Numerical study on the optimized thickness of layer configuration against the 7.62 APM2 projectile

Nume ical s udy on he op imized hickness o laye configu a ion agains he 7.62 APM2 p ojec ile Di yanshu S. Mo ghode 1 , D. G. Thaku 1 *, Sachin Salunkhe 2 , 3 , Lenka Cepo a 4 and Emad Abouel Nas 5 1 Depa men o Mechanical Enginee ing, De ense Ins i u e o Ad anced Technology, Pune, India, 2 Depa men o Biosciences, Sa ee ha School o Enginee ing, Sa ee ha Ins i u e o Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India, 3 Depa men o Mechanical Enginee ing, Gazi Uni e si y Facul y o Enginee ing, Anka a, Tü kiye, 4 Depa men o Machining, Assembly and Enginee ing Me ology, Facul y o Mechanical Enginee ing, VSB—Technical Uni e si y o Os a a, Os a a, Czechia, 5 Depa men o Indus ial Enginee ing, College o Enginee ing, King Saud Uni e si y, Riyadh, Saudi A abia This s udy aimed o selec sui able ma e ials and op imize he hickness o hese ma e ials so ha hey could p e en he pe o a ion o 7.62-mm AP bulle s a 830 m/s impac eloci y. A nume ical me hod is used o analyze he impac on laye ed configu a ions o Al 2 O 3 and Al 7075-T651 o ulfill his aim. In o de o op imize he hickness o he a mo , no mal impac and angula impac condi ions we e conside ed. Ini ially, a 20-mm Al 2 O 3 on pla e wi h a 20- mm Al 7075-T651 back pla e is analyzed o laye ed configu a ion. Back pla e hickness is educed in s eps o 10 mm such ha no plas ic de o ma ion is obse ed on he ea side o he a ge . Fo u he op imiza ion o weigh , he hickness o he Al 2 O 3 pla e is educed o 18 mm. The weigh o his configu a ion is 1.77 kg, and he a eal densi y is 97.22 kg/m2. This configu a ion is analyzed o a ge o ien a ions such as 80°,70 °, and 60°. In his analysis, he p ojec ile de o med in a mush oom shape o 90°and 80° a ge o ien a ions, while o 70°and 60° a ge o ien a ions, he p ojec ile expe ienced mo e damage on he shank pa . The mos e ec i e configu a ion wi h he highes deg ee o ballis ic pe o mance is a laye ed combina ion o he 18-mm Al 2 O 3 on pla e and 10-mm Al 7075-T651 back pla e a 70° a ge o ien a ion. KEYWORDS 7.62 AP p ojec iles, Al 2 O 3 , Al 7075-T651, laye ed configu a ion, no mal and oblique impac , hickness op imiza ion 1 In oduc ion Secu i y o ces mus ope a e in highly dange ous a eas whe e e o is a acks a e always una oidable. Ideally, secu i y o ces mus ha e only bulle p oo ehicles in such high- isk a eas o p o ide necessa y p o ec ion om such a acks. Howe e , due o a lack o esou ces, i is no possible o ha e bulle p oo ehicles in such la ge numbe s. Hence, non-bulle p oo ehicles a e used o he ou ine mo emen o oops. Howe e , such ehicles a e ulne able o a acks and canno p o ide he equi ed p o ec ion o he oops. So, he only solu ion a ailable is o con e a non-bulle p oo ehicle in o a bulle p oo ehicle using add-on a mo . Howe e , add-on a mo inc eases he weigh o he ehicle. Hence, ma e ials used o he add-on a mo need o be ca e ully selec ed, conside ing hei densi y and op imizing hei hickness o minimize he e ec o hei weigh on he ehicle. So, he ques ion ha needs o be answe ed is “which ma e ials and o wha hickness, when fixed on o dina y OPEN ACCESS EDITED BY Mohamed A. El ahe , King Abdulaziz Uni e si y, Saudi A abia REVIEWED BY Kadi Gunaydin, Gene al Elec ic, Uni ed S a es Chang Yan, Xi’an Uni e si y o Technology, China *CORRESPONDENCE D. G. Thaku , [email p o ec ed] RECEIVED 16 Oc obe 2023 ACCEPTED 18 Ma ch 2024 PUBLISHED 04 Ap il 2024 CITATION Mo ghode DS, Thaku DG, Salunkhe S, Cepo a L and Abouel Nas E (2024), Nume ical s udy on he op imized hickness o laye configu a ion agains he 7.62 APM2 p ojec ile. F on . Mech. Eng 10:1322640. doi: 10.3389/ mech.2024.1322640 COPYRIGHT © 2024 Mo ghode, Thaku , Salunkhe, Cepo a and Abouel Nas . This is an open-access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License (CC BY). The use, dis ibu ion o ep oduc ion in o he o ums is pe mi ed, p o ided he o iginal au ho (s) and he copy igh owne (s) a e c edi ed and ha he o iginal publica ion in his jou nal is ci ed, in acco dance wi h accep ed academic p ac ice. No use, dis ibu ion o ep oduc ion is pe mi ed which does no comply wi h hese e ms. F on ie s in Mechanical Enginee ing on ie sin.o g01 TYPE O iginal Resea ch PUBLISHED 04 Ap il 2024 DOI 10.3389/ mech.2024.1322640 ehicles, will p o ide p o ec ion agains 7.62-mm APM2 bulle s and make he ehicle bulle p oo ?”. P e ious s udies e eal ha unde he e ec o high- eloci y impac , ma e ials show non-linea and dynamic beha io , including he mal so ening, ac u e, and s ain a e ha dening o me al (Fo es al e al., 1992;Fo es al and Wa en, 2008;2009;Bø ik e al., 2009;2010;Pede sen e al., 2011;Holmen e al., 2017), conc e e (Rajpu e al., 2017;2018;Rajpu and Iqbal, 2017), and ce amic (Den, 1991;Fellows and Ba on, 1999) a ge s. The fini e elemen analysis o bulle s’impac on a ious ypes o a mo is done using explici dynamic FE analysis. Du ing such an analysis, di e en con ac algo i hms and ma e ial models a e used. Flo es-Johnson e al. (2011) pe o med nume ical impac simula ions on single-laye and mul ilaye configu a ions o s eel and aluminum using a 7.62-mm AP bulle wi h an impac eloci y o 770–950 m/s. LS- DYNA so wa e was used. The esul s show ha mul i-laye ed pla es wi h di e en ma e ials show g ea e esis ance a he same a ea densi y. Rahman e al. (2016) conduc ed simila simula ions using high-s eng h s eel and Al 7075-T6 as a ge s, in which hey s udied he ballis ic limi , he p ocess o pene a ion, and de o ma ion. The esul s showed ha he iple-laye ed configu a ion achie es maximum weigh educ ion wi hou comp omising pe o mance. Ce amic ma e ials a e widely used as a mo ma e ials because o hei excellen ballis ic esis ance p ope ies. Den (1991) s udied ha he p ojec ile’s beha io du ing impac , iden i ying h ee phases: e osion o mass, mush ooming, and igidi y. Fellows and Ba on (1999) de eloped impac models o semi-fini e ce amic a ge s. Ande son and Walke (2005) p esen ed he dwell phenomenon model o p ojec ile impac on ce amic a ge s. An app op ia e ma e ial model o s eel co e bulle s, Al 2024-T351, and Al 2 O 3 was gi en by Tu han e al. (2008), in which he plas ic kinema ic ha dening model was used o s eel co e p ojec iles and Al 2024- T351, and he Johnson–Holmquis model was used o Al 2 O 3 . López-Puen e e al. (2005) p esen ed he op imum hickness o he oughened epoxy esin adhesi e laye o alumina–aluminum a mo s. Mazahe i e al. (2017) s udied he e ec on ballis ic limi eloci y and ene gy abso p ion a e w apping Al oil on he impac ace o Al 2 O 3 iles. The s udy shows a 13% inc ease in ballis ic limi eloci y and an 11% inc ease in ene gy abso p ion wi h jus a 2.4% inc ease in weigh . Gál ez e al. (2005) P anay and Panig ahi (2022a),P anay and Panig ahi (2022b), and P anay and Panig ahi (2022c) conduc ed a nume ical s udy o he de elopmen o p ojec iles and a emp ed e ec i e pene a ion o a ge s using ANSYS Explici Dynamics/AUTODYN so wa e. In Gál ez e al. (2005) , he e ec o p ojec ile umbling has been s udied o ce amic and aluminum a mo . Wei and Zhang (2014) expe imen ally s udied he p ojec ile de o ma ion modes o so - co e and ha d-co e p ojec iles impac ing ce amic a ge s a di e en impac eloci ies. In p e ious s udies, di e en in es iga o s ha e s udied di e en pa ame e s in ol ed in he ballis ic impac o he bulle on he a ge : esidual eloci y pos -impac , he eloci y o he ballis ic limi , he pa e n o pe o a ion, mechanisms o ac u e, e c. Fu he mo e, a ious ma e ials ha can be used as a mo , along wi h di e en combina ions and configu a ions o hese ma e ials, we e highligh ed in p e ious s udies. F om he li e a u e e iew, i was obse ed ha e y ew s udies ha e been conduc ed on he op imiza ion o a mo pla e hickness o p oposing hickness o a mo ab ica ion agains 7.62-mm APM2 p ojec iles. Mos o he wo k on ballis ic impac in he open li e a u e deals wi h me allic and non-me allic a ge ma e ials wi h ela i ely low hicknesses and p ojec iles mo ing wi h sub-o dnance eloci ies. The pene a ion o mul i-laye ed a mo pla es is a complex p oblem. In o de o design p o ec i e s uc u es, hickness and laye configu a ions a e ac o s ha mus be conside ed ca e ully o ensu e no pene a ion. I mus also be ensu ed ha no deb is is p ojec ed o he ea o he a mo and ha he e is no panel deflec ion. Thus, a sys ema ic s udy emains needed o op imize he s eng h- o-weigh a io o a mo ma e ials while p o ec ing agains 7.62-mm APM2 bulle s. The pu pose o his s udy was o selec sui able ma e ials in he laye ed configu a ion wi h an op imized hickness o each laye such ha hey can be used as add-on a mo on he body o a ehicle. The conside ed ma e ials a e Al 2 O 3 and Al 7075-T651. Al 2 O 3 ma e ial has cha ac e is ics o high s eng h and low densi y, while Al 7075- T651 has cha ac e is ics o high s eng h and high duc ili y. The e o e, Al 2 O 3 is conside ed he on pla e so ha i can abso b he ini ial impac ene gy, unde go b i le ac u e, and cause high p ojec ile de o ma ion. Al 7075-T651 is conside ed he back pla e so ha i can abso b he esidual ene gy om he impac and agmen s o Al 2 O 3 c ea ed due o i s ac u e. Mos o he laye ed configu a ion s udies do no consis o specific hicknesses o add-on a mo o p o ec ion agains p ojec iles. So, in his s udy, he op imum hickness is conside ed based on wo c i e ia: fi s , he a mo mus success ully s op he p ojec ile, and second, he e mus be no plas ic de o ma ion on he ea su ace o he a mo . This wo k p esen s a nume ical s udy o he impac on he laye ed combina ion o Al 2 O 3 and Al 7075-T651 by a 7.62-mm APM2 bulle fi ed a 830 m/s. Fu he mo e, o op imize he hickness o he a mo , no mal impac and angula impac condi ions we e conside ed. The ollowing sec ions explain in de ail he nume ical app oach ollowed by he esul s obse ed. 2 Resea ch me hodology Ini ially, esidual eloci y is compu ed by nume ical simula ions while conside ing he no mal impac a a gi en impac eloci y on an Al 7075-T651 pla e ha ing a 20 mm hickness. The model is alida ed using he expe imen esul s om he li e a u e (Fo es al e al., 2010). A alida ed model is ex ended o s udy he laye ed a mo consis ing o Al 7075-T651 and Al 2 O 3 a no mal and oblique impac condi ions. Figu e 1 ep esen s a de ailed esea ch me hodology flow cha . 2.1 Fini e elemen modeling 2.1.1 P ojec ile Mos esea che s wo king wi h s anda d NATO ammuni ion use 7.62-mm s eel-co e bulle s o analyze a ious a ge ma e ial impac s (Flo es-Johnson e al., 2011). These bulle s consis o an inne s eel co e and a p o ec i e ou e jacke . This jacke is gene ally made o b ass and is used o engage wi h he ba el’s lands so ha F on ie s in Mechanical Enginee ing on ie sin.o g02 Mo ghode e al. 10.3389/ mech.2024.1322640 spin can be p o ided o he bulle du ing i s a el inside he ba el. Howe e , his b ass jacke does no a ec he collision be ween he a ge ma e ial and bulle (Chen e al., 2013). The e o e, he jacke is no conside ed du ing he simula ions o educe he ime equi ed o compu a ion. Sen hil and Iqbal (2021) also used only he s eel co e, as shown in Figu e 2, and compa ed he esul s wi h expe imen al da a ob ained using a p ojec ile. The esul s ma ched he expe imen esul s (Sen hil and Iqbal, 2021). SolidWo ks was used o design he bulle , and he design was impo ed in o LS-DYNA o simula ions. 2.1.2 Ta ge LS-DYNA so wa e was used o designing a model o he a ge . The a ge was designed as a ci cula pla e wi h a diame e FIGURE 1 Resea ch me hodology flow cha . FIGURE 2 7.62-mm AP p ojec ile (all dimensions a e in mm) (Sen hil and Iqbal, 2021). F on ie s in Mechanical Enginee ing on ie sin.o g03 Mo ghode e al. 10.3389/ mech.2024.1322640 o 152 mm. This ci cula pla e was u he seg ega ed in o h ee egions. The impac egion a he cen e o he ci cula a ge was designed as a squa e wi h each side measu ing 10 mm. The second and hi d egions a e ci cula and designed o ha e 30 mm and 50 mm diame e s, espec i ely. Figu e 3 shows he dimensions o he ci cula pla e used as he a ge . FIGURE 3 Ta ge disc e iza ions. FIGURE 4 Mesh (A) p ojec ile and (B) a ge . F on ie s in Mechanical Enginee ing on ie sin.o g04 Mo ghode e al. 10.3389/ mech.2024.1322640 2.1.3 Meshing I is well-known ha he mos accu a e esul s a e ob ained when wo condi ions a e sa isfied: fi s , when he densi y o he mesh and numbe o elemen s a e highe , and second, when elemen s a e closes o he sys em’s bounda y. To co e he maximum olume and cu a u e o he bulle and a ge pla e, hexahed al solid elemen s wi h eigh nodes, educed in eg a ion, and he Hou glass e ec ’s s i ness con ol a e used o meshing. The meshing o he bulle was done in ABAQUS, and he meshing o he a ge pla e was done in LS DYNA. The duplica e nodes we e ei he emo ed o me ged, depending on hei dimensions. A comp ehensi e mesh con e gence s udy was conduc ed o minimize he compu a ion ime and selec he op imized elemen size o he p ojec ile and impac egion o he a ge . The esul s ob ained by changing he elemen size we e compa ed wi h esul s gi en in he li e a u e (Fo es al e al., 2010). I was concluded ha he size o elemen s in hesqua e egiona hecen e o he a ge pla ewouldbe 0.25 mm. Simila ly, he size o he elemen s in he ci cula po ion, ha ing diame e s o 30 and 50 mm, will be 0.5 and 1 mm, espec i ely. The size o an elemen beyond 50 mm in diame e will be 2 mm. Figu e 4 ep esen s he final mesh o he bulle and a ge pla e. 2.2 Cons i u i e ma e ial models 2.2.1 S eng h model by Johnson–Cook The s eng h model gi en by Johnson and Cook (1983) and Johnson and Cook (1985) defines he beha io o he s eng h o ma e ials subjec ed o impac wi h high eloci ies. The model gi es yield s ess, i.e., Y, as a unc ion o s ain ha dening, s ain a e ha dening, and empe a u e so ening, and he equa ion o he same is shown below. YA+Bεn p  1+Clogε* p  1−Tm H  ,(1) whe e ε p is he e ec i e plas ic s ain, ε p * is he no malized e ec i e plas ic s ain a e, and T H is he homologous empe a u e [T H =(T–T oom )/(T mel –T oom )]. A, B, C, n, and m a e ma e ial cons an s. The fi s b acke in Eq. 1 gi es s ess as he unc ion o s ain, which is de e mined by quasi-s a ic ensile es ing (ε p p =1.0sec −1 and T H =0).Ais heyields essa lowe alues o s ains; B and n define s ain ha dening. The o he wo b acke s ep esen he e ec s o ha dening due o he s ain a e and so ening due o empe a u e. Wi h so ening due o he mal e ec s, yield s eng h is educed o ze o a mel ing empe a u es T mel . The cons an s o ma e ials a e de e mined using he dynamic ensile es using a spli Hopkinson Ba o e a wide ange o s ain a es and empe a u es. TABLE 1 Ma e ial p ope y o Al 7075-T651 and bulle . Pa ame e Uni Al 7075-T651 (Jø gensen K. C. and Swan V., 2014) Bulle (Sen hil and Iqbal, 2021) Young’s modulus E GPa 71.7 202 Poisson’s a io υ- 0.33 0.32 Densi y ρkg m32810 7,850 Johnson–Cook s eng h model Yield s eng h A MPa 520 2,700 S ain ha dening pa ame e B MPa 477 211 S ain ha dening pa ame e n - 0.52 0.065 Re e ences s ain a e _ ϵ0s−15e-4 1e-4 S ain a e cons an C - 0.0025 0.005 Re e ences empe a u e K 293 293 Mel ing empe a u e K 893 1,800 The mal so ening pa ame e m - 1.61 1.17 Specific hea capaci y CPJ kg.K910 452 The mal expansion coe ficien α1/K 2.3e-5 1.2e-5 Johnson Cook ailu e model Failu e pa ame e D1- 0.096 0.4 Failu e pa ame e D2- 0.049 0 Failu e pa ame e D3- 3.465 0 Failu e pa ame e D4- 0.016 0 Failu e pa ame e D5- 1.099 0 F on ie s in Mechanical Enginee ing on ie sin.o g05 Mo ghode e al. 10.3389/ mech.2024.1322640 2.2.2 Johnson–Cook ailu e model The ailu e model gi en by Johnson–Cook was used o model ma e ial ailu es. Simila ly, in he p e ious model, ac u e s ain, a ma e ial p ope y, is gi en as an explici unc ion o empe a u e, s ain a e, and p essu e. The equa ion o he same is gi en as Eq. 2. ε D1+D2exp D3σ*  1+D4ln ε* () 1+D5TH  .(2) The dimensionless a io o p essu e and s ess is ep esen ed as σ*= σ m /σ,whe eσ m is p ima y s ess, (σ 1 +σ 2 +σ 3 )/3, and σis e ec i e s ess o Von Mises s ess (3J 2 ), whe e J 2 is he second in a ian o he s ess de ia o . Dimensionless s ain a e ε p is ε/ε 0 ,whe eε 0 is he uni s ain a e. T H is he homologous empe a u e, p oduced by in e nal hea ing. D 1 ,D 2 ,D 3 ,D 4 ,andD 5 a e pa ame e s o he model o ac u e, and hese can be ob ained om expe imen s done in he labo a o y. TABLE 2 Ma e ial p ope ies o Al 2 O 3 (Zochowski e al., 2021). Pa ame e Uni Al 2 O 3 Densi y ρg/cm 3 3.84 Shea modulus G GPa 93 In ac s eng h coe ficien A - 0.93 F ac u ed s eng h coe ficien B - 0.31 S ain a e cons an C - 0.007 F ac u e s eng h exponen M - 0.6 In ac s eng h exponen N - 0.64 EPSI - 1 Max ensile hyd os a ic p essu e MPa 262 SFMAX - 1 Hugonio elas ic limi (HEL) MPa 8,000 P essu e a HEL MPa 1,460 Bulking ac o β-1 Damage coe ficien D 1 0.01 Damage coe ficien D 2 0.7 P essu e cons an K 1 GPa 131 P essu e cons an K 2 GPa 0 P essu e cons an K 3 GPa 0 *MAT_ADD_EROSION VOLEPS 0.05 FIGURE 5 Assembly and bounda y condi ions o he model. TABLE 3 Residual eloci y wi h a ia ion in he numbe o elemen s. No. o elemen s Residual eloci y (m/s) 25 476.88 33 545.36 40 570.87 50 583 60 585.9 80 584.4 100 584.7 F on ie s in Mechanical Enginee ing on ie sin.o g06 Mo ghode e al. 10.3389/ mech.2024.1322640 Changes occu ing while loading a e depic ed in he Johnson–Cook model using he concep o linea summa ion. This model calcula es changes in ailu e s ain using he s ess s a e, empe a u e, s ain a e, and damage accumula ed du ing loading. Howe e , his model does no accoun o he deg ada ion o he s eng h o he ma e ial o s i ness. When he c i ical alue o damage is eached, he alues o p essu e and s ess a e ab up ly educed o ze o. Fo his eason, i is said o be an ins an aneous ailu e model. Damage is compu ed as he cumula i e alue, as gi en in Eq. 3, and ailu e is fixed a a c i ical alue, which is gene ally aken as 1. Dε ε ,(3) whe e εis he equi alen plas ic s ain inc emen ha occu s du ing ensile loading and ε is he equi alen s ain o ac u e co esponding o ins an aneous condi ions du ing he accumula ion o he inc emen o s ain. FIGURE 6 Dep h o pene a ion o 50-mm Al 7075-T651 a an impac eloci y o 830 m/s. FIGURE 7 Impac simula ions on an independen Al 2 O 3 pla e. F on ie s in Mechanical Enginee ing on ie sin.o g07 Mo ghode e al. 10.3389/ mech.2024.1322640 2.2.3 Johnson–Holmquis model The Johnson–Holmquis model (Johnson and Holmquis , 1994), ha ing an equa ion o s a e, model o s eng h, and model o damage, was used o define he beha io o Al 2 O 3. Polynomial equa ion-o -s a e (EOS) calcula ed he cu en alue o p essu e as a unc ion o olume ic change, he model o s eng h ga e equi alen s eng h o undamaged and damaged ma e ial, and he model o damage was used o show he ansi ion o ma e ial om undamaged o damaged s a es. No malized equi alen s ess is defined as ollows: σ*σi*−Dσi*−σ * () ,(4) whe e σ i * is he no malized in ac equi alen s ess, σ * is he no malized ac u e s ess, and D is damage (0 ≤D≤1). FIGURE 8 Impac on he laye ed configu a ion o he 20-mm- hick Al 2 O 3 on pla e and 20-mm- hick Al 7075-T651 back pla e. FIGURE 9 Impac on he 20-mm- hick Al 2 O 3 on pla e and 10-mm- hick Al 7075-T651 back pla e. F on ie s in Mechanical Enginee ing on ie sin.o g08 Mo ghode e al. 10.3389/ mech.2024.1322640 No malized in ac equi alen s ess is shown in Eq. 5, and no malized ac u ed equi alen s ess is shown in Eq. 6. σi*AP*+T* () N1+Clnε* () ,(5) σ *BP* () M1+Clnε* () ,(6) whe e A, B, C, M, and N a e cons an s o ma e ial and no malized p essu e. P* = P/P HEL , whe e P is he ac ual p essu e and P HEL is he p essu e a he Hugonio elas ic limi (HEL). The HEL is he ne comp essi e s ess co esponding o uniaxial s ain (shock wa e) exceeding he elas ic limi o he ma e ial. No malized maximum ensile hyd os a ic p essu e is ep esen ed as T* = T/P HEL , whe e T is he maximum ensile hyd os a ic p essu e ha ma e ial can wi hs and, and he dimensionless s ain a e is ε*=ε/ε 0 , whe e ε is he ac ual equi alen s ain a e and ε 0 is he e e ence s ain a e conside ed o be 1 s -1 . FIGURE 10 Impac on he 18-mm- hick Al 2 O 3 on pla e and 10-mm- hick Al 7075-T651 back pla e. FIGURE 11 Impac on 80° a ge o ien a ion. F on ie s in Mechanical Enginee ing on ie sin.o g09 Mo ghode e al. 10.3389/ mech.2024.1322640 Rajpu , A., and Iqbal, M. A. (2017). Impac beha io o plain, ein o ced and p es essed conc e e a ge s. Ma e . Des. 114, 459–474. doi:10.1016/j.ma des.2016. 10.073 Rajpu , A., Iqbal, M. A., and Bha ga a, P. (2017). Expe imen al and nume ical s udy o conc e e a ge s unde high a e o loading. P ocedia Eng. 173, 130–137. doi:10.1016/j. p oeng.2016.12.049 Rajpu , A., Iqbal, M. A., and Wu, C. (2018). P es essed conc e e a ge s unde high a e o loading. In . J. P o . S uc . 9 (3), 362–376. doi:10.1177/2041419618763933 Sen hil, K., and Iqbal, M. A. (2021). P edic ion o supe io a ge laye configu a ion o a mou s eel, mild s eel and aluminium 7075-T651 alloy agains 7.62 AP p ojec ile. S uc u es 29, 2106–2119. doi:10.1016/j.is uc.2020.06.010 Tu han, L., Eksik, Ö., Yalç, E., Demi u al, A., Bayka a, T., and Günay, V. 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