The "Berlin Haupstadt" competition 1957-1958.

RU BOOKS Colección INVESTIGACIONES IdPA_02 2016 DEPARTAMENTO DE PROYECTOS ARQUITECTÓNICOS ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE ARQUITECTURA UNIVERSIDAD DE SEVILLA ARQUITECTURA YCIENCIAS DE LA CONSTRUCCIÓN INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO u U N I V E R S I D A D D E S E V I L L A ARQUITECTURA YCIENCIAS DE LA CONSTRUCCIÓN INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO u U N I V E R S I D A D D E S E V I L L A ARQUITECTURA YCIENCIAS DE LA CONSTRUCCIÓN INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO u U N I V E R S I D A D D E S E V I L L A ARQUITECTURA YCIENCIAS DE LA CONSTRUCCIÓN INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO u U N I V E R S I D A D D E S E V I L L A DEPARTAMENTO DE PROYECTOS ARQUITECTÓNICOS ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE ARQUITECTURA INVESTIGACIONES DEPARTAMENTO DE PROYECTOS ARQUITECTÓNICOS 2016 www.departamento.us.es/dpaetsas Colección Investigaciones IdPA_02 Edición: Departamento de Proyectos Arquitectónicos Avda. Reina Mercedes, 2, 41012 Sevilla RU books Plaza Ruiz Valle, 29008 Málaga Dirección: Juan José Vázquez Avellaneda Coordinación IdPA_02: Pablo Diañez Rubio Comité científico: Pablo Diañez Rubio Luz Fernández-Valderrama Aparicio Francisco Montero-Fernández Rosa María Añon Abajas Antonio Barrionuevo Ferrer José Enrique López-Canti Morales Secretaría dPA: Teresa Paramás Contreras Alfonso García Fernández Portada: Recolectores Urbanos Diseño colección: Recolectores Urbanos Impresión: Ulzama Todos los derechos reservados. Esta publicación no puede ser reproducida ni en parte, ni registrada, ni transmitida por un sistema de información de ninguna forma ni en ningún medio, sea mecánico, fotoquímico, electrónico, por fotocopia o cualquier otro. (c) de esta edición: dPA + Recolectores Urbanos, 2016 (c) de los textos: sus autores, 2016 (c) de los proyectos: sus autores (c) de las imágenes: sus autores Se han hecho todas las gestiones posibles para identificar a los propietarios de los derechos de autor de los textos y las imágenes. Cualquier error u omisión accidental, que tendrá que ser notificado por escrito al editor, será corregido en ediciones posteriores. ISBN: 978-84-941838-9-8 Depósito Legal: MA 1092-2016 SEVILLA OCTUBRE 2016 ÍNDICE 9 Introducción Pablo Diañez Rubio / Juan José Vázquez Avellaneda Tesis 15 Vacíos adjetivos Elena Morón Serna 31 Objets: Proyecto y maqueta en la Obra de Le Corbusier Miguel Ángel de la Cova Morillo-Velarde 49 Sobre “El nadador de Cap-Martin y otros cuentos de arquitectura” Fernando Carrascal Calle / Silvana Rodrigues de Oliveira 71 The “Berlin Haupstadt” competition 1957-1958. Towards public space projects in European Post-war Gonzalo Díaz-Recasens Montero de Espinosa 87 Las sedes universitarias de Sevilla en la construcción de la ciudad Javier Tejido Jiménez 97 El proyecto estratégico como metodología para la ordenación integral territorial, urbanística y arquitectónica: los poblados de colonización agraria del siglo XX en el espacio del Bajo Guadalquivir. José Manuel Ojeda García 123 Aspectos arquitectónicos de las Atarazanas de Sevilla. Permanencia y transformación Julia Molino Barrero 141 Procesos colaborativos en la arquitectura contemporánea: ¿Creatividad colectiva? Amanda Martín-Mariscal / Luz Fernández-Valderrama Estrategias Urbanas 163 El diseño de herramientas analítico-prospectivas para la regeneración integrada de barrios: atlas potencial de terapias urbanas L. Fernández-Valderrama / I. Rovira / Mª S. Mendoza / S. Rodríguez / C. Ureta / JA. Duarte / M. Fernández / A. Martín-Mariscal / R. Casado / X. Galleguillos / G. Aranda / R. Puente / D. López / F. Pazos 187 Itinerarios y Paisajes Culturales Urbanos. Cuatro rutas por Córdoba y su Patrimonio Desaparecido durante los siglos XIX y XX Teresa Barrie Zafra 209 La ciudad peatonal. Integración en la planificación urbana y territorial. Sevilla y su territorio desde la movilidad peatonal G. Díaz-Recasens / M. Algarín / C. Díaz-Recasens / G. Díaz-Recasens / I. de la Lastra / JL. Cañavate / C. Corral 223 Estrategias de investigación urbana. Ciudad continua, la unidad verde Luisa Alarcón González / Francisco Montero Fernández 239 Domesticar LA CIUDAD. (II) Estrategias del habitar. El proyecto de vida en los espacios comunes de la ciudad Rafael Casado Martínez / Antonio J. Herrero Elordi / Luz Fernández-Valderrama Aparicio 255 Sevilla Ciudad Fluvial. Ciudad de la Justicia Antonio Barrionuevo Ferrer Estrategias Territoriales 275 Parajes demediados Félix de la Iglesia Salgado / José Enrique López-Canti / José Ramón Moreno Pérez 297 Observatorio proyecto Oga’i. Evaluación del impacto producido por el proyecto Oga’i en las comunidades Mbya-Guaraní. Habitabilidad y entorno María Prieto Peinado / Dolores Gutiérrez Mora 313 Arquitectura y fetiche en la Costa del Sol Juan José Vázquez Avellaneda Aportaciones críticas y documentales 333 La Jefatura Superior de Policía de Sevilla en la Gavidia: La caja de cristal Cristóbal Miró Miró 355 La ciudad y las tangencias: acercamiento al entorno de la Estación de San Bernardo Esther Mayoral Campa 373 Algunas ideas sobre arquitectura y sostenibilidad Esther Mayoral Campa / Maribel Alba Dorado / Melina Pozo Bernal Colección INVESTIGACIONES. IdPA_02 2016 71 Resumen El espacio público siendo quizás uno de los campos que con más frecuencia se estudia en los últi-mos años, carece sin embargo de episodios suficientemente alejados en el tiempo que nos permitan reconocer su historia reciente. La irrupción del pensamiento organicista y más tarde existencialista tras la 2ª Guerra Mundial cambió el modo de pensar en todas las áreas del conocimiento, también en aquellas relativas al urbanismo y al proyecto de ciudad. Con el cambio de contexto encontrado en las capitales europeas, cristalizó la necesidad de una ciudad “humanizada” que se reconoce en algunas propuestas aisladas de aquellos años, pero que también fue transformando la forma de pensar el espacio público en los diferentes CIAM celebrados, influyendo de manera determinante en la continua revisión de la “Carta de Atenas” y llegando a estar en la base de su disolución . A pesar de las continuas revisiones llevadas a cabo en el periodo de postguerra, la distancia entre los presupuestos teóricos CIAM y las realidades urbanas que encontraban los participantes, les llevó a un cierto escepticismo y produjo un desplazamiento de intereses desde la teoría urbanística a la práctica proyectiva, tratando de resolver cuestiones concretas para posteriormente extraer con-clusiones. El concurso “Berlin Hauptstadt”, un ambicioso Plan convocado en 1957 por la “Internatio-nalles Bauaustellung” para una hipotética capital alemana, fue un último episodio en aquellos debates que nos muestra las incertidumbres y contradicciones de algunos participantes al enfrentarse al proyecto de espacio público desde la desconfianza en sus bases teóricas. El concurso se planteaba con un programa muy extenso y sectorizado que respondía a necesidades institucionales de la Alemania Occidental, dando prioridad al entramado de infraestructuras viales sobre el tejido urbano existente, y a una cierta vocación monumental o publicitaria de la cultura occidental. En el jurado entre otras personalidades participó Alvar Aalto, quien poco antes había participado en la construcción del barrio “Hansa” ejemplificando la ciudad moderna en el extremo opuesto del “Tiergarten”. En “Berlin Hauptstadt”, algunas propuestas, asumían profundas variaciones en la forma de proyectar el espacio público respecto a las pautas presentadas por los CIAM de aquellos años. Se plantea así su estudio como un último registro de estas reacciones pragmáticas al cambio de contexto con el que podamos encontrar las condiciones latentes en el proyecto de espacio público de posguerra europeo. Palabras clave: Berlín, Postguerra, Espacio Público, Huellas, Memoria THE “BERLIN HAUPSTADT” COMPETITION 1957-1958 Towards public space projects in European Post-war Gonzalo Díaz-Recasens Montero de Espinosa THE “BERLIN HAUPSTADT” COMPETITION 1957-1958 72 Abstract Public space, being perhaps one of the urbanism most studied topics on last years, however lacks events sufficiently distant in time to recognize its recent history. The emergence of organic and later existentialism philosophies after Second World War changed the way of thinking in those areas of knowledge relating to urbanism and city planning. The switched context found in European capitals after the War crystallized the need for a “humanized” city. This need was indeed in some isolated projects realized during those years, but was also present in the way public space was thought in different debates and urban planning discussions hold at the International Congresses of Modern Architecture, where the decisive influence of the “Athens Charter” prerogatives and its several re-views was on the basis of its final dissolution staged by Team X in Oterloo in 1959. Despite the on going revisions conducted in the post-war period, the gap between theoretical assumptions and ur-ban realities that CIAM participants found at that time, led to some skepticism and a loss of interest in urban theories and aimed them to set on a projective practice, solving specific issues for further general conclusions. The “Berlin Hauptstadt” Competition, an ambitious Plan for the capital of a united Germany convened in Berlin 1957 by the “Internationalles Bauaustellung” was a last episode in this period of discussions and dissolution of modern urbanism that shows uncertainties and contradictions of some participants when were faced to the public space projects distrusting their theoretical bases. While building projects were still regarded more or less as in pre-war period, in some cases, the public space projects presented in the submitted proposals, are perceived with some important variations comparing to the planning guidelines defended by the CIAM urbanism at that time. Thus, the study of Berlin Hauptstadt competition is here presented as a compilation of these pragmatic responses to the switched context, which will allow us to find nuances and differences of interpretation between some of the presented proposals to unveil latent conditions in the public space projects at European post-war. The Berliner “IBA” announced the competition in 1957 as an important event for the future development. Although finally this important roll was not played, the competition represents a last episode on the CIAM urbanism discussions when disagreements and divided opinions were the usual context. Some participant´s proposals highlight the uncertainty and the loss of trust on urbanism theories of the time. Despite the range of proposals, there was little difference between the proposed buildings for Berlin Hauptstadt and those exhibited by CIAM in pre-war years, but on the other hand there were big differences between the pedestrian ways and the public spaces ideas proposed in Berlin Hauptstadt and those determined by the CIAM theories. This Thesis challenges the analyses of several public spaces based upon concepts such as picturesque landscapes, inter-ventions from the existing city ruins or mixed use public spaces, which shows a pragmatic attitude to plan the city in this change of context after Second World War. Key words: Berlin, Post-war, Public Space, Huellas, Memory Colección INVESTIGACIONES. IdPA_02 2016 73 1. Berlin Hauptstadt: 1945 – 1958 1945. Governments and divisions in post-war Berlin During last days of War, the Ally armies involved discussed the rule of Berlin, at the Postdam Confe-rence the city was divided in four different administration areas ruled by each one, and was planned several times as a united city until the beginning of the Cold War and the foundation of Germany Federal Republic in October 1949. Then a period started in the history of the city when urban plan-ning acted as a controversial propagandistic weapon successively used to win media battle by the different administrations. In 1946 a team leaded by Hans Scharoun presented the first Plan to define a future development for the Capital known as “KollektivPlan”, in an open house exhibition called “Berlin Plant” hold at the Hohenzollern Castle. The Plan, based on an open green band parallel to the Spree River, considered the deva station an opportunity to begin a new urban concept in) for the city centre. Other Plans, such as “Zehlendorf Plan” also showed in this exhibition or the one known as “Bonatz Plan” (1948), were much more respectfull with the old city. Fig. 1. Fritz Tiedemann. Berlin 1949-1951. (Top to bottom: Pariser Platz; Rathausstrasse; Marx Engels Platz and Friedrichshein). Domröse, Ulrich. “Fritz tiedemann So weit kein Auge reicht” exhibition at Berlinische Galerie. Berlin 2001 THE “BERLIN HAUPSTADT” COMPETITION 1957-1958 80 7. An elevated point of view A body without head. StadtKrohn The influence of some expressionist’s theorist such as Bruno Taut, who wrote “Stadt Krohn“ was still deeply assumed between German architects and urban planners. The conception of city as a whole landscape, on which societies were convoked, was already described by Taut as a lack or a necessity of the garden city and a valid formal way to project this and other urban developments in early twenties. Berlin landscape is inexorably linked to the Spree river presence and its multiple meander, for the city being mainly flat, the river performs the only natural border, shaping its develo-pment through History. Somehow Berlin has always had public buildings and public spaces that ele-vated the point of view of its citizens allowing them to have a comprehension of the entire city. Some existing places, as the memorial to the fallen in the War of Independence Monument erected in Vik-toriaPark by Schinkel, or the TV tower Fernsehenturm act as urban observatories where population goes to watch each other. This kind of point of view is also linked to the romantic landscape pain-tings, which showed an awesome and enormous nature where humankind was involved. Chinese landscapes. The proposal by Ebert and Scharoun The fluvial landscape also suited the idea of “Stadtbandconzept” suggested for the German capital city by the “Kollektivplan” team conducted by Hans Scharoun in 1946, developing on Athens Chart standards the idea of a Capital city organized through parallel strips, bands along the river bed. However for his Berlin Hauptstadt proposal, he relied on building structures individually developed as Auditoriums, Libraries, Theatres and other kind of public institutions that were assembled one each other without any plan to be ordered. These built masses appeared tied to one another, taking people in to a chained terrace levels through a sequence of stairs. Somehow, the public space proposed by Scharoun for Berlin Hauptstadt brought the city in to a higher level, showing some ability to build city by just adding terraces and not by ordering a flat ground, as it used to be in some oriental towns. Thus, there is a precedent for this rejection on urbanism and fascination for Fig. 8 y 9. Hans Scharoun. 1919 aquarelle and 1943 aquarelle. Akademie der Kunste Berlín Colección INVESTIGACIONES. IdPA_02 2016 81 Chinese cities in his writings of the convulse war period: “Chineschise stadtebau” where Scharoun described it as a model for organicist cities. These writings were published two years after his death illustrated by the watercolour study for imaginary projects he also painted during wartime. The watercolour paintings showed some expressionists landscapes occupied by hundreds of citizens in a highrise pilgrimage, a premonitory image for Berlin Hauptstadt. Fig. 11. Hans Scharoun and Wills Ebert. General Plan for the Berlin Hauptstadt competition. Akademie der Kunste Berlín. 1958 Fig. 10. Hans Scharoun. First drawings for Berlin Hauptstadt competition. Akademie der Kunste Berlín. 1957 THE “BERLIN HAUPSTADT” COMPETITION 1957-1958 82 8. Conclusions. Footprints of a new society Changing context and pragmatism After having a view of the different concepts used by the participants in their proposals pre-sented to the competition, there is a first conclusion we can drop out. The postwar in Berlin, from the Postdam conference until the Wall erection in august 1961, revealed a frozen period in its recent history on which no urban plan was developed under urban arguments nor theories. Most of the urban changes occurred where done by political decisions. Somehow the global urbanism promoted by the postwar CIAMs helped to this situation, the City planning as a standardized method allowed politicians to use it as a tool for propaganda and so to fight for their own interests. Although the spe-cific situation of Berlin, the use of urbanism as a tool for propaganda has been also a usual problem after second world war in some European cities. But meanwhile modern urbanism became an institutional tool and architects and urban planners refuted it beginning then their own research on city planning from a projective practice by solving concrete questions they found in the given context. Thus, we have the proposal of Piccinato in Berlin Hauptstadt working with the existing to de-velop a non conclude city, far away from previous works like the one of Villa Sabaudia (1934) orga-nized as an axial and well oriented, shaped city. We find in the Smithson proposal a complex city centre with a “charged void” conception, much more picturesque and aerial than the one projected for Golden Lane, four years before. Their concept “area of quietude” proposed at the Berlin competition was used once again a year after, in the elevated plaza that support the Economist buildings. At last we find that Landscape was again used to city planning and thus many proposals were not based on such concepts as transport main lines or building zonings, but in imagined lands-capes, which were after filled up with the program. The proposal presented by Arthur Korn and Stephen Rosenberg was quite a renounce of the CIAM principles, which Korn drew up with the “Ernst May Brigade” in the soviet cities between 1930 and 1933 and ten years later in London with the MARS group. Utzon with Abben and Anderson, also settled up another landscape concept which he import from distant cultures to Berlin. He used the Mayas platforms from the Yucatan half island, and the oriental ones as well, in different projects during those years when he was fling constantly from Denmark to Sidney. But he used it not only to project specific buildings like the one of Sidney Concert Hall, in Berlin and later in other places of a smaller scale such concepts were used for urban planning as well. Landscape was also the final solution for a concept, which Hans Scharoun was working on during all these postwar years in Berlin. The Spree-band he already proposed inspired by Peter Friedrich in the Kollektivplan (1946) as a consequence Colección INVESTIGACIONES. IdPA_02 2016 83 of the traffic main lines and as a logic sepa-ration of functions of the city, was presented in Berlin Hauptstadt as a liberated build mass which disposed at the Leipzigerstrasse permitted Tiergarten Park to be continuously expanded all over the Spree valley. The enormous build mass shaped with gold roofs, presented a high level of public spaces that were able to convoke and bring up citizens for having a view of their entire inhabited landscape. The necessity of a human city after war Despite of their different approaches to the Berlin Hauptstadt solitudes, most of the presented proposals showed up a concerning about what was named: “Humanizierung der Stadt” (Huma-nization of the city), that was a exposed necessity in their submitted texts. But humanizing was a extremely difficult goal at that time in Berlin, a city immerse at the epicenter of the “Cold War” After so many decades isolated and frozen by the “Wall”, Berlin or better the Berliners have developed its own way for city planning. The restricted life they could overlay to the city voids, have leave specific footprints and shaped the ground showing up their own the daily uses of the city. After the “Wall fallen” the great efforts token to unify the divided city by both governments revealed another, thus softly, division. The one established between a real city sculpted by the citizens daily life and other one planned by the council occupying most of these charged voids with a new remake of the Wagner Plan (1925) or the reconstruction of the 19th century city. Even now having a walk by the city void grounds that once were planned in the Berlin Haup-tstadt competition, is possible to see the great value they still have for preserving a sort of places with a closer scale, in such a great City. Sometimes, the footprints confirm some of the ideas that were appointed in the competitors proposals. The inner city proposed by Piccinato is present now in very different places like “PrizessinGarten” or “Pfefferberg” which with their own specific character made from their inside uses, influence the whole neighborhood where they are sited. The ground beside the Reichstag, contrary to the idea of an open-air parliament presented by the Smithson, is today marked with the footprints of the rows of the visitors who want to climb up the new dome and take a view. Meanwhile footprints in other places such as the Mauerpark at Prenzlauerberg show us a rich and with various uses place, where citizens find them selves. Also the landscape is present in some public spaces of the city freely occupied as observato-ries. The intense relation with the river proposed by Korn and Rosenberg can be lived in the bridge Admiralbrücke where the spring solstice is in alignment with the Landwehrkanal and so people meet this day to presence the sunset. Footprints on both sides of the canal bring the observers to the meeting point. One of the few elevations existing in the city grounds, hosts footprints from the Grossbeere-nstrasse and Tempelhofstrasse avenues that are self concentrated in the National Monument pro-jected by Schinkel in 1822, in memoriam of the THE “BERLIN HAUPSTADT” COMPETITION 1957-1958 84 Independence war fallen. The observatory an octa-gonal base which crowns the ViktoriaPark, give to citizens a place to sit down all over the hill skirts and watch the city landscape and its skylines. This kind of city recognition was also the basis of the landscape proposed by Hans Scharoun for the competition. Fig. 12. Berlin-Mitte from south Tiergarten b.1961. CASABELLA. n. 228. June 1964 Colección INVESTIGACIONES. IdPA_02 2016 85 Bibliografía DOMRÖSE, ULRICH. “Fritz Tiedemann. So weit kein Auge reicht”. B. Galerie. Berlin 2001. FISCHER, ARNO. “Situation Berlin. 1953-1960”. Berlinische Galerie. Berlin 2009. GARCÍA ROIG, J. MANUEL “Berlín. Arquitectura y ciudad en los últimos cien años” Cuaderno notas 12.2010. GARCÍA VAZQUEZ, CARLOS. “Berlín - Potsdamer Platz, Metrópoli y arquitectura en transición” Arquithesis 7. 2000. GIEDION, Sigfried. Arquitectura y Comunidad. Buenos Aires: Editorial Nueva Visión. 1957 . HEIN, CAROLA (main editor and main author). Hauptstadt Berlin. Internationaler Städtebaulicher Ideen-wettbewerbs 1957/1958. Berlinische Galerie, Berlín. 1991. JACOBS, Jane. The death and Life in american cities. Nueva York: Random House. 1961. KROHN, CARSTEN. Das ungebaute Berlin: Stadtkonzepte im 20. Jahrhundert. DOM Publishers, 2010 MUMFORD, Lewis. La ciudad en la Historia. Logroño: Ed. Pepitas de calabaza. 2012. MUÑOZ, Mª TERESA; CORTÉS, J. ANTONIO. “El concurso de Berlin capital. Canto de cisne del urbanismo moderno” Revista Arquitectura. Madrid.1978. PFANKUCH, Peter. Hans Scharoun. Bauten, Entwurfe, Texte. Berlin: Ed. Akademie der Kunste. 1974. SCHEFFER, Karl. Berlin, ein Stadtschicksal. Berlin: Ed. 1910. SENNETT, Richard. Carne y Piedra. Barcelona: Ed Anagrama. 1994. SMITHSON, Alison y Peter. The charged void. Urbanism. Londres: Ed. The Monacelli Press. 2004. SOLÁ-MORALES, Ignasi. Arquitectura y existencialismo; Una crisis de la arquitectura moderna. Barcelona: Ed. Annals nº5. ETSAB. 1991. SOLÁ-MORALES, Ignasi. Terrain Vague. Anyplace, Anyone Corporation, NYork/ The MIT Press. Cambridge (Mass) p 118-123. 1995. WENDERS Wim. Entrevista con Hans Kolhoff. Quaderns nª177. 1987. WENDERS Wim. The act of seeing. Essays, Reden und Gespräche. Frankfurt: Ed. 1992. Sevilla, octubre de 2016 Mesa de Rosa Estrada López y Laura Carreño Naranjo para la exposición Proyectos investiga en el ciclo DIETSA. Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura. Universidad de Sevilla. Abril-Mayo 2016