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Risk ac o s and ca dio ascula e en s in adul la in ame ican
immig an s in he Maca ena Dis ic , Se ille, Spain: a pilo s udy
González-López JR, Lomas-Campos MM, Rod íguez-Gázquez MA
RESUMo
Es e es udo e e como obje i o es ima a
p e alência de au o- ela o de a o es de
isco e e en os ca dio ascula es na popu-
lação la inoame icana imig an e adul a do
Dis i o 2 (Maca ena) de Se illa. Es udo
pilo o de in es igação desc i i a de co e
ans e sal, u ilizou-se um ques ioná io
anônimo com au o- ela o de a o es de
isco e e en os ca dio ascula es. Pa icipa-
am 34 pessoas, (18% do o al da mos a),
idade média: 31,8 anos, esidência média:
6,5 anos, mulhe es: 52.9%. P e alências de
a o es de isco: 8,8% diabe es, 26.5% co-
les e ol ele ado e 14,5% hipe ensão a e-
ial. P e alência de e en os co oná ios é de
8,8%: angina de pei o, in a o do miocá dio
e aciden e ce eb o ascula , com 2,9% cada
um. A conclusão é que a au o- ela ada
p e alência de e en os ca dio ascula es
é maio do que a li e a u a, es a ques ão
me ece a a enção de agências de saúde,
es e conhecimen o de e se conside ada
pelas en e mei as pa a desen ol e planos
de cuidados cul u almen e ap op iado do
con ex o dos imig an es.
DEScRi oRES
Mig ação in e nacional
Amé ica La ina
Doenças ca dio ascula es
Fa o es de isco
P omoção da Saúde
Cuidados de en e magem
Risk ac o s and ca dio ascula e en s in adul
la in ame ican immig an s in he Maca ena
Dis ic , Se ille, Spain: a pilo s udy*
O iginal a icle
AbS RAc
In o de o es ima e he p e alence o sel -
epo ed isk ac o s and ca dio ascula
e en s in an adul immig an La in Ame i-
can popula ion o Dis ic 2 (Maca ena) in
Se ille, we conduc ed a pilo s udy using
c oss-sec ional desc ip i e esea ch. We
used an anonymous ques ionnai e wi h
sel - epo ed isk ac o s and ca dio ascu-
la e en s. 34 people pa icipa ed (18% o
he sample); mean age: 31.8 yea s, mean
esidence: 6.5 yea s, women: 52.9%. P e -
alence o isk ac o s: diabe es 8.8%, high
choles e ol 14.7% and high blood p essu e
23.5%. P e alence o co ona y e en s was
8.8%; angina pec o is, myoca dial in a c-
ion and s oke, 2.9% each. The conclusion
is ha sel - epo ed p e alence o ca dio-
ascula e en s was highe han in he li -
e a u e, his issue dese ing he a en ion
o heal h agencies. This knowledge should
be conside ed by nu ses o de elop cul u -
ally app op ia e ca e plans o he con ex
o immig an s.
DEScRiP oRS
Emig a ion and immig a ion
La in Ame ica
Ca dio ascula diseases
Risk ac o s
Heal h P omo ion
Nu sing ca e
RESUMEn
Con el obje i o de es ima la p e alencia
po au o epo e de ac o es de iesgo y
e en os ca dio ascula es en población la i-
noame icana inmig an e adul a del Dis i o
2 (Maca ena) de Se illa, se ealizó un es-
udio pilo o de in es igación desc ip i a de
co e ans e sal. Se u ilizó un cues iona io
anónimo con au o epo e de ac o es de
iesgo y e en os ca dio ascula es. Resul a-
dos: pa icipa on 34 pe sonas, (18% de la
mues a), edad media: 31,8 años, esiden-
cia media: 6,5 años, muje es: 52,9%. P e-
alencias de ac o es de iesgo: 8,8% dia-
be es, 14,7% coles e ol ele ado y 23,5% hi-
pe ensión a e ial. P e alencia de e en os
co ona ios es de 8,8%: angina de pecho,
in a o de mioca dio y acciden e ce eb o-
ascula , con 2,9% cada uno. La conclusión
es que la p e alencia de e en os ca dio-
ascula es au o epo ados es supe io
a la li e a u a, me eciendo es e asun o la
a ención de los o ganismos sani a ios, es e
conocimien o debe ene se en cuen a po
en e me ía pa a elabo a planes de cuida-
dos adap ados cul u almen e al con ex o
de es e colec i o inmig an e.
DEScRiP oRES
Mig ación in e nacional
Amé ica La ina
En e medades ca dio ascula es
Fac o es de iesgo
P omoción de la Salud
A ención de en e me ía
José Ra ael González-López1, Ma ía de las Me cedes Lomas-campos2, Ma ía de los Ángeles
Rod íguez-Gázquez3
FATORES DE RISCO E EVENTOS CARDIOVASCULARES EM IMIGRANTES LATINO AMERICANOS
ADULTOS NO DISTRITO MACARENA, SEVILLA, ESPANHA: ESTUDO PILOTO
FACTORES DE RIESGO y EVENTOS CARDIOVASCULARES EN INMIGRANTES LATINOAMERICANOS
ADULTOS EN EL DISTRITO MACARENA, SEVILLA, ESPAñA: ESTUDIO PILOTO
* F om Resea ch P ojec “Análisis de las conduc as de salud y p e alencia de en e medades de la población inmig an e y au óc ona de la ciudad de Se illa”,
Uni e si y o Se ille, 2009-2012. 1Ph.D. In e na ional in Heal h Sciences. Mas e in New T ends in Heal h Sciences. Nu se. P o esso Facul y o Nu sing,
Physio he apy and Podia y. Depa men o Nu sing, Uni e si y o Se ille, Spain. [email p o ec ed] 2Ph.D. in Medicine. Full P o esso , Facul y o Nu sing,
Physio he apy and Podia y. Depa men o Nu sing, Uni e si y o Se ille, Spain. [email p o ec ed] 3Ph.D. in Public Heal h, Epidemiologis , Nu se. Associa e
P o esso , Facul y o Nu sing, Uni e si y o An ioquia, Medellín, Colombia. [email p o ec ed]
Recei ed: 05/08/2011
App o ed: 07/16/2012
Po uguês / Inglês
www.scielo.b / eeusp
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Risk ac o s and ca dio ascula e en s in adul la in ame ican
immig an s in he Maca ena Dis ic , Se ille, Spain: a pilo s udy
González-López JR, Lomas-Campos MM, Rod íguez-Gázquez MA
in RoDUc ion
In a globalized wo ld, i is indispu able ha mig a ion
is an inc easingly impo an phenomena, bo h in i s scope
and complexi y, a ec ing i ually e e y coun y in he
wo ld(1).
In Spain, du ing he i s decade o he 21s cen u y, he
immig an popula ion g ew om 1.8% o 11.4% o all esi-
den s; 40% o he o eigne s came om Eu ope, ollowed
by 31% om Sou h Ame ica(2). The inc ease in immig a ion
has been a majo challenge o social adap a ion, includ-
ing he issues ela ed o heal h and he o ganiza ion o he
heal h sys em(3). This phenomenon has equi ed he pe -
o mance o s udies abou he heal h o he immig an s,
which iden i ied his g oup as a heal hy young popula-
ion(4), wi h a good pe cei ed heal h s a us and wi h mo -
bidi y simila o ha o he local popula ions(5).
Access o and use o heal h se ices on he pa o he
immig an s has been he ocus o much o he
esea ch in e es ; addi ionally, since he ea ly
nine ies, pe iodic popula ion based su eys
ha e been used o ob ain an epidemiological
p o ile, as well as o unde s and he accessi-
bili y and u iliza ion o heal h se ices(6).
In Spain, al hough some wo k exis s e-
la ed o immig an heal h, he impo ance
o socio-demog aphic, economic and li e-
s yle ac o s(7), quali y o li e(8), and he use
o heal h se ices(9), he e has been a sca ci-
y o esea ch in o he p e alence o isk ac-
o s and ch onic diseases in his popula ion.
Despi e he ac ha hey we e conduc ed in
he au och honous popula ion, exis ing li -
e a u e indica es ha some heal h p oblems
a e simila in bo h popula ions(6), p edomi-
nan ly espi a o y in ec ions, dep essi e
synd omes and low back pain, in p ima y
ca e se ings(10); whe eas he p e alence o o he p ob-
lems is lowe in ecen immig an s han wha is es ima ed
in he na i e popula ion(11). Howe e , a e an ex ended
s ay, hey may su e diseases mo e ela ed o he li es yle
o he hos coun ies, such as hype ension, diabe es and
a ious espi a o y o ca dio ascula diseases(10).
Acco ding o he Na ional Immig an Su ey(12), 8% o
he La in Ame ican immig an s in Spain in 2009 we e in
Andalusia; his g oup ep esen ed almos hal o he im-
mig an popula ion (46.3%) in Se ille, o which one o e -
e y h ee could be ound in he Maca ena dis ic .
Nu sing as a p o ession p o ides ca e o sick and
heal hy people h oughou hei li espan; i is equi ed
ha p o essionals add ess he human esponses o indi-
iduals, amilies and communi ies in a comp ehensi e
manne (13). We belie e, he e o e, ha one o he g ea
challenges posed o his discipline is o p omo e heal h
h ough he p o ision o quali y ca e, a oiding isky be-
ha io s and p omo ing heal hy li es yles, conside ing a -
i udinal and beha io al aspec s o he use . Hence, we
p oposed o measu e he p e alence o isk ac o s and
ca dio ascula e en s, in he La in Ame ican adul immi-
g an popula ion in he Maca ena dis ic o he ci y o
Se ille, in o de o use his measu emen as a ac o in-
dica i e o heal h p oblems and he need o ca e o his
g oup, om he nu sing discipline.
Taking in o accoun ha o p o ide nu sing ca e o
suppo people in main aining o egaining hei heal h
mus ake in o accoun he cul u e, heal h and illness be-
lie s, alues and p ac ices o he people(14), nu ses mus
be p epa ed o ace he challenge o ca ing o he im-
mig an communi y(15). To accomplish his, i is o in e -
es o know he heal h beha io s(15), many o which a e
cul u ally de e mined(16), so ha hey can in e ene o
main ain o es o e heal h. In he pas decade, how ca e
should be ailo ed o he immig an popula ion has been
an issue o conce n in nu sing(15), asse ing ha he nu s-
ing ca e o his g oup is based on he appli-
ca ion o in eg a ed ca e based on cul u al
knowledge and o he ini ial assessmen ,
iden i ying he main nu sing diagnoses wi h
hose who will implemen hei in e en ion
in conjunc ion wi h he immig an pe son,
esul ing in a plan o ca e cul u ally ailo ed
o hei con ex (17). The objec i e o ou in-
es iga ion was o es ima e he p e alence
o sel - epo o isk ac o s and ca dio as-
cula e en s in he La in Ame ican adul im-
mig an popula ion in Dis ic 2 (Maca ena)
o Se ille, du ing he yea 2010.
ME HoD
A quan i a i e, desc ip i e s udy was de-
eloped, using a ans e sal me hod wi h a
s a i ied p opo ional sample o he a i-
ables o gende , age and na ionali y, in which 34 adul La in
Ame ican immig an s pa icipa ed, co esponding o 17.8%
o he popula ion, es ima ed o cons i u e a pilo s udy.
The ange o age in his s udy was be ween 25 o 44 yea s,
which is he mos equen age g oup in his popula ion(12).
We used some sec ions o he Beha io al Risk Fac o
Su eillance Sys em ques ionnai e associa ed wi h beha -
io (2009) om he Cen e s o Disease Con ol and P e-
en ion o he Uni ed S a es(18). In his a icle we p esen
he esul s o : a) sociodemog aphic da a o he espon-
den (gende , age, ma i al s a us, educa ional le el, place
o bi h, leng h o s ay in Spain, and occupa ion), b) knowl-
edge o ha ing su e ed om hype ension, diabe es and
/ o high choles e ol; c) changes in die a y habi s, p ac ice
o physical exe cise; d) co ec knowledge o signs and
symp oms o a hea a ack o o a ce eb al ascula ac-
ciden : ecogni ion o a leas ou o he six signs and / o
symp oms lis ed o each pa hology (op ions o esponse:
Taking in o accoun
ha o p o ide nu sing
ca e o suppo people
in main aining o
egaining hei heal h
mus ake in o accoun
he cul u e, heal h and
illness belie s, alues
and p ac ices o he
people, nu ses mus
be p epa ed o ace
he challenge o ca ing
o he immig an
communi y.
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Risk ac o s and ca dio ascula e en s in adul la in ame ican
immig an s in he Maca ena Dis ic , Se ille, Spain: a pilo s udy
González-López JR, Lomas-Campos MM, Rod íguez-Gázquez MA
Yes/No)(18); and e) in e ences abou he a iables men-
ioned p e iously.
The p e alence o he isk ac o s and ca dio ascula
e en s we e calcula ed by di iding he numbe o pe sons
who a i med ha a physician o a nu se had commen ed
ha hey had a ac o o ha hey we e su e ing / had
su e ed a ca dio ascula e en , by he o al numbe o
pa icipan s in he s udy.
Fo his in es iga ion, we adop ed he de ini ion o im-
mig an used by he Na ional Ins i u e o S a is ics (INE)
in i s Na ional Immig an Su ey o 2007 (ENI 2007)(19):
any pe son who has as his/he coun y o o igin one o he
han Spain, who a he momen o conduc ing he su ey
has es ablished his/he habi ual esidence wi hin he na-
ional e i o y.
The collec ion o da a occu ed in he mon h o
Ap il o 2011, he ec ui men o pa icipan s was made
h ough di e en immig an associa ions. The selec ion
c i e ia we e: esiden o ei he gende in one o he o i-
cial neighbo hoods o census ac s o he second admin-
is a i e dis ic (Maca ena) o Se ille; aged be ween 25
and 44 yea s; ha ing been bo n in some o he coun ies
conside ed by he Uni ed Na ions(20) in i s classi ica ion
o na ionali ies, e i o ies and egions as La in Ame ican
o Sou h Ame ican coun ies (A gen ina, Boli ia, B azil,
Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuado , Pa aguay, Pe u, U uguay,
Venezuela) and ha ing mig a ed o Spain; abili y o com-
munica e and unde s and he equi emen s o he s udy
and ha ing signed he in o med consen . To a oid biases
in in o ma ion we had a single in e iewe , a heal hca e
p o ide , who asked he ques ions and illed in he e-
sponses. The in e iew las ed an a e age o 15 minu es
and occu ed in di e en associa ions and g oups o La in
Ame ican immig an s in he dis ic o acili a e he collec-
ion o he da a.
The p ocedu es used o conduc his s udy ollowed
gene al e hical p inciples, and we e app o ed by he E h-
ics Commi ee o he Uni e si y o Se ille o s udies wi h
human subjec s in Spain and he Eu opean Union. Fo his,
we ob ained in o med w i en consen and, in ela ion o
sociodemog aphic da a, in o de p o ec hono and pe -
sonal p i acy, he ques ionnai es we e anonymous be-
cause he esponden s we e no asked hei names.
Da a we e analyzed using he s a is ical p og am,
S a is ical Package o he Social Sciences (SPSS) e sion
17.0 o Windows. Desc ip i e analyses we e pe o med,
using measu es o cen al endency and dispe sion such
as mean and s anda d de ia ion. To check whe he he
quan i a i e a iables complied wi h he c i e ia o no -
mali y, he Kolmogo o -Smi no (KS) es o a sample was
employed. In he case o quali a i e a iables, p opo ions
we e calcula ed and he chi-squa e es was applied (X2).
In all cases, we adop ed he alue o p < 0.05 o s a is ical
signi icance.
RESUL S
Sociodemog aphic Cha ac e is ics
The age a iable, which was no mally dis ibu ed
(p obabili y in he z o he es K-S = 0.192), had a mean o
31.8 ± 5.8 yea s. In Table I he sociodemog aphic p o ile o
he 34 people s udied can be seen; women, less han 30
yea s, single and who had seconda y educa ion p edomi-
na ed. Fo coun y o o igin, he majo i y came om Bo-
li ia and Ecuado . In ela ion o cu en and p e ious occu-
pa ion, he majo i y o subjec s we e employed by o he s.
When analyzing he ime o esidence in Spain, i was
ound ha he sample had a mean o 6.5 ± 3.5 yea s,
sligh ly highe han he mean esidence ime in he ci y o
Se ille (5.8 ± 3.6 yea s). Bo h a iables also had a no mal
dis ibu ion, which was e i ied in he p obabili es o he
es o K-S o 0.480 and 0.914, espec i ely.
Table 1 – Gene al cha ac e is ics o 34 La in Ame ican adul im-
mig an s o he Maca ena Dis ic o Se ille
Va iable Value
Gende ; n (%)
Female 18 (52.9)
Male 16 (47.1)
Age g oup; n (%)
25 o 29 yea s 17 (50.0)
30 o 34 yea s 7 (20.6)
35 o 39 yea s 6 (17.6)
40 yea s and olde 4 (11.8)
Ma i al s a us; n (%)
Single 16 (47.1)
Ma ied 15 (44.1)
Li ing oge he / unma ied pa ne 2 (5.9)
Sepa a ed 1 (2.9)
Le el o educa ion; n (%)
P ima y educa ion*4 (11.7)
Seconda y educa ion†19 (55.9)
Highe educa ion‡6 (17.6)
Uni e si y deg ee§5 (14.8)
Na ionali y; n (%)
Boli ia 13 (38.2)
B azil 1 (2.9)
Colombia 3 (8.8)
Ecuado 9 (26.5)
Pa aguay 2 (5.9)
Pe ú 4 (11.8)
Venezuela 2 (5.9)
P e ious occupa ion; n (%)
Employee 28 (82.4)
Sel -employed 2 (5.9)
Unemployed 1 (2.9)
S uden 3 (8.8)
Cu en occupa ion; n (%)
Employee 26 (76.5)
Sel -employed 2 (5.9)
Unemployed 4 (11.8)
S uden 2 (5.9)
*: P ima y s udies / Elemen a y school; †: Seconda y s udies / Elemen a y
Baccalau ea e / FP / Basic T aining Cou se; ‡: Highe Educa ion /
Baccalau ea e / Highe Fo ma i e Cycle; §: Uni e si y deg ee (3 wi h
unde g adua e deg ee and 2 wi h g adua e deg ee o doc o a e).
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Risk ac o s and ca dio ascula e en s in adul la in ame ican
immig an s in he Maca ena Dis ic , Se ille, Spain: a pilo s udy
González-López JR, Lomas-Campos MM, Rod íguez-Gázquez MA
P e alence and p e en i e beha io s o h ee isk ac-
o s o ca dio ascula disease
Diabe es. O he o al popula ion su eyed, 41.2% (14
indi iduals) we e measu ed equen ly o blood glucose,
including 13 pe sons (38.2%) who did so se e al imes a
yea , whe eas one pe son (2.9%) did so se e al imes a
mon h. The emaining popula ion ne e did his.
I is impo an o no e ha 38.2% o he subjec s in
he s udy sample we e o e weigh and 20.6% we e obese,
while he emaining (51.2%) we e o no mal weigh . The
p obabili y o he z o he es o K-S o he IMC was
0.969, which signi ied ha his a iable had a no mal dis-
ibu ion.
The p e alence o sel - epo ed diabe es was 8.8%,
namely: h ee people claimed o ha e been diagnosed as
diabe ic ( wo wi h ges a ional diabe es and a man wi h
ype I diabe es). O he h ee people who epo ed ha ing
been diagnosed wi h diabe es: one was aking medica ion
o con ol i ; all had changed hei ea ing habi s o con-
ol hei blood suga ; none examined hei ee o de ec
possible wounds by i i a ion; only one p ac iced physical
exe cise as a way o imp o e insulin sensi i i y, and all said
hey had no a ended any educa ional ac i i y o lea n
how o con ol blood suga .
Hype ension. O he o al popula ion su eyed,
55.9% (19 people) said ha hei a e ial blood p essu e
was measu ed se e al imes a yea , wi h hose ne e do-
ing so accoun ing o 44.1% (15 people). When asked how
long ago he blood p essu e le el was analyzed: 16 people
(47.1%) s a ed ha hey measu ed i in he pas yea , nine
people (26.5%) had ne e had i done, ou people (11.8
%) had measu ed i in he pas wo yea s, wo people
(5.9%) in he pas i e yea s, and o h ee people (8.8%)
i was i e yea s o mo e. In 76.5% o he o al sample
(26 people), none had a medical o nu sing p o essional
indica e ha hey p esen ed wi h high blood p essu e o
hype ension.
The sel - epo ed p e alence o his disease was 23.5%,
o he emaining eigh people who claimed o ha e been
diagnosed wi h he disease, one o which was du ing he
p egnancy. In he analysis o he eigh people who said
hey we e diagnosed wi h hype ension, only one (12.5%)
epo ed aking medica ion o con ol he high blood p es-
su e; i e (62.5%) had changed hei ea ing habi s ; all had
educed hei consump ion o sal and alcohol and, inally
only h ee people (37.5%) p ac iced physical exe cise as a
way o educe blood p essu e.
Choles e ol. The e we e 26.5% o he s udy pa ici-
pan s (9 pe sons) who had hei blood choles e ol le el
checked; i e o hem (55.6%) had done so in he las yea .
The p e alence o sel - epo ed hype choles e olemia
was 14.7% ( i e people we e in o med by a medical p ac i-
ione o nu se). O hese, only wo claimed o ake medi-
ca ion o i s con ol; ou had modi ied hei ea ing hab-
i s, educing he consump ion o a s; i e had dec eased
he consump ion o ciga e es and alcohol; and, only
wo used physical exe cise as a way o educe blood high
choles e ol. We did no ind s a is ically signi ican di e -
ences be ween he a iable choles e ol and alcohol in ake
(X2 = 3.214, p = 0.073).
P e alence o ca dio ascula e en s and ecogni ion o
signs and symp oms associa ed wi h hese complica ions
The p e alence o sel - epo o ca dio ascula e en s
was 8.8%: wi h one case each o acu e myoca dial in a c-
ion, angina pec o is and ce eb o ascula acciden . In he
case o ce eb o ascula acciden , he pa ien wen o e-
habili a ion and changed his li es yle as a consequence o
su e ing ca diac pa hology.
Rega ding he ecogni ion o symp oms o he e en s
o hea a ack and ce eb o ascula acciden , he mo e
ecognized symp oms by his g oup we e: di icul y
b ea hing and pain o discom o in he ches , o he o -
me , and se e e headache and sudden ouble walking o
he la e (Table 2).
Table 2 – Recogni ion o symp oms associa ed wi h hea a ack
and ce eb o ascula acciden .
Symp oms n (%)
Hea A ack Symp oms
Di icul y b ea hing 28 (82.4)
Pain o discom o in he ches 24 (70.6)
Feeling dizzy o ain 16 (47.1)
Sudden changes in ision 15 (44.1)
Pain o discom o in he a ms 15 (44.1)
Pain in mandible, neck o back 10 (29.4)
Ce eb o ascula Acciden Symp oms
In ense pain in he head 28 (82.4)
Sudden ouble walking 26 (76.5)
Sudden di icul y speaking 22 (64.7)
Sudden weakness in ace, a m o leg 22 (64.7)
Sudden changes in ision 21 (61.8)
Ches pain 10 (29.1)
The o al p opo ion o co ec answe s o ecogni-
ion o he signs and symp oms o hea a ack was 52.9%
e sus 63.2% o ce eb o ascula acciden ; his di e ence
was no s a is ically signi ican (X2 = 0.54, p = 0.46).
DiScUSSion
Habi ually, mo bidi y s udies in o eign popula ions
ha e been ocused on impo ed pa hology and only e-
cen ly ha e begun o analyze ch onic diseases(21). In ou
s udy, in ela ion o diabe es, 8.8% o subjec s had been
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2013; 47(2):325-30
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Risk ac o s and ca dio ascula e en s in adul la in ame ican
immig an s in he Maca ena Dis ic , Se ille, Spain: a pilo s udy
González-López JR, Lomas-Campos MM, Rod íguez-Gázquez MA
old by a medical p o essional o nu se ha hey we e su -
e ing om his disease, da a signi ican ly highe han he
2.7%(11) o 5%(22) in o he s udies. The bias could be due
o he di e en sample size, since he smalle he sample,
he mo e possibili ies exis ha he esul s a e no ep-
esen a i e o he s udy popula ion, ano he a ibu able
cause may be he ange o ages s udied. I is no ewo hy
ha all people wi h diabe es in he sample had changed
hei die a y habi s, bu had no a ended any o ma i e
cou se on diabe es no we e ee examined o possible
wounds om i i a ions. The e o e, a p io i, we obse ed
de icien knowledge ela ed o ca e in subjec s wi h dia-
be es in ou sample.
P oceeding wi h o he ch onic disease such as a e ial
hype ension, i s p e alence by sel - epo in ou sample
(23.5%) ep esen ed a much highe igu e han he 4.1%
eco ded in one s udy(11) o he 10.8% ano he ound(22),
bu we can es ablish a con incing explana ion o hese
di e ences, which may be due o he easons p e iously
men ioned o he sample size. I is necessa y o commen
ha hal o hose diagnosed subjec s pe o med heal h
p omo ing beha io s when con on ing hei disease, such
as dec easing he in ake o alcohol and / o sal and / o
inc easing physical exe cise.
The p esence o blood choles e ol and diagnosis o
hype choles e olemia we e indica ed by 14.7% o he
sample, a new igu e signi ican ly highe han he 5.4%
analyzed by sel - epo (20). These di e ences may be due
o he measu emen o he a iable, o he ime o esi-
dence in Spain was lowe han in ou sample and hey had
no abandoned he nu i ional habi s o he coun y o o i-
gin; also all he sample in he la es s udy came om La in
Ame ica, as compa ed o only 75%. I should be no ed
ha , o all subjec s diagnosed wi h high choles e ol, he
o ali y had s opped smoking, and he as majo i y (80%)
had changed hei ea ing habi s; no ound in he e iewed
li e a u e da a ha was collec ed, bu also signi ican ,
was ha hal o hose p ac iced exe cise o imp o e hei
heal h. Resea ch has ound no s a is ically signi ican di -
e ences be ween his a iable and he in ake o alcohol.
We can say ha sel -pe cei ed ca dio ascula heal h
by pa icipan s o ou s udy was good, only 2.9% (1 pe -
son) was diagnosed wi h a hea a ack, also only 2.9%
was in o med ha he su e ed angina, and one subjec
su e ed a ce eb o ascula acciden , wi h his da a be-
ing simila o hose desc ibed elsewhe e(22), in which
he e exis ed a p e alence o o he pa hologies o he
hea o 3.3% and 1.3% in one s udy(11), wi h da a s em-
ming om di e en au onomous communi ies, Ca a-
lonia and Mad id, espec i ely. No in es iga ions we e
ound abou he knowledge o he immig an popula-
ion abou he symp oms ha appea bo h in hea a -
ack and in ce eb o ascula disease, al hough we be-
lie e ha , gi en he a e age numbe o co ec answe s
(58.1%), measu es can be es ablished o an educa ional
na u e and o ien ed owa ds p ima y p e en ion o
such p oblems o heal h.
Among he limi a ions o his s udy, hose ha cha ac-
e ize a pilo s udy we e ound and deal mainly wi h he
numbe o subjec s s udied. This s udy will p o ide he
basis o expanded esea ch in he ci y o Se ille, as well as
o e alua e he sui abili y o he ins umen used and he
da a collec ion pe o med.
concLUSion
The esul s o his s udy ha e p o ided an expansion
o knowledge abou he heal h s a us o he collec i e o
immig an people s udied, which p o ide p e alences o
sel - epo ed isk ac o s and ca dio ascula e en s in ou
pilo s udy highe han hose ound in he li e a u e, me -
i ing he a en ion o he heal h agencies.
I is impo an o con inue his line o in es iga ion,
in o de o guide he design and implemen a ion o di -
e en ial ac ions om he nu sing pe spec i e, adequa e
o he needs o he immig an collec i e, such as o ma-
i e ac i i ies in he p e en ion o diabe es o obesi y o
empowe his popula ion and hus imp o e hei le el o
heal h.
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co espondence add essed o: José Ra ael González López
Dep. de En e me ía de la Facul ad de En e me ía, Fisio e apia
y Podología
Uni e sidad de Se illa - A . Sánchez Pizjuán s/n
41009 – Se illa, España