The church tower of Santiago Apostol in Montilla: an eco-sustainable rehabilitation proposal

sus ainabili y A icle The Chu ch Towe o San iago Após ol in Mon illa: An Eco-Sus ainable Rehabili a ion P oposal M. A aceli Cal o-Se ano 1,* , Isabel L. Cas illejo-González 1, F ancisco Mon es-Tubío1and Pila Me cade -Moyano 2,* 1Depa men o G aphic Enginee ing and Geoma ics, Campus de Rabanales, Uni e si y o Co doba, 14071 Có doba, Spain; [email p o ec ed] (I.L.C.-G.); [email p o ec ed] (F.M.-T.) 2 Depa men o Building Cons uc ion I, Uni e si y o Se ille, Reina Me cedes A enue 2, 41012 Se ille, Spain *Co espondence: [email p o ec ed] (M.A.C.-S.); [email p o ec ed] (P.M.-M.); Tel.: +34-660-503-494 (M.A.C.-S.); +34-618-305-559 (P.M.-M.) Recei ed: 29 July 2020; Accep ed: 28 Augus 2020; Published: 31 Augus 2020   Abs ac : Is i possible o ca y ou eco-sus ainable ehabili a ions on specially p o ec ed buildings? This is he main ques ion and s a ing poin o his esea ch. We will use he owe o he Chu ch o “San iago Ap ó s ol” in Mon illa as a case s udy; wi h i s mos emo e an eceden s in he 15 h cen u y, i is an emblema ic building o one o he mos impo an ci ies in he Co do an coun yside and is lis ed as an Asse o Cul u al In e es (Bien de In e é s Cul u al o BIC) as o 2001. The applica ion o eco-e iciency c i e ia in he ehabili a ion o his ype o building migh s imula e he eac i a ion o he cons uc ion sec o in he u al a ea, posi i ely impac ing he p omo ion o a ci cula economy. To his end, a gene al me hodology has been es ablished o ca ying ou eco-sus ainable eno a ions on his ype o building, which de ines indica o s o e alua ing he eco-sus ainabili y o such in e en ions. This me hodology is applied o he case s udy o his impo an building in Mon illa o ensu e ha a easible in e en ion has been p oposed, aligned wi h h ee basic pilla s o sus ainabili y ha conside s i s en i onmen al, economic, and social impac . Keywo ds: pa imony; owe ; buildings ehabili a ion; eco-sus ainable; sus ainable; own planning; esou ce e iciency; eco-e icien cons uc ion solu ions 1. In oduc ion The es o a ion o his o ical buildings aims o p ese e hei a chi ec u al and a is ic elemen s so ha hey ai h ully illus a e hei e olu ion h ough his o y, allowing he his o y o a building o be ead h ough i s a chi ec u e. Special a en ion mus be paid when buildings a e lis ed as Asse s o Cul u al In e es (BIC in Spanish) [ 1 ], egula ed by he Spanish and Andalusian His o ical He i age laws [2,3]. In o de o p ese e he beau y o his he i age, i is necessa y o indica e he pe inen wo ks o epai , conse a ion, econs uc ion, and es o a ion. Fo he in e en ion in a building classi ied as His o ical He i age wo p ocesses mus be ca ied ou : A his o ical s udy and a sa e y e alua ion. We wonde i i is possible o ca y ou a ehabili a ion o his ype o building while mee ing eco-e iciency c i e ia. In he case o he Chu ch Towe o San iago Ap ó s ol, mul iple in e en ions ha e been ca ied ou o e he yea s. The las one was execu ed in 1989, and an addi ional conse a ion in e en ion would be necessa y sho ly a e . We hink ehabili a ion and eco-sus ainable in e en ions on specially p o ec ed his o ical buildings can be key o eac i a ing he cons uc ion sec o and gene al economy in u al a eas. Fo decades, hese egions ha e su e ed om depopula ion. As a esul o he heal h and economic c isis in which we ind ou sel es oday, a e u n o he popula ion o hese a eas is highly plausible, wi h all ha his Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 7104; doi:10.3390/su12177104 www.mdpi.com/jou nal/sus ainabili y Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 7104 2 o 18 may en ail. The applica ion o s a egies and me hods in he ield o eco-sus ainabili y, while espec ing he en i onmen and he impac on buildings, will also a o he low o human, ma e ial, and inancial esou ces in he a ea, gene a ing employmen and p omo ing ou ism in he egion and bols e ing i s economic de elopmen . In he enhancemen o hese a chi ec u ally and his o ically ele an buildings, we unde s and ha wo essen ial aspec s mus be conside ed: Ma e ials and eco-sus ainabili y. The physical quali ies o he ma e ials used ( ex u e, shine, su ace, appea ance, e c.) mus be in line wi h he space, awakening he senses o i s iewe , in eg a ing he eno a ed po ions wi h he his o y o he building and he en i onmen [ 4 , 5 ]. The ma e ials used will play a undamen al ole in he eco-sus ainabili y o he ehabili a ion. Ca ying ou he in e en ion om an eco-sus ainable poin o iew will educe no only ene gy consump ion, bu also he impac on he en i onmen and he gene a ion o was e. In he con ex o he cu en economic c isis, i is also necessa y o sea ch o s a egies ha con ibu e o eac i a ing he cons uc ion sec o , while achie ing he p ese a ion and main enance o hese specially p o ec ed his o ical buildings. The legal concep o sus ainabili y a ises om he Uni ed Na ions F amewo k Con en ion on Clima e Change [ 6 ], when socie y and go e nmen s begin o gain awa eness o he dange o g eenhouse gas emissions. A e ha , he Kyo o P o ocol [ 7 ] con inues along he same lines a he in e na ional le el, and Di ec i es 2010/31/EU, 2012/27/UE, and 2018/844/UE es ablish a se ies o minimum equi emen s and objec i es a a Eu opean le el o he ene gy e iciency o buildings [ 8 ], including a 20% educ ion in minimum consump ion compa ed o 1990 le els by 2020. The e is an exemp ion in his ega d o eligious and o icially p o ec ed buildings. Also, he Spanish and Andalusian His o ical He i age Laws [ 2 , 3 ] es ablish a p inciple o minimum in e en ion in hese buildings, equi ing ha he con ibu ions o all exis ing his o ical pe iods be espec ed in he es o a ions. I is becoming common o ca y ou a ehabili a ion o hese buildings while applying eco-sus ainable c i e ia and aking in o accoun he challenges and limi a ions ha may p esen hemsel es in he p ocess. Some o hese p oblems include space, he conse a ion equi emen s o p o ec ed elemen s, and he economic in es men ha his equi es, which in many cases is no easily assumed by he p ope y holde . This a icle aims o add ess and analyze he ehabili a ion o he owe o he Chu ch o San iago Ap ó s ol in Mon illa om an eco-sus ainable poin o iew, while gi ing he necessa y impo ance o i s con ex . 2. Ma e ials and Me hods The eco-sus ainable ehabili a ion o specially p o ec ed buildings is a opic o g ea in e es oday. Fo his eason, in his a icle, we will es ablish a gene al me hod o such an unde aking, analyzing i s applicabili y h ough speci ic s udy case, he owe o he Chu ch o San iago Ap ó s ol in Mon illa (C ó doba). We will also de ail how o ca y ou a u u e in e en ion by applying eco-sus ainable ehabili a ion pa ame e s, de ec ing he challenges ha may a ise, and how o sol e hem. 2.1. Me hods o E alua ing Rehabili a ion wi h Eco-Sus ainable C i e ia The absence o a uni o m me hod o e alua ing he ehabili a ion o a his o ic building wi h eco-sus ainable c i e ia [ 9 , 10 ] makes i possible o p opose a model, which es ablishes key eco-sus ainable e alua ion pe o mance indica o s. Ou main objec i e is o es ablish an eco-sus ainable model o he ehabili a ion o p o ec ed buildings like he owe o he Chu ch o San iago. Using he me hodology o he In eg a i e Model o Values o Sus ainable E alua ions (MIVES) [ 11 ] as a s a ing poin , we ha e de e mined some quali y indica o s ha a e ep esen a i e, quan i iable, and p ecise o e alua ing he ehabili a ion o his o ical and p o ec ed buildings such as his owe ; we ha e done so while conside ing he h ee pilla s o eco-sus ainabili y (en i onmen al, social, and economic). This me hod has been de eloped by he Poly echnic Uni e si y o Ca alonia. I is a me hodology o mul ic i e ia decision-making ha es ablishes alue indica o s o e alua ing Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 7104 3 o 18 al e na i es in o de o sol e p oblems in a o o sus ainable ehabili a ions. I es ablishes a se ies o phases, s a ing om he delimi a ion o he decision, and o ganizes he aspec s o be conside ed in a b anching manne in he o m o a decision-making ee. I akes in o accoun who akes he decision, wha he limi s a e, and i s condi ions, including, o example, he equi emen s, componen s and li e cycle o ma e ials, among o he s. I hen c ea es alue unc ions and assigns a weigh o each o he elemen s o hen de ine possible al e na i es o be conside ed when making decisions. Finally, hese al e na i es will be e alua ed and analyzed o con as he medium and long- e m esul s in a con ol phase. We hink ha s a ing om he MIVES me hodology is con enien , gi en ha one o i s mos impo an cha ac e is ics, as Viñolas explains, is ha decisions a e made p io o he in e en ion, de ining bo h he aspec s o be aken in o conside a ion and how hey a e o be e alua ed. Though i is di icul o educe he assessmen o he sus ainabili y o a ehabili a ion o a se ies o indica o s, es ablishing accep ance a es is he mos objec i e way o do so. Fo his eason, some indica o s ha e been iden i ied in his ega d and g ouped as hey ela e o he h ee ocuses o sus ainabili y: 1. En i onmen al Focus: - Ene gy consumed in he anspo o ma e ial o componen s (ECTM) needed o he in e en ion. The ac ha hey mus come om companies close o he place, as will be discussed below wi hin he social ocus, will ha e a posi i e impac on his indica o . - Ene gy consumed in he ins alla ion and applica ion p ocess o he ma e ials used (ECIP). - Assessmen o he deg ee o eco-sus ainabili y o he ma e ial and na u al esou ces used (ALEQ). In his case, measu ing whe he he esou ces used coun as eco-sus ainable o a e in he p ocess o ob aining an o icial quali y ce i ica ion in his ega d. - Le el o use o eusable and ecycled ma e ials (LURRM), es ablishing a a io be ween he o al quan i y o ma e ials used and he po ion ha is eusable and ecycled. A high a e o ecycled and eusable ma e ials will help indica e an eco-sus ainable ehabili a ion, and suppo he ci cula economy model, which in u n suppo s he educ ion o aw ma e ials h ough he applica ion o he 3R concep ( educe, euse, and ecycle). - Managemen o gene a ed was e, measu ing he le el o was e gene a ed and he ea men gi en. The aim is o minimize pollu ing was e in a o o biodeg adable o eusable was e. We will make a dis inc ion he e be ween he le el o eusable (MRW) and ecycled was e (MRcW) 2. Social Focus: - Ecological Foo p in o Se ice and Resou ce P o ide s (EFSRP), as an indica o o he en i onmen al impac o companies p o iding se ices and esou ces. He e, possessing an acc edi a ion o being in he p ocess o becoming acc edi ed wi h some epu able ce i ica ion will be conside ed [12]. - Dis ance om p o ide s o he in e en ion si e (DPIS). Reduced dis ance will b ing bene i s in e ms o he impac on employmen and gene a ion o weal h in he local en i onmen . I will also ha e posi i e consequences o he le el o pollu ion gene a ed by anspo a ion. - Hi ing o labo om he local en i onmen (LE). This will p omo e employmen and gene a e weal h wi hin he geog aphical en i onmen whe e he in e en ion mus be ca ied ou . Especially when conside ing he economic c isis in which we ind ou sel es oday as a consequence o he co ona i us pandemic, his can ha e di ec posi i e e ec s. 3. Economic Focus: In he amewo k o a ci cula economy, i is no only necessa y o educe he cos o he company in i s ac i i ies, bu o educe he en y o i gin ma e ials and he p oduc ion o was e. This c i e ion is di ec ly ela ed o he ecological oo p in indica o p e iously explained, as well as he use o enewable ene gy. We mus analyze he esul ing logis ics cos s, which include he managing cos , s o age cos , anspo cos , adminis a i e cos , and inancial cos . Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 7104 4 o 18 Table 1shows how o calcula e each o hese indica o s and wha hei measu emen uni s a e, in addi ion o es ablishing accep ance a es o each o hem. F om ECTM and ECIP indica o s, he accep ance a es should be es ablished once supplie s ha e been selec ed, he dis ance a which hey a e loca ed is known, and he elec ical ools o be used ha e been de e mined. Table 1. Calcula ion o he p oposed quali y indica o s o eco-sus ainable ehabili a ion. INDICATOR CALCULATION UD ACCEPTANCE INDEX ECTM uel consump ion pe km a eled ×km a eled l ECIP Elec ic powe o he ool used (Kw) ×Usage ime (h) Kwh ALEQ ecosus ainable esou ces used o al esou ces used ×100 % 90% LURRM eusable and ecycled ma e ials used o al esou ces used ×100 % 80% MRW o al eusable was e o al was e gene a ed ×100 % 80% MRcW o al non ecycled was e o al was e gene a ed ×100 % 80% EFSRP p o ide s wi h quali y ce i ica ion o al p o ide ×100 % 90% DPIS dis ance be ween p o ide and he wo kplace (km)km 20 km LE o al local wo ke s o al hi ed wo ke s ×100 % 80% 3. Resul s 3.1. Desc ip i e and His o ical Analysis To demons a e he me hodology ou lined abo e, we will use he case s udy o he San iago Ap ó s ol Chu ch o Mon illa, a li le own in Co do a, loca ed in he cen e o Andalusia. Fo cen u ies i has been he mos impo an chu ch in he ci y, as pa o he inhe i ed cul u al landscape ha is in eg a ed in he cu en u ban eali y. Va ious ans o ma ions ha e been ca ied ou o e he cen u ies, and i was decla ed an Asse o Cul u al In e es in 2001. I s exac o igins a e unknown. The i s es iges da e om he 13 h cen u y [ 13 – 19 ]. In 1237, he e i o y was conque ed unde he command o King Fe dinand III, who in 1257 en us ed hem o Gonzalo Y á ñez, also known as Gonçalo Eanes Do Vinhal. The popula ion se led and he medie al own was buil a ound he hill op cas le and i s o ess. I eached maximum splendo unde Fe n á ndez de C ó doba and he lineage o he Casa de Aguila [ 13 ], who esided he e un il 1508. A ound i , as wi h mos medie al owns, he e we e buildings and cons uc ions o a ious kinds, among which he Chu ch o San iago s ood ou . Wi hin eligious a chi ec u e, chu ches ha e g ea ele ance. They sa is y he need o he people o ha e a space o p aye , which o e ime is ans o med along wi h hei en i onmen . Since hei o igins, he concep ion o hese buildings has ollowed some gene al guidelines. F om he p e-Romanesque e a, hey began o be equipped wi h owe s as a way o b inging humans close o God. Du ing he Middle Ages he ala i es (a chi ec s) inc eased hei heigh . A wea he ane wi h a c oss o a oos e , which is a symbol o he Resu ec ion, was o en placed on he oo o he owe s. The e olu ion e lec ed in he cons uc ion o he Chu ch o San iago is p oo o he insepa able ela ionship be ween socie y and a chi ec u e. Al hough he building has unde gone con inuous ans o ma ions, i s unde lying s uc u e has ha dly been al e ed. Acco ding o Rami ez de A ellano, a he beginning o he 16 h cen u y, he Ma ques o P iego paid o some impo an wo k o be done on he building, which is now conside ed he i s g ea e o m, p obably in esponse o he g ea demog aphic g ow h o he own, hen he second mos popula ed in he s a e o P iego [ 14 ]. He n á n Ruiz’s econs uc ion o he owe happened a his ime. Cha ac e is ics o he Mudeja s yle a e obse ed, al hough some ha e disappea ed wi h he passage o ime, such as he co e ed ceiling o he o iginal main doo way [ 19 ]. This s yle p e ails in he chu ches buil in he cu en egion o Co do a ha come om he ime o he Reconques by Fe nando III, as i is he case o he e nandine chu ches in Co do a ci y. Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 7104 5 o 18 We will ocus ou a en ion on wo o he mos impo an ex e io elemen s ha ha e su i ed un il ou imes and abou which e y li le in o ma ion exis s: he açade and he owe . We mus go back o he e a o he Reconques , whe e Ch is ian emples we e ei he buil inside o old Muslim mosques, as was he case wi h he Chu ch o San Lo enzo and he Ca hed al o Co do a, o new chu ches we e buil o s and alone. The con e sion o mosques in o Ch is ian chu ches has been add essed h oughou his o y. Ga c í a and O ega [ 20 ] explo e he opic o Ch is ianized mosques in Toledo and Co do a, iden i ying h ee ypes o p ocesses: Expansion, emp ying, and gene al demoli ion. The objec i e o he con e sion o he mosques in o Ch is ian chu ches du ing he Reconques was o change he iden i y o he p ope y, ma king i o Ch is ian wo ship. Fo his eason, he i s ac ion aken in his p ocess was o add Ch is ian u ni u e and li u gical elemen s be o e subsequen ly ca ying ou he a chi ec u al changes. The mos equen in e en ion was he ans o ma ion o mina e s in o chu ch owe s, as seen in he Co do an chu ches o San iago and San Lo enzo. The use o o he a chi ec u al elemen s such as columns o ashla s and e en walls was also equen . In Co do a he e a e e y impo an e nandine chu ches, wi h a mix o Romanesque, Go hic, and Mudeja elemen s, wi h hei signa u e wooden co e ed ceilings and addi ional in luence om he F ench Go hic and Cis e cian s yles [21]. Some s udies [ 14 , 16 , 17 , 22 , 23 ] es ablish ha , a e conque ing he e i o y, he Chu ch o San iago was buil upon an old mosque and consec a ed o Ch is ian wo ship, al hough no e idence has been ound so a in he wo k ca ied ou on he chu ch o he su ounding a ea. Lo enzo Muñoz a ibu es he name o i s main chu ch o he day o he ci y’s conques on 25 July 1240 [ 15 ]. An onio Ju ado de Aguila e e s o he es amen o Alonso Fe nández de Có doba, da ed on 25 Oc obe 1235, in which he lea es en housand ma a edis o he chu ch o use o masses o his soul and o he cons uc ion o i s main chapel. He also s a es ha his g andson, Gonzalo Fe n á ndez de C ó doba, who was e y de o ed o he Apos le San iago, con ibu ed o he cons uc ion o a new al a piece, p esided o e by a sculp u e o San iago [ 16 ]. The e is no ano he w i en eco d on he chu ch’s a chi ec u e un il he beginning o he 15 h cen u y. On 15 July 1437, a le e om he Bishop o Co do a da ed 3 Ma ch 1422, abou he obliga ion o pay i hes o he chu ch, is ead and published [19]. Almos no eco ds abou he o iginal açade o he chu ch ha e been ound. The e a e jus a ew b ie e e ences om he beginning o he 17 h cen u y, in which Lucas Ju ado y Aguila poin s ou ha he açade and main doo way we e cons uc ed in 1624 [ 17 ]. The açade appea s in a d awing o he Mon illa ba n (alho í ) made by he Co do an a chi ec Juan An onio Camacho, mas e builde o he Duke o Medinaceli and he Bishop ic o Co do a [ 24 ]. In he uppe igh sec ion o his d awing da ed 1723, we can see he açade and he owe be o e i s des uc ion by he 1755 ea hquake (Figu e 1). Typical de ails o a Renaissance doo way a e p esen including he g ea a en ion paid o he ha mony o p opo ions, ollowing he guidelines es ablished in Vi u io’s ea ise De A chi ec u a, a e e ence book o he a chi ec s o he ime. The açades o his s yle consis o wo main pa s and a pedimen , wi h classicis s uc u al and deco a i e elemen s. Rega ding he main bodies, he semici cula a ch, columns, en abla u es, and oo wi h co e ed ceilings s and ou , wi h alues such as symme y, simplici y, and s uc u al cla i y p e ailing. As o he deco a ions, he pilas e s, sc olls, keys, medallions, and he pedimen a e ypical. Usually, a niche was included in he second sec ion o e he doo way wi h a sculp u e o he sain o whom he chu ch was dedica ed [ 25 ]. We unde s and ha i is no he o iginal, since i s s yle, as we ha e explained, is one ha pos da es he o iginal cons uc ion o he chu ch. Fu he mo e, documen a ion exis s s a ing ha i was ebuil in 1624 [ 17 ]. I we compa e his doo way wi h he alho í buil by Camacho we see how he a chi ec was inspi ed by he doo way o he chu ch (Figu e 2). Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 7104 6 o 18 Figu e 1. Plan o Mon illa’s ba n buil by Juan An onio Camacho in 1723. (A chi o Ducal de Medinaceli, Sección P iego, O iginal. Leg 113, Num I). Figu e 2. Facade o Mon illa’s ba n buil by Juan An onio Camacho. (Au ho : A. Cal o). To gain a clea e unde s anding o how he o iginal açade o he chu ch migh ha e looked (Figu e 3), and ha ing consul ed some documen ed e e ences abou i s exis ence om as ea ly as he 14 h cen u y, we mus compa e he açades o he e nandine chu ches in Co do a. They a e simple, wi h bu esses and a ose window, and a main doo way a he oo o he cen al na e wi h poin ed a ches ado ned wi h diamond ips (“pun a de diaman e”) o dog ee h (“dien e de pe o”) and c owned by a oo ile on modillions (Figu e 4). Figu e 3. Ou line o he possible doo way o he chu ch o San iago Apos ol in Mon illa in he 15 h Cen u y. (Au ho : A. Cal o). Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 7104 7 o 18 Figu e 4. De ails o he doo ways o he mos impo an e nandine chu ches in Co do a (Au ho : A. Cal o). Taking Camachos’s d awing (Figu e 1) and he documen a ion consul ed in a ious sou ces as a e e ence, i has been possible o app oxima e he main ex e io o he chu ch los a e he e o m o he doo way in he ea ly 17 h cen u y, when he owe designed by He n á n Ruiz was s ill s anding (Figu e 5). The imagined econs uc ion o He nan Ruiz’s owe has been pu oge he based on he desc ip ion p ese ed in he Mon illa His o ical A chi e [ 26 ] and d awings made by En ique Ga amiola, loca ed in he Mon illa Municipal A chi e (Figu e 6). The digi al econs uc ion o he 15 h cen u y doo way in (Figu e 4) is based on a s udy o he e nandine chu ches o Co do a, buil du ing his pe iod. Figu e 5. Ele a ion o he acade a e he econs uc ion o 1624 and he o iginal owe o he Chu ch o San iago Após ol o Mon illa (Au ho : A. Cal o). Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 7104 8 o 18 Figu e 6. The owe o he Chu ch o San iago buil by He n á n Ruiz, by En ique Ga amiola. (Municipal A chi e o Mon illa. Chu ch o San iago Folde ). On he ou side, i s owe — he main subjec o his a icle—s ands ou p ominen ly and can be seen om almos anywhe e in he ci y. I is well known ha he cu en owe is no he o iginal. Rami ez de A ellano said ha , a he beginning o he 16 h cen u y, he Ma quis o P iego paid o wha can be unde s ood as he i s impo an e o m [ 13 ]. This included a econs uc ion o he owe by He n á n Ruiz, ha c owned he chu ch om he end o he 16 h cen u y o he 18 h cen u y. No documen a ion has been ound abou he a chi ec u e o he p e ious owe , al hough i is known ha in be ween 1576 and 1577 He nan Ruiz, senio eache o he Bishop ic o Co do a p esen ed himsel in Mon illa o he ebuilding o his owe . Acco ding o he no es o En ique Ga amiola conse ed in he Municipal A chi e o Mon illa, in o ma ion on he s a us o he owe ’s cons uc ion and he chu ch bells was collec ed in he Chap e Reco ds on 21 Ap il 1574. Some o icial w i ings on 30 Ma ch 1577 signed by he sc ibe Juan Ma í nez de C ó doba p o ide a weal h o in o ma ion abou i . This in o ma ion includes he decision o demolish he p imi i e owe and use he demoli ion ma e ial o econs uc ion, as well as o lowe he bells o he owe and lea e hem in on he walkway o he chu ch in he mean ime [ 21 ]. They es ablish a pe iod o h ee mon hs om he 15 h o Ap il o he execu ion o he p ojec and desc ibe how he cons uc ion is o be execu ed, alluding o a d awing ha accompanies he w i ing and ha mus ha e been los a some poin . Ga amiola e e s o i in an a icle in which he desc ibes how he owe should be buil acco ding o he con ac hey signed [ 18 ], alluding o a d awing by He n á n Ruiz ha would se e as a guide o he cons uc ion p ojec . The con ac indica es ha i should ha e a i s s one sec ion om he Aguila qua y ha is 20 ee long and a co nice. The second sec ion would be o b ick plas e ed wi h lime and sand and capi als o he same s one as he i s sec ion ha amed he windows, wi h blue iles embedded in he s one ado ning he windows. The e would be s one py amids on he co ne s o he oo and a spi al s ai case ascending o he bell o he owe . He n á n Ruiz II explained in his a chi ec u al ea ise how he o ganizes he cons uc ion o his owe , widesp ead h oughou Andalusia. The absence o d awn plans o he San iago owe leads us o hink ha i was simila o wha He n á n Ruiz explains in he las pages o his manusc ip , when he alks abou he squa e loo plan and he de elopmen o he s ai case o he chu ch owe o San Lo enzo in Co do a, also his wo k. In he con ac o he cons uc ion o he San iago owe [ 26 ], he exis ence o a spi al s ai case ha goes up o he las sec ion is men ioned. We can ex apola e ha i was buil in a way ha is e y simila o he way desc ibed by He n á n Ruiz in his ea ise. He e, as Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 7104 9 o 18 P o esso Na ascu é s indica es [ 27 ], he sec ions a e aul ed, some imes wi h spli oissoi s, o he s on hal -ba el o sloping ba el aul s, o e en wi h la and sloping oo s. In addi ion, a compa ison o he s ai s o some o he owe s buil by He nan Ruiz and his son and g andson by he same name, such as he owe o he chu ches o Nues a Seño a de So e año (Aguila de la F on e a), El Sal ado (Ped oche), and San Ma eo (Lucena), can help o cla i y how he one in San iago migh ha e been. The one in Ped oche is e y special, because i has a double hand ail, which also unc ions as a d ain. Wi h he help o hese de ailed desc ip ions, Ga amiola d aws a pic u e o he owe (Figu e 6), which is kep in he Municipal A chi e o Mon illa. Bo h he w i en accoun and his d awing help o make an app oxima ion o he owe , and lead o a compa ison wi h owe s o o he chu ches om he ime buil by he He n á n Ruiz I-III in he kingdom o Co do a. Also, in he image o Mon illa p epa ed by Pie Ma ia Baldi in 1668 o he book “Cosme de Medicis’s jou ney hough Spain and I aly”, pla e XXXVII shows a small ske ch o his owe , which closely esembles hose p esen ed by Ga amiola. On No embe 1, 1755, one o he mos i ulen ea hquakes emembe ed ook place and would go down in his o y as he Lisbon ea hquake. The de as a ing e ec s sp ead beyond Po ugal. In Mon illa, i was el be ween 09:45 un il 10:00 in he mo ning, a ec ing almos all he buildings in he ci y. I s e ec s on he Chu ch o San iago we e de as a ing. A la ge po ion o i s owe collapsed, also a ec ing he açade, he oo , he choi sec ion, and some o i s chapels. The people o Mon illa u ned o he Duke o Medinaceli, pa on o he chu ch, o help. F ay F ancisco Á l a ez and he a chi ec Jos é Vela ca ied ou a su ey o he p ope y in 1769 and decla ed he damage o he owe o be se e e, a guing o he need o i s demoli ion, ca ied ou by Vela in 1771. Six yea s la e , wo p ojec s o he cons uc ion o he new owe we e p esen ed o he Duke, one by Vela himsel and he o he by Fe nando Mo adillo, a amous Spanish a chi ec o he ime based in Mad id, who ca ied ou impo an p ojec s in he capi al ci y (Figu e 7). Finally, he Duke, in line wi h he wishes o he Mon illans, chose Vela’s p oposal, which unde wen some changes. The Mo adillo owe (Figu e 8) consis ed o h ee sec ions. The i s one wi h us ic pilas e s p ese ed he s yle o he He nan Ruizes. The second one was simple wi hou any ado nmen s, and he bells co e ed by a double capi al wi h a wea he ane. In he cen e , he e was a s ai case wi h a squa e loo plan, which was suppo ed by he owe walls and illumina ed by windows on i s sides [28]. Figu e 7. Towe o he Chu ch o San iago by Jos é Vela. To e de la iglesia pa oquial. Plan a y alzado. s. . (siglo XVIII). (A chi o Ducal de Medinaceli., Mapas y Planos, cajón M. Re . 1988025218). Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 7104 16 o 18 5. Ga c í a-Al a ado, R. Los l í mi es de la ma e ialidad. T es cualidades a qui ec ó nicas pa a el p ó ximo siglo. In A qui ec u a del Su ; Uni e sidad del B í o-B í o: San iago, Chile, 1998; Volume 14, p. 27. 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