Ci a ion: Lina es Gómez del Pulga ,
M.; López Sánchez, M.; Gilabe , C.V.;
An onio-Ga cía, M.Á.; Sánchez-
Salaza , F.; Tejedo Cab e a, A. A
Te i o ial S a egy o he Ac i a ion
o Tou ism in Low Popula ion Densi y
He i age Landscapes. Land 2024,13,
574. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/
land13050574
Academic Edi o s: Ra ael Bece a-
Ramí ez and Ja ie Dóniz-Páez
Recei ed: 20 Ma ch 2024
Re ised: 10 Ap il 2024
Accep ed: 16 Ap il 2024
Published: 26 Ap il 2024
Copy igh : © 2024 by he au ho s.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Swi ze land.
This a icle is an open access a icle
dis ibu ed unde he e ms and
condi ions o he C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion (CC BY) license (h ps://
c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/
4.0/).
land
A icle
A Te i o ial S a egy o he Ac i a ion o Tou ism in Low
Popula ion Densi y He i age Landscapes
Me cedes Lina es Gómez del Pulga 1, Ma ina López Sánchez 2, C is ina Vicen e Gilabe 3,
Miguel Ángel An onio-Ga cía4, F ancisco Sánchez-Salaza 4,* and An onio Tejedo Cab e a 4
1Depa amen o de Exp esión G á ica A qui ec ónica, Uni e sidad de Se illa, Campus Reina Me cedes US,
A enida de la Reina Me cedes, 2, 41012 Se illa, Spain; [email p o ec ed]
2Depa amen o de Teo ía de la Señal y Comunicaciones y Sis emas Telemá icos y Compu ación, Uni e sidad
Rey Juan Ca los, A enida de Eu opa, 2, O icina 3, 28943 Fuenlab ada, Spain; [email p o ec ed]
3Depa amen o de Didác ica de las Ma emá icas, Uni e sidad de Se illa, Calle Pi o ecnia S/N, 41013 Se illa,
Spain; [email p o ec ed]
4Depa amen o de P oyec os A qui ec ónicos, Uni e sidad de Se illa, Campus Reina Me cedes US, A enida
de la Reina Me cedes, 2, 41012 Se illa, Spain; [email p o ec ed] (M.Á.A.-G.)
*Co espondence: [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac : Sus ainable and balanced e i o y de elopmen in ol es managemen and planning based
on he cul u al and na u al alues ha cha ac e ise i . In con as o solu ions based exclusi ely on
quan i a i e g ow h, oday, we de end quali a i e e i o ial planning based on speci ic cha ac e is ics
and iden i y wha , ul ima ely, is he he i age con en and signi icance o he e i o y. In line wi h
hese a gumen s, his a icle e lec s on he need o design e i o ial planning s a egies o ac i a e
e i o ies wi h low demog aphic densi y h ough hei he i age and landscape alues, speci ically
e e ing o u al a eas made up o small, sca e ed popula ion cen es. The wide e i o ial dispe sion
o hese se lemen s, which ep esen a la ge p opo ion o La in Ame ican and Eu opean e i o y,
calls o speci ic planning and managemen models and c i e ia. This a icle p oposes a e i o ial
s a egy o hese si es aimed a sus ainable ou ism ac i a ion h ough i ine a ies and po en ial
iden i y acili ies. The applica ion o he s a egy is shown in a pilo case s udy o he island o
Fue e en u a (Cana y Islands, Spain).
Keywo ds: e i o ial planning; ou ism; ou is i ine a ies; he i age; Fue e en u a
1. In oduc ion
Today, he wo ld is going h ough a pe iod o ex eme ansi ions ha a ec peo-
ple’s e e yday li es, la gely de i ed om inequali ies caused by globalisa ion and clima e
change. The pace and na u e o he u banisa ion p ocesses o he 20 h cen u y ha e con-
ibu ed o his si ua ion. Many esea che s om he ields o geog aphy [
1
,
2
], sociology [
3
],
u ban planning [
4
] and a chi ec u e [
5
,
6
] ha e denounced he g ea cul u al and en i on-
men al simpli ica ions o he u banisa ion p ocesses o he las cen u y. Thei e lec ions
con i m ha we ha e wi nessed a p ocess o ‘de e i o ialisa ion’ [
7
] consis ing o he
cons an and unsus ainable dissolu ion o he cons i uen elemen s o he iden i y and
complexi y o a e i o y h ough he c ea ion o images ha can be ep oduced anywhe e
on he plane . As Nogué[
1
] w o e, “diso ganised, spa ially incohe en and diso de ed
u ban g ow h, de ached om adi ional u ban se lemen s, has des oyed he e i o ial
logic”.
To add ess he consequences o hese ans o ma ion p ocesses, some au ho s, among
hem a chi ec Ian L. McHa g, in his pionee ing book, de end he need o inco po a e he
ecological ma ix unde lying any geog aphy in u ban and e i o ial p ojec s [
8
]. Un il
he 1960s, he s a egies adop ed o de e mine how o occupy o in e ene in a e i o y
had la gely igno ed he ac ha his, a om being a la and homogeneous su ace
Land 2024,13, 574. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/land13050574 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/land
Land 2024,13, 574 2 o 17
always ep esen ed in wo dimensions, has a hickness due o he elie , geological and
hyd ological cha ac e is ics, ege a ion, and auna; ul ima ely, hanks o ecosys ems. Mo e
ecen au ho s ha e comple ed his ision by exp essing he need o include, in addi ion o
he geog aphic and ecological maps and plans ha collec angible and ma e ial da a, hose
in angible laye s ha e e o he iden i y o a na ion o a communi y, i s socio-cul u al
condi ioning ac o s, and i s economic and demog aphic lows [9].
The p o essional and academic wo ld has g adually ound poli ical and ins i u ional
suppo o he de elopmen o i s a gumen s, me hodologies, and ac ion s a egies. In
Eu ope, we can highligh documen s such as he Eu opean Spa ial Planning Cha e (1983),
he Medi e anean Landscape Cha e (1992), and he Eu opean Spa ial S a egy (1999),
he eina e e e ed o as he ETS. As a mechanism o making he mos disad an aged
egions o he Eu opean e i o y, which a e, in many cases, he mos depopula ed u al
a eas, mo e compe i i e, he ETS called o de eloping e i o ial s a egies ha would
add ess and p omo e cul u al and en i onmen al di e si y while a he same ime s a ing
ha he p omo ion o di e en ia ing alues was undamen al o os e ing sus ainable
socioeconomic de elopmen .
Al hough he ETS and he o he documen s men ioned abo e we e aluable p ece-
den s, he consolida ion o he Eu opean commi men o ejec ing s anda dised planning
and u ban planning p ocesses, which we e dominan in he second hal o he las cen u y,
came abou de ini i ely hanks o he Eu opean Landscape Con en ion (2000), he eina e
e e ed o as he ELC. We can say ha Eu ope has ound in he concep o landscape a
use ul amewo k o e lec ion and ac ion o ad ance owa d a new model o e i o ial
planning and managemen ha , a om au oma ed dynamics, is capable o being o mu-
la ed on he basis o he dis inc i e alues o a egion and i s inhabi an s. As indica ed by
Español Echániz [
9
] “Landscape appea s as a enewed a gumen o claiming an e hical ap-
p oach o land managemen and he Eu opean Landscape Con en ion ein o ces his ole”.
Howe e , despi e his signi ican p og ess in he o icial ecogni ion o he abo e easoning,
mo e han wen y yea s la e , he p ac ical ansla ion o he heo e ical a gumen s in o land
use and planning amewo ks and policies in Eu ope is s ill incipien and, consequen ly,
weak, al hough p og ess is no being made in a simila way in all he coun ies ha signed
and a i ied he Con en ion.
In La in Ame ica, hese deba es a e also p esen , wi h many au ho s calling o his
necessa y ecogni ion o he indigenous geog aphic and en i onmen al eali y when de-
signing e i o ial planning and managemen s a egies [
10
]. Nume ous e lec ions and
me hodologies ha e been p oposed in ecen decades om his egion o eac o un-
sus ainable u ban and e i o ial de elopmen dynamics, al hough, as in he Eu opean
con ex , he consolida ion o he easoning and p oposals om he academic sphe e in a
poli ical– egula o y amewo k o eal implemen a ion is p o ing o be he mos di icul
s ep. The e o e, Eu ope and La in Ame ica sha e he aspi a ion o ede ine hei u ban and
e i o ial policies owa d enewed models based on endogenous e i o ial alues. Much
o he specialised scien i ic li e a u e on bo h con inen s is de o ed o ad ancing his issue,
and he syne gy ha can be es ablished be ween he wo is o g ea in e es .
This a icle is pa o his b oad line o esea ch, al hough i s speci ic objec i e is o
p opose a concep ual and s a egic amewo k o ac i a e e i o ies wi h low demog aphic
densi y, de ining hem as u al a eas made up o small, disagg ega ed popula ion cen-
es [
11
]. The e i o ial con igu a ion o hese a eas, wi h high le els o dispe sion, is
e y pa icula and, he e o e, calls o speci ic managemen and planning models and
c i e ia. Speci ically, his ex p oposes a e i o ial planning s a egy o sus ainable ou ism
p omo ion o hese a eas h ough ‘po en ial iden i y i ine a ies’, unde s anding he u al
landscapes as c ucial e i o ies o he i age and humani y acco ding o he 19 h ICOMOS
Gene al Assembly (ICOMOS-IFLA). The objec i e is o socioeconomically ac i a e cul u al,
na u al, and landscape alues in o de o make he e i o y esilien and compe i i e
h ough he po en ial o i s cul u al landscape, which is g aphically ep esen ed below
(Figu e 1). The applica ion o he s a egy is shown in a pilo case s udy o he island
Land 2024,13, 574 3 o 17
o Fue e en u a (Cana y Islands, Spain), which won i s p ize in he ideas compe i ion
o he Ne wo k o Tou is Expe ience and In e p e a ion Cen es o he Cana y Islands,
o ganised by he Go e nmen o he Cana y Islands and he Cana y Islands Council o
A chi ec s’ Associa ions and awa ded on 16 Feb ua y 2022.
Land 2024, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 o 18
ep esen ed below (Figu e 1). The applica ion o he s a egy is shown in a pilo case s udy
o he island o Fue e en u a (Cana y Islands, Spain), which won i s p ize in he ideas
compe i ion o he Ne wo k o Tou is Expe ience and In e p e a ion Cen es o he Ca-
na y Islands, o ganised by he Go e nmen o he Cana y Islands and he Cana y Islands
Council o A chi ec s’ Associa ions and awa ded on 16 Feb ua y 2022.
Figu e 1. Diag am o he me hodology phases. Sou ce: p epa ed by he au ho (2023).
Fue e en u a has he ad an age o ha ing a di e se cul u al landscape and he na -
u al en i onmen and a chi ec u al and in angible cul u al he i age (ICH) make he e i-
o y a possible asse as a Eu opean island close o A ica. Fu he mo e, he in e io o he
island, conside ed spa sely popula ed a eas in some cases [12], shows ha u al Fue e-
en u a has no only demog aphic ea u es bu also a numbe o a ibu es o economic,
poli ical, social, and spa ial con igu a ion and, mo e signi ican ly o his esea ch, isions
o na u e and he en i onmen ha make i di e en om mo e densely popula ed a eas
[13]. The digi iza ion o he e i o y h ough ec o ca og aphy, which allows upda ing
he i age esou ces, is undamen al o he socio-cul u al cohesion o he Eu opean Union
[14]. Fo his eason, his esea ch p esen s an ex ensi e g aphic p esen a ion in which he
di e en po en ials o he cul u al landscape a e iden i ied and la e explained as a ool o
con e Fue e en u a in o a e i o ial asse wi hin he a chipelago o he Cana y Islands.
The i ine a ies be ween he di e en he i age nodes o he Fue e en u a landscape, high-
ligh ing hose spa sely popula ed a eas, a e a ool o ob ain e i o ial compe i i eness and
Figu e 1. Diag am o he me hodology phases. Sou ce: p epa ed by he au ho (2023).
Fue e en u a has he ad an age o ha ing a di e se cul u al landscape and he na u al
en i onmen and a chi ec u al and in angible cul u al he i age (ICH) make he e i o y a
possible asse as a Eu opean island close o A ica. Fu he mo e, he in e io o he island,
conside ed spa sely popula ed a eas in some cases [
12
], shows ha u al Fue e en u a has
no only demog aphic ea u es bu also a numbe o a ibu es o economic, poli ical, social,
and spa ial con igu a ion and, mo e signi ican ly o his esea ch, isions o na u e and he
en i onmen ha make i di e en om mo e densely popula ed a eas [
13
]. The digi iza ion
o he e i o y h ough ec o ca og aphy, which allows upda ing he i age esou ces, is
undamen al o he socio-cul u al cohesion o he Eu opean Union [
14
]. Fo his eason,
his esea ch p esen s an ex ensi e g aphic p esen a ion in which he di e en po en ials o
he cul u al landscape a e iden i ied and la e explained as a ool o con e Fue e en u a
in o a e i o ial asse wi hin he a chipelago o he Cana y Islands. The i ine a ies be ween
he di e en he i age nodes o he Fue e en u a landscape, highligh ing hose spa sely
popula ed a eas, a e a ool o ob ain e i o ial compe i i eness and esilience wi hin he
Eu opean a chipelago [
15
]. Cul u al he i age cons i u es an impo an asse o he local
de elopmen o he popula ion, economically and socio-cul u ally. Fo people a oiding
Land 2024,13, 574 4 o 17
mass ou ism, cul u al ou ism has become he mos in-demand ype o ou ism globally.
Highligh ing he di e si y and impo ance o Spanish cul u e, like ha o I aly, on he
Eu opean con inen is a way o a oid popula ion declines and e i o ial imbalances, as is
he case o he e i o y o Fue e en u a, whe e he coas consis s o esou ces ha a e no
ound in he inland u al a eas [16].
2. Ma e ials and Me hods
In he complex challenge o edi ec ing assumed p ac ices in he way o managing ou
e i o ies by i ue o new app oaches based on ou own e i o ial alues, his esea ch
s a s om a clea posi ion: he ecogni ion o he i age, whe he angible o in angible, as
he conc e e eali y in which hese alues a e based. Howe e , his is a s a emen ha only
makes sense om a b oad concep ion o cul u al he i age. I is necessa y o lea e behind i s
exclusi e unde s anding as a se o speci ic asse s ha a e a o ded p o ec ion hanks o
hei ou s anding cul u al o na u al alues and, ins ead, o concei e i as he e i o ial
s uc u e ha , in eg a ed by di e se ma e ial elemen s and imma e ial mani es a ions wi h
di e en deg ees o an h opisa ion, exp esses he his o ical in e ac ion be ween na u al
and/o human ac o s ha ha e aken place in a speci ic place [
17
]. Unde s ood his way,
he i age is a magni icen ins umen o explaining he his o y o a e i o y and he socie y
ha has inhabi ed i . Wi hin his app oach, which can be iden i ied in he specialised
li e a u e unde he concep o e i o ial he i age [
18
], he i age is he iden i y ancho o
a e i o y and i s popula ion; ha is, any cul u al elemen o exp ession ha mani es s
i s uniqueness. Essen ial in his discou se is ha , in con as o complex concep s such as
iden i y, cul u e, o landscape, he i age is capable o acqui ing a mo e p agma ic dimension
ha p o ides us wi h angible suppo and a wo king basis ha is key o being able o
ad ance in a new e i o ial p axis [
19
]. This ecogni ion o he i age as he s uc u al
suppo o e i o ial planning a gued om speci ic cha ac e is ics is complemen a y o he
landscape discou se o he CEP om he momen we unde s and landscape as he aspec
ha allows us o iden i y and ecognise he he i age s uc u e o he e i o y.
Taking in o accoun he speci ic eali y o egions wi h low popula ion densi y, we
unde s and he i age as being he ‘suppo ’ o designing ac ions o he ac i a ion and
p omo ion o he e i o y and i s collec i e memo y; ou ism cons i u es he ‘means’ o
unde ake such s a egies. Thus, he heo e ical app oach o his esea ch in eg a es he
ela ionship be ween h ee sphe es o knowledge ha complemen each o he : he i age,
ou ism, and landscape. The use o his iad as a egional planning s a egy o ma ginal o
pe iphe al e i o ies ha a e economically disad an aged compa ed o u ban egions is no
new [
20
]. The commi men o base ou ism on cul u al and na u al di e si y as a s a egy
o sus ainable e i o ial de elopmen in u al egions is e iden in decisi e documen s
such as he Manila Decla a ion on Wo ld Tou ism (1980) and he Cha e o Sus ainable
Tou ism (1995). The signi ican le els o Eu opean unding alloca ed o p omo ing hese
p ac ices [21] ein o ce hei ele ance o egional ebalancing policies.
In he La in Ame ican con ex , he e a e also in e es ing ini ia i es and esea ch
p ojec s [
22
–
25
]. Among o he aspec s, hese call o s a egies o be applied o g an
iden i y and e lec he changes inhe en o he social dynamics o he e i o y ins ead
o esul ing in he well-known p ocesses o ‘museumi ica ion’ o ‘ ou is i ica ion’, which
educe he complex he i age ma ix o a e i o y o simpli ied images and adul e a ed
icons. In his sense, he concep ual amewo k o his wo k assumes ha ou ism planning
based on he he i age con en and meaning o he e i o y mus ejec he cons uc ion o
incomple e and iconog aphic isions h ough balanced and mul i-scale e i o ial s a egies
ha allow isi o s o unde s and he i age asse s no in isola ion, bu as in eg al pa s o
a polysemic cul u al space [
26
]. Al hough in e en ions will e en ually ake place a he
local le el, he app oach mus i s be a leas a a egional le el [
27
]. In ac , he s eng h o
he p ojec s mus lie in he combina ion o wo k a a small scale wi h he comp ehensi e
ision p o ided by a plan wi h a e i o ial scope.
Land 2024,13, 574 5 o 17
Al hough i may be a subs an ial e o o ‘decons uc ’ e i o ies o ecognise he
ela ionships be ween hei he i age elemen s in o de o unde s and how hey ‘wo k’
and wha hei in e dependencies a e, he i age, whe he angible o in angible, canno
be unde s ood i we explain and alue i by sepa a ing i om he geog aphic, social,
economic, poli ical, and cul u al ci cums ances ha su ound i , bo h a he p esen ime
and h oughou his o y. As Llu des, Romagosa, and Díaz [
28
] s a e, “Fo hese easons,
he a iables o e i o y, cul u e, and he i age mus be managed wi h uni y o c i e ia
when implemen ing ou ism p ojec s in e ms o sus ainabili y”. In o de o eplace he
emphasis on quan i a i e g ow h in ou ism policies wi h new comp ehensi e app oaches
o a quali a i e na u e, i is necessa y o ou ism planning o be e ec i ely e i o ial. A
s uc u al and la ge-scale app oach, in addi ion o con ibu ing o a be e con ex ualisa ion
o asse s, would help o a icula e hem, would alue esou ces beyond hose ha a e mos
signi ican , would con ibu e o a be e spa ial dis ibu ion o ou ism ac i i y, and would
en ich he isi o expe ience [22].
We, he e o e, ad oca e a e i o ial, geog aphic app oach in ou ism planning (Valdés
and Vala ezo, 2015). Al hough he geog aphical app oach o ou ism can be es ablished
in di e en aspec s, e.g., spa ial dis ibu ion pa e ns o supply and demand and ou ism
mo emen s and lows, in ou case, we inqui ed abou he applica ion o a e i o ial
pe spec i e in he design and planning p ocesses o ou ism ac i i y [29].
Ha ing p esen ed he concep ual amewo k o his wo k, we will now desc ibe
he me hodological amewo k cons uc ed. Tes ed on a speci ic loca ion, he island o
Fue e en u a in he a chipelago o he Cana y Islands, he me hodology aims a designing
a ou is a ea on a e i o ial scale. The challenge is o balance ou ism in he e i o y,
which is o en unbalanced and e en dis o ed due o he con as be ween places wi h
a high concen a ion o ou is ac i i y and o he s ha a e p ac ically excluded om i .
Con igu ed h ough conca ena ed phases (Figu e 1), he s a egy is based on he desi e o
enhance he alue o he b oad ne wo k o e i o ial he i age, including he i age elemen s
and spaces o di e en ypes, scales, and magni udes [30].
Phase 1. A diach onic s udy o he landscape
The i s s ep is o ca y ou a s udy on he e olu ion and his o y o he cul u al
landscape in o de o unde s and how i s ne wo k o he i age esou ces is s uc u ed. This
phase o he wo k is his o iog aphic in na u e and elies hea ily on his o ical ca og aphic
sou ces, wi h he landscape as he cen al objec o s udy and in e p e a ion. A b oad
ch onological analysis is de eloped om he beginnings o human occupa ion o he
p esen . I is a longue du ée analysis cons uc ed om a sequen ial eading o he e olu ion
o he landscape, wi hou b eaks o in e up ions, in o de o unde s and he long- e m
complex in e ac i e p ocesses ha ha e mo i a ed he his o ical ans o ma ions ha
ha e occu ed in he landscape and i s consequen cu en con igu a ion [
31
] as ex ended
esea ch o he de elopmen o Landscape in a Changing Wo ld o he Science Policy
B ie ing om Oc obe 2010 and he Eu opean Landscape Con en ion om 2000. The
objec i e o he his o ical econs uc ion o he landscape is he ecogni ion o he cu en
he i age pe manence o he iden i ied his o ical p ocesses. The e o e, his phase is c ucial
because i in ol es he iden i ica ion o he he i age esou ces ha will o m pa o he new
ou is space, including bo h immo able cul u al asse s (a chi ec u e, a chaeological si es,
in as uc u es, e c.) and he i age landscapes and in angible he i age elemen s (popula
es i als, c a s, olklo e, e c.). The he i age esou ces ound in Fue e en u a a e classi ied
(Figu e 1) as singula nodes in e ms o a chi ec u al he i age (monumen al and popula );
popula ion uni s wi h he highes densi y (mainly u ban nodes); ou is a ac ion si es such
as na u al nodes wi h s ong landscape iden i ies like moun ain peaks o geodesic poin s,
co es, i e alleys, s eep cli s, wa e alls, and encla es; he i age owns wi h p e-exis ing
monumen al and/o popula iden i y; na u al he i age based on Na u al o Na ional Pa ks
o landscapes p o ec ed by local and insula planning; slow mobili y connec ions such
as ag icul u al pa hs, g eenways inhe i ed om abandoned oads, and hikes inside he

Land 2024,13, 574 6 o 17
Na u al Pa ks; and as anspo connec ions ha show he main highways be ween he
mos impo an u ban a eas and he popula ed u al landscapes.
Phase 2. Concep ualisa ion o he i age ne wo ks
The iden i ied he i age esou ces a e hen classi ied in he o m o ne wo ks. The
knowledge p o ided by he diach onic s udy o he landscape makes i possible o de ec
di e en e i o ial ideas and o ces linked, o example, o ag icul u al ac i i y, he eligious
imp in , indus ial de elopmen , de ence o he e i o y, e c. Each o he hema ic lines
will build a he i age ne wo k ha in eg a es all he elemen s associa ed wi h ha heme.
The ne wo ks will be use ul o syn hesise, o ganise, and coo dina e he he i age esou ces
and o s uc u e he ou is space.
Phase 3. P oduc ion o po en ial iden i y i ine a ies
In his phase, he he i age esou ces o each ne wo k a e connec ed h ough he cu en
mobili y s uc u e. In o he wo ds, his s age ‘spa ialises’ each he i age ne wo k in he
e i o y h ough he exis ing communica ion ou es p e iously iden i ied and mapped. In
unde aking his wo k, he he i age ne wo ks, so a i ual, a e ma e ialised in hema ic
ou es called ‘po en ial iden i y i ine a ies’. Al hough he cohesion o a e i o y h ough
speci ic i ine a ies o ou is s is a well-known o mula, we seek o emphasise he capaci y
o slow mobili y o connec di e en he i age asse s wi h each o he and o con ey, h ough
walking, he e i o ial and landscape dimensions o hese asse s. The ou es a e a use ul
s a egy o he design o a la ge-scale ou ism space and ac i ely con ibu e o balancing
ou ism in he e i o y.
Phase 4. De ec ion o ou is a ac ion poles
This phase allows he selec ion o he a eas wi h he highes concen a ion o he i age
esou ces, known as ou is a ac ion poles. Knowing whe e hese poles a e loca ed is use ul
o loca ing a cen al poin o in oducing he new ou is space (Phase 5), as well as o em-
phasizing he impo ance o a balanced ou ism s a egy in he e i o y. A e he p esen a ion
o he cul u al esou ces in e ms o a chi ec u al and landscape he i age and humani y, he
g aphic o Phase 4 shows whe e he e a e mo e he i age esou ces in Fue e en u a Island,
cap u ing coas al and in e io landscapes such as he Na u al Pa k o Co alejo, he ci y i sel ,
o he Ru al Pa k o Be ancu ia in he municipali y o An igua, espec i ely.
Phase 5. S a egic loca ion o CEIT
As pa o he design o he ou is space, we p opose o inco po a e a e e ence
poin in he e i o y called he Tou is Expe ience and In e p e a ion Cen e (CEIT). I s
objec i es include welcoming isi o s, p o iding hem wi h in o ma ion on e i o ial
esou ces and isi op ions, and in e p e ing and con eying he he i age, na u al, his o ical,
social, cul u al, and e hnog aphic alues o he e i o y. The speci ic loca ion o he CEIT is
pa o he e i o ial s a egy. The choice o i s loca ion is based on six o e lapping c i e ia:
(1) connec i i y wi h unique na u al and cul u al encla es; (2) connec i i y wi h he mos
popula ed popula ion cen es in he su ounding a ea; (3) p oximi y o ou is a ac ion
poles; (4) p oximi y o p o ec ed na u al a eas; (5) connec i i y wi h slow mobili y ne wo ks;
and (6) connec i i y wi h as mobili y ne wo ks and wi h he main anspo a ion hubs in
he e i o y.
Phase 6. CEIT a chi ec u e
The sus ainable a chi ec u al s a egy o designing he CEIT is pa o he me hodol-
ogy. A chi ec u es o minimum impac , bo h isual and ecological, should be p oposed
using sus ainable echniques and local ma e ials a ailable in he en i onmen du ing he
cons uc ion p ocess. These a chi ec u es, om a con empo a y concep ualisa ion, will
con ain he iden i ying ea u es o he e i o y and be in eg a ed in o he landscape, bo h
concep ually and physically, and be capable o speaking o hemsel es abou he place in
which hey a e inse ed. As we will see, in o de o ma e ialise hese pieces, he design o
g een a eas and public spaces is as impo an as he buil a chi ec u es hemsel es.
Land 2024,13, 574 7 o 17
3. Resul s
Al hough he me hodological amewo k p esen ed has been designed o be applicable
o any e i o y o low demog aphic densi y suscep ible o expe iencing ou ism p omo ion
s a egies based on i s he i age con en and signi icance, Fue e en u a is he e i o y
chosen as an expe imen al encla e o s udy i s applicabili y. Fue e en u a is he second-
la ges island (abou 1700 km
2
) o he Cana y Islands. I s ands ou because i is one o he
d ies islands o he a chipelago, wi h li le isual e e ence o ege a ion. The coas line
con as s be ween windwa d cli s on he wes e n coas and wide leewa d beaches on
he eas e n coas . A o al o 47% o he e i o y is a biosphe e ese e wi h some ype o
en i onmen al p o ec ion, and 53% o he coas line has ma ine p o ec ion. The p ima y
p oduc ion ac i i ies ha e been educed o a minimum wi h he de elopmen o mass
ou ism since he 1970s. Today, 2.3% o he popula ion is engaged in u al ac i i ies, 7.5%
in he cons uc ion sec o , and 86% in he se ice sec o ( ou ism) due o bo h he ou is
boom and he deple ion o soils and aqui e s o he o me “g ana y o he Cana y Islands”.
Fu he mo e, being one o he la ges Cana y Islands in e ms o ex ension, Fue e en u a
has been chosen o his esea ch due o he ulne abili y o se e al a eas o he island
conside ed spa sely popula ed a eas acco ding o he Eu opean Pa liamen ’s de ini ion
om Sep embe 2016 and he monocul u e economy based on ou ism in se e al coas al
poles which causes e i o ial imbalances wi hin he island and he emo e owns placed in
he geog aphical cen e o he island whe e poo anspo links make he socioeconomic
g ow h o his pa o he island di icul .
I has abou 105,000 inhabi an s in 80 popula ion cen es. This does no mean ha
dispe sion equals imbalance, as coun ies like Canada o o he s in No he n Eu ope ha e
a high le el o well-being. Mos o hem a e e y small, o ganised in o six municipali ies
which a e, om no h o sou h, La Oli a, Pue o del Rosa io, Be ancu ia, An igua, Tuineje, and
Pája a. The capi al is Pue o del Rosa io, al hough Be ancu ia was he i s own ounded on
any o he Cana y Islands in 1405 by No man and Spanish se le s [
32
]. Tou ism de elopmen
caused he island’s popula ion igu es o inc ease yea a e yea since he 1980s, doubling in
jus o e a decade. Howe e , beach ou ism is hea ily concen a ed on he mos accessible
coas s o he island and has adi ionally been un ela ed o he cul u al ichness o he island.
In o de o de e mine he sui abili y o he p oposed s a egy, he phases desc ibed abo e ha e
been de eloped in his case s udy, ob aining he esul s shown below.
Fi s , he his o ical e olu ion o he cul u al landscape o Fue e en u a was s udied.
This i s phase used g aphic and documen a y his o ical documen s o he island ha
allowed a sequen ial axis o be buil on i s successi e ans o ma ions, linking hem o
his o ical e en s, socio-poli ical con ex s, e c. As a esul o his wo k, six ypes o essen ial
he i age s uc u es o he island e i o y we e de ec ed, which gene a ed, in he second
phase o he me hodology, he he i age ne wo ks o Fue e en u a (Figu e 2). The i s
ne wo k e e s o he a chaeological componen o he place, ha is, o he successi e
an h opisa ion o he e i o y in ela ion o he na u al su oundings. In i , we iden i y he
olcanic o igin o he island o Fue e en u a and he emains o he i s mani es a ions
o he indigenous cul u e. The second ne wo k encompasses he na u al and cul u al
landscapes o he island. The na u al landscapes de i e om olcanic ac ion, and no able
among hem is he con as be ween s eep a ines and cha cones, na u al sal wa e pools.
The cul u al landscapes co espond o he small island illages whe e he a id en i onmen
con as s wi h a whi e e nacula a chi ec u e su ounded by ege a ion, he illage o
Be ancu ia being he highes ep esen a ion o his quali y. The hi d ne wo k is de e mined
by he geog aphical loca ion o he island, which is s ongly a ec ed by he ade winds.
His o ically, hey ha e been exploi ed h ough he cons uc ion o mills, buil mainly o
ex ac wa e , a sca ce esou ce on he su ace, om he subsoil. This has gene a ed a
ich ne wo k o windmills ha cha ac e ise he island. The ou h ne wo k includes he
mani es a ions o he p oduc ion ac i i y o he a ea, mainly alloca ed o he p oduc ion
o ce eal and lime and he s o age and b eeding o ca le. F om his ac i i y, unique
ypological a ie ies ha e been ound, such as a os, used o cheese cu ing. The i h
Land 2024,13, 574 8 o 17
ne wo k encompasses he encla es o ecclesias ical powe in Fue e en u a, nodes o
popula ion concen a ion, and municipali ies ha bea wi ness o he inco po a ion o he
eligious adi ion o he conque o s and se le s o ma ked F anciscan in luence. Finally,
he las ne wo k co esponds o he in angible he i age o Fue e en u a in he o m o
es i i ies, adi ions, olklo e, and popula c a s.
Land 2024, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 o 18
mainly o ex ac wa e , a sca ce esou ce on he su ace, om he subsoil. This has gene -
a ed a ich ne wo k o windmills ha cha ac e ise he island. The ou h ne wo k includes
he mani es a ions o he p oduc ion ac i i y o he a ea, mainly alloca ed o he p oduc-
ion o ce eal and lime and he s o age and b eeding o ca le. F om his ac i i y, unique
ypological a ie ies ha e been ound, such as a os, used o cheese cu ing. The i h ne -
wo k encompasses he encla es o ecclesias ical powe in Fue e en u a, nodes o popu-
la ion concen a ion, and municipali ies ha bea wi ness o he inco po a ion o he eli-
gious adi ion o he conque o s and se le s o ma ked F anciscan in luence. Finally, he
las ne wo k co esponds o he in angible he i age o Fue e en u a in he o m o es i -
i ies, adi ions, olklo e, and popula c a s.
Figu e 2. He i age esou ces o Fue e en u a. Sou ce: p epa ed by he au ho (2023).
A e iden i ying hese six he i age ne wo ks, which encapsula e he weal h o he
island’s he i age, he hi d phase o he me hodology connec s he he i age elemen s o
each ne wo k by means o he exis ing mobili y s uc u e, unde s ood as he cu en pe-
des ian, oad, and public anspo ou es. Thus, six hema ic i ine a ies a e de ined ha
will allow ou is s o cons uc hei own dimension and eali y o he su ounding e i-
o y, and o unde s and he connec ion o he he i age elemen s o each o he ne wo ks
wi h each o he and wi h he landscape (Figu e 3).
Figu e 2. He i age esou ces o Fue e en u a. Sou ce: p epa ed by he au ho (2023).
A e iden i ying hese six he i age ne wo ks, which encapsula e he weal h o he
island’s he i age, he hi d phase o he me hodology connec s he he i age elemen s o each
ne wo k by means o he exis ing mobili y s uc u e, unde s ood as he cu en pedes ian,
oad, and public anspo ou es. Thus, six hema ic i ine a ies a e de ined ha will allow
ou is s o cons uc hei own dimension and eali y o he su ounding e i o y, and o
unde s and he connec ion o he he i age elemen s o each o he ne wo ks wi h each o he
and wi h he landscape (Figu e 3).
These i ine a ies, o ou es, ake in o conside a ion he impo ance o ou ism on oo .
As F. Ca e i [
33
] s a ed, “Th ough walking, ca ego ies ha e been o med wi h which we
in e p e an h opised landscapes”. In addi ion o he i ine a ies, by means o he ne wo ks,
i is also possible o de ine, by s udying he concen a ion o he i age esou ces and hei
ele ance, he poles o ou is a ac ion o he island e i o y ha will be des ina ions o
cong ega ion and he beginning o he ou es, helping he dis ibu ion and o ganisa ion
o he ou is ac i i y. The ou h phase o he me hodology deals wi h he loca ion o
he poles. In addi ion o hese poles o ou is a ac ion, he e will be a cen al space
ha will o ganise he ou is space, he Cen e o Expe ience and Tou is In e p e a ion
(CEIT). In o de o decide on an op imal loca ion o he cen e, he i h phase o he wo k
analyses bo h he island egula o y equi emen s
1
and he six c i e ia desc ibed in he
me hodological amewo k (Figu e 4). These c i e ia allow us o de ec an in ensi ica ion
o he i age esou ces in he no h and cen e o he island, a balanced dis ibu ion o i s
p o ec ed na u al a eas, an o ganisa ion o he communica ion sys em h ough a cen al
axis ha c osses he island in a no h–sou h di ec ion, and a dis ibu ion o he popula ion
and he main communica ion in as uc u es on he eas e n coas . The syn hesis o hese
Land 2024,13, 574 9 o 17
a iables has made i possible o de ine he own o An igua as he op imum si e o he
loca ion o he CEIT (Figu e 5).
Land 2024, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 o 18
Figu e 3. Ne wo ks, i ine a ies, and po en ial iden i y poles o Fue e en u a. Sou ce: p epa ed by
he au ho (2023).
These i ine a ies, o ou es, ake in o conside a ion he impo ance o ou ism on oo .
As F. Ca e i [33] s a ed, “Th ough walking, ca ego ies ha e been o med wi h which we
in e p e an h opised landscapes”. In addi ion o he i ine a ies, by means o he ne -
wo ks, i is also possible o de ine, by s udying he concen a ion o he i age esou ces and
hei ele ance, he poles o ou is a ac ion o he island e i o y ha will be des ina-
ions o cong ega ion and he beginning o he ou es, helping he dis ibu ion and o gan-
isa ion o he ou is ac i i y. The ou h phase o he me hodology deals wi h he loca ion
o he poles. In addi ion o hese poles o ou is a ac ion, he e will be a cen al space
ha will o ganise he ou is space, he Cen e o Expe ience and Tou is In e p e a ion
(CEIT). In o de o decide on an op imal loca ion o he cen e, he i h phase o he wo k
analyses bo h he island egula o y equi emen s1 and he six c i e ia desc ibed in he
me hodological amewo k (Figu e 4). These c i e ia allow us o de ec an in ensi ica ion
o he i age esou ces in he no h and cen e o he island, a balanced dis ibu ion o i s
p o ec ed na u al a eas, an o ganisa ion o he communica ion sys em h ough a cen al
axis ha c osses he island in a no h–sou h di ec ion, and a dis ibu ion o he popula ion
and he main communica ion in as uc u es on he eas e n coas . The syn hesis o hese
a iables has made i possible o de ine he own o An igua as he op imum si e o he
loca ion o he CEIT (Figu e 5).
The encla e o An igua has a di ec connec ion wi h he ai and po se ices o
Pue o del Rosa io h ough he FV-20 oad and wi h he de ined po en ial i ine a ies. Wi h
a popula ion o 12,738 inhabi an s (2021) and an app oxima e popula ion densi y o 42
inhabi an s/km2 acco ding o he Cana y Islands Ins i u e o S a is ics (ISTAC), An igua is
he second-leas popula ed a ea, and low popula ion densi y Fue e en u a Island is
among he u al a eas o he Cana y Islands Ru al De elopmen P og am 2014–2020 (ac-
co ding o he Cana y Islands Spa ial Da a In as uc u e—IDE Cana ias) app o ed by he
Eu opean Commission in 2015. Mos o he island e i o y is made up o essen ially u al
a eas, which a e ulne able o social exclusion and ha e ewe oppo uni ies o g ow h.
Acco ding o he B ie ing o Sep embe 2016 o he Eu opean Pa liamen abou spa sely
popula ed and unde -popula ed a eas, ac o s o conside ing a u al a ea include
Figu e 3. Ne wo ks, i ine a ies, and po en ial iden i y poles o Fue e en u a. Sou ce: p epa ed by
he au ho (2023).
The encla e o An igua has a di ec connec ion wi h he ai and po se ices o
Pue o del Rosa io h ough he FV-20 oad and wi h he de ined po en ial i ine a ies.
Wi h a popula ion o 12,738 inhabi an s (2021) and an app oxima e popula ion densi y o
42 inhabi an s/km
2
acco ding o he Cana y Islands Ins i u e o S a is ics (ISTAC), An igua
is he second-leas popula ed a ea, and low popula ion densi y Fue e en u a Island is
among he u al a eas o he Cana y Islands Ru al De elopmen P og am 2014–2020
(acco ding o he Cana y Islands Spa ial Da a In as uc u e—IDE Cana ias) app o ed by
he Eu opean Commission in 2015. Mos o he island e i o y is made up o essen ially
u al a eas, which a e ulne able o social exclusion and ha e ewe oppo uni ies o
g ow h. Acco ding o he B ie ing o Sep embe 2016 o he Eu opean Pa liamen abou
spa sely popula ed and unde -popula ed a eas, ac o s o conside ing a u al a ea include
communi ies wi h popula ion densi ies sligh ly highe han 30 inhabi an s/km
2
bu placed
in emo e placemen s, lack o p ope connec ions o anspo and employmen , as well as
educa ional o ma ion, monocul u e economies, and long dis ances o u ban and ele an
nodes. Excep o he no he n node co esponding o he municipali y o Co alejo and i s
su oundings, he a ea be ween Cale a de Fus es and Pue o del Rosa io— his being one o
he mos impo an u ban nodes due o he p esence o ai po and po ac i i ies—and,
inally, he sou he n pa o he Jandía Peninsula. An igua is he equidis an cen e o hese
h ee u ban cen es, making i a undamen al node o he connec i i y and accessibili y o
he island’s ou is lows.
Land 2024,13, 574 16 o 17
Au ho Con ibu ions: M.L.G.d.P.—Concep ualiza ion, Funding acquisi ion, In es iga ion, P ojec
adminis a ion, Supe ision; M.L.S.—In es iga ion, Me hodology, W i ing—o iginal d a (In o-
duc ion, Ma e ials and Me hods, Resul s, Discussion, Conclusions), Visualiza ion (Figu es 1–6);
C.V.G.—In es iga ion, Me hodology, W i ing—o iginal d a (Ma e ials and Me hods), Visualiza-
ion (Figu es 1–6); M.Á.A.-G.—In es iga ion, W i ing— e iew/edi ing, W i ing—o iginal d a
(Resul s, Discussion), Visualiza ion (Figu es 7–12); F.S.-S.—In es iga ion, W i ing— e iew/edi ing,
W i ing—o iginal d a (Resul s, Discussion), Resou ces, So wa e and Visualiza ion (Figu es 7–12);
A.T.C.—Concep ualiza ion, Funding acquisi ion, In es iga ion, P ojec adminis a ion, Supe ision.
All au ho s ha e ead and ag eed o he published e sion o he manusc ip .
Funding: This esea ch was ounded by he esea ch p ojec MUSA HTL (“MUl i-Scale P o ocol
o he Ac i a ion o he He i age Tou ism Landscapes. Ne wo k o Cul u al I ine a ies in he Bajo
Guadalqui i ”. Re . PID2020-119437RB-100 unded po MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) o he
Socie y Challenges P og am o he S a e Resea ch Agency, Minis y o Science and Inno a ion whose
main esea che s a e An onio Tejedo Cab e a and Me cedes Lina es Gómez del Pulga , o s a on 1
Sep embe 2021.
Da a A ailabili y S a emen : Da a is con ained wi hin he a icle.
Con lic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no con lic s o in e es .
No e
1
“In he de ini ion o ou is a eas by he island planning, he c i e ia o g ow h by consolida ion o al eady classi ied land loca ed
in con igui y wi h he exis ing ou is nuclei and u ban de elopmen s will ake p ecedence, isola ed ac ions being conside ed
excep ional, e en when hey a e p e iously classi ied” (Guidelines 2017: 9.2).
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