The church tower of Santiago Apostol in Montilla: an eco-sustainable rehabilitation proposal

sustainability Article The Church Tower of Santiago Apóstol in Montilla: An Eco-Sustainable Rehabilitation Proposal M. Araceli Calvo-Serrano 1,* , Isabel L. Castillejo-González 1, Francisco Montes-Tubío1and Pilar Mercader-Moyano 2,* 1Department of Graphic Engineering and Geomatics, Campus de Rabanales, University of Cordoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; [email protected] (I.L.C.-G.); [email protected] (F.M.-T.) 2 Department of Building Construction I, University of Seville, Reina Mercedes Avenue 2, 41012 Seville, Spain *Correspondence: [email protected] (M.A.C.-S.); [email protected] (P.M.-M.); Tel.: +34-660-503-494 (M.A.C.-S.); +34-618-305-559 (P.M.-M.) Received: 29 July 2020; Accepted: 28 August 2020; Published: 31 August 2020   Abstract: Is it possible to carry out eco-sustainable rehabilitations on specially protected buildings? This is the main question and starting point for this research. We will use the tower of the Church of “Santiago Ap ó stol” in Montilla as a case study; with its most remote antecedents in the 15th century, it is an emblematic building of one of the most important cities in the Cordovan countryside and is listed as an Asset of Cultural Interest (Bien de Inter é s Cultural or BIC) as of 2001. The application of eco-efficiency criteria in the rehabilitation of this type of building might stimulate the reactivation of the construction sector in the rural area, positively impacting the promotion of a circular economy. To this end, a general methodology has been established for carrying out eco-sustainable renovations on this type of building, which defines indicators for evaluating the eco-sustainability of such interventions. This methodology is applied to the case study of this important building in Montilla to ensure that a feasible intervention has been proposed, aligned with three basic pillars of sustainability that considers its environmental, economic, and social impact. Keywords: patrimony; tower; buildings rehabilitation; eco-sustainable; sustainable; town planning; resource efficiency; eco-efficient construction solutions 1. Introduction The restoration of historical buildings aims to preserve their architectural and artistic elements so that they faithfully illustrate their evolution through history, allowing the history of a building to be read through its architecture. Special attention must be paid when buildings are listed as Assets of Cultural Interest (BIC in Spanish) [ 1 ], regulated by the Spanish and Andalusian Historical Heritage laws [2,3]. In order to preserve the beauty of this heritage, it is necessary to indicate the pertinent works of repair, conservation, reconstruction, and restoration. For the intervention in a building classified as Historical Heritage two processes must be carried out: A historical study and a safety evaluation. We wonder if it is possible to carry out a rehabilitation of this type of building while meeting eco-efficiency criteria. In the case of the Church Tower of Santiago Ap ó stol, multiple interventions have been carried out over the years. The last one was executed in 1989, and an additional conservation intervention would be necessary shortly after. We think rehabilitation and eco-sustainable interventions on specially protected historical buildings can be key to reactivating the construction sector and general economy in rural areas. For decades, these regions have suffered from depopulation. As a result of the health and economic crisis in which we find ourselves today, a return of the population to these areas is highly plausible, with all that this Sustainability 2020,12, 7104; doi:10.3390/su12177104 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2020,12, 7104 2 of 18 may entail. The application of strategies and methods in the field of eco-sustainability, while respecting the environment and the impact on buildings, will also favor the flow of human, material, and financial resources in the area, generating employment and promoting tourism in the region and bolstering its economic development. In the enhancement of these architecturally and historically relevant buildings, we understand that two essential aspects must be considered: Materials and eco-sustainability. The physical qualities of the materials used (texture, shine, surface, appearance, etc.) must be in line with the space, awakening the senses of its viewer, integrating the renovated portions with the history of the building and the environment [ 4 , 5 ]. The materials used will play a fundamental role in the eco-sustainability of the rehabilitation. Carrying out the intervention from an eco-sustainable point of view will reduce not only energy consumption, but also the impact on the environment and the generation of waste. In the context of the current economic crisis, it is also necessary to search for strategies that contribute to reactivating the construction sector, while achieving the preservation and maintenance of these specially protected historical buildings. The legal concept of sustainability arises from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [ 6 ], when society and governments begin to gain awareness of the danger of greenhouse gas emissions. After that, the Kyoto Protocol [ 7 ] continues along the same lines at the international level, and Directives 2010/31/EU, 2012/27/UE, and 2018/844/UE establish a series of minimum requirements and objectives at a European level for the energy efficiency of buildings [ 8 ], including a 20% reduction in minimum consumption compared to 1990 levels by 2020. There is an exemption in this regard for religious and officially protected buildings. Also, the Spanish and Andalusian Historical Heritage Laws [ 2 , 3 ] establish a principle of minimum intervention in these buildings, requiring that the contributions of all existing historical periods be respected in the restorations. It is becoming common to carry out a rehabilitation of these buildings while applying eco-sustainable criteria and taking into account the challenges and limitations that may present themselves in the process. Some of these problems include space, the conservation requirements for protected elements, and the economic investment that this requires, which in many cases is not easily assumed by the property holder. This article aims to address and analyze the rehabilitation of the tower of the Church of Santiago Ap ó stol in Montilla from an eco-sustainable point of view, while giving the necessary importance to its context. 2. Materials and Methods The eco-sustainable rehabilitation of specially protected buildings is a topic of great interest today. For this reason, in this article, we will establish a general method for such an undertaking, analyzing its applicability through specific study case, the tower of the Church of Santiago Ap ó stol in Montilla (C ó rdoba). We will also detail how to carry out a future intervention by applying eco-sustainable rehabilitation parameters, detecting the challenges that may arise, and how to solve them. 2.1. Methods for Evaluating Rehabilitation with Eco-Sustainable Criteria The absence of a uniform method for evaluating the rehabilitation of a historic building with eco-sustainable criteria [ 9 , 10 ] makes it possible to propose a model, which establishes key eco-sustainable evaluation performance indicators. Our main objective is to establish an eco-sustainable model for the rehabilitation of protected buildings like the tower of the Church of Santiago. Using the methodology of the Integrative Model of Values for Sustainable Evaluations (MIVES) [ 11 ] as a starting point, we have determined some quality indicators that are representative, quantifiable, and precise for evaluating the rehabilitation of historical and protected buildings such as this tower; we have done so while considering the three pillars of eco-sustainability (environmental, social, and economic). This method has been developed by the Polytechnic University of Catalonia. It is a methodology of multicriteria decision-making that establishes value indicators for evaluating Sustainability 2020,12, 7104 3 of 18 alternatives in order to solve problems in favor of sustainable rehabilitations. It establishes a series of phases, starting from the delimitation of the decision, and organizes the aspects to be considered in a branching manner in the form of a decision-making tree. It takes into account who takes the decision, what the limits are, and its conditions, including, for example, the requirements, components and life cycle of materials, among others. It then creates value functions and assigns a weight to each of the elements to then define possible alternatives to be considered when making decisions. Finally, these alternatives will be evaluated and analyzed to contrast the medium and long-term results in a control phase. We think that starting from the MIVES methodology is convenient, given that one of its most important characteristics, as Viñolas explains, is that decisions are made prior to the intervention, defining both the aspects to be taken into consideration and how they are to be evaluated. Though it is difficult to reduce the assessment of the sustainability of a rehabilitation to a series of indicators, establishing acceptance rates is the most objective way to do so. For this reason, some indicators have been identified in this regard and grouped as they relate to the three focuses of sustainability: 1. Environmental Focus: - Energy consumed in the transport of material or components (ECTM) needed for the intervention. The fact that they must come from companies close to the place, as will be discussed below within the social focus, will have a positive impact on this indicator. - Energy consumed in the installation and application process of the materials used (ECIP). - Assessment of the degree of eco-sustainability of the material and natural resources used (ALEQ). In this case, measuring whether the resources used count as eco-sustainable or are in the process of obtaining an official quality certification in this regard. - Level of use of reusable and recycled materials (LURRM), establishing a ratio between the total quantity of materials used and the portion that is reusable and recycled. A high rate of recycled and reusable materials will help indicate an eco-sustainable rehabilitation, and support the circular economy model, which in turn supports the reduction of raw materials through the application of the 3R concept (reduce, reuse, and recycle). - Management of generated waste, measuring the level of waste generated and the treatment given. The aim is to minimize polluting waste in favor of biodegradable or reusable waste. We will make a distinction here between the level of reusable (MRW) and recycled waste (MRcW) 2. Social Focus: - Ecological Footprint of Service and Resource Providers (EFSRP), as an indicator of the environmental impact of companies providing services and resources. Here, possessing an accreditation or being in the process of becoming accredited with some reputable certification will be considered [12]. - Distance from providers to the intervention site (DPIS). Reduced distance will bring benefits in terms of the impact on employment and generation of wealth in the local environment. It will also have positive consequences for the level of pollution generated by transportation. - Hiring of labor from the local environment (LE). This will promote employment and generate wealth within the geographical environment where the intervention must be carried out. Especially when considering the economic crisis in which we find ourselves today as a consequence of the coronavirus pandemic, this can have direct positive effects. 3. Economic Focus: In the framework of a circular economy, it is not only necessary to reduce the cost for the company in its activities, but to reduce the entry of virgin materials and the production of waste. This criterion is directly related to the ecological footprint indicator previously explained, as well as the use of renewable energy. We must analyze the resulting logistics costs, which include the managing cost, storage cost, transport cost, administrative cost, and financial cost. Sustainability 2020,12, 7104 4 of 18 Table 1shows how to calculate each of these indicators and what their measurement units are, in addition to establishing acceptance rates for each of them. From ECTM and ECIP indicators, the acceptance rates should be established once suppliers have been selected, the distance at which they are located is known, and the electrical tools to be used have been determined. Table 1. Calculation of the proposed quality indicators to eco-sustainable rehabilitation. INDICATOR CALCULATION UD ACCEPTANCE INDEX ECTM fuel consumption per km traveled ×km traveled l ECIP Electric power of the tool used (Kw) ×Usage time (h) Kwh ALEQ ecosustainable resources used total resources used ×100 % 90% LURRM reusable and recycled materials used total resources used ×100 % 80% MRW total reusable waste total waste generated ×100 % 80% MRcW total non recycled waste total waste generated ×100 % 80% EFSRP providers with quality certification total provider ×100 % 90% DPIS distance between provider and the workplace (km)km 20 km LE total local workers total hired workers ×100 % 80% 3. Results 3.1. Descriptive and Historical Analysis To demonstrate the methodology outlined above, we will use the case study of the Santiago Ap ó stol Church of Montilla, a little town in Cordova, located in the center of Andalusia. For centuries it has been the most important church in the city, as part of the inherited cultural landscape that is integrated in the current urban reality. Various transformations have been carried out over the centuries, and it was declared an Asset of Cultural Interest in 2001. Its exact origins are unknown. The first vestiges date from the 13th century [ 13 – 19 ]. In 1237, the territory was conquered under the command of King Ferdinand III, who in 1257 entrusted them to Gonzalo Y á ñez, also known as Gonçalo Eanes Do Vinhal. The population settled and the medieval town was built around the hilltop castle and its fortress. It reached maximum splendor under Fern á ndez de C ó rdoba and the lineage of the Casa de Aguilar [ 13 ], who resided there until 1508. Around it, as with most medieval towns, there were buildings and constructions of various kinds, among which the Church of Santiago stood out. Within religious architecture, churches have great relevance. They satisfy the need of the people to have a space for prayer, which over time is transformed along with their environment. Since their origins, the conception of these buildings has followed some general guidelines. From the pre-Romanesque era, they began to be equipped with towers as a way of bringing humans closer to God. During the Middle Ages the alarifes (architects) increased their height. A weathervane with a cross or a rooster, which is a symbol of the Resurrection, was often placed on the roof of the towers. The evolution reflected in the construction of the Church of Santiago is proof of the inseparable relationship between society and architecture. Although the building has undergone continuous transformations, its underlying structure has hardly been altered. According to Ramirez de Arellano, at the beginning of the 16th century, the Marques of Priego paid for some important work to be done on the building, which is now considered the first great reform, probably in response to the great demographic growth of the town, then the second most populated in the state of Priego [ 14 ]. Hern á n Ruiz’s reconstruction of the tower happened at this time. Characteristics of the Mudejar style are observed, although some have disappeared with the passage of time, such as the coffered ceiling or the original main doorway [ 19 ]. This style prevails in the churches built in the current region of Cordova that come from the time of the Reconquest by Fernando III, as it is the case of the fernandine churches in Cordova city. Sustainability 2020,12, 7104 5 of 18 We will focus our attention on two of the most important exterior elements that have survived until our times and about which very little information exists: the façade and the tower. We must go back to the era of the Reconquest, where Christian temples were either built inside of old Muslim mosques, as was the case with the Church of San Lorenzo and the Cathedral of Cordova, or new churches were built to stand alone. The conversion of mosques into Christian churches has been addressed throughout history. Garc í a and Ortega [ 20 ] explore the topic of Christianized mosques in Toledo and Cordova, identifying three types of processes: Expansion, emptying, and general demolition. The objective of the conversion of the mosques into Christian churches during the Reconquest was to change the identity of the property, marking it for Christian worship. For this reason, the first action taken in this process was to add Christian furniture and liturgical elements before subsequently carrying out the architectural changes. The most frequent intervention was the transformation of minarets into church towers, as seen in the Cordovan churches of Santiago and San Lorenzo. The use of other architectural elements such as columns or ashlars and even walls was also frequent. In Cordova there are very important fernandine churches, with a mix of Romanesque, Gothic, and Mudejar elements, with their signature wooden coffered ceilings and additional influence from the French Gothic and Cistercian styles [21]. Some studies [ 14 , 16 , 17 , 22 , 23 ] establish that, after conquering the territory, the Church of Santiago was built upon an old mosque and consecrated to Christian worship, although no evidence has been found so far in the work carried out on the church or the surrounding area. Lorenzo Muñoz attributes the name of its main church to the day of the city’s conquest on 25 July 1240 [ 15 ]. Antonio Jurado de Aguilar refers to the testament of Alonso Fernández de Córdoba, dated on 25 October 1235, in which he leaves ten thousand maravedis to the church to use for masses for his soul and for the construction of its main chapel. He also states that his grandson, Gonzalo Fern á ndez de C ó rdoba, who was very devoted to the Apostle Santiago, contributed to the construction of a new altarpiece, presided over by a sculpture of Santiago [ 16 ]. There is not another written record on the church’s architecture until the beginning of the 15th century. On 15 July 1437, a letter from the Bishop of Cordova dated 3 March 1422, about the obligation to pay tithes to the church, is read and published [19]. Almost no records about the original façade of the church have been found. There are just a few brief references from the beginning of the 17th century, in which Lucas Jurado y Aguilar points out that the façade and main doorway were constructed in 1624 [ 17 ]. The façade appears in a drawing of the Montilla barn (alhor í ) made by the Cordovan architect Juan Antonio Camacho, master builder of the Duke of Medinaceli and the Bishopric of Cordova [ 24 ]. In the upper right section of this drawing dated 1723, we can see the façade and the tower before its destruction by the 1755 earthquake (Figure 1). Typical details of a Renaissance doorway are present including the great attention paid to the harmony of proportions, following the guidelines established in Vitruvio’s treatise De Architectura, a reference book for the architects of the time. The façades of this style consist of two main parts and a pediment, with classicist structural and decorative elements. Regarding the main bodies, the semicircular arch, columns, entablatures, and roof with coffered ceilings stand out, with values such as symmetry, simplicity, and structural clarity prevailing. As for the decorations, the pilasters, scrolls, keys, medallions, and the pediment are typical. Usually, a niche was included in the second section over the doorway with a sculpture of the saint to whom the church was dedicated [ 25 ]. We understand that it is not the original, since its style, as we have explained, is one that postdates the original construction of the church. Furthermore, documentation exists stating that it was rebuilt in 1624 [ 17 ]. If we compare this doorway with the alhor í built by Camacho we see how the architect was inspired by the doorway of the church (Figure 2). Sustainability 2020,12, 7104 6 of 18 Figure 1. Plan for Montilla’s barn built by Juan Antonio Camacho in 1723. (Archivo Ducal de Medinaceli, Sección Priego, Original. Leg 113, Num I). Figure 2. Facade of Montilla’s barn built by Juan Antonio Camacho. (Author: A. Calvo). To gain a clearer understanding of how the original façade of the church might have looked (Figure 3), and having consulted some documented references about its existence from as early as the 14th century, we must compare the façades of the fernandine churches in Cordova. They are simple, with buttresses and a rose window, and a main doorway at the foot of the central nave with pointed arches adorned with diamond tips (“punta de diamante”) or dog teeth (“diente de perro”) and crowned by a roof tile on modillions (Figure 4). Figure 3. Outline of the possible doorway of the church of Santiago Apostol in Montilla in the 15th Century. (Author: A. Calvo). Sustainability 2020,12, 7104 7 of 18 Figure 4. Details of the doorways of the most important fernandine churches in Cordova (Author: A. Calvo). Taking Camachos’s drawing (Figure 1) and the documentation consulted in various sources as a reference, it has been possible to approximate the main exterior of the church lost after the reform of the doorway in the early 17th century, when the tower designed by Hern á n Ruiz was still standing (Figure 5). The imagined reconstruction of Hernan Ruiz’s tower has been put together based on the description preserved in the Montilla Historical Archive [ 26 ] and drawings made by Enrique Garramiola, located in the Montilla Municipal Archive (Figure 6). The digital reconstruction of the 15th century doorway in (Figure 4) is based on a study of the fernandine churches of Cordova, built during this period. Figure 5. Elevation of the facade after the reconstruction of 1624 and the original tower of the Church of Santiago Apóstol of Montilla (Author: A. Calvo). Sustainability 2020,12, 7104 8 of 18 Figure 6. The tower of the Church of Santiago built by Hern á n Ruiz, by Enrique Garramiola. (Municipal Archive of Montilla. Church of Santiago Folder). On the outside, its tower—the main subject of this article—stands out prominently and can be seen from almost anywhere in the city. It is well known that the current tower is not the original. Ramirez de Arellano said that, at the beginning of the 16th century, the Marquis of Priego paid for what can be understood as the first important reform [ 13 ]. This included a reconstruction of the tower by Hern á n Ruiz, that crowned the church from the end of the 16th century to the 18th century. No documentation has been found about the architecture of the previous tower, although it is known that in between 1576 and 1577 Hernan Ruiz, senior teacher of the Bishopric of Cordova presented himself in Montilla for the rebuilding of this tower. According to the notes of Enrique Garramiola conserved in the Municipal Archive of Montilla, information on the status of the tower’s construction and the church bells was collected in the Chapter Records on 21 April 1574. Some official writings on 30 March 1577 signed by the scribe Juan Mart í nez de C ó rdoba provide a wealth of information about it. This information includes the decision to demolish the primitive tower and use the demolition material for reconstruction, as well as to lower the bells of the tower and leave them in on the walkway of the church in the meantime [ 21 ]. They establish a period of three months from the 15th of April for the execution of the project and describe how the construction is to be executed, alluding to a drawing that accompanies the writing and that must have been lost at some point. Garramiola refers to it in an article in which he describes how the tower should be built according to the contract they signed [ 18 ], alluding to a drawing by Hern á n Ruiz that would serve as a guide for the construction project. The contract indicates that it should have a first stone section from the Aguilar quarry that is 20 feet long and a cornice. The second section would be of brick plastered with lime and sand and capitals of the same stone as the first section that framed the windows, with blue tiles embedded in the stone adorning the windows. There would be stone pyramids on the corners of the roof and a spiral staircase ascending to the bell of the tower. Hern á n Ruiz II explained in his architectural treatise how he organizes the construction of this tower, widespread throughout Andalusia. The absence of drawn plans of the Santiago tower leads us to think that it was similar to what Hern á n Ruiz explains in the last pages of his manuscript, when he talks about the square floorplan and the development of the staircase of the church tower of San Lorenzo in Cordova, also his work. In the contract for the construction of the Santiago tower [ 26 ], the existence of a spiral staircase that goes up to the last section is mentioned. We can extrapolate that it was built in a way that is very similar to the way described by Hern á n Ruiz in his treatise. Here, as Sustainability 2020,12, 7104 9 of 18 Professor Navascu é s indicates [ 27 ], the sections are vaulted, sometimes with split voissoirs, others on half-barrel or sloping barrel vaults, or even with flat and sloping roofs. In addition, a comparison of the stairs of some other towers built by Hernan Ruiz and his son and grandson by the same name, such as the tower of the churches of Nuestra Señora de Soterraño (Aguilar de la Frontera), El Salvador (Pedroche), and San Mateo (Lucena), can help to clarify how the one in Santiago might have been. The one in Pedroche is very special, because it has a double handrail, which also functions as a drain. With the help of these detailed descriptions, Garramiola draws a picture of the tower (Figure 6), which is kept in the Municipal Archive of Montilla. Both the written account and this drawing help to make an approximation of the tower, and lead to a comparison with towers of other churches from the time built by the Hern á n Ruiz I-III in the kingdom of Cordova. Also, in the image of Montilla prepared by Pier Maria Baldi in 1668 for the book “Cosme de Medicis’s journey though Spain and Italy”, plate XXXVII shows a small sketch of this tower, which closely resembles those presented by Garramiola. On November 1, 1755, one of the most virulent earthquakes remembered took place and would go down in history as the Lisbon earthquake. The devastating effects spread beyond Portugal. In Montilla, it was felt between 09:45 until 10:00 in the morning, affecting almost all the buildings in the city. Its effects on the Church of Santiago were devastating. A large portion of its tower collapsed, also affecting the façade, the roof, the choir section, and some of its chapels. The people of Montilla turned to the Duke of Medinaceli, patron of the church, for help. Fray Francisco Á lvarez and the architect Jos é Vela carried out a survey of the property in 1769 and declared the damage of the tower to be severe, arguing for the need of its demolition, carried out by Vela in 1771. Six years later, two projects for the construction of the new tower were presented to the Duke, one by Vela himself and the other by Fernando Moradillo, a famous Spanish architect of the time based in Madrid, who carried out important projects in the capital city (Figure 7). Finally, the Duke, in line with the wishes of the Montillans, chose Vela’s proposal, which underwent some changes. The Moradillo tower (Figure 8) consisted of three sections. The first one with rustic pilasters preserved the style of the Hernan Ruizes. The second one was simple without any adornments, and the bells covered by a double capital with a weathervane. 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