The role of transport in the smart cities

UNIVERSIDAD DE LAS PALMAS DE GRAN CANARIA MSc in Tou ism T anspo and En i onmen al Economics THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT IN THE SMART CITIES Ma a I. San ana Beney o 45345148-G Supe ised by: Juan Ca los Ma ín He nández Las Palmas de G an Cana ia 11/06/2015 MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 1 ABSTRACT Two main conce ns a ec de eloped ci ies: u ban conges ion and global wa ming. These wo concep s walk oge he because mo e u ban conges ion would suppose an inc emen in anspo needs which cause a ic conges ion and, o his eason, mo e pollu ion. Hence, he aim o his wo k consis s in de elop a heo e ical anspo model in which, a leas , hese wo conce ns will be analyzed. The base o he model is In o ma ion and Communica ion Technologies (IT). De ices connec ed o he in e ne ha e al eady su passed he numbe o people wo ldwide. Social ne wo k and all kind o de ices daily gene a e huge amoun o in o ma ion. Figu e 1: Human Beings VS In e ne Connec ed De ices Sou ce: INDRA (2015), p. 5. Wi h echnology o "In e ne o Things" his in o ma ion could be applied in o de o c ea e be e socie ies, less pollu an and be e o ganized which inc ease ci izens quali y o li e. In e ne is no only a global ne wo k o people o communica e. I is a pla o m which allows de ices o communica e be ween hem and wi h he es o he wo ld by i sel . "In e ne o Things" and he o ganiza ion o Big Da a (label gi en o all da a collec ed) ac oss a powe ul pla o m would allow his inc edible amoun o da a o be used in o de o make hings be Sma Things wi hin he con ex o he Sma Ci y. Howe e , apa om bene i s eme ged om he pe o mance o he model, i supposes some isks ha also a e analyzed in he cu en wo k and ecommenda ions a e p oposed o minimize he possible impac . Key wo ds: In e ne o hings, Big Da a, Sma Ci y, T anspo , ICT 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 1995 2003 2011 2020 Human Beings (millions) In e ne Connec ed De ices (millions) MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 2 MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 6 1.1 Aim o he wo k ............................................................................................ 6 1.2 Me hodology .................................................................................................. 7 1.3 S uc u e ......................................................................................................... 7 2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ..................................................................... 8 2.1 U ban T anspo conges ion p oblem ........................................................... 8 2.2 Global Wa ming ........................................................................................... 8 2.3 Sma Ci ies .................................................................................................. 9 2.4 Role o anspo in he Sma Ci y: Sma Mobili y ................................... 12 2.5 Collec i e anspo modes: San ande success ul case .............................. 15 3. SPAIN AND LAS PALMAS DE GRAN CANARIA CITY ............................ 17 3.1 Popula ion ends: ageing socie y and u ban concen a ion in Spain ...... 17 3.2 Las Palmas de G an Cana ia ..................................................................... 19 3.3 LPA_GC Mobili y ..................................................................................... 24 4. MODEL ............................................................................................................... 30 4.1 Bases .......................................................................................................... 30 4.2 P oposal ..................................................................................................... 33 5. STAKEHOLDERS AND BENEFITS .............................................................. 38 6. RISKS ASSOCIATED TO THE MODEL ....................................................... 42 7. CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................. 48 8. REFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 50 MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 4 LIST OF FIGURES Figu e 1: Human Beings VS In e ne Connec ed de ices .............................................. 1 Figu e 2: T anspo Global Impac ................................................................................. 8 Figu e 3: Sma Ci y Roo .............................................................................................. 11 Figu e 4: Gene al Goals o a Sma Mobili y S a egy .................................................. 12 Figu e 5: Eindenho en (NL) Sma Mobili y ................................................................. 14 Figu e 6: Benchma king ................................................................................................. 15 Figu e 7: Spanish Popula ion py amid ........................................................................... 17 Figu e 8: U ban and Ru al Spanish Popula ion Dis ibu ion 1900-2008 ........................ 18 Figu e 9: Popula ion Densi y in Spain ............................................................................. 19 Figu e 10: Si ua ion o Las Palmas de G an Cana ia Ci y .............................................. 20 Figu e 11: Spanish Sma Ci ies Ne wo k ....................................................................... 21 Figu e 12: P i a e Vehicle (VS) Public T anspo (PT) Expec ancy .............................. 26 Figu e 13: P i a e Vehicle (PV) VS Public T anspo (PT) Emissions Expec ancy ....... 26 Figu e 14: 3Vs o Big Da a .............................................................................................. 30 Figu e 15: Sma Mobili y Model ................................................................................... 34 Figu e 16: Compa ison be ween cu en si ua ion VS si ua ion wi h he new model 38 MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 5 LISTS OF TABLES Table 1: Applied Me hodology ....................................................................................... 7 Table 2: Essen ial Fea u es o be conside ed a Medium-Size Ci y ................................. 13 Table 3: Gene al C i e ia o Collec i e T anspo .......................................................... 15 Table 4: Ac ions aken by he Ci y Council in Sma Te ms ......................................... 22 Table 5: Sma P ojec s in LPA_GC ............................................................................... 24 Table 6: T anspo Modes Dis ibu ion wi hin he Ci y .................................................. 25 Table 7: Ac ions aken by he Ci y Council in Sma Mobili y e ms ............................ 27 Table 8: Sma Mobili y P ojec s in LPA_GC ................................................................ 29 Table 9: Summa y o Mos Common senso s ha a ci y could ha e o imp o e i s anspo sys em ............................................................................................................... 31 Table 10: Risks Impac Ma ix ........................................................................................ 46 MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 6 1. INTRODUCTION Du ing las decades, de eloped socie ies, among which Spanish is ound, ha e been expe ienced an inc emen in u ban a eas popula ion conges ion. The main consequence emaining om his issue is ha his concen a ion would gene a e sys em unsus ainabili y. Unsus ainabili y would be caused mainly because o he pe o mance o anspo sec o . T anspo sec o is known as he conjoin o bo h eigh and passenge anspo and ac i i ies in ol ed in he p ocess wi hin he con ex o a anspo ne wo k. The mo e people li ing in ci ies, he mo e demand, and, because o his, he mo e eigh anspo in he ci y. In addi ion, passenge anspo will also ise because people need o mo e a ound and ou o he ci y. The conjoin o hese wo ac s would a ec mo e ields han we can imagine. I a ec s he ene ge ic model, consump ion, oil ese es a accessible p ices, g eenhouse emissions (which impac s di ec ly o ci ies' ai quali y and o global wa ming in gene al), land and o wa e use among o he s1. Consequen ly, global wa ming end will ise due o mo e pollu ion, no only because o he need o mo e ehicles o passenge anspo bu o he a ic conges ion in ci ies. People and eigh mobili y is speci ically ela ed o communi ies' de elopmen and social in e ac ion. Implica ions o he way anspo is used a e huge and wi hou e icien anspo sys ems ci ies and ade could no exis . This sec o has inc eased i s impo ance due o he globaliza ion, which implies an inc ease in he amoun o goods and passenge s exchanges wo ldwide. So, he e i is he dilemma. T anspo is ex emely impo an in ou li es bu , a he same ime, global wa ming is one o he mos impo an p oblems wo ldwide. The ques ion is: Is i necessa y o each he limi ha he wo ld could wi hs and? "We simply do no ha e he luxu y o losing ano he decade; i will be ex emely cos ly each he clima ic s abiliza ion2". 1.1. Aim o he wo k In his Mas e Thesis he goal is, i s o all, analyze he Sma Ci y concep , wha is i and wha does his new ci y pa adigm implies in e ms o anspo , showing he necessi y o a new way o anspo , mo e sus ainable and in elligen , and he idea o a new anspo ne wo k mo e in eg a ed. Secondly, we will y o pu ou ocus in Las Palmas de G an Cana ia Ci y, Spain, one o he Spanish ci ies included in "Red Española de Ciudades In eligen es"3, which is ying o imp o e in e ms o ci y in elligence. Las ly, we will y o make a e lexion and a " eac i e" p oposal p esen ing a gene alized model called Sma Mobili y model based on he analysis o he cu en anspo si ua ion in Las Palmas de G an Cana ia ci y and in he applica ion o ICT4 o i s pe o mance. 1 Real Academia de Ingenie ía (2009), p.1. 2 O ma Edenho e ; ci ed in Gilillis, J. (2014). 3 "Spanish ne wo k o Sma Ci ies". 4 "In o ma ion and Communica ion Technologies". MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 7 Howe e , he model eme ged om his wo k could be applied o any ci y by doing a p e ious analysis o he ci y i sel ins ead o an analysis o Las Palmas de G an Cana ia. 1.2. Me hodology Table 1: Applied Me hodology STEP 1: wo k planning - Documen a y e iew. - Aim o he wo k. - Wo k s uc u e. STEP 2: wo k p epa a ion and elabo a ion - P elimina y eunions - Analysis o he cu en si ua ion - Model p oposal STEP 3: Analysis and esul s p esen a ion - Resul s analysis - Conclusions and limi a ions Sou ce: own p epa a ion 1.3. S uc u e As a esul o he p e ious s udy, p ojec de elopmen has ollowed he nex s uc u e: 1. In oduc ion: b ie explana ion o he wo k and i s impo ance, de ini ion o he main objec i es and applied me hodology. 2. Theo e ical amewo k: Sma Ci y de ini ion and p oblems like ci y conges ion and wha is he ole o anspo in i . 3. Spain and Las Palmas de G an Cana ia: he e popula ion si ua ion is ea ed and hen, mo e deeply, in he case o Las Palmas de G an Cana ia, i "Sma ci y deg ee" is add essed. 4. Model: in addi ion o he Sma Mobili y model, concep s like senso s, "In e ne o Things" and Big Da a a e desc ibed. 5. S akeholde s and bene i s: bene i s eme ged om he pe o mance o he model classi ied in o each s akeholde 's own bene i s. 6. Risks associa ed o he model: isks de i ed om he model pe o mance analysis and ecommenda ions o minimize hem. 7. Conclusions and limi a ions MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 8 Sou ce: own p epa a ion based on Real Academia de Ingenie ía (2009), p.43 2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1. U ban T anspo conges ion p oblem Now we ha e pu on he able ha popula ion conges ion is a eal phenomenon ha ci ies ha e o deal wi h. This will ha e wo main e ec s in u ban anspo . On he one hand, i will inc ease eigh demand wi hin ci ies. Companies would ha e o sa is y needs o a g ea e popula ion and, o ha , hey will need mo e ehicles, gene ally ucks and ans, which ca y all he s u . On he o he hand, passenge anspo demand will also ise, no only because he e will be mo e ehicles bu because o public anspo se ices will need o be ampli ied in o de o sa is y all popula ion. The e o e, one o he main causes o anspo conges ion in u ban a eas is i s ising demand end (bo h eigh and passenge ), due o he g ea e popula ion concen a ion in hose a eas. Main consequences o u ban anspo conges ion would be delays, bo h in eigh and passenge anspo . This will cause money losses o he companies (because hey will p obably lose clien s) and ime losses o ci izens. 2.2. Global Wa ming T anspo modes a e closely ela ed o way o li e. Ci ies depend and a e condi ioned, in e ms o spa ial u baniza ion and way o li e o i s inhabi an s, by anspo ne wo ks. Fu he mo e, anspo sec o plays a c ucial and ising ole in ene gy uses e ms and GH (g eenhouse) emissions in global s ides. Figu e 2: T anspo Global Impac MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 15 Sou ce: Own p epa a ion ob ained om h p://www.sma -ci ies.eu/ 2.5. Collec i e anspo modes: San ande success ul case San ande has u ned in o one o he examples o Sma Ci y wo ldwide in no much ime. Based on i s "Plan Di ec o de Inno ación", San ande is going o be in he sho e m an eno mous pla o m capable o o e i ed solu ions o ci izens and business by cap u ing da a, ea ing hem and i s pos e io sp ead. Tha is why he example o San ande Sma mobili y, mo e speci ically San ande Sma Public T anspo , is going o be used as he baseline o any g ea public anspo design. Objec i es o di e en modes o anspo ha e been es ablished in hei ac ion plan. Howe e , in his wo k only he objec i es ela ed wi h collec i e anspo a e going o be used. Table 3: Gene al C i e ia o Collec i e T anspo Ne wo ks in eg a ion Despi e collec i e anspo has o ci cula e wi h he p i a e anspo , e o s need o be made in o de o seg ega e collec i e anspo o educing ic ions be ween hem. -0,6 -0,4 -0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 Sma Economy Sma People Sma Go e nance Sma Mobili y Sma En i onmen Sma Li ing Eindenho en (NL) San iago de Compos ela (ES) O iedo (ES) Figu e 6: Benchma king MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 16 Accessibili y The ne wo k has o be accessible o e e yone. Rela ed The ne wo k has o be expanded h oughou he e i o y enabling and easing ans e s be ween di e en modes o anspo . Connec i i y The ne wo k has o allow he use o make he maximum numbe o ans e s in he same mode o collec i e anspo . Be e se ice quali y Collec i e anspo has o y o copy he du a ion o any ip i i is done in p i a e ehicle. In addi ion, hings like commodi y and in o ma ion a e key elemen s o choosing o no a collec i e anspo mode. Sou ce: Ayun amien o de San ande (No da e). MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 17 3. SPAIN AND LAS PALMAS DE GRAN CANARIA16 3.1. Popula ion ends: ageing socie y and u ban concen a ion in Spain Ageing endency o Spanish popula ion du ing las decades has been g ea e han in he es o indus ialized coun ies. The Uni ed Na ions p ojec s ha popula ion o e six y yea s old will exceed 40% o o al Spanish popula ion in 2050, becoming he oldes coun y in he wo ld17. I is p ojec ed ha in he nex 15 yea s Spanish popula ion dec eases in 1.1 million people due undamen ally o bi h a e dec ease, mo ali y a e inc ease (which will su pass he bi h a e in 2015 acco ding o he p edic ions), and o he di e ence in he mig a ion balance. Figu e 7: Spanish Popula ion py amid Sou ce: INE (2014), p. 7. Spanish popula ion has expe ienced a edis ibu ion cha ac e ised by concen a ion in ci ies and u al exodus du ing las decades o wen ie h cen u y. Popula ion has mo ed o he mos ac i ely economic egions, Mad id and Ba celona, and o coas al egions a ac ed by ou is ic ac i i y, especially Medi e anean coas and he wo Spanish a chipelagos. Cen al Spain has been g adually uninhabi ed. 16 F om now LPA_GC is going o be used ins ead o Las Palmas de G an Cana ia. 17 Fe nández, J.L. e al (No da e). MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 18 Figu e 8: U ban and Ru al Spanish Popula ion Dis ibu ion 1900-2008 Sou ce: INE (2008). Nowadays (2014), Spanish popula ion, which amoun s mo e han 46.5 million inhabi an s18, is dis ibu ed as ollowing: only 8 Au onomous Communi ies ou o 18, in addi ion o he wo Au onomous Ci ies, concen a e 77.3% o o al popula ion. Comunidad de Mad id and Ca aluña, wo o he 7 Au onomous Communi ies men ioned be o e, concen a e 29.6% o o al popula ion in he whole S a e. Andalusia concen a es he g ea e numbe o inhabi an s in Spain, 8.390.723 in 2014 (18.04% o he whole popula ion). 1.1 million people belongs o The Balea ic Islands and 2.1 million people belongs o The Cana y Islands. 18 INE (2014), p. 2. 0,00% 10,00% 20,00% 30,00% 40,00% 50,00% 60,00% 70,00% 80,00% 190 0 191 0 192 0 193 0 194 0 195 0 196 0 197 0 198 0 199 0 200 0 200 8 Ru al Popula ion 66,60 65% 60,50 57% 50,50 48% 42,30 34% 26,80 22% 23,60 21,30 U ban Popula ion 33,40 35% 39,50 43% 49,50 52% 57,70 66% 73,20 78% 76,40 78,70 MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 19 Figu e 9: Popula ion Densi y in Spain Sou ce: INE (2011), p.4. In a close empo a y ho izon, concen a ion in ci ies end will do no hing mo e han inc ease, while in e io Spain will con inue losing i s popula ion. This means ha popula ion in big ci ies will aise o e ime. 3.2. Las Palmas de G an Cana ia Based on he Real Academia Española, a ci y is de ined as a conjoin o s ee s and buildings con olled by a Ci y Council, in which i s nume ous and dense popula ion wo ks, in gene al, in ac i i ies ha ha e no ela ion wi h he ag icul u e sec o . Fi s o all we a e doing a b ie desc ip ion o Las Palmas de G an Cana ia. I has 382.283 inhabi an s (ISTAC, 2014), 3801,92 inhabi an s/km2 (Wikipedia, Las Palmas de G an Cana ia), and he municipali y sizes a ound 105.55km2 (Wikipedia, Las Palmas de G an Cana ia). Las Palmas de G an Cana ia, wi h San a C uz de Tene i e, plays an impo an ole in The Cana y Islands' economy. I depic s in indus ial sec o , ade and ou ism. I allows a cons an low o goods and people h ough he po (La Luz po was conside ed in 2013 as he ou h mos impo an po in Spain) and ai po . MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 20 Nowadays, many ci ies ha e e ol ed in o Sma Ci ies. One Spanish ci y, Ba celona, has been anked wi h he i s posi ion in Sma Ci ies Global Ranking, elabo a ed by Junipe Resea ch, abo e ci ies like New Yo k and London19. Ne e heles, Ba celona is no he only Spanish ci y ecognised as a Sma Ci y. Acco ding o Red Española de Ciudades In eligen es20 (RECI), 60 ci ies o m his ne wo k. LPA_GC is one o hem. The aim o his associa ion is sha ing in o ma ion and expe iences, wi h he las goal o eaching an au oma ic and e icien managemen o he in as uc u es and u ban se ices so ha hey can o e a be e quali y o li e o he ci izens. In he ollowing map he ci ies ha o m his associa ion a e ep esen ed. 19 El Mundo. 20 Spanish Sma Ci ies Ne wo k. Figu e 10: Si ua ion o Las Palmas de G an Cana ia MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 21 Figu e 11: Spanish Sma Ci ies Ne wo k Sou ce: www. edciudadesin eligen es.es/ Technology use in a ci y in luences se e al aspec s o i . In his wo k, he e ec s ha echnology has in ela ion wi h he mobili y wi hin he ci y, and, because o he mobili y, he e ec s ha i has in ela ion wi h he en i onmen a e going o be discussed. The IT no only a e con o med as auxilia y ools o he managemen imp o emen o he ci y, bu as essen ial elemen s o a ci y s a egy in he medium e m and in i s u u e ac ion line: he ci ies a e going o ha e hese IT in all he aspec s ha con o m a ci y wi h he aim o eassu ing i s sus ainabili y in he long e m., u ning in o eal Sma Ci ies. LPA_GC has de ined i s own Sma ision based on 4 pilla s, which a e hei objec i es21. 1. Sea ou ism Medium-high Sma Deg ee - A ac ou is s om new ma ke s and inc ease he a e age expendi u e pe ou is . - Being a "quali y des ina ion" in o de o be di e en om he es o he island. - P omo e beaches and wa e spo s enjoymen . 2. Mobili y Medium-high Sma Deg ee - Cos op imiza ion and inclusion o all public anspo s modes. - Inclusion o all public anspo s modes unde he same me hod o paymen . 21 Ayun amien o de Las Palmas de G an Cana ia (no da e; a), p. 13. MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 22 3. U ban se ices Medium-low Sma Deg ee - P omo e in e ope abili y wi h o he municipal se ices. - U ban se ices managemen compu e iza ion. - P omo e municipal egula ions ha imp o e ene ge ic e iciency. 4. E-Go e nmen Medium Sma Deg ee - De elopmen o in e ope able and in o ma ion- sha e c oss-pla o ms o he ull p ocess o he Elec onic Adminis a ion. - Se ices homogenei y and highe quali y in he se ices o e ed o he ci izens. Sma Ci y pa h Taking he p e ious ou pilla s in o accoun , LPA_GC, ough he Ci y Council, has de eloped se e al ad ances in Ci y In elligence e ms. Wha is mo e, LPA_GC has lo s o p ojec s, which a e going o be named in able 5. Table 4: Ac ions aken by he Ci y Council in Sma Te ms Applica ions - LPA A isa: In oduced in 2013, i s u ili y is epo ing incidences in s ee u ni u e o he capi al ha specialis s ecei e and y o ix. Then, he ci izen is in o med ough he applica ion o he ix p ocess s a e. - LPA Pa k: Also in oduced in 2013. In less han one yea mo e han 100.000 pa king ope a ions we e conduc ed by his applica ion. I se es o paying he Regula ed Pa king A ea wi hou bo h mo emen and cash bu ough he app. - LPA Accesible: I iden i ies bo h handicapped accessible and no accessible poin s. This is use ul o he Local Au ho i ies, in o de o de elop an accessible da a base o imp o ing ci y accessibili y, and o he ci izens due o he planning ha hey could make be o e going ou and o epo ing p oblems di ec ly o he Local Au ho i ies ac oss he app. - LPA Visi : I con ains all ou is ic in o ma ion a ailable o he ci y, wi h he ad an age o no Wi i equi emen . MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 23 Digi al signa u e and in eg a ed ax adminis a ion I speeds up all he ci izens' p ocedu es and allows i ual communica ion wi h T easu y and educes wai ing ime. The digi al signa u e educes cos s in e ms o human esou ces, pape wo k and imes. LPA_GC Sma Des ina ion The conjoin o IT plus ou ism. LPA_GC ecei e he i s " ou is ic demons a ion cen e" which is o med by ools kike in o ma ion sys ems o know he ou is 's beha iou , in elligen ou is ic o ices... Fu he mo e, The Tou is ic House which has se e al applica ions o imp o e he in o ma ics' channels ha he ou is ha e. On-line ce i ica es o esidence, on-line plenum-wa ching and pa icipa ion i ual ga eway Wi h he on-line ce i ica e o esidence he e is no need o mo e o an o ice in o de o ob ain i (p ocess' speed-up). The possibili y o plenum-wa ching c ea es a close ela ionship among he go e nmen and ci izens. The pa icipa ion i ual ga eway, allows "popula o e" by in e ne o issues such as he Ca ni al mo i e. O he p oceedings - Wi i scope ampli ica ion - Open Da a ga eway: allows some public se ices (Guaguas Municipales, T a ic, Accessibili y...) o p o ide ci izens wi h in e es ing and use ul in o ma ion bu wi h he las oal ha he echnological sec o could make applica ions and so wa e om his in o ma ion. Sou ce: Ayun amien o de Las Palmas de G an Cana ia (no da e;a), p. 18-26. MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 24 Table 5: Sma P ojec s in LPA_GC High p io i y Medium P io i y Low p io i y High complexi y Se ices digi aliza ion and LPA Mobili y App. Inno a ion engines, ci izens adap a ion o IT. In elligen pa ks and ga dens. Medium complexi y Ci izen CRM (Cus ome Rela ionship Managemen ) and ci izens pa icipa ion. T anspa ency ga eway. In o ma ion use supe ision and was e disposal se ice ans o ma ion. Low complexi y Sma Des iny and Pape less adminis a ion. Digi al comme ce, ene ge ic e icien se ices. Knowledge managemen . Sou ce: Ayun amien o de Las Palmas de G an Cana ia (no da e; a), p. 35. 3.3. LPA_GC Mobili y I is essen ial o explain wha he collec i e anspo o e in he ci y is and wha i s cu en si ua ion is. In his wo k, da a supplied by he Ci y Council in he documen "LPA_GC Mo ilidad en T ans o mación"22 has been aken as he e e ence da a sou ce, because hese a e he mos ecen and eliable da a. 22 Ayun amien o de Las Palmas de G an Cana ia (no da e; b). MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 31 "Ins i u o de Ma ke ing online" classi ies he a ie y o da a in h ee g oups: People o people (P2P): da a collec ed by he communica ions among people. Fo example emails sen , You ube and Facebook uploads, Twee s sen , Web Blogs and so on. People o Machine (P2M): In o ma ion collec ed by E-comme ce, Bank Ca ds, compu e s and websi es isi ed, Mobiles, Digi al TV and mo e. I is called P2P because is he in e ac ion be ween people and machines. People u ns on he compu e and buy some hing speci ic. Machine o Machine (M2M): In con as o he abo e ela ion, in his case people do no do any hing. I is a ela ion among machines. This is ou case. Table 9 shows a summa y o di e en de ices used o collec da a h ough his M2M p ocess. By i sel , da a does no gene a e in o ma ion. I is he ea men o da a which gene a es use ul in o ma ion. I is he e when echnology and in elligence ha e o join in o de o c ea e a Sma Solu ion. These senso s a e he i s s ep in e e y IoT p ocess26. An imp essi e amoun o in o ma ion is ga he ed ac oss hem (Da a Collec ion) o hen being sen o a i ual pla o m, no mally called Big Da a pla o m, ha o ganizes hem (Da a P ocessing) making possible i s use o p edic and manage u ban luxes o inally boos he in elligen managemen o he ci y27. Table 9: Summa y o mos common senso s ha a ci y could ha e o imp o e i s anspo sys em28 Espi as This ype o senso could measu e in ensi y, occupa ion, speed and classi ica ion o ehicles. CCTV (Closed Ci cui Tele ision) I is a ci cui o came as all a ound he ci y which i s main pu pose is con ol di e en ac i i ies and e en s, such as oo ball ma ches, s ikes and so on. 26 IoT concep explained in poin 2.3. 27 Uni e si a Poli écnica de Ca alunya (no da e), p. 7. MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 32 Example 1: In he case o SM he CCTV could be used o con ol he a ic low in eal ime, wi h he possibili y o knowing whe e conges ion a e and wha is he bes op ion o a oid i . Example 2: In addi ion, no only a ic low conges ion, bu people conges ion could be used o edi ec he a ic o sa is y he demand in each momen (This will be ea ed deepe la e on). LPR (License Pla e Reade ), an enna o cap u ing Blue oo h / WiFi de ices and elec onic eade s called TAGs All hese echnologies allow calcula e a el ime among consecu i e uni s. An ennas cap u e he signal o each uni i he uni has WiFi / Blue oo h connec ion (like a Sma Phone o Na iga o ). This will pe mi know whe e a uni ( ehicle) is in each momen . RFID ags a e li le de ices ha looks like a s icke which a e placed in an objec , in his case ca s, and con ain an ennas connec ed o an RFID (Radio F equency Iden i ica ion) emi e o ecep o . This allows communica ion be ween he objec and he emi e / ecep o wi h he ad an age o , o example, c ossing oad ools wi hou s opping (because you Tag is p epa ed o pay au oma ically) o en e ing in a ga age wi hou s opping o pay because you ca is au oma ically ecognised. LPRs help manage s o he ci y o know, o example, ca pa k usage, pedes ian c ossing usage, numbe o ehicles along he oad, a eas o low and high conges ion, equency, loca ion and cause o oad wo ks. Ob iously, his ool (LPR) needs a CCTV sys em. I came as don' exis , licenses pla es could no be iden i ied. GPS (Global Posi ioning Sys em) GPS has lo s o applica ions wi hin a Sma Ci y. I is used o know whe e he ehicles a e posi ioned. Bu ... wha kind o ehicles? I allows knowing he posi ion o any ehicle ha has a GPS ins alled. Knowing his i is possible o know he ou e o ou es ha i has aken. No only o p i a e ehicles bu o public anspo such as buses o axis. Sou ce: Wikipedia (a;b and c). A eal example o a ci y which uses hese senso s is Ba celona. To eed hei da a pla o m hey ins alled nume ous senso s h oughou he ci y. 116 espi as, 15 Blue hoo h an ennas, RFID Tags and GPS. Using hese de ices, Ba celona made a simula ion in he a ea o Ensanche ba celonés, which due o i s dimensions and a ic low can be equipped o a MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 33 medium-sized Spanish ci y. The simula ion was success ul. They demons a e ha he model hey used was obus and he esul s we e eliable29. This is an old p ojec in Ba celona (2013). Now, i is he mos impo an Sma Ci y in he wo ld acco ding o Junipe Resea ch (2015). Being awa e o his, i is clea ha his example is he i s s ep ha any ci y which wan s o excel in Sma ness has o ollow. 4.2.P oposal We ha e been explaining he basic pe o mance o a Sma Mobili y model wi hin he Sma Ci y, bu now is he momen o apply all which ha e been poin ed ou o Las Palmas de G an Cana ia Mobili y. Linking he in o ma ion o he cu en si ua ion o anspo in LPA_GC wi h he bases o any SM mobili y model and he change om a Push model o a Pull anspo model he ollowing igu e explains he pe o mance o wha could be he dynamic in LPA_GC i he ci y ollows he logical s eps. 29 El País. MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 34 Figu e 15: Sma Mobili y model Sou ce: own p epa a ion. MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 35 Da a sou ces In he g aph abo e h ee blue a ows show he in lux o open/ aw da a in o he pla o m. We ha e alked abou da a coming om senso s, (Sou ce A), bu no abou da a coming om in e nal in o ma ion o Taxis and Buses. In spi e o his di e en ia ion, all da a comes om Machine o Machine p ocedu e. Taxis and Buses a e he only public anspo in LPA_GC. Fo his eason only hei in e nal da a can be added o he Big Da a pla o m. Fi s , le 's explain how hese wo modes o public anspo wo k o unde s anding wha kind o in o ma ion would be use ul o he model. Sou ce B: Taxis In he island o G an Cana ia axi se ice is di ided by municipali ies. In o he wo ds, LPA_GC has hei own axis wi h pe missions o do se ices in he ci y o LPA_GC. The ci y has 1.640 axi licenses, which suppose one axi pe 230 neighbou s. Only Mad id, Ba celona and San a C uz de Tene i e ha e mo e axis pe inhabi an . The e o e, LPA_GC is he ou h ci y in Spain in e ms o axis pe inhabi an 30. Taxi Radio G an Cana ia (Ta ag anca) is a coope a i e o med by 7 municipali ies, being Las Palmas de G an Cana ia one o hem. This coope a i e has an impo an echnological base. A axi can be solici ed by ci izens in di e en ways:  By he App Ta ag anca "TaxiClick" - Possibili y o knowing whe e he axi is in each momen since he o de - Possibili y o being able o know he ype o ehicle ha is going o do he se ice - Possibili y o choosing an adap ed ehicle o handicap people - Possibili y o paying wi h c edi ca d  By he websi e www. a ag anca.o g  By SMS  By elephone  S opping a axi in he s ee The ac o being a coope a i e implies ha hey wo k in e nally. In o ma ion collec ed by axi se ice will be eally in e es ing o cons uc a sma mobili y model. Fu he mo e, he huge a e o axis pe inhabi an ha LPA_GC has is ano he eason why axis could collec a lo o u ban anspo in o ma ion. In o ma ion o in e es  In o ma ion o he whole se ice ha a axi does in a day and ollowing days.  Knowing his, o example, places whe e axis do mo e se ices could be iden i ied and poin s whe e axis do no no mally go could also be iden i ied.  Mos equen ou es done by axi d i e s.  Iden i ica ion o a ic jams and acciden s, because he e a e always axis in s ee s so i is like a 24 hou s se ice o a ic in o ma ion. 30 h p:// www. a ag anca.o g MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 36  C owded o emp y a eas. All hese in o ma ion could be easily collec ed by M2M echnology. A GPS could p o ide geog aphic posi ioning in seconds and, i he axis lee is p o ided wi h his kind o de ices, i would no be oo di icul o gene a e a posi ioning map, indica ing a ic p oblems o e en ions o he swi chboa d. Fo his eason, in o ma ion collec ed by axis would be a big help o he Big Da a pla o m. Dynamic and eal ime in o ma ion could be p o ided by axis, in addi ion o senso s dis ibu ed h oughou he ci y. Sou ce C: Buses The abo e appliance o M2M o axis could be he same in he case o public buses. As well as axis, buses a e ci cula ing almos 24 hou s ac oss he ci y. The only di e ence among he in o ma ion ha axis could p o ide o he model wi h he in o ma ion ha buses could p o ide is ha buses ha e hei s a ic ou es, which could only pe mi collec ing in o ma ion in he same places. When some special e en is celeb a ed buses inc ease he equency o he se ice, bu no mally h ough he same lanes. Taxis change hei ou e depending on a ic s a e and also in special e en s so, in some manne , hey co e a g ea e su ace han buses. Howe e , i would be use ul o collec in o ma ion om hese wo modes o public anspo . Bus sys em in he island o G an Cana ia wo ks sepa a ely i he ip is u ban o i i is in e - u ban. The company called Global is in cha ge o he in e -u ban ips. I was c ea ed in 2000 by he usion o Salcai (in cha ge o sou he n a ea) and U insa (in cha ge o he no he n a ea). Apa om his, he company called Guaguas Municipales b ings he se ice wi hin he ci y o LPA_GC and i is a public company since 1979. Bo h Global and Guaguas Municipales a e in o he buses coope a i e called Au o idad Única de T anspo e de G an Cana ia, which is o med also by o he li le p i a e buses companies which p o ide se ice o li le owns. The g ea p oblem in G an Cana ia is ha , because wo di e en companies a e in cha ge o he in e -u ban and u ban anspo , and in spi e o being pa o he same coope a i e, hey use di e en applica ions o calcula e ou es. In o he wo ds, ci izens can calcula e hei ou e wi hin he ci y using he applica ion o Guaguas Municipales bu , i you wan o calcula e you ou e om he ci y cen e o a own ou o he ci y i would be impossible. You would need o use he applica ion o Global o calcula e you ou e ou o he ci y, which means double e o and no an e icien sys em a all. The only hing ha he wo companies ha e done h ough his coope a i e, which ob iously does no sol e he p oblem a all, is c ea ing a bonus ca d which allows only people o ce ain subu bs o combine bo h se ices wi h he same bonus ca d and always wi hin he municipali y a ea o LPA_GC31. Ne e heless, in ou wo k we a e no going o ocus in his kind o in e ope abili y p oblem because i is no he idea o he wo k. Ou ocus will be u ban anspo , which means ha we a e going o analyze he cu en si ua ion o Guaguas Municipales. 31 h p://www.guaguas.com MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 37 I is o med by 242 ehicles, 40 lanes (37 diu nal and 3 noc u nal). In addi ion, he e a e 746 bus s ops which a e ope a i e 365 days a yea 32. This company has i s own applica ion which allows he cus ome o know he buses equency, bus s ops lis and nea es bus s op, di e en ou es ac oss he ci y and mo e. I is disposable o sma phones and in he websi e. In addi ion, in 2014 hey de eloped hei con ac less bonus ca d which eases he paymen in buses bu also could allow he company o know which ou es is aken by each passenge . Guaguas Municipales has also a big p esence in social ne wo k, communica ing all news hey ha e. Howe e , he se ice o his public u ban company, which means ha i is con olled by he Ci y Council, could be imp o ed wi h he applica ion o ou model i his company gi es hei in e nal da a o he Big Da a pla o m. In o ma ion o in e es  Slowes and as es ou es and easons o why is i like ha .  O igin and des iny o cus ome s by using he in o ma ion p o ided by con ac less bonus ca d.  Mos c owded ou es.  Mos c owded bus s ops. Big Da a Pla o m Once he in o ma ion sou ces ha e been iden i ied, le 's s a explaining wha he pu pose o collec ing he in o ma ion is. Raw da a, o Open Da a, is ans e ed om hese sou ces o he Big Da a pla o m. In o ma ion collec ed by senso s is commonly known as Open Da a and i has been p o ed ha lo s o possibili ies o business gene a ion a ound open da a in speci ic ecosys em, Sma Ci ies, exis . In o ma ion collec ed by senso s needs o be ea ed. Well p ocessed da a in he ci ies is he key o he sma se ices, is like he money o he comme ce. Wi hou da a he se ices will no be sma , hey will be jus se ices33. The p ocess occu ed in a Big Da a pla o m ollowing in some manne his pa e n: da a en e s in he Big Da a in o m o aw da a. Once he da a is en e ing in he pla o m a p ocess known as Ex ac , T ans o m and Load (ETL)34 is in cha ge o il e ing da a, emo ing ou lie s and eco e ing lack o da a needed. Then, da a goes o ano he da a base called Da a Wa ehouse. He e, da a is bo h in eg a ed and sepa a ed in o de o c ea e in o ma ion ha could be consul ed and analysed. A e his p ocess, da a is co ec ly o ganized o use i o , o example, c ea ing new applica ions which ease he li e o he ci izens. Howe e , no only applica ions a e he u ili y o collec ing and con e ing da a. In he ollowing pa ag aphs wha could be done wi h his in o ma ion and who is going o bene i om i will be explained. 32 h p://www.guaguas.com/laemp esa 33 Miguel Ga cía (2015), p. 4. 34 Wikipedia(d). MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 38 5. STAKEHOLDERS AND BENEFITS Ou model is like a new anspo pa adigm. The change om a Push anspo model o a Pull anspo model. Using da a ob ained by senso s and o ganized by he i ual pla o m will allow manage s o he anspo sys em o adap anspo o e o he demand in eal ime. Wha is known as a Push Model is when he s a egy o a company looks owa d he dis ibu ion channels. In o he wo ds, when is he company who es ablishes he amoun o good o se ice ha needs o be consumed. I all he p oduc o he se ice ha he company planned is no consumed, he company would ha e s ock and ice e sa. I all goods o se ices ha he company planned a e consumed and he demand is equi ing mo e, he company would ha e s ock sho ages. This is how he anspo sys em wo ks nowadays in LPA_GC. They use S a ic Es ima ions o demand, which means conside ing no empo a y a ia ion in he demand end a e he momen i has been calcula ed and, by he way, any modi ica ions in he se ice du ing a no mal pe iod. Figu e 16: compa ison be ween cu en si ua ion VS si ua ion wi h he new model Sou ce: own p epa a ion. MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 39 The aim o a Sma Collec i e T anspo sys em is o be a Pull Model. Pull Models a e hose in which is he dis ibu ion channel, in ou case use s o collec i e anspo , wha de e mines he le el o he se ice o good. In his case he company will be passi e un il he demand asks o he se ice o good. This could be applied in anspo ne wo ks by using Dynamic Es ima ion o demand. Now he se ice o p oduc , in ou case collec i e anspo se ice, is subjec ed o demand equi emen s. I he demand is highe , he se ice anspo will inc ease i s equency o capaci y o abso b he demand peak and, i by he con a y he demand dec ease, he se ice will educe i s equency o capaci y. The whole ci y will see epe cussions o his model i i is implan ed. A less conges ed and be e o ganized ci y would eme ge om a ic op imiza ion. Fo his, pollu ion le els o he ci y would be less, because he a ic would be be e o ganized and, in special, because he imp o emen in public u ban anspo s managemen would gene a e a g ea impac in he en i onmen due o he ac ha i is a non-s op se ice. The eupon, is exposed a lis o bene i s, sepa a ed by each s akeholde 35, ha his model would suppose i i is implemen ed36. Taxis As i has been explained a he beginning o his pa ag aph, he change om a Push model o a Pull one would suppose a be e adap a ion o he u ban anspo s o he demand. I axis se ice use he in o ma ion ob ained om senso s dis ibu ed h oughou he ci y, o example came as which de ec s clumps, and also om i s own in o ma ion as we named in poin 4.2, hei se ice could be much be e han now. In o he wo ds, i each axi s and has a came a which de ec s he numbe o people he e and immedia ely his came a send a signal o axis in o de o co e ha demand. In his way, axis would be edi ec ed o he poin ha needs o be sa is ied, making clien s happy wi h he se ice. This "me hod" could be used no only in axis s ands bu in s ee s. When some clumps a e de ec ed in speci ic places came as would also send a signal and edi ec axi a ic o he poin . In his case, i would also sa e clien s' ime and ene gy because hey would no need o use he applica ion o calling axi se ice because hey would be he e be o e clien s ha e hough in calling one. I will suppose a bene i bo h o clien s and o he axi company because i would educe cos s in e ms o ene gy needed o un hei ehicles. I would also make he se ice mo e e icien and axi d i e s will coun wi h pe ec in o ma ion, no as be o e. The ideal hing would be a axi coope a i e in he whole e i o y, in G an Cana ia. Doing his he se ice will be mo e e icien because he abo e sys em o axis' edi ec ion depending on he condi ions o he a ic and clumps would be mo e e ec i e i any axi in any place could be edi ec ed. Poli ic easons make his idea an u opia37. 35 Business dic iona y. "A pe son, g oup o o ganiza ion ha has in e es o conce n in an o ganiza ion. S akeholde s can a ec o be a ec ed by he o ganiza ion's ac ions, objec i es and policies". 36 This subsec ion has been elabo a ed wi h he help o p o esso Ra aél Pé ez (IDETIC). 37 Teldeno icias. MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 40 Buses The model would gi e he same bene i s han in he case o axis bu wi h a es ic ion. Buses ha e hei own lines and ixed ou es. The way in which buses could imp o e hei bene i s would be by inc easing o dec easing bus equency in a speci ic line depending on he clumps and a ic issues. As in he case o axis, came as in buses s ops would indica e he mos c owded bus s ops, in eal ime, and would gi e he in o ma ion equi ed o modi y he equency. The di e ence wi h he si ua ion be o e he model is ha he changes in equencies could be done in eal ime, no only in special e en s. This would suppose an impo an cos educ ion due mainly o he educ ion in ene gy consump ion by i ing bes he o e wi h he demand. Secondly, in o ma ion eme ged om Big Dada Pla o m would also p o ide he bus company wi h in o ma ion ha i could use in o de o op imize he bus ne wo k, knowing i some bus s ops a e no mally emp y, analyzing o igins and des inies o passenge s and desc ibing mos common ou es o hen op imize hem and so on. Ci izens This new model will allow he c ea ion o new applica ions ha will do no hing mo e han inc ease ci izens' quali y o li e, making easie e e y daily ask. The mo e o ganized da a he mo e uses i would ha e. Speci ically, M2M echnology will suppose a g ea ad an age o u ban anspo passenge s due o he ac ha his echnology will ad ance hei mo emen s, and e en hough s, be o e hey do hem. This means ha he se ice will be adap ed o hem. Wai ing imes would be educed; ou es would be mo e e icien and, o ha eason, as e han now; he ehicle would no be so c owded bu no so emp y, in summa y, he se ice would be much mo e adequa e han nowadays. Eme gency se ices We could include in his ca ego y ambulances and police. Thanks o M2M echnology, hese se ices would ha e he possibili y o a i e ea lie o he place o he acciden o he eme gency and e en o know whe e he acciden is due o he ala ms sen by senso s. This is because hey would ha e he app op ia ed echnology, like GPS p o iding hem wi h eal da a. Fu he mo e, M2M echnology could also been applied o de ices which con ol a ic, such as a ic ligh s, in o de o allow he as es ou e o hese se ice when an inciden happens. This is an in e es ing poin and he e is a lo o heo y ela ed o his opic bu is no ou pu pose wi h he wo k, so we a e no going o del e in his. P i a e Companies The impac o his new anspo pa adigm in LPA_GC will suppose a g ea ma ke niche o di e en ypes o companies. Ano he Mas e Thesis could be done explaining in de ail how companies could exploi a ic big da a in o de o imp o e hei companies ( his in o ma ion would be sold o companies ha ask o i by he Big Da a pla o m). Fo example:  Ma ke ing ac ions in he company: business can inc ease (o dec ease) i s ma ke ing ac ions i hey con ol he mos c owded (o he mos emp y) slo s in some a eas. Knowing he ansi pa e n in hei a ea, o e en eal da a which ad ise hem o MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 47 Financial Resou ces ailu e o de eloping he Big Da a Pla o m. High Analyse which o he h ee scena ios would be be e depending on he inancial si ua ion o each agen .  Scena io 1 P i a e Company  Scena io 2 Ci y Council  Scena io 3 Join Ven u e Financial Resou ces ailu e o he in as uc u e and senso s. High Ma ke Model ejec ion om he pa o in o ma ion sou ces High ___ Ma ke In o ma ion exchange e usal Low Good ai h ag eemen s o he in o ma ion uses. Technical In o ma ion collec ed in he Big Da a pla o m insecu i y. High Ful il he h ee Big Da a p inciples CIA:  Con iden iali y  In eg i y  A ailabili y Sou ce: own p epa a ion. MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 48 7. CONCLUSION In he cu en Mas he Thesis a Sma Mobili y model has been cons uc ed in heo e ical e ms ying o accomplish all he equi emen s expec ed om any managemen model wi hin he con ex o he Sma Ci y; based on he use o IT, dec easing people mo emen s and sensible o he en i onmen . In addi ion, we ha e ocused ou model in Las Palmas de G an Cana ia ci y. Howe e , he only hing ha would change i he model wan s o be applied in ano he ci y a e he in o ma ion sou ces, ha in his speci ic case a e axis and buses (due o he u ban anspo sys em o he ci y), bu hem could be any o he anspo mode, depending on how he anspo in he selec ed ci y is o ganized. The aim o he wo k ha was es ablished a he beginning o i is ul illed wi h he pe o mance o he model: dec easing conges ion while dec easing pollu ion. In addi ion, a la ge lis o bene i s di e en om hese wo is desc ibed as well. On he one hand, sha ing in o ma ion wi h he Big Da a base would allow be e managemen possibili ies o all s akeholde s in e es ed on i . T a ic could be o ganized in a mo e e icien way minimizing he u ban conges ion p oblem. On he o he hand, his model would suppose bo h sa ings o anspo companies and educ ion in pollu ion. Ne e heless, isks which could be eme ged om he pe o mance o he model ha e o be aken in o accoun . Fo example, in es men needed o un he model and he possible ejec ion on he pa o s akeholde s. Wi hou any doub , he g ea es isk is in o ma ion secu i y in he Big Da a pla o m. The likelihood o his isk is high because o he inc easing numbe o hacke s, people capable o ex ac sensible and con iden ial in o ma ion om his pla o m. The po en ial e ec on he model would be c i ical, due o he ac ha wi hou a secu e da a base he model would no be alid. Fo his eason, i would be necessa y o de ine ac ions ha ensu e he add ess o he h ee basic p inciples in Big Da a secu i y e ms: con iden iali y, in eg i y and a ailabili y. Recommenda ions To conclude, as inal ecommenda ions, I would say ha , in my opinion, a e esea ching in his ield I belie e ha u ban conges ion p oblem is a eal and huge p oblem and ac ions o s op pollu ion caused by i ha e o be aken be o e i is oo la e. The in e es in he model applica ion is no only o en i onmen al issues bu o ci izens' quali y o li e. A bes o ganized ci y in a ic e ms could pe mi a be e li e and, because o day by day mo e people a e been concen a ed in ci ies, his issue u ns in o a mus . Limi a ions The eason why I added his cla i ica ion is because when my mas e u o and I s a ed o hink in he cu en wo k we ag eed in ha he bes idea was doing deep in e iews o people in he Ci y Council o Las Palmas de G an Cana ia. To ou disappoin men his could no be possible. A e a ious a emp s o ge an appoin men we inally ga e up in his idea and he wo k ca ied on wi hou hese in e iews. Addi ionally, i would no be possible o wo k wi h eal a ic da a so ha is why he model p oposed in his wo k is a heo e ical one. MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 49 Fu he mo e, i could be said ha model implemen a ion could no be done immedia ely because o he IT base needed in Las Palmas de G an Cana ia. The e o e, i is possible ha when he echnological base is eady new IT exis s, so, maybe his kind o p oposal would be obsole e by he ime. Fu u e esea ch lines Ou wo k has been ocused on passenge anspo , due o he ac ha a mo e complex model would equi e mo e ime, deepe and complex in es iga ion. Howe e , lo s o in es iga ion lines eme ged om his opic. We ha e ound he idea o ex ends he bene i s ha his model could gi e o p i a e companies, eme gency se ices o o he s e y in e es ing. Each p i a e company is di e en om he o he and ha is why i could suppose a challenge in his wo k, bu i is an in e es ing opic o a PhD o o any u he in es iga ion. MARTA I. SANTANA BENEYTO THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT 50 8. REFERENCES Ayun amien o de A Co uña (no da e): "Co uña Sma Ci y". (Da e consul ed: 16-Feb e ua y- 2015). Ayun amien o de Las Palmas de G an Cana ia (no da e; a): "LPA_GC Modelo de Ciudad In eligen e". h p://www.laspalmasgc.es/expo /si es/laspalmasgc/.galle ies/documen os- inno acion/lpa-gc_sma ci y.pd (Da e consul ed: 02-Feb ua y-2015). Ayun amien o de Las Palmas de G an Cana ia (no da e; b): "Mo ilidad en T ans o mación". h p://www.laspalmasgc.es/expo /si es/laspalmasgc/.galle ies/documen os-o as- secciones/LPA-GC-Mo ilidad.pd . (Da e conusl ed: 02-Feb ua y-2015). 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