Vulnerability Assessment of Settlements During Emergencies

T ansac ions o he VSB - Technical uni e si y o Os a a Sa e y Enginee ing Se ies, ISSN 1805-3238 Vol. XIII, No. 1, 2018 1 VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF SETTLEMENTS DURING EMERGENCIES Jasmina RADOSAVLJEVIC1, Amelija DJORDJEVIC2, Ana VUKADINOVIC3, Dejan RISTIC4 1 Uni e si y o Nis, Facul y o Occupa ional Sa e y, Nis, [email p o ec ed] 2 Uni e si y o Nis, Facul y o Occupa ional Sa e y, Nis, [email p o ec ed] 3 Uni e si y o Nis, Facul y o Occupa ional Sa e y, Nis, [email p o ec ed] 4 Uni e si y o Nis, Facul y o Occupa ional Sa e y, Nis, [email p o ec ed] Abs ac : Du ing eme gencies which occu as a esul o uncon olled e ec s o na u al disas e s, majo echnical and echnological acciden s and majo epidemics o in ec ious diseases, he heal h and li e o people and he pe sis en en i onmen al deg ada ion may be a ec ed. The e o e, i is necessa y o assess he ulne abili y o he se lemen s om na u al disas e s and o he acciden s. The assessmen mus be p o essionally and scien i i cally es ablished wi h a mul idisciplina y app oach. This pape de i nes me hodology o ulne abili y assessmen o gi en popula ed a eas du ing eme gencies a ising om uncon olled e ec s o na u al and o he disas e s which in ol es a complex analysis o ac ual haza d p obabili ies and he le el o impac on humans, animals, p ope y, cul u al weal h, and he en i onmen . Keywo ds: Eme gency, ulne abili y assessmen , popula ed a ea. Resea ch a icle In oduc ion Eme gencies occu as a esul o uncon olled e ec s o na u al disas e s ( l oods, d ough s, ea hquakes, i es, e c.), o la ge-scale echnical and echnological acciden s (acciden s on pe oleum o pe oleum p oduc ins alla ions, acciden s ela ed o anspo and s o age o oxic, explosi e, and adioac i e subs ances, hea y con amina ion o po able wa e sp ings o esiden ial wa e supply, la ge-scale a i c acciden s, mining acciden s, indus ial acciden s caused by explosions, and adiological, biological, epidemiological, and o he echnical and echnological acciden s), and o la ge-scale in ec ious disease epidemics, epizoo ics, and epiphy o ics (mass in ec ions o humans, animals, and plan s). In he cu en esea ch li e a u e ulne abili y is de i ned as a se o ac o s and p ocesses which inc ease exposu e o haza ds o a ce ain e i o y o a se lemen . Among ac o s ha a ec se lemen s exposu e o haza ds Cons an in e al. lis ac o s like popula ion densi y, popula ion size, land use unc ions, quali y o cons uc ion ma e ials and in as uc u e building echniques. (Cons an in, 2015) Du ing he pas ew decades ulne abili y o se lemen s has been in es iga ed bo h on na ional and in en ional le el. Va ious aspec s we e in es iga ed (social, ecological, economic) by di e en au ho s. (Das e .al, 2012; Wilhelmi e . al, 2013; Leu s, 2005) A de ailed e iew on concep ual me hodologies o ulne abili y assessmen od popula ion, communi ies and ecosys ems was done by De Lunge e . al. (De Lange e . al, 2010) This esea ch pape p esen s amewo k o ulne abili y assessmen o popula ed a eas du ing eme gencies based on he na ional legisla i e in Se bia in he a ea o eme gencies and laws on spa ial planning de elopemen . Ma e ials and me hods Assessmen o ulne abili y om na u al disas e s and o he acciden s is a undamen al documen o c ea ing he Eme gency Sa e y and Rescue Plan on he na ional, go e nmen , local sel -go e nmen , co po a e, and he le el o o he o ganiza ions. (O i cial Gaze e, 93/2012) Assessmen o ulne abili y o unwan ed e en s du ing eme gencies is aimed a p o iding a quali a i e and quan i a i e isk assessmen based on he analysis o all he ele an pa ame e s ha ac as s esso s. This ensu es p ope c ea ion o sa e y and escue plans o na u al and o he disas e s, pp. 1 - 7, DOI 10.2478/ sbses-2018-0001 T ansac ions o he VSB - Technical uni e si y o Os a a Sa e y Enginee ing Se ies, ISSN 1805-3238 Vol. XIII, No. 1, 2018 2 which is necessa y o adequa e isk managemen du ing eme gencies. The c ea ion o hese plans has o in ol e he analysis ha co e s he ollowing aspec s: • isks, o causes ha can lead o acciden s in e i o ies o which he ulne abili y assessmen is made, • possible e ec s o eme gencies, • es ablishmen o an adequa e o ganiza ion o sa e y and escue o he pu pose o acciden p e en ion and he escue o humans, p ope y, and cul u al weal h, • assessmen o he needs and capabili ies o secu ing humans and p ope y necessa y o sa e y and escue. Vulne abili y assessmen o a e i o y is c ea ed based on: • all a ailable da a on na u al and o he disas e s om he p e ious pe iod o disas e s ha could occu in a gi en e i o y, • po en ial o p e ious e ec s, • scien i i c, echnical, and o he knowledge and achie emen s, • exis ing expe analyses ha ha e al eady been used o could be used o haza d assessmen . The assessmen in ol es a complex analysis o ac ual haza d p obabili ies and he ype, scope, and le el o impac on humans, animals, p ope y, cul u al weal h, and he en i onmen , aking in o accoun he popula ion densi y, echnical and echnological con en o u ban s uc u es and indus ial zones, he e ec o na u al o ces, popula ion mig a ion, popula ion age, and he o al esis i i y o he communi y and i s abili y o deal wi h he haza ds o na u al disas e s, echnical and echnological acciden s, disas e s, wa s and a med con l ic s, and o he calami ies (O i cial Gaze e, 96/2012). Resul s Me hodology o assessing he ulne abili y o popula ed a eas The me hodology o assessing he ulne abili y o popula ed a eas includes he ollowing s eps: 1. Haza d iden i i ca ion o a popula ed a ea; 2. Analysis o eme gencies; 3. Analysis o c i ical ins i u ions and buildings; 4. Analysis o indica o s o social ulne abili y; 5. Analysis o ulne abili y o economic ac i i ies; 6. Analysis o en i onmen al ulne abili y; 7. Analysis o ac i i ies o p e en ion, p o ec ion, and/o mi iga ion o he e ec s o eme gencies. Haza d iden i i ca ion o a popula ed a ea The i s s ep in haza d iden i i ca ion o a popula ed a ea is he analysis o he posi ion and ea u es o a gi en e i o y. Assessmen o ulne abili y o unwan ed e en s due o eme gencies con ains da a abou he geog aphic loca ion o he a ea, hyd og aphic and o og aphic ea u es, me eo ological and clima ic ea u es, popula ion, Fig. 1. Schema ic ep esen a ion o pa ame e s conside ed in eme gency iden i i ca ion in a popula ed a ea pp. 1 - 7, DOI 10.2478/ sbses-2018-0001 T ansac ions o he VSB - Technical uni e si y o Os a a Sa e y Enginee ing Se ies, ISSN 1805-3238 Vol. XIII, No. 1, 2018 3 p ope y, cul u al weal h, p o ec ed na u al esou ces, auna, wa e supply, ag icul u al su aces, buildings o shel e and heal hca e pu poses, anspo a ion and public u ili y in as uc u e, and indus ial zones. The da a a e aken as inpu da a in he eme gency iden i i ca ion s age (Fig. 1). Fig. 2. Schema ic ep esen a ion o pa ame e s conside ed in analysis o eme gencies Fig. 3. Schema ic ep esen a ion o pa ame e s conside ed in eme gency analysis o c i ical ins i u ions and buildings Haza d iden i i ca ion also in ol es he iden i i ca ion o po en ial haza ds om na u al disas e s and o he acciden s, which can be classi i ed acco ding o hei cause in o na u al, echnical and echnological, epidemiological, e c., in o de o de e mine he ulne abili y le el o a popula ed a ea (Fig. 1) (Radosa lje ić, 2010). pp. 1 - 7, DOI 10.2478/ sbses-2018-0001 T ansac ions o he VSB - Technical uni e si y o Os a a Sa e y Enginee ing Se ies, ISSN 1805-3238 Vol. XIII, No. 1, 2018 4 o esou ces o a popula ed a ea. This analysis is o be used o c ea e ope a i e maps o c i ical building and ins i u ion p o ec ion (Fig. 3) (Radosa lje ić, 2010). Analysis o indica o s o social ulne abili y Analysis o indica o s o social ulne abili y in ol es he iden i i ca ion o pa s o a popula ed a ea wi h he mos socially ulne able esiden s and hei ulne abili y in case o an eme gency (Fig. 4) (Radosa lje ić, 2010). Iden i i ca ion o a eas o special signi i cance In e ms o human se lemen s, a eas o special signi i cance a e loca ions whe e he possibili ies o indi idual eme gency esponse a e minimal o highly limi ed. Regene a ion o such a eas a e an eme gency mos ly, and some imes e en en i ely, depends on he go e nmen ’s help. (Radosa lje ić, 2010) Analysis o ulne abili y o economic ac i i ies Analysis o ulne abili y o economic ac i i ies in ol es iden i ying he loca ions o haza dous and ha m ul ma e ials wi hin a popula ed a ea, analyzing he sa e y o buildings ha house haza dous and Analysis o eme gencies Analysis o eme gencies in ol es: • Clea and accu a e de i ni ion o he ulne able a ea. Analysis o acciden e ec s includes he analysis o ulne abili y and he de e mina ion o he possible le el o acciden . Vulne able zones in maps a e shown h ough a delinea ion o haza ds. Ac ions such as collec ion o s a is ical da a o compa ison o pas e en s a e used o he pu pose o making decisions ha will bes help u ilize he capaci ies o comba ing haza ds in a gi en e i o y (Fig. 2). • Ranking o ulne able a eas. This p ocedu e is used o quan i y he haza d and clea ly de e mine he p io i y o ac ions (Fig. 2) (Radosa lje ić, 2010). Analysis o c i ical ins i u ions and buildings Analysis o c i ical ins i u ions and buildings in ol es he posi ion and cha ac e is ics o he loca ion o buildings, acili ies, and in as uc u e; ac i i ies; usage and pu pose o su aces; su oundings; popula ion numbe ; su ounding ulne able buildings; schools; kinde ga ens; e c. The classi i ca ion o c i ical ins i u ions and buildings in o ca ego ies se es o de e mine he ulne abili y o impo an ins i u ions, buildings, Fig. 4. Schema ic ep esen a ion o pa ame e s conside ed in eme gency analysis o indica o s o social ulne abili y pp. 1 - 7, DOI 10.2478/ sbses-2018-0001 T ansac ions o he VSB - Technical uni e si y o Os a a Sa e y Enginee ing Se ies, ISSN 1805-3238 Vol. XIII, No. 1, 2018 5 ha m ul ma e ials du ing eme gencies, e c (Fig. 5) (Radosa lje ić, 2010). Fig. 5. Schema ic ep esen a ion o pa ame e s conside ed in eme gency analysis o ulne abili y o economic ac i i ies Analysis o en i onmen al ulne abili y This analysis uses he applicable laws pe aining o en i onmen al p o ec ion and he ele an in e na ional ecommenda ions. The mos commonly used concep in he assessmen o en i onmen al isk is he one ha de i nes he s esso sou ce, he s esso pa h ( o a subjec o objec ), and he ulne abili y o a subjec o objec due o he s esso (Fig. 6) (Radosa lje ić, 2010). Fig. 6. Schema ic ep esen a ion o he analysis o en i onmen al ulne abili y du ing eme gencies Analysis o ac i i ies o p e en ion, p o ec ion, and/o mi iga ion o he e ec s o eme gencies Analysis o ac i i ies o p e en ion, p o ec ion, and/o mi iga ion o he e ec s o eme gencies Fig. 7. Schema ic ep esen a ion o pa ame e s conside ed in eme gency analysis o en i onmen al ulne abili y pp. 1 - 7, DOI 10.2478/ sbses-2018-0001 T ansac ions o he VSB - Technical uni e si y o Os a a Sa e y Enginee ing Se ies, ISSN 1805-3238 Vol. XIII, No. 1, 2018 6 and o he disas e s, he p ocess does no end. I equi es a cons an analysis o he e i ciency o he applied me hods and in some way he Plan is cons an ly inno a ed. (Radosa lje ić, 2010) Conclusion Vulne abili y assessmen o a popula ed a ea du ing eme gencies is he s a ing poin o success ul planning and implemen a ion o sa e y and escue measu es, as well as mi iga ion and elimina ion o he e ec s o eme gencies. Assessmen o a se lemen ’s ulne abili y due o s esso s caused by eme gencies encompasses and analyzes all he impo an s a is ical and o he da a on human, ma e ial, cul u al, and o he esou ces a ailable in a gi en se lemen , as well as he possible ypes and deg ees o ulne abili y. I he assessmen is adequa e, i is possible o objec i ely de e mine he mos app op ia e measu es and p ocedu es, which will p o ide he mos e i cien ac ion du ing eme gencies. Vulne abili y assessmen o a popula ed a ea du ing eme gencies is pe o med acco ding o he adop ed me hodologies, which a e scien i i cally based, which acknowledge he p o ession, and which in ol e a mul idisciplina y app oach. should sugges he ways in which he exis ing ac i i ies a e o be adap ed o he equi emen s ha make he popula ed a ea uly sa e/p o ec ed om iden i i ed isks and haza ds. The Law on P o ec ion and Rescue de i nes he e m “eme gency managemen ” (Radosa lje ić, 2010). This implies on de e mining he basic goal o he p o ec ion and escue sys em. Eme gency managemen phases include p e en ion, eadiness, esponse, ehabili a ion and mi iga ion. The p e en ion phase includes ac i i ies o elimina e he causes o po en ial haza ds in a pa icula e i o y. The eadiness phase includes he de elopmen o eme gency plan, ec ui men and aining o s a , iden i i ca ion o supplies, e c. In he s a e o eme gency, he esponse phase in ol es he implemen a ion o ac i i ies p edic ed by eme gency plan and haza d educ ion se ices such as o de es ablishmen in an endange ed e i o y, ac i i ies in heal hca e supe ision, ehabili a ion o in as uc u e as well as in o ming he ci izens in case o need. The goal o ehabili a ion is o es o e ac i i ies in he se lemen as soon as possible. The mi iga ion includes ac i i ies ha should educe o elimina e isk o popula ion, hei p ope y, ma e ial and cul u al goods and he en i onmen (Radosa lje ić, 2010). A e he implemen a ion o ce ain plans o p o ec ion and escue om na u al Fig. 8. Schema ic ep esen a ion o pa ame e s conside ed in eme gency analysis o ac i i ies o p e en ion, p o ec ion, and/o mi iga ion o he e ec s o eme gencies pp. 1 - 7, DOI 10.2478/ sbses-2018-0001 T ansac ions o he VSB - Technical uni e si y o Os a a Sa e y Enginee ing Se ies, ISSN 1805-3238 Vol. XIII, No. 1, 2018 7 sys em and he assessmen o long- e m popula ion exposu e o en i onmen al pollu an s using neu al ne wo ks” (No. III-43014). The au ho s g a e ully acknowledge he i nancial suppo o his pape by he Se bian Minis y o Science. Acknowledgemen s This esea ch is pa o he p ojec “De elopmen , ealiza ion, op imiza ion and moni o ing o a 5kWp g id-connec ed modula sun- acking pho o ol aic sys em” (No. TR-33035) and he p ojec “Imp o emen o he moni o ing Re e ences O i cial Gaze e o he Republic o Se bia, No. 111/2009, 92/2011, and 93/2012, Law on Eme gencies. 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