e si y o Os a a Sa e y Enginee ing Se ies, ISSN 1805-3238 Vol. XI, No. 2, 2016 40 The Limi ing Oxidan Concen a ion (LOC) es The Limi ing Oxidan Concen a ion (LOC) es de e mines he minimum concen a ion o oxygen (displaced by an ine gas such as ni ogen o ca bon dioxide) capable o suppo ing combus ion. An a mosphe e ha ing an oxygen concen a ion below he LOC is no capable o suppo ing a dus cloud explosion. The LOC es is used o s udy explosion p e en ion o se e i y educ ion in ol ing he use o ine gases and o se oxygen concen a ion ala ms o in e locks in ine ed essels. LOC es ing can be pe o med using he 20-Li e Sphe e appa a us. Dus samples o a ious sizes a e dispe sed in he essel and a emp s a e made o igni e he esul ing dus cloud wi h an ene ge ic igni ion sou ce. T ials a e epea ed o dec easing oxygen concen a ions un il he LOC is de e mined. The LOC o a gi en dus cloud is dependen on he ype o ine gas ha is used o eplace he oxidan o he a mosphe e as well as some p ocess condi ions such as empe a u e. The e o e, LOC es ing should simula e he p ocess condi ions and be pe o med by using an ine gas ha is ep esen a i e o he ine gas used in p ac ice (Ibadad, 2009). Minimum igni ion empe a u e o a dus laye The minimum igni ion empe a u e (MIT) o a dus laye is he lowes empe a u e a which a dus laye on a ho su ace igni es. Fo a dus laye o hickness 5 mm, he MIT is o en e e ed o as he smoulde empe a u e, o some imes he glow empe a u e. The measu emen is impo an o assess he need o limi ing he empe a u es ob ained in dus handling plan . Laye igni ion empe a u es a e almos always lowe han cloud igni ion empe a u es. P ocedu es o de e mining he laye MIT a e gi en in he ISSA (1997) publica ion and in IEC 61241-2-1 (1994). The e a e sligh di e ences be ween he p ocedu es, bu bo h me hods use an elec ically hea ed ci cula pla e (200 mm diame e ) upon which a dus laye 100 mm in diame e and 5 mm hick is placed. The pla e is main ained a a cons an empe a u e o a speci i ed pe iod and he condi ion o he dus sample no ed. The laye MIT is he empe a u e a which igni ion jus akes place. This empe a u e canno be di o ced om an induc ion ime, de i ned as he ime be ween ini ial hea ing and he onse o glowing. Cau ion mus be exe cised in using his laye MIT as a uni e sal alue o assessing he igni ion isk whe e he e is an accumula ion o a dus . The geome y o he accumula ion as well as he s a e o he accumula ion can ha e a ma ked Flammabili y The l ammabili y o a dus deposi o laye speci i es he ease wi h which he dus can be igni ed by one o mo e igni ion sou ces. I he dus deposi can be igni ed in he es he dus is conside ed o be l ammable. The es consis s o placing a iangula shaped dus deposi wi h base dimensions o 2 cm wide by 4 cm long on a ce amic pla e and ying o igni e i wi h di e en igni ion sou ces - o example, a gas l ame, ciga e e, ma ch, e c. Fu he de ails on he p ocedu e a e gi en in an ISSA (1997) publica ion. De ails o he igni ion sou ce mus be gi en. (Ba on, 2002) Bu ning beha iou I a dus deposi is l ammable, he bu ning beha iou is used o desc ibe he na u e o he i e in he deposi . The UN ules o he anspo a ion o dange ous goods desc ibe a bu ning a e es ha is commonly used. A mould is used o make a ain o dus 200 mm. long and one end is igni ed wi h a small l ame o ho wi e. The speed o sp ead o bu ning h ough he ain is measu ed, as is he abili y o he bu n o pass h ough a sec ion o we ed dus . The es can be pe o med ei he a oom empe a u e o a an ele a ed empe a u e (usually 100 °C). Bu ning a es a e o en g ea ly inc eased i he dus is igni ed a an ele a ed empe a u e. A class numbe acco ding o he de i ni ions gi en in Table 2 hen a es he bu ning beha iou o he dus sample. The highe he combus ion class, he mo e e ec i e an igni ion sou ce he bu ning deposi is. (Ba on, 2002) Tab. 2 Bu ning beha iou o dus laye s (Recommenda ions, 1999) Type o eac ion Class No bu ning, no igni ion 1 B ie bu ning, apid ex inc ion 2 Localized combus ion o smoulde ing (no o only e y mino p opaga ion) 3 Sp ead o a smoulde ing i e o slow. l ameless decomposi ion 4 Sp ead o an open i e (bu ning wi h l ame de elopmen ) 5 Ve y apid bu n h ough wi h l ame de elopmen o apid, l ameless decomposi ion 6 pp. 36 - 42, DOI 10.1515/ sbses-2016-0015 B ough o you by | Technicka Uni e zi a Os a a Au hen ica ed Download Da e | 2/27/17 9:38 AM T ansac ions o he VŠB - Technical uni e si y o Os a a Sa e y Enginee ing Se ies, ISSN 1805-3238 Vol. XI, No. 2, 2016 41 in l uence on he igni ion empe a u e. A hin laye o a dus is likely o ha e a highe igni ion empe a u e han a bulk deposi o he same dus , due o he di e ence in hea loss. The igni ion empe a u e will also be di e en i ai l ows o e he dus laye o h ough he dus ( o example, in a l uidized bed d ye ). Ma e ial held in bulk s o age o long pe iods can also unde go spon aneous igni ion as a esul o slow exo he mic eac ions wi h oxygen o biological eac ions. Tes me hods o de e mining he igni ion empe a u e mo e app op ia e o hese di e en si ua ions can be ound in he ISSA (1997) publica ion and he IChemE (1990) d ye s guide (Abbo , 1990). Resul s Tab. 3 Explosibili y pa ame e s o a numbe o dus s (Ba on, 2002) * 1 m3 essel. Conclusion The ask o any en e p ise is o ensu e p e en ion o explosi e a mosphe es. Sui able me hods o de e mining a a ie y o explosion p ope ies a e discussed in his pape . The isk o an explosion can be minimized when one o he ollowing measu es is ensu ed: • A de ailed s udy o explosion cha ac e is ics o dus as explosion limi s, minimum igni ion ene gy, minimum igni ion empe a u e o a dus cloud, e c. • An explosible dus cloud is ne e allowed o o m. • The a mosphe e is su i cien ly deple ed o oxidan (no mally he oxygen in ai ) ha i canno suppo combus ion. • All igni ion sou ces capable o igni ing he dus cloud a e emo ed. Acknowledgemen s This esea ch was suppo ed by he Slo ak Resea ch and De elopmen Agency unde he con ac No. APVV- 0057- 12 and by he p ojec VEGA 1/1010/16. Type o dus Min cloud igni ion ene gy [mJ] Cloud igni ion emp. [°C] Laye igni ion emp. [°C] Max. explosion p essu e [ba (a)] Ks * [ba .m.s-1] Minimum explosible conc. [g.m-3] Limi ing O2 conc. olume [%] Ligni e 30 390 180 11.0 151 60 12 Aluminium 15 550 740 13.0 750 60 5 Coal 60 610 170 9.8 114 15 14 Cellulose 80 480 270 11.0 125 30 9 Co n l ou 40 380 330 10.3 125 60 9 Wood 40 470 260 10.2 142 60 10 Cha coal 20 530 180 10.0 10 60 - Whea l ou 50 380 360 9.8 70 125 11 Co on lin e 1920 560 350 8.2 24 100 - Suga 30 370 400 9.5 138 60 - Sulphu 5 280 113 6.8 151 30 - Magnesium 80 450 240 18.5 508 30 - Zinc 9600 690 540 7.8 93 250 - pp. 36 - 42, DOI 10.1515/ sbses-2016-0015 B ough o you by | Technicka Uni e zi a Os a a Au hen ica ed Download Da e | 2/27/17 9:38 AM T ansac ions o he VŠB - Technical uni e si y o Os a a Sa e y Enginee ing Se ies, ISSN 1805-3238 Vol. XI, No. 2, 2016 42 Re e ences ABBASI, S.A. (2007).: Dus explosions - Cases, causes, consequences, and con ol. In Jou nal o Haza dous Ma e ials, Else ie , 2008 ISSN 0304-3894. ABBOTT, J.A. (1990).: P e en ion o Fi es and Explosions in D ye s, Ins i u ion o Chemical Enginee s, Rugby, UK. 1990 ISBN 0 85295 2570. BARTON, J. (2002).: Dus explosion p e en ion and p o ec ion, A p ac ical guide, Gul P o essional Publishing, Wobu n, Massachuse s USA 2002 ISBN 0 7506 7519 3. BS2955: (1958).: Glossa y o Te ms Rela ing o Powde s, No. 505, B i ish S anda d Ins i u e, London, 1958. BS6713: (1986).: B i ish S anda d 6713: Pa 1: 1986. Me hod o he de e mina ion o explosion indices o combus ible dus s in ai , B i ish S anda ds Ins i u ion. CASHDOLLAR, K.L. (2000).: O e iew o dus explosibili y cha ac e is ics, J. Loss P e en . P ocess Ind. 13 2000 183-199. ISSN 0950-4230. ECKHOFF, R.K. (2003).: Dus Explosions in he P ocess Indus ies, 3 d ed., Gul P o essional Publishing, USA, 2003. ISBN 0-7506-7602-7. EN 14034-3+A1:2012 De e mina ion o explosion cha ac e is ics o dus clouds. Pa 3: De e mina ion o he lowe explosion limi LEL o dus clouds. GEDDIE, J.E. (2012).: A Guide o Combus ible Dus s, U.S. Occupa ional Sa e y and Heal h Adminis a ion, 2012. IBADAT, V.: Tes ing o Assess Explosion Cha ac e is ics o Dus Clouds, Chilwo h Technology NFPA Symposium on Dus Explosion Haza d Recogni ion and Con ol. IEC 61241-2-1 (1994).: Elec ical appa a us o use in he p esence o combus ible dus , Pa 2: Tes me hods, Sec ion 1: Me hods o de e mining he minimum igni ion empe a u es o dus s. Bal imo e, May 13 - 14, 2009. ISO 6184/1: 1985.: Explosion P o ec ion Sys ems. Pa 1: De e mina ion o Explosion Indices o Combus ible Dus s. KAUFFMAN, C.W.: Ag icul u al dus explosions in g ain handling acili ies, in: J.H.S. Lee, C.M. Gui ao (Eds.), Fuel-ai Explosions, Uni e si y o Wa e loo P ess, Wa e loo, On a io, Canada, 1982, pp. 305-347. LEES, F.P.: Lees’ Loss P e en ion in he P ocess Indus ies (Pa iall upda ed by S. Mannan), ols. 1-3, Else ie / Bu e wo h-Heinemann, Ox o d, 2005. ISBN 0-7506-755-1. LEES, F.P.: Loss P e en ion in he P ocess Indus ies-Haza d Iden i i ca ion, Assessmen and Con ol, ol. 2, Bu e wo h-Heinemann, London, 1996. ISBN 0-7506-7858-5. MIKE 3.2 Minimum Igni ion Appa a us, Feb ua y 1994, Adol Kuhne AG, Dinkelbe gs . 1, CH-4127, Bi s elden, Swi ze land. NFPA 68, Guide o Ven ing o De l ag a ions, Na ional Fi e P o ec ion Associa ion, 2002. PASTIER, M. 2014.: S udy o l ammabili y o combus ible o ganic dus s. [Disse a ion Thesis] T na a: MTF STU, 104 p. PROUST, C. (2005).: A ew undamen al aspec s abou igni ion and l ame p opaga ion in dus clouds, J. Loss P e en . P ocess Ind. 19, 2005, 104-120. Recommenda ions on he T anspo o Dange ous Goods- Model Regula ions (11 h e ised edi ion) Uni ed Na ions NY 1999, ISBN 92-1-139067-2. SIWEK, R. (1996).: De e mina ion o echnical sa e y indices and ac o s in l uencing haza d e alua ion o dus s, J. Loss P e en . P ocess Ind. 9, 1996, 21-31. VIJAYARAGHAVAN, G. (2004).: Impac assessmen , modelling, and con ol o dus explosions in chemical p ocess indus ies, MTech Thesis, Depa men o Chemical Enginee ing, Coimba o e Ins i u e o Technology, 2004. pp. 36 - 42, DOI 10.1515/ sbses-2016-0015 B ough o you by | Technicka Uni e zi a Os a a Au hen ica ed Download Da e | 2/27/17 9:38 AM