La “pega” y los “forcados”, iconos de la tauromaquia portuguesa

5HYLVWDGH(VWXGLRV7DXULQRV 16HYLOODSiJV LA “PEGA” Y LOS “FORCADOS”, ICONOS DE LA TAUROMAQUIA PORTUGUESA $OEHUWR)UDQFR QFXDQWRDODWDXURPDTXLD3RUWXJDO (VSDxDVLJXHQ XQ WUD HFWR PX  VLPLODU KDVWD HO VLJOR ;9,,, (Q DPERV SD VHV XQ WRUHR HFXHVWUH GH RULJHQ DULVWRFUiWLFR TXH HQ VXV WLHPSRV iXUHRV DOFDQ]y HOHYDGRVQLYHOHVGHHVSOHQGRUFRH[LVWHFRQXQWRUHRDSLHD~Q LQFLSLHQWHSUDFWLFDGRSRUHOSXHEORHQVXVILHVWDV GLYHUVLRQHV /XHJRODVDJXDVVHVHSDUDQ (Q(VSDxDHOWRUHRDSLHVH GHVDUUROOD  VH FRQYLHUWH HQ OD PRGDOLGDG SUHSRQGHUDQWH EHQHILFLiQGRVH GH OD GHFDGHQFLD GHO UHMRQHR FDEDOOHUHVFR (Q 3RUWXJDO SRU HO FRQWUDULR HO WRUHR D FDEDOOR FRQVHUYD VX YLWDOLGDG VHSHUIHFFLRQDKDVWDFRQYHUWLUVHHQXQDGLVFLSOLQDFRQ UHJODVELHQGHILQLGDVDODTXHWUDGLFLRQDOPHQWHVHOODPD³$UWH GH0DULDOYD´ (Q OD ³FRUULGD j SRUWXJXHVD´ OD OLGLD D FDEDOOR HV FRPSOHPHQWDGD SRU OD ³SHJD´ UHDOL]DGD SRU XQ JUXSR GH ³IRUFDGRV´R³SHJDGRUHV´&RPRHO³FDYDOHLUR´QRPDWDDOWRUR VH LQWURGXMR XQ HS ORJR TXH FRQVDJUD HO GRPLQLR GHO KRPEUH VREUHHODQLPDOPHGLDQWHODVXMHFLyQGHpVWH ,QYHVWLJDGRUGHWHPDVWDXURPiTXLFRV (OPDUTXpVGH0DULDOYD'3HGURGH$OFkQWDUD H 0HQHVHV  IXHHOPHMRUMLQHWHGHVXWLHPSR$OJXQDVGHVXVHQVHxDQ]DVVHHQFXHQWUDQ HQHOWUDWDGR,UZDA,IBERALE.OBRE!RTEDA#AVALARIAGH0DQXHO&DUORV GH$QGUDGH ( Albe o F anco (QWUD]RVJHQHUDOHVODSHJDFRQVLVWHHQODLQPRYLOL]DFLyQ GHO WRUR SRU XQD IRUPDFLyQ GH RFKR KRPEUHV YHVWLGRV GH FKDTXHWDFRQSDWUyQGHUDPDVFDO]yQFRORUGHOWULJRPDGXUR DQFKDIDMDURMDDODFLQWXUD HQODFDEH]DHOYHUGH³EDUUHWH´ /D SHJD GHEH KDFHUFH VLHPSUH ³GH FDUDV´ (O SULPHU KRPEUHHO³ o cado da ca a´FLWDHODQLPDOORFRJHSRUORV FXHUQRV³à có nea´RSRUHOFXHOOR³à ba bela´ DJXDQWDORV GHUURWHV&RQODD XGDGHORVGHPiVFRPSDxHURVHORSRQHQWHHV GRPLQDGR ODSHJDFRQVXPDGD  $YHFHVQRHVSRVLEOHSHJDU³GHFDUDV´SRUHMHPSORFXDQGRHO DQLPDOWLHQHODVDVWDVPX DSUHWDGDV6HUHFXUUHHQWRQFHDODSHJD ³GHFHUQHOKD´/RVFDEUHVWRVVDOHQDODDUHQD FRQHOWRURHQPHGLR GHpVWRVGRVIRUFDGRVSURFXUDQGHWHQHUORXQRDJDUUiQGRVHDOGRUVR GHOD UHVRWUR DOUDER /DSHJD ³GHFDUDV´ RGH ³FHUQHOKD´GHEH UHDOL]DUVHHQXQPi[LPRGHGLH]PLQXWRV&XDQGRQRHVDV HOWRUR VHOOHYDDORVFRUUDOHVORTXHVLJQLILFDXQIUDFDVRSDUDORVIRUFDGRV )LJQ'LEXMRTXHUHSUHVHQWDDORVDQWLJXRVIRUFDGRVSUHSDUDGRVSDUD LQLFLDUXQDFRUULGDSRUWXJXHVD7RGDVODVLPiJHQHVGHHVWHDUW FXORKDQ VLGRIDFLOLWDGDVSRUHODXWRUGHOPLVPR 54 La “Pega” y los “Fo cados”, iconos de la Tau omaquia Po uguesa  &RPRHVREOLJDWRULRHQ3RUWXJDOODVDVWDVGHOWRURHVWiQ WRWDOPHQWHHPERODGDVFRQIXQGDVGHFXHUR3HURHVGHUHVDOWDU TXH HO DQLPDO FRQVHUYD EXHQD SDUWH GH VX SXMDQ]D SXHV ORV ³IHUURV´FODYDGRVSRUORVFDEDOOHURVSRUWXJXHVHVQRKLHUHQFRQOD LQWHQVLGDGGHORVUHMRQHVGHFDVWLJRHVSDxROHV /DSHJDGHULYyGHORVMXHJRVWDXULQRVSRSXODUHV0LHQWUDV ODQREOH]DHQIUHQWDEDDORVWRURVDFDEDOORHOSXHEORTXHQR SRVH D³PRQWDGDV´FDEDOORVKDF DIUHQWHDORVDVWDGRVGHSLHHQ WLHUUD HQ VXV ILHVWDV WUDGLFLRQDOHV (Q ORV HQFLHUURV VXHOWD GH WRURV  RWURV UHJRFLMRV GHO SXHEOR VH SUDFWLFDED XQD JUDQ YDULHGDG GH VXHUWHV +DE D TXLHQ EXUODED D FXHUSR OLPSLR ODV HPEHVWLGDV GHO WRUR FRQ GHVWUH]D  DJLOLGDG 2WURV OR HQIUHQWDEDQFRQXQHQJDxR±XQDFDSDGHYHVWLUXQDPDQWDXQD FKDTXHWD±HQJDxDQGRDODQLPDODOKDFHUORDFRPHWHUXQD RWUD YH] FRQWUD XQD SUHVD TXH VLVWHPiWLFDPHQWH VH OH HVFDSDED 2WURVD~QDJDUUDEDQWRURVYDFDVRQRYLOORVUHGXFLpQGRORVDOD )LJQ$ ORODUJRGHODKLVWRULDVLHPSUHKDQH[LVWLGRGLIHUHQWHVWLSRV GHMXHJRVHQWUHKRPEUHV WRURV/RVKRPEUHVVLHPSUHKDQWHQLGRODWHQ WDFLyQGHHQIUHQWDUVHDODVUHVHVEUDYDVFRPRVHREVHYDHQHVWHFXDGURTXH UHSUHVHQWD³un b inco de ou os´$XWRU5RTXH*DPHLUR 55 Albe o F anco  LQPRYLOLGDGHQEDVHDODDXGDFLD DODIXHU]DGHORVEUD]RV 8Q DFWRDQWLTX VLPRTXHQRWLHQHXQDXWRUQRHV³KLMR´GHQDGLHHQ SDUWLFXODU VLQR XQD FUHDFLyQ FROHFWLYD IUXWR GH OD HWHUQD QHFHVLGDGGHODHVSHFLHKXPDQDGHEXVFDUGHVDI RV ,PDJ QHVHTXHKDFHPXFKRWLHPSRHQHOFRQWH[WRGHXQD ILHVWD SRSXODU HQ OD SOD]D S~EOLFD GH XQD YLOOD R FLXGDG XQ YDOLHQWHGHFLGHPHGLUIXHU]DVFRQHOWRUREUDYRTXHHVWiVLHQGR FRUULGR 3HUR HQ OXJDU GH RWURV TXH XWLOL]DQ FDSDV pO TXLHUH VXMHWDUORFRQVXVDUPDVQDWXUDOHV±ORVEUD]RV $XGD]SURYRFD DOWRURFRQJHVWRV JULWRV 8QPDFKRGHVDI DDORWURFRQDQVLDV GHVXSHUDFLyQ &XDQGRODHPEHVWLGDRFXUUHVHVRVWLHQHFRPR SXHGHHQODFDEH]DGHODGYHUVDULRPLHQWUDVTXHORVFRPSDxHURV ORD XGDQDGHWHQHUDODQLPDO (VWDVXHUWHFRQXQDSDWHUQLGDGGHVFRQRFLGDVHUiYDORUDGD SRU ORV SRUWXJXHVHV KDVWD HO SXQWR GH LQFRUSRUDUOD D VX WDXURPDTXLD/RTXHHQORVMXHJRVSRSXODUHVQRHUDPiVTXHXQD PDQLIHVWDFLyQ HVSRQWiQHD GH YDOHQWLD VH WUDQVIRUPDUi HQ XQ HOHPHQWRFHQWUDOGHOD³FRUULGDjSRUWXJXHVD´HQFX DHVWUXFWXUDVH LPSODQWDUiGHILQLWLYDPHQWHDSULQFLSLRVGHOVLJOR;,;3HURDQWHV GHFRQYHUWLUVHHQHVSHFLDOLVWDVGHODSHJDORVIRUFDGRVKDQWHQLGR D OR ODUJR GH OD KLVWRULD RWUDV IXQFLRQHV HQ HO HVSHFWiFXOR HQ SDUWLFXODUGHDSR RDORVOLGLDGRUHVPiVLPSRUWDQWHV$QWHVGHOD FRUULGD PRGHUQD XQ PLVPR VXMHWR SRG D GHVHPSHxDU P~OWLSOHV WDUHDV HQODDUHQD DTXHORVSDSHOHVQRHVWDEDQLQGLYLGXDOL]DGRV (Q ORV VLJORV ;9,,  ;9,,, OD SHJD FRPR KR  OD FRQRFHPRV GHEHU D VHU DOJR H[FHSFLRQDO VROR SUDFWLFDGD FRQ DOJXQDVUHVHVFRPR ODV TXHVHVROWDEDQSDUD ORVDILFLRQDGRV +D TXHUHFRUGDUTXHHQHVRVVLJORVODVXHUWHGHPDWDUVHHMHUF D HQ 3RUWXJDO /RV FDEDOOHURV  WRUHURV GH D SLH OLGLDEDQ /DOH SRUWXJXHVDVRORSURKLELyH[SUHVDPHQWHORVWRURVGHPXHUWHHQ 6LQHPEDUJRODVXHUWHVXSUHPDKDE DFD GRHQGHVXVRGHELGRDFDPELRVHQ HOJXVWRGHORVDILFLRQDGRV DODSDVLYLGDGGHORVGHIHQVRUHVGHDTXHOOD 56 La “Pega” y los “Fo cados”, iconos de la Tau omaquia Po uguesa  PDWDEDQ D VXV WRURV QR SHUPLWLHQGR LQWURPLVLRQHV GH QDGLH PXFKRPHQRVGHDOJXLHQTXHWHQ DVLPSOHVIXQFLRQHVGHD XGD HQHOHVSHFWiFXOR ³//(*$521 6$55$&(126´48( ³3(*$5$0 '26 72526 9,926´ /RV IHVWHMRV WDXULQRV SRSXODUHV D GLIHUHQFLD GH ODV FHOHEUDFLRQHV GH OD QREOH]D QR WHQ DQ FURQLVWDV TXH ORV UHSRUWDUDQ 3RU HVR QR KD  UHJLVWURV HVFULWRV SUHFLVRV GH ODV VXHUWHVTXHHQ3RUWXJDOVHSUDFWLFDEDQHQWDOHVGLYHUVLRQHV)XH QHFHVDULRHVSHUDUDODGHVFULSFLyQGHODVILHVWDVTXHWXYLHULRQ OXJDUSDUDFHOHEUDUODERGDHQWUHOD,QIDQWDSRUWXJXHVD'/HRQRU HOHPSHUDGRU)HGHULFR,,,GH$OHPDQLDHQSDUDWHQHU XQDGHODVSULPHUDVDOXVLRQHVDODSHJD &RPR HUD FRVWXPEUH HQ ODV ERGDV UHDOHV VH FRUULHURQ WRURVHQ/LVERD(OGHRFWXEUHGHVHJ~QHOUHODWRGHO HPEDMDGRU DOHPiQ 1LFRODX /DQFNPDQ GH 9DOFNHQVWHLQ ©HO VHxRU UH  GH 3RUWXJDO GHWHUPLQy YDULDV GDQ]DV HQ OD SOD]D IURQWHUL]DFRQHOSDODFLRGHODVHxRUDGHVSRVDGD$ ODKRUDGHO PHGLRG D HO VHxRU UH  HQYLy VHLV WRURV YDOLHQWHV D OD SOD]D GHODQWHGHWRGRHOSXHEOR/OHJDURQVDUUDFHQRVGHDPERVVH[RV FRQVXVGDQ]DV KROJD]DQHV µSHJDUDP¶ GRVWRURVYLYRVTXH PDWDURQ GLVWULEX HURQVHJ~QVXFRVWXPEUHª (Q HO WH[WR RULJLQDO HQ ODW Q HO HPEDMDGRU XWLOL]D HO WpUPLQR cepe un , TXH VH SXHGH WUDGXFLU SRU ³FRJHU´ SHUR WDPELpQSRU³FDSWXUDU´R³DWUDSDU´7DOYH]LQIOXHQFLDGRSRUOD GHVLJQDFLyQTXHHVKR FRP~QHOWUDGXFWRURSWySRUGHFLUTXH ORVWRURVIXHURQ³SHJDGRV´¢&yPRKDEU DQVLGRHVDVSHJDVDODV TXHVHDWUHYLHURQWDQWRKRPEUHVFRPRPXMHUHV"1RORVDEHPRV ³/HRQRUGH 3RUWXJDO ,PSHUDWUL] GD$OHPDQKD  'LiULRGH9LDJHP GR (PEDL[DGRU 1LFRODX /DQFNPDQ GH 9DOFNHQVWHLQ´ HGLFLyQ GHO WH[WR ODWLQR WUDGXFFLyQGH$LUHV$1DFLPLHQWRFRQODFRODERUDFLyQGH0DULD-RmR%UDQFR 0DULDGH/XUGHV5RVD(GLo}HV&RVPRV/LVERD 57 Albe o F anco  SXpV HO HPEDMDGRU QR HQWUD HQ GHWDOOHV 7DO YH] KDQ VLGR DJDUUDGRV GH XQD IRUPD VLPLODU DO PDQFRUQHR DO TXH QRV UHIHULUHPRVDFRQWLQXDFLyQ 6HJ~QODKLVWRULDGRUD$QD0DULD5RGULJXHVODSUHVHQFLD GH PRURV HQ IHVWHMRV UHDOHV QR GHEH VRUSUHQGHUQRV ©/DV FRPXQLGDGHV LVOiPLFDV SRUWXJXHVDV WDOHV FRPR ODV MXG DV HVWDEDQHQGHSHQGHQFLDGLUHFWDGHOUH TXHODVSURWHJ D OHV SHUPLW DPDQWHQHUVXLGHQWLGDGFXOWXUDO UHOLJLRVDDFDPELRGHO SDJRGHSHVDGRVWULEXWRV(QODVFHOHEUDFLRQHVTXHPDUFDEDQODV 5RGULJXHV$QD0DULD6$³'DFDoDQRPRQWHjVFRUULGDVHP FDPSR IHFKDGR FRPR VH OLGDYDP WRLURV QD ,GDGH 0pGLD´ FRPXQLFDFLyQ SUHVHQWDGDHQHOVHPLQDULR³27RXUR0LWRV5LWXDLV&HOHEUDomR´SURPRYLGRSRU OD&kPDUD0XQLFLSDOGH$OFRFKHWH GLYHUVDV HWDSDV GH OD YLGD ELROyJLFD GH ORV PRQDUFDV ±QDFLPLHQWRVPDWULPRQLRVyELWRV±DV FRPRHQODVFHUHPRQLDV TXHSDXWDEDQVXH[LVWHQFLDSRO WLFD±DFODPDFLRQHVHQWUDGDV±GH ODPLVPDIRUPDTXHVHH[LJ DODSUHVHQFLDGHORVUHSUHVHQWDQWHV GHODVGLYHUVDVyUGHQHVTXHFRPSRQ DQODVRFLHGDGFULVWLDQDHO FOHURODQREOH]D HOSXHEORHUDLPSHULRVRTXHSDUWLFLSDVHQORV GHODVPLQRU DVpWQLFDVª )LJQ0RURV WRURVYLVWRVSRU*R D³/RVPRURVKDFHQRWURFDSHR HQSOD]DFRQVXDOERUQR]´ 58 La “Pega” y los “Fo cados”, iconos de la Tau omaquia Po uguesa  ¢3HURSRUTXpIXHOD³SHJD´KHFKDSRUPRURV"¢7HQGU DQ DOJXQDHVSHFLDOL]DFLyQHQHVHWLSRGHVXHUWH"/DUHODFLyQHQWUH ORViUDEHV ODWDXURPDTXLDHVXQDFXHVWLyQFRQWURYHUWLGD/DV SUXHEDVGHXQJHQXLQRLQWHUpVGHORVLVOiPLFRVSRUODILHVWDGH WRURVSDUHFHQIDQWDVLRVDVDXQTXHHOHSLVRGLRGHODFDSWXUDGH ORVWRURVHQODVERGDVUHDOHVVHJXLGDGHODPXHUWH GLVWULEXFLyQ GHORVPLVPRVWUDGXFH XQDSUiFWLFDFRQODTXH ORVPRURVGH /LVERDHVWDEDQIDPLOLDUL]DGRV³FRJLHURQGRVWRURVYLYRVTXH PDWDURQ GLVWULEX HURQVHJ~QVXFRVWXPEUH´6LQHPEDUJRHV GH VXSRQHU TXH VL KXELHUD H[LVWLGR XQ Y QFXOR UHOHYDQWH GXUDGHURHQWUH ORVPRURVGH 3RUWXJDO OD WDXURPDTXLDRWURV LQIRUPHVVHU DQFRQRFLGRV 3(*$5 < 0$1&251$5 /DSHJDGHEHU DVHUXQDFWRKDELWXDOHQHOFDPSRHQODV H[SORWDFLRQHVHQODVTXHVHFULDEDQERYLQRV 3RUHVRDGHPiVGH WHQHU VX RU JHQ HQ OD WDXURPDTXLD SRSXODU WDPELpQ VXIULy LQIOXHQFLDVGHODODERUJDQDGHUD(QORVTXHKDFHUHVGHOJDQDGR KDE DDYHFHVQHFHVLGDGGHDJDUUDUXQRXRWURDQLPDO VLpVWH WHQ DXQDJRWDGHVDQJUHEUDYDGDEDOXFKDDTXLHQVHOHDFHUFDED 3HURVLKDE DIRUWDOH]DGHEUD]RV ORVFXHUQRVQRDVXVWDEDQVH KDF D XQD SHJD R XQD PDQLREUD FRQ HOOD HPSDUHQWDGD  HO ERYLQRDFDEDEDGRPLQDGR (Q (VSDxD H[LVW D OD FRVWXPEUH GH PDQFRUQDU TXH HUD SUDFWLFDGR HVHQFLDOPHQWH SRU ORV YDTXHURV GH OD ]RQD GH 6DODPDQFD 6HJ~Q/HRSROGR9i]TXH]HQVXFOiVLFDREUDLa Tau omaquia´VHWUDWDGHXQDIRUPDGHGHUULEDUDODVUHVHVSDUD KHUUDUODV ©6H PHWH HO EHFHUUR TXH VH SUHWHQGH PDUFDU HQ XQ  1LFROiV)HUQiQGH]GH0RUDW QHQVXRS~VFXORCa a his ó ica sob e el O igen y P og esos de la ies a de o ea en España  GHILHQGH OD LQIOXHQFLDiUDEHHQHOWRUHR 7DPELpQ*R DHQODVHVFHQDVWDXURPDTXLFDVTXH SLQWyUHWUDWDPRURVDWRUHDU)LJQ /HRSROGR9i]TXH] RWURVLa Tau omaquiaWRPR,0DGULG 59 Albe o F anco  FRUUDO DOO VHWRUHDFRQUHFRUWHVSDUDTXHHOHVIXHU]ROHUHWLUH IDFXOWDGHV &XDQGR VH DSORPD XQ YDTXHUR TXH XVD XQ DQFKR FLQWXUyQGHSLHOTXHORFXEUHGHVGHHOYLHQWUHDODPLWDGGHORV SHFKRVDTXHORVVDOPDQWLQRVOODPDQPHGLDYDFDDYDQ]DKDVWD HO DQLPDO VHJXLGR GH RWURV WUHV R FXDWUR KRPEUHVª &LWD DO DQLPDO FRQXQKiELOFXDUWHRVHOHSHJDDOFRVWDGR ORVXMHWD SRUXQRGHORVFXHUQRV 3DVDHOEUD]RSRUHOGRUVRDJDUUDHORWUR FXHUQR FRQODD XGDGHORVFRPSDxHURVODDFXHVWDSRUWLHUUD /RV TXH PDQFRUQDEDQ XQ DVWDGR HQ XQD ILQFD WDPELpQ SRG DQKDFHUORHQORVIHVWHMRVWDXULQRVGHVXUHJLyQFRPRDODUGH GHFRUDMH $ SHVDUGHHVWDUHVWUHFKDPHQWHOLJDGRDODVIDHQDV FDPSHUDV HO PDQFRUQHR WDPELpQ KDEUi LQWHJUDGR HO YDVWR UHSHUWRULRGHFODVHVTXHFRPSRQ DQHOSULPLWLYRWRUHR (QVXTau omaquia Pepe Illo GHVFULEHOD³VXHUWH GHFRJHU ODV UHVHVD SLH´FRPR DOJRSUDFWLFDGR HQODV DUHQDV ©SDUDFRJHUODVUHVHViS HVHDFRVDQSULPHUR FDQVDQjVXHUWH yUHFRUWHV iXQRGHHVWRVVHOHKHFKDPDQRjODFROD GHXQ HVWUHFKRQD]RVHGHUULEDzVHOODPDjPHGLDYXHOWD FRMHSRUORV FXHUQRVXxDVDUULEDTXDGUDQGRVHGHSHFKRVFRQHOODª <D )UDQFLVFR 0RQWHV Paqui o HQ OD Tau omaquia Comple a  QR FRQVLGHUD HO PDQFRUQHR XQD VXHUWH ³GH SOD]D´ /RYHFRPRXQUHFXUVRHQVLWXDFLRQHVGHHPHUJHQFLD ©FXDQGRHOWRURKD DHQJDQFKDGRDDOJXQRRFXDQGRSRUIXHJR yFD GDGHXQDQGDPLR~RWURDFLGHQWHVHHFKDJHQWHDODSOD]D  HV PHQHVWHU VXMHWDU DO WRUR SDUD HYLWDU GHVJUDFLDVª 8QJUDEDGRGHODUHYLVWDLa LidiaGHHQORTXHSDUHFHVHU XQPRPHQWRGHGLYHUVLyQQRVPXHVWUDXQJUXSRGHYDTXHURV ³SHJDQGR´XQFRUQ~SHWRGHFDUDVFRPRORVSRUWXJXHVHV 3HUR HOSULPHUGHORVYDTXHURVVHDJDUUDDODVSXQWDVGHORVFXHUQRV QR GDQGR PXHVWUDV GH TXHUHU FHUUDUVH D OD FyUQHD R D OD ³EDUEHOD´ FRPR ORV ³IRUFDGRV´ (Q HVWH JHVWR UHVLGH OD GLIHUHQFLD HQWUH PDQFRUQDU  ³SHJDU´ SXHV ORV IRUFDGRV QR SUHWHQGHQGHUULEDUDOWRURVLQRLQPRYLOL]DUORGHSLH 60 La “Pega” y los “Fo cados”, iconos de la Tau omaquia Po uguesa  )25&$'26 3$5$ ³(175(7(1(5 $/ %8(<´ (QVX VHQWLGRRULJLQDOOD SDODEUD³IRUFDGR´GHVLJQD XQ LQVWUXPHQWRGHODEUDQ]D©TXHUHSUHVHQWDODIRUPDPiVVLPSOHª GHODKRUTXLOOD ©FRQVLVWHHQXQDYDULOODGHPDGHUDWHUPLQDGD HQ   y  SXQWDV DILODGDV TXH VLUYHQ GH GLHQWHVª (VWRV XWHQVLOLRVVHUHODFLRQDEDQIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH©FRQORVWUDEDMRV GHODVHUDVGHODSDMD GHOKHQRª ¢4XpYXHOWDVGLRXQDSHURDJU FRODSDUDVHU QWLPDPHQWH DVRFLDGRDOKRPEUHTXHSHJDWRURV"¢&yPRYLDMyGHOWUDQTXLOR DPELHQWHUXUDOHQTXHQDFLyDOEXOOLFLRGHODVSOD]DV"$ IDOWDGH HOHPHQWRVSUREDWRULRVFODURVODUHVSXHVWDHVWRGRPHQRVIiFLO 6LQHPEDUJRODXWLOL]DFLyQHQXQDDUHQDGHXQLQVWUXPHQWRFRPR ODKRUTXLOODVHU DGHVGHOXHJRVHxDOGHWUDEDMRFRQODVUHVHV$ GLIHUHQFLDGHOUHMyQ GHODFDSDTXHHUDQLQVWUXPHQWRVGHOLGLD OD KRUTXLOOD WHQ D XQD ILQDOLGDG SUiFWLFD HQ HO WUDWR FRQ ORV DVWDGRV3RUTXHORVIRUFDGRVDQWHVGHHVSHFLDOL]DUVHHQODSHJD HMHUFLDQIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHODERUHVGHD XGDDORVOLGLDGRUHV (UQHVWR9HLJD2OLYHLUD RWURV³$ $OIDLD$JU FROD3RUWXJXHVD´ Dom Quixo e/LVERD )LJ Q  /iPLQD GH La Lidia ³/D VXHUWH GH PDQFRUQHDU´,  +RPEUHVGHOFDPSRDJDUUDQGRORVWRURVSDUDLQPRYLOL]DUORVFRPRORVIRU FDGRV 61 Albe o F anco  GHO FXPSOHDxRV GH OD SULQFHVD GH %UDVLO ' 0DULDQD9LWyULD UHDOL]DGRV HQ XQD SOD]D HGLILFDGD HQ OD -XQTXHLUD  $O GHVFULELUHORUGHQGHHQWUDGDHQODDUHQDQRVGLFHHODXWRUTXHD ORV³FDSLQKDV´ R³WRUHURVYRODQWHV´OHVVHJXLU DQ©VHLVKRPEUHV GHIRUFDGRRPRQWHLURVGHFKRFDYHVWLGRVGHSDxRYHUGHFRQ IXHUWHVFRUD]DVGHFXHUR]DSDWRV VRPEUHURVEODQFRVª &UHHPRVTXHHVWDGHQRPLQDFLyQVHUHILHUHDRWUDIXQFLyQ GHORVIRUFDGRVHQHOHVSHFWiFXORWDXULQR(OWpUPLQR³PRQWHUR´ VHDVRFLDFRQODFD]DPD RU (QORVWLHPSRVGHODPRQDUTX D ORVPRQWHURVHUDQORVUHVSRQVDEOHVGHODYLJLODQFLDGHORVFRWRV GHORVUH HV GHORVQREOHVFDELpQGROHD~QXQLPSRUWDQWHSDSHO HQ ODV FDFHU DV 0DVFDUHQKDV %DUUHWR HQ VX OLEUR Co ida- B e e His o ia da Tau omaquia em Po ugal DUJXPHQWD TXH ORV PRQWHLURV GH FKRFD HUDQ DV  GHVLJQDGRV SRUTXH FDSWXUDEDQWRURVHQHOFDPSRFRQODD XGDGHYDFDV (ODXWRUVRVWLHQHTXH©ORVPRQWHURVFRQGXF DQPDQDGDV GHYDFDVHQFHORODVIpUWLOHVKDVWDODV]RQDVTXHVDE DQGyQGH HQFRQWUDUORVWRURVEUDYRVHQOLEHUWDG GHMDEDQDODVKHPEUDV DYDQ]DUHQVXGLUHFFLyQ &XLGDGRVDPHQWHSDUDQRGHVSHUWDUOD IXULD GH ORV PDFKRV FRQVHJX DQ TXH pVWRV TXHGDUDQ HQWUH DTXHOODV H LPSXOVDEDQ OD PDQDGD DV  DXPHQWDGD KDFLD XQD PDQJD TXH GDED DFFHVR D FRUUDOHV GRQGH SRU PHGLR GH XQ VLVWHPDGHSXHUWDVVHSDUDEDQORVWRURVGHODVYDFDV³FKRFDV´ª (OPLVPRPRGRGHFDSWXUDUORVWRURVVXUJHHQXQOLEURGH ³5HODWLRQGX9R DJHG¶(VSDJQH´GHODHVFULWRUDIUDQFHVD  5RVD)HUQDQGR$QWRQLRGDRelação das insignes es as que aos elizes e eais anos da P incesa de B asil, nossa senho a, se ize am no si io da Junquei a/LVERD  ³&DSLQKDV´HUDHOQRPEUHTXHHQ3RUWXJDOVHGDEDDORVWRUHURVGHFDSD SHRQHVREDQGHULOOHURV  (OEODQFRGHWDOHVFDFHU DVVHU DQFLHUYRVMDEDO HV RWUDVHVSHFLHV /D FDSWXUDGHERYLQRVHQHVWDGRVDOYDMHHQXQDYHUWLHQWHGHFD]DHUDSURSLDGHORV WLHPSRV 68 La “Pega” y los “Fo cados”, iconos de la Tau omaquia Po uguesa  0DULD&DWKHULQHG¶$XOQR FLWDGRSRU$ UHVGH6iHQVXREUD ³7RLUDGDVHQ3RUWXJDO´ $OGHVFULELUXQDFRUULGDDODTXHDVLVWLyHQ0DGULG0DULD &DWKHULQHG¶$XOQR DILUPD ©3DUDLQIRUPDURVELHQGHWRGRORTXHSDVDHQHVWHWLSRGHILHVWDV GHER GHFLURV TXH KDELHQGR RUGHQDGR HO UH  TXH VH KDJD XQD FRUULGD OOHYDQ D ODV PRQWDxDV  ERVTXHV GH$QGDOXF D YDFDV OODPDGDVPDQGDULQDV 6HVDEHTXHORVWRURVPiVIXULRVRVHVWiQHQ HVRVOXJDUHV FRPRODVYDFDVVRQMXJXHWRQDVVLVHSHUPLWHKDEODU DV VHLQWHUQDQHQODPRQWDxD ORVWRURVODVYHQ VHDSUHVXUDQD KDFHUOHVODFRUWHHOODVKX HQHOORVODVSHUVLJXHQKDVWDTXHHOODVORV OODPDQXQDVHPSDOL]DGDVTXHTXHSDUDHOORVHSRQHQDORODUJRGH ORV FDPLQRV ORV FXDOHV WLHQHQ DOJXQDV YHFHV    OHJXDV 0XFKRVKRPEUHVDUPDGRV ELHQDUPDGRVSHUVLJXHQDHVWRVWRURV  OHV LPSLGHQ GDU OD YXHOWD SHUR D YHFHV VH YHQ REOLJDGRV D FRPEDWLUFRQHOORVGHQWURGHHVWDVEDUUHUDV DPHQXGRTXHGDQ PXHUWRVRKHULGRVª 4XHVWLRQDGR VREUH OD YHURVLPLOLWXG GH HVWD IRUPD GH GRPLQDUODVUHVHV$QWRQLR/XLV/ySH]0DUW QH]SURIHVRUGHO GHSDUWDPHQWR GH (FRQRP D H +LVWRULD (FRQyPLFD GH OD 8QLYHUVLGDGGH6HYLOODDXWRUGHQXPHURVRVHVWXGLRVVREUHORV RU JHQHVGHODJDQDGHU DEUDYDHQ(VSDxDDILUPDTXH©GHVGHOD %DMD(GDG0HGLDORVWRURVGDGDVXSHOLJURVLGDGVHJXDUGDEDQ HQ]RQDVPDUJLQDOHV GLVWDQWHVOODPDGDVWRULOHV (VWRVWRULOHVVH VLWXDEDQ HQ ODV VLHUUDV SRU HMHPSOR HQ 6LHUUD 0RUHQD HQ $QGDOXF D  HQ ]RQDV GH PDULVPDV FRPR ODV H[LVWHQWHV SUy[LPDV D 6HYLOOD (Q DPERV FDVRV ORV WRURV YLY DQ HQ VHPLOLEHUWDG VRORVDO DQSDUDVHUFRQGXFLGRVDORVPDWDGHURVR SDUDVHUFRUULGRVHQODVFLXGDGHVª3RUHOOR/ySH]0DUW QH]GD FRPR SRVLEOH OD QDUUDFLyQ GH OD DXWRUD IUDQFHVD  6i$ UHVGHToi adas en Po ugal7LSRJUDI DGH5LFDUGRGH 6RX]DH6DOOHV/LVERD 69 Albe o F anco  8QDVLWXDFLyQVLPLODUSRGU DRFXUULUHQ3RUWXJDO /RVFULDGRUHV GHERYLQRVDOHMDU DQDORVPDFKRVPiVDJUHVLYRVGHORVGHPiV ORV OOHYDU DQ D ]RQDV VDOYDMHV GRQGH YLYLU DQ HQ UpJLPHQ GH VHPLOLEHUWDG &XDQGRKDE DE~VTXHGDGHWRURVSDUDXQDFRUULGD HQWUDEDQHQDFFLyQORVKRPEUHVGHODKRUFDTXHVLUYLpQGRVHGH ODVYDFDVFRPRFHER GHODKRUFDFRPRDUPDDWUD DQ KDF DQ SUHVRDOJDQDGREUDYR (VWDVDFFLRQHVGH³FD]D´KDEU DQYDOLGR D ORV IRUFDGRV HO QRPEUH GH ³PRQWHLURV GH FKRFD´ ¢3HURVHTXHGDU DDTX HOWUDEDMRGHHVWRVPRQWHURV" $GHPiVGH ODFDSWXUDGHORVWRURV¢QRFDEU DWDPELpQVXFRQGXFFLyQKDFLD ODSOD]DFRQHODSR RGHODV~WLOHV³FKRFDV´" -D PH'XDUWHGH$OPHLGDHQODHis o ia da Tau omaquia - Técnica e E olução A ís ica do Tou eio FRQVLGHUDORV PRQWHURV³JXDUGDGRUHVGHJDQDGREUDYRFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDORV DFWXDOHVFDPSLQRV´ORVKRPEUHVTXHHQODUHJLyQGHO5LEDWHMR VRQUHVSRQVDEOHVGHODJXDUGLD FRQGXFFLyQGHORVWRURV '26 ³72526 5$6*$'26´ (OSRHWD/X V/i]DUR/HLWmRUHSRUWyHQYHUVRVVDW ULFRVORV VHLVG DVGHWRURVTXHWXYLHURQOXJDUHQ/LVERDHQSDUD FHOHEUDUOD DFODPDFLyQGHO UH  '-RVp (QOD GHVFULSFLyQGHO VHJXQGR G D /HLWmR QRV GLFH WH[WXDOPHQWH ©ORV IRUFDGRV ³WXYLHURQ GRV WRURV UDVJDGRV  ORV HQDPRUDGRV FRPR GLJR TXLVLHURQDFXGLUDVXDPLJRSHURGHDTXLSDUDDOOiVHOOHYDURQ VXFD GD VXµEROpX¶ª(OGLVFXUVRHVDPELJXRSHURDUULHVJDPRV XQD LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ ¢/RV WRURV ³UDVJDGRV´ TXH ORV IRUFDGRV ³WHQ DQ´ VHU DQ DQLPDOHV TXH LQWHQWDURQ VXELU D ORV SDOFRV IXHURQ KHULGRV SRU ODV KRUTXLOODV" &UHHPRV TXH HV XQD H[SOLFDFLyQSRVLEOH ¢< ORV ³HQDPRUDGRV´" /D SDODEUD DSDUHFH HQ YDULRV HVFULWRVGHWHPD7DXULQRHQWUHORVVLJORV;9,, ;,;(QORV P ecei os pa a ou ea e se ou eado: ou lições pa a sai un ca alei o pe ei o, e um ou o ins uído REUDEXUOHVFDGH 70 La “Pega” y los “Fo cados”, iconos de la Tau omaquia Po uguesa  -RVp 'DQLHO 5RGULJXHV GD &RVWD VH OHH TXH FXDQGR ©HO 1HWR ULFDPHQWHYHVWLGRIRUPHHOJDORSHSDUDLUDGHFLUTXHVDOJDHO &DEDOOHURª pVWH GHEH KDFHUOR ©$FRPSDxDGR GH OD PDJQD FRPLWDQWHFDWHUYDGH&DSLQKDV 6~FLDGHHQDPRUDGRVYHQJD PX DIRLWRª (Q RWUR SXQWR GH OD REUD VH HYRFDQ ODV QRUPDV GH OD FDEDOOHU DTXHREOLJDEDQDOMLQHWH³GHVKRQUDGR´SRUXQWRURD HQIUHQWDUVHDpODSLHFRQHVSDGDHQPDQR&XDQGRHODVWDGR FRJ DXQFDEDOORRXQODFD RKDF DFDHUHOUHMyQRHOVRPEUHUR GHO³FDYDOHLUR´OD³GHVKRQUD´WHQ DTXHVHUOLPSLDGDFRQVDQJUH (OELHQKXPRUDGR-RVp'DQLHO5RGULJXHVGD&RVWDDFRQVHMDDORV MLQHWHVQRKDFHUORSDUDHYLWDUPDOHVPD RUHV©DQWHVR UFKXIDV TXHLUHQEUD]RVSDUDGHQWURª6LQHPEDUJRVLODVSURWHVWDVGHO S~EOLFRIXHUDQPXFKRV©HQWRQFHVQRKD PiVUHPHGLRI TXHVH HO&DEDOOHURHQORV&DSLQKDV HQDPRUDGRV SyQJDVHDSLHª (VHQODFUyQLFDVDW ULFDGHXQDFRUULGDHQ0DGULGHQHO DxR  GH OD DXWRU D GH &ULVWyEDO GHO +R R 6ROyU]DQR 6RWRPD RU GRQGH HQFRQWUDPRV XQ LQGLFLR TXH QRV SHUPLWH GHVFXEULUTXLpQHVHUDQORVPLVWHULRVRV³HQDPRUDGRV´WDXULQRV ³(QDPRUDGRV´HUDWDQVLPSOHPHQWHHOWpUPLQRTXHHQODpSRFD VHXWLOL]DEDWDQWRHQ3RUWXJDOFRPRHQ(VSDxDSDUDGHVLJQDUD ORVDILFLRQDGRV 5HODWDQGRODFRUULGDDODTXHDVLVWLy&ULVWyEDOGHO+R RVH TXHMDGHORV³DSDVLRQDGRV´PDGULOHxRVTXHPDUHDEDQDORVWRURV FRQVXV ODQFHV PLHQWUDV TXH ODDXWRULGDG QRORV VDFDEDGH OD DUHQD (Q ORV PRPHQWRV GH SDXVD VH YH DQ WRUHDQGR D SLH D PXFK VLPRVDSDVLRQDGRVTXHFRQIXQG DQDOWRUR HUDPHQHVWHU TXHORVUHVSRQVDEOHVGHORUGHQS~EOLFRORVHFKDUDQGHODSOD]DD JD]QDWDGDV  0DUW QH] 6KDZ &DUORV  ³&UyQLFD EXUOHVFD GH XQD FRUULGD GH WRURVHQWLHPSRVGH)HOLSH9´HQRe is a de Es udios Tau inosQ6HYLOOD 71 Albe o F anco  )25&$'26 3$5$ 9$5,26 6(59,&,26 (QODUHODFLyQGHOD~OWLPDFRUULGDGH/X V/i]DUR /HLWmR YXHOYH D KDEODU GH ORV IRUFDGRV ©WDPELpQ OH IXHURQ GDGRV WUHV WRURV D ORV KRPEUHV GH ORV IRUFDGRVSRUTXH OLJHUDPHQWHDORVWRURVDYDQ]DEDQGHUHSHQWHª /DSDODEUD³GDGRV´DSDUHFHUiDTX HQVHQWLGROLWHUDO 'H KHFKRFRPRPiVDGHODQWHYROYHUHPRVDYHUFXDQGRODODERU GHORVIRUFDGRVDJUDGDEDDOS~EOLFRVHOHVRIUHF DQWRURVFRPR UHFRPSHQVD /RVIRUFDGRVDYDQ]DURQ³OLJHUDPHQWH´KDFLDORV DVWDGRV SDUD LQPRYLOL]DUORV IXHURQ SUHPLDGRV FRQ WUHV DQLPDOHVFX DFDUQHVHJXUDPHQWHYHQGHU DQUHFDXGDQGRODV JDQDQFLDV (QRWURIROOHWRGHGLFDGRDODVFRUULGDVHQKRQRUGH'-RVp OD ³-RFRVpULD H QRYD UHODomR GRV p[LWRV H PRYLPHQWRV DFRQWHFLGRVDGHVHWHPEURGH´GHDXWRULJQRUDGRVH GHVFXEUHXQDUHIHUHQFLDGHFLHUWDLPSRUWDQFLDDORVIRUFDGRV/D QDUUDWLYDGHVFULEHODDFWXDFLyQGHOFDEDOOHUR-RVp5RTXHWH (Q FLHUWD DOWXUD XQ WRUR SHUVLJXH D XQRV SHRQHV (VWRV OH GDQ ³DOJXQDV FXWLODGDV´ TXH VXUWLHURQ SRFR HIHFWR KDVWD TXH ORV ©IRUFDGRVORDJDUUDURQ ORVFDSLQKRVORPDWDURQª 6DOHOXHJRRWURWRURTXHWLUDD5RTXHWHDOVXHOR )LHODORV PDQGDPLHQWRVGHODKRQUDFDEDOOHUHVFD5RTXHWHVHJROSHDFRQ HODGYHUVDULRDSLHDVHGLiQGROH³JROSHVGHEXHQFRUWH´TXHFDVL OROLTXLGDURQ $FXGHQHQWRQFHVORVIRUFDGRVTXH©VLQ PXFKD GHPRUD/ROOHYDURQDIXHUDªGHODDUHQD DVLQYLGD (VWRGHPXHVWUDHOSDSHOXWLOLWDULRGHORVIRUFDGRVHQODV FRUULGDVGHOVLJOR;9,,,ORTXHQRHVGHH[WUDxDUSRUTXHFRPR D KHPRV VHxDODGR HVWDV VRQ XQ JUDQ HVFDSDUDWH GRQGH ORV DFWRUHVSXHGHQDFXPXODUYDULRVSDSHOHV &DUO ,VUDHO 5XGHUV IXH XQ SDVWRU SURWHVWDQWH VXHFR TXH YLYLyHQ3RUWXJDOHQWUH  $VLVWLyDFRUULGDVHQOD SOD]DOLVERHWDGHO6DOLWUH QRGHMyGHUHJLVWUDUVXVKXHOODV $O QDUUDUXQDGHHOODVGHVSXpVGHH[DOWDUHOYDORUGHO³FDYDOHLUR´ 72 La “Pega” y los “Fo cados”, iconos de la Tau omaquia Po uguesa  'RPLQJRV GD &XQKD ©5HFRUU D OD DUHQD  FRQ HO DLUH WDQ GHVFXLGDGRFRPRVLFDPLQDUDVLPSOHPHQWHSDVHDQGRHOFDEDOOR  VH GLULJ D VLHPSUH KDFLD HO SXQWR GRQGH HO WRUR VH FRQVHUYDEDªQRVUHODWDXQDSHJDUHDOL]DGDSRU³VLUYLHQWHV´ ©2WUR WRUR IXH DWDFDGR SRU ORV VLUYLHQWHV WRGRV GHVDUPDGRV 8QRGHHOORVVHODQ]yFRQWUDHODQLPDOHQIXUHFLGR ODQ]iQGRVH HQWUH ORV DQFKRV FXHUQRV  HQ HVD SRVLFLyQ VH FRQVHUYyDOJXQRVVHJXQGRVDJDUUDGRIXHUWHPHQWHDOFXHOORGH ODEHVWLD WDQVDFXGLGRTXHPXFKDVYHFHVTXHGDEDFRQORV SLHVYROFDGRVKDFLDDUULED /RVRWURVVHDJDUUDEDQDOWRURSRU ORVFXHUQRVSRUODVRUHMDVSRUHOFXHOORSRUODFRODHWFHWF 3RU ~OWLPR HQWUy HO OODPDGR ³PDWDGRU´ FODYiQGROH HO HVWRTXH HQWUHORVFXHUQRV/DVUHVHV WUD DQ³ODV SXQWDVGHORVFXHUQRV UHYHVWLGDVFRQERODVGHPDGHUD´ª 7DPELpQGHHVHOOLEURA Gene al View o he S a e o Po ugalGHOLUODQGpV-DPHV0XUSK TXHYLYLyYDULRVDxRVHQ WLHUUDV OXVLWDQDV /D REUD HV LOXVWUDGD FRQ HVFHQDV GH OD YLGD SRUWXJXHVDHQWUHODVFXDOHVXQDSHJDHODFWR³PiVPDJLVWUDO SHOLJURVR´UHDOL]DGRHQODDUHQD (O³IRUFDGRGDFDUD´HVOOHYDGR HQWUHORVFXHUQRVGHOWRURORTXHUHTXLHUH³QRPHQRVFRUDMHTXH IXHU]D PXVFXODU GH ORV EUD]RV´ ³GH PRGR TXH HO DQLPDO QR SXHGDSHUIRUDUORQLODQ]DUOR´ (QHVDSRVWXUD³HVOOHYDGRSRUOD DUHQD´ KDVWD TXH ³ORV UHVWDQWHV FRPEDWLHQWHV OR D XGDQ GHUULEDQGR DO WRUR´ TXH ³GH DFXHUGR FRQ ODV UHJODV GHO HVSHFWiFXOR SDVD D VHU VX SURSLHGDG´ /R TXH FRQILUPD OD YHUVLyQDQWHVPHQFLRQDGDVHJ~QODFXDOORVIRUFDGRVSRG DQVHU SUHPLDGRVFRQWRURVOLGLDGRV $ SHVDUGHODVODJXQDVVHH[WUDHGHORVGRFXPHQWRVTXH KHPRVYHQLGRHQXQFLDQGRTXHODVIXQFLRQHVGHORVIRUFDGRVHQ  5XGHUV&DUO,VUDHOViagem em Po ugal - 1798-1802YRO,S %LEOLRWHFD1DFLRQDO3RUWXJDO/LVERD 73 Albe o F anco  ODFRUULGDHQWUHHOVLJOR;9,, HOFRPLHQ]RGHO;,;HUDQVREUH WRGRDX[LOLDUHV $ XGDEDQHQODOLGGHORVWRURVUHGXFLpQGROHV OD DVSHUH]D FRQ HO FDVWLJR GH ODV KRUFDV  HQ VX PDQHMR HFKiQGRORVSDUDIXHUDGHODDUHQD 3URWHJ DQDORVHVSHFWDGRUHV PRQWDQGR JXDUGLD MXQWR D OD EDUUHUD $SR DEDQ D RWURV SDUWLFLSDQWHV HQ OD FRUULGD HQ SDUWLFXODU D ORV MLQHWHV  ORV ³FDSLQKDV´ OLEUiQGRORV GH SUREOHPDV 3HUR SRG DQ WDPELpQ HMHFXWDUVXHUWHVSURSLDVFRPRODSHJDHQPROGHVFLHUWDPHQWH GLIHUHQWHV GH ORV DFWXDOHV HO GHUULER GHO WRUR  OD ³FDVD GD JXDUGD´ FRPR DODUGH GH YDORU VLQ HO HVWULFWR REMHWLYR GH GHIHQGHUDOS~EOLFR $QWHVGHOVLJOR;,;WDOHVH[KLELFLRQHVVHU DQRFDVLRQDOHV GHSHQGLHQGR VREUH WRGR GH OD RSRUWXQLGDG /D SHJD SRU HMHPSOR WHQGU D TXH VHU XQD VXHUWH HYHQWXDO SXHV KDVWD PHGLDGRVGHGLFKRVLJORODVXHUWHGHPDWDUHVWDEDSHUPLWLGDHQ DUHQDV SRUWXJXHVDV &RPR ORV ³FDYDOHLURV´ R  ORV ³FDSLQKDV´ GDEDQPXHUWHDODVUHVHVSRFRVREUDEDSDUDODLQWHUYHQFLyQGH ORVIRUFDGRV 7DOYH]HQODVFRUULGDVHQTXHDOILQDOVHVROWDEDXQ WRUR³FRQODVDUPDVFRUWDGDVSDUDTXHORVPXFKDFKRVWRUHHQ´ ORV IRUFDGRV FRQVLJXLHUDQ OXFLUVH &XDQGR VX WUDEDMR JXVWDED SRG DQ UHFLELU FRPR SUHPLR UHVHV TXH KDE DQ VLGR SHJDGDV /$ 3(*$ 6( ,03/$17$ (QORVFRPLHQ]RVGHOVLJOR;,;ODFRUULGDFRUWHVDQDHQWUD HQ GHFOLYH HQ 3RUWXJDO SXHV HO DPELHQWH SRO WLFR  VRFLDO HV WXUEXOHQWRLQYDVLRQHVIUDQFHVDVUHYROXFLyQOLEHUDOJXHUUDFLYLO HQWUH OLEHUDOHV  DEVROXWLVWDV (O WRUHR HFXHVWUH VH PDQWLHQH FRPRPRGDOLGDGGRPLQDQWHSHURORVFDEDOOHURV DQRRVWHQWDQ ODSULPDF DDEVROXWDHQODFRUULGD&RQODPRGHUQL]DFLyQGHHVWD HOHPHQWRVTXHWHQ DQDQWHULRUPHQWHXQSDSHOVHFXQGDULRJDQDQ XQOXJDUSURSLRHQODHVWUXFWXUDGHOHVSHFWiFXOR  6i$ UHVIbidem. 74 La “Pega” y los “Fo cados”, iconos de la Tau omaquia Po uguesa  (VORTXHSDVyFRQORVIRUFDGRV&XDQGRODVSOD]DVSDVDQ D VHU ILMDV  FRQ PHMRUHV FRQGLFLRQHV GH VHJXULGDG OD WDUHD SURWHFWRUD GH OD ³FDVD GD JXDUGD´ GHMD GH WHQHU VHQWLGR FRQYLUWLpQGRVHHQXQDFXULRVLGDGSUDFWLFDGDSRUFLHUWRVJUXSRV (OPDQHMRGHODVUHVHVSDVDDFRPSHWLUDORV³FDPSLQRV´/DV GLIHUHQWHVWDUHDVTXHDORODUJRGHORVVLJORVORVIRUFDGRVKDEUiQ FXPSOLGRHQODVFRUULGDVVRQDWULEXLGDVDRWURVSHUVRQDMHVHQ XQDOyJLFDGHHVSHFLDOL]DFLyQ /RVIRUFDGRVDGRSWDQODSHJDFRPRVX DGHVDUUROOiQGROD WpFQLFDPHQWH DGDSWiQGRODDODVGLIHUHQWHVFDUDFWHU VWLFDVGHORV DVWDGRVDORVTXHHQFDGDpSRFDWLHQHQTXHHQIUHQWDUVH6XODERU JDQDUHVSHWDELOLGDG ODSHJD VHLPSODQWDJUDGXDOPHQWHHQHO HVSHFWiFXOR WDXULQR SRUWXJXpV FRQ HO EHQHSOiFLWR GH ORV HPSUHVDULRV /RV WRURV GHMDQ GH PDWDUVH HQ OD DUHQD  HV QHFHVDULRFRPSOHWDUODIDHQDGHORV³FDYDOHLURV´FRQXQDWUDFWLYR TXHOOHYHHPRFLyQDODVWULEXQDV¢4XLpQPHMRUSDUDHVRTXHXQ SXxDGRGHKRPEUHVTXHGDQHOFXHUSRDODVHPEHVWLGDV GRPDQ FRQORVEUD]RVHO PSHWXGHODUHV" (Q HVWD FRQVROLGDFLyQ GH OD SHJD FRPR SDUWH GHO HVSHFWiFXOR SUHFHGHQWH REOLJDWRULR GH OD OLG HFXHVWUH HQFXHQWUDQDOJXQRVLQYHVWLJDGRUHVXQDGLPHQVLyQVLPEyOLFD (OODLQWHQWDUiDVXPDQHUDUHVWDEOHFHUORVOD]RVFRQHOPRGHOR GHFRUULGDTXHKDVWDODVSULPHUDVGpFDGDVGHORV2FKRFLHQWRVIXH GRPLQDQWHHQ3RUWXJDO TXHFXOPLQDEDFRQODPXHUWHGHOWRUR HQ OD DUHQD &XDQGR HO FDEDOOHUR GHMy GH PDWDU DO DVWDGR VH LPSXVROOHQDUHOYDF RTXHODUHFRJLGDLQPHGLDWDGHpVWHDORV FRUUDOHVUHSUHVHQWDED3DUDHOORVHLQWURGXMRXQ~OWLPRDFWRTXH PDUFDHOSOHQRGRPLQLRVREUHHODGYHUVDULR/DVXPLVLyQDORV IRUFDGRVVHUiOD³PXHUWH´VLPEyOLFDGHOWRURWUDVODFXDOODOLG HVWi YHUGDGHUDPHQWH FRQFOXLGD &XDQGR OD SHJD QR HV  &DSXFKD/XLV³)LHVWDVGHWRURV´HQODUHYLVWDAn h opológicas DxRYROXPHQ 75 Albe o F anco  FRQVXPDGDVHGLFHTXHHODQLPDOVHUHFRJH³YLYR´DOFRUUDOOR TXHVLJQLILFDHQFDPELRTXHODFDSWXUDH[LWRVDHTXLYDOHDOD PXHUWH (QVHLQDXJXUDODSOD]DGHO&DPSRGH6DQW¶$QDTXH LQLFLDXQDQXHYDIDVHGHODKLVWRULDGHOWRUHRHQ3RUWXJDO /D SOD]DFUHyXQJUXSRGHIRUFDGRVSURSLRLQGLFLRGHTXHODSHJD DKDE DHQWUDGRHQORVJXVWRVGHOS~EOLFRDORVFXDOHVRIUHF D XQDUHPXQHUDFLyQSDUFDSRUVHxDO WUDMHV /RVFDUWHOHVSDVDQ DDQXQFLDUTXHHQXQDFRUULGDDWDQWRVGHOWDOSDUWLFLSDUi©XQ JUXSRGHYDOLHQWHVKRPEUHVGHIRUFDGRXQHVFRJLGR DUURJDQWH JUXSRªR©XQQXPHURVRJUXSRª 3DUDXQHVSHFWiFXORHOGHMXQLRGHHQHO&DPSR GH6DQW¶$QDHOFDUWHOQRVLQIRUPDGHODSUHVHQFLDGH³DQLPRVRV KRPEUHV GH IRUFDGR ORV FXDOHV HQ ODV SHJDV TXH OH VHDQ GHWHUPLQDGDV PRVWUDUiQ VX YDOHQW D´ &RPR VH GHVWDFD HQ HO DQXQFLRODLQWHUYHQFLyQGHORVIRUFDGRVGHSHQG DGHOGLUHFWRU GHOHVSHFWiFXOR 6HJ~QHOHVWDGRGHOWRURDTXpODXWRUL]DEDRQR OD SHJD  GHWHUPLQDED VX IRUPD ³GH FDUDV´ R GH ³FHUQHOKD´ YDULDQWHVTXH DHQWRQFHVHVWDEDQSHUIHFWDPHQWHGHILQLGDV 'HYH]HQFXDQGRHUDQHFHVDULRUHQRYDUHOHOHQFRGHOD SOD]DOLVERHWDWDQWRGHIRUFDGRVFRPRGH³FDSLQKDV´SXGLHQGR HO UHFOXWDPLHQWR VHU KHFKR SRU ORV SHULyGLFRV 8Q DQXQFLR SXEOLFDGR HQ HO Diá io do Go e no, HO  GH PD R GH  UH]DED DV  ©6H QHFHVLWDQ DOJXQRV KRPEUHV GH IRUFDGR FDSLQKDVSDUDODVFRUULGDVGHWRURVHQODSOD]DGHO&DPSRGH 6DQWD$QD4XLHQVHHQFXHQWUHKiELOSDUDGLFKRILQTXHVHGLULJD DOD1DFLRQDO 5HDO&DVD3LDSDUDDOO WUDWDUGHVXVDMXVWHVKDVWD HOG DGHOFRUULHQWHPHVGH0D Rª (Q ORV DxRV SRVWHULRUHV OD SHJD OOHJD D ORV UXHGRV HVSDxROHV 'HVSXpVGHTXHXQJUXSRGHIRUFDGRVVHSUHVHQWDUD HQ 6HYLOOD HQ  R  RWUR JUXSR SDUWLFLSy HQ DOJXQDV FRUULGDV HQ 0DGULG HQ  /R DFRPSDxDURQ HO FDEDOOHUR SRUWXJXpV $QWyQLR GRV 6DQWRV  XQD ³FXDGULOOD GH LQGLRV 76 La “Pega” y los “Fo cados”, iconos de la Tau omaquia Po uguesa  QHJURV´ YHVWLGRV FRQ FKDTXHWDV D OD /XLV ;,9 GH FRORUHV OODPDWLYRVTXHHQWUHRWUDVH[WUDYDJDQFLDVHVSHUDEDQODVUHVHV ODSXHUWDJD ROD ODVEDQGDULOODEDQVHQWDGRVRGHURGLOODV /D FU WLFD HVSDxROD VH PRVWUy VRUSUHQGLGD SRU OD UXGD ODERU GH DTXHOORVSULPLWLYRVIRUFDGRV SRUORVPDORVWUDWRVTXHORVWRURV GH*DYLULDOHVLQIOLJLHURQDSHVDUGHHVWDUHPERODGRV )LJQ/DPLQDGHLa Lidia ³8QJUXSRGHIRUFDGRVSRUWXJXHVHVHQ 6HYLOOD´ (/ $0$7(85,602 &202 35,1&,3,2 e7,&2 ¢4XLpQHVHUDQHVRVKRPEUHVTXHSRUXQDFDQWLGDGLUULVRULD VHSRQ DQGHODQWHGHWRURVSRGHURVRVVXMHWRVDWUDJDUDFRPHWLGDV GHPROHGRUDV" /D FRQGLFLyQ VRFLDO GH ORV IRUFDGRV HUD FLHUWDPHQWH KXPLOGH 'HFRQILUPDUVHODSRVLELOLGDGGHVHUORV³FDPSLQRV´ GH VX pSRFD VHU DQ RULJLQDULRV GH UHJLRQHV UXUDOHV FRPR HO 5LEDWHMRR([WUHPDGXUDHQFX RVFDPSRVWUDEDMDEDQ 'HVDILDEDQDOWRURDWUD GRVSRUHOLPiQGHORVDSODXVRV HQPXFKRVFDVRVSRUODQHFHVLGDGGHJDQDUDOJXQDVPRQHGDV 77