Main characteristics of spanish tourist firms in 2002

MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF SPANISH TOURIST FIRMS IN 2002 Francisco Javier Quirós Tomás 1 1 Francisco Javier Quirós Tomás. Departamento de Administración de Empresas y Marketing. Universidad de Sevilla. Tel: 34 954 75 27. E Mail: [email protected] MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF SPANISH TOURIST FIRMS IN 2002 Francisco Javier Quirós Tomás Abstract: This paper aim is the analysis of some of the more important facts related with Spanish tourist sector in the year 2002. Number of companies and their legal condition and size, number of premises, number of workers and kind of labour relationship with the tourist firms and so on will be analysed. When possible, the analysis will be widened to the different tourist subsectors or branchs: hotels, restaurants and travel agencies and tour operators. Their figures will be compared with the same ones for the Spanish economy as a whole. MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF SPANISH TOURIST FIRMS IN 2002 Francisco Javier Quirós Tomás 1.- THE IMPORTANCE OF TOURISTIC SECTOR IN SPAIN Tourism industry is one of the more important sectors in Spanish economy. Table 1 provides information about it. The Spanish Tourism Satellite Account reveals that it amounts to as much as 11.6% of Gross Domestic Product (G.D.P.). This includes receptive tourism and other components of tourisms, mainly homeland tourism. TABLE 1: G.D.P. AND TOURIST SECTOR. YEAR 2002 Percentage Receptive Tourism 5.8% Other Tourist Elements 5.8% Total 11.6% Source: Tourism Satellite Account of Spain. It Gross Added Value for hotels and restaurants is some what smaller, just 6.9% (Graph 1), that is related to fact that hotels and restaurants is just part of tourist sector. GRAPH 1: GROSS ADDED VALUE AND ECONOMIC SECTORS 11,5% 6,9% 9,5% 5,3% 13,9% 1,4% 2,0% 2,6% wholesale and Retail Trade; Repairs Hotels and Resxtaurants Transport, Storage and Commmunication Financial Intermediation Real State, Renting and Business Activities Market Education Market Health and Social Work Other Community Social and Personal Service Activities 4,2% 4,0% 19,0% 8,7% 53,3% 14,8% AgricultureEnergyIndustry ConstructionMarket ServicesNot Market Services The importance of hotels and restaurants related to employ is even smaller. Graph 2 provides information at this respect. The percentage of employment related to the whole Spanish employment is about 6.1%. GRAPH 2: EMPLOYEEMENT AND ECONOMIC SECTORS 2.- TOURIST SECTOR FIRMS: A GENERAL IDEA. The tourist sector in Spain consisted of 270,553 2 firms in the year 2002. This was 10.30% of Spanish total firms 3 . Table 2 provides some general figures about these companies. The mean of premises by firm is just of 1.1. The mean gross income was 209.51 thousand euros, with a gross investment of 13.41 thousand euros and the compensation per employee was 5.79 thousand euros. TABLE2: MAIN TOURIST SECTOR FIGURES. YEAR 2002. Tourist Total Total Premisess / Firm 1.10 Gross Income / Firm (000 ¼ ) 209.51 Gross Investment /Firm (000 ¼ ) 13.41 Employees Compensation /Wage earners (000 ¼ ) 5.79 Source: Annual Services Survey 2 Source: Encuesta Anual de Servicios 2000, INE. 3 Source: Directorio Central de Empresas (DIRCE), year 2000. 6,2% 0,7% 17,6% 10,8% 43,9% 20,8% Agriculture Energy Industry Construction Market Services Not Market Services 15,1% 6,1% 5,9% 2,1% 7,7% 1,7% 2,2% 2,9% wholesale and Retail Trade; Repairs Hotels and Resxtaurants Transport, Storage and Commmunication Financial Intermediation Real State, Renting and Business Activities Market Education Market Health and Social Work Other Community Social and Personal Service Activities In the year 2002, the number of new firms in the sector has been of 39,661, more than one over eight of firms created in Spain (Table 3). This number is slightly bigger than the number of firms that closed the same year, 38,867, or one over seven of all firms that closed. TABLE 3: DEMOGRAPHY OF THE COMPANIES. YEAR 2002 Number Percentage Permanence Spain Total 2,383,332 100.00% Tourist 245,595 10.30% New listed Spain Total 327,068 100,00% Tourist 39,661 12.13% Deslisted Sapin Total 274,365 100.00% Tourist 38,867 14.17% Source: DIRCE As you can see, this firms demography is very dynamic. There are just a 10.30% of this kind of firms in Spain as a whole, versus12.13 % of new ones 14.17% of closed ones. Tourist sector can be divided in subsectors or branchs of activity. These are show in the figure below. Tourism Travel Agencies, Tour Operators and Similar Hotels and Restaurants Hotels and Similar Hotels Camping Sites and Similar Restaurants and Similar Restaurants Bars Canteens and Catering There were 272,272 tourist firms in Spain in 2002, that is one in 10 of every Spanish company was a tourist one (Graph 3). Almost 187,000 of them were Bars (69% of tourist firms) and more than 53,000 were restaurants (almost 20% of them). GRAPH 3: PERCENTAGE OF FIRMS BY ECONOMIC SECTOR 3.- TOURIST FIRMS LEGAL CONDITION There are three main legal conditions: Public Limited Company, Limited Liability Company and Physical Persons. Facts about each one of them is provided in Table 4. There are some more legal conditions which have been grouped as Others. TABLE 4: FIRMS AND LEGAL CONDITION. YEAR 2002 Total Public Limited Companies Limited Liability Companies Physical Persons Others Number Number Percent. Number Percent. Number Percent. Number Percent. All CNAE93 Groups 2,710,400 126,529 4.67% 716,542 26.44% 1662,183 61.33% 205,146 7.57% Tourist 272,272 6,803 2.50% 50,033 18.38% 191,742 70.42% 23,694 8.70% Hotels and Restaurants 265,626 5,086 1.91% 47,343 17.82% 189,644 71.40% 23,553 8.87% Hotels 10,896 1,829 16.79% 3,544 32.53% 4,686 43.01% 837 7.68% Camping 6,442 627 9.73% 2,309 35.84% 2,594 40.27% 912 14.16% 89,6% 10,4% No Tourist Tourist 4,0% 2,4% 19,5% 68,7% 3,0% 2,4% Hotels Camping Sites and Similar Restaurants Bars Canteens and Catering Travel Agencies and Tour Operators Sites and Similar Restaurants 53,121 1,589 2.99% 17,783 33.48% 27,759 52.26% 5,990 11.28% Bars 186,946 869 0.46% 21,818 11.67% 149,847 80.16% 14,412 7.71% Canteens and Catering 8,221 172 2.09% 1,889 22.98% 4,758 57.88% 1,402 17.05% Travel Agencies and Tour Operators 6,646 1,717 25.84% 2,690 40.48% 2,098 31.57% 141 2.12% Source: DIRCE Public Limited Companies figures display that the mean for all Spanish firms is 4.67% while for the tourist sector is just less than half that number. The figures for hotels are twice larger than mean and for travel agencies almost around 5.5 times. Limited Liability Companies legal condition is more frequent in tourist sector than for the whole economy except for bars y canteens and catering. The higher figures are for travel agencies and tour operators, with 40.48%. Physical Persons are very common among bars, with more than 80% of them belonging to this legal condition. 4.- TOURIST FIRMS AND THEIR SIZE There are a lot of ways to group firms by its size. Table 5 provides information about firms without any wage earners, with 1 or 2, three to 5, 6 to 9, 10 top 19, 20 to 49, 50 to 99, 100 to 1999, and 200 or more. As you can see, the size of Spanish firms is very small. About 89% of them have less than six wage earners, and only 10.54% have more than 200. The same can be said about tourist firms, but with one difference. The percentage of tourists firms without any wage earner is smaller than the mean, while the number of those with 1 or two is bigger. TABLE 5: TOURIST FIRMS AND SIZE. YEAR 2002. Employees Number Without Employees From 1 to 2 From 3 to 5 From 6 to 9 From 10 to 19 From 20 to 49 From 50 to 99 From 100 to 199 200 or more All CNAE93 Groups 52.59% 26.45% 10.03% 4.86% 3.31% 1.87% 0.50% 0.23% 10.54% Tourist Sector 46.00% 31.94% 12.14% 6.05% 2.11% 1.15% 0.30% 0.19% 9.61% Hotels and Restaurants 46.84% 32.15% 11.84% 5.90% 1.80% 0.97% 0.24% 0.16% 8.91% Hotels 28.71% 25.10% 13.35% 12.10% 7.59% 7.04% 2.53% 2.29% 29.26% Camping Sites and Similar 40.58% 27.63% 12.96% 9.22% 4.92% 3.29% 0.76% 0.40% 18.19% Restaurants 20.68% 35.40% 22.69% 14.25% 4.29% 2.07% 0.38% 0.16% 20.99% Bars 55.42% 32.05% 8.72% 3.04% 0.59% 0.17% 0.02% 0.00% 3.81% Canteens and Catering 49.75% 26.38% 9.93% 6.18% 3.04% 2.32% 1.00% 0.63% 12.54% Travel Agencies and Tour Operators 34.64% 29.07% 16.17% 8.17% 6.35% 3.53% 1.04% 0.55% 19.09% Source: DIRCE Hotels and Restaurants have greater companies. Both of them have many big firms (more than 200 employees), with almost 20 and more than 10 percentage points over the mean respectively. On the other hand, both of then have less than half the mean of firms without any wage earner. Bars have a smaller number of wage earners than average. Only in the percentage of firms with less than two employees is bigger than the mean of Spanish firms. Travel Agencies and Tour Operators have greater figures for every size, except for non wage earners firms. Information about legal condition and size of the different tourist subsectors in 2002 is provided in Table 6. The percentage of Physical Persons decreased steadily for every subsector, while the proportion of Public Limited Companies went opposite. On the other hand, the proportion of Limited Liability Companies grew at the beginning but later it began to go down. The size for the utmost of this type of companies was different for each subsector. Hotels and Similar reached the utmost for firms with 5 to 19 employees, Restaurants and Similar for 20 to 99 employees and it was just 2 to 4 size the one in which more Limited Liability Companies there was for travel Agencies and Tour Operators in 2002. TABLE 6: TOURIST FIRMS BY SIZE AND LEGAL CONDITION . YEAR 2002. Total Physical Persons Public Limited Companies Limited Liability Companies Others Number Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Tourism Total 270,553 202,194 74.70% 5,694 2.10% 41,975 15.50% 20,690 7.60% Less than 2 119,196 112,421 94.30% 206 0.20% 4,748 4.00% 1,821 1.50% From 2 to 4 108,616 76,734 70.60% 1,228 1.10% 17,661 16.30% 12,991 12.00% From 5 to 19 37,141 12,860 34.60% 2,097 5.60% 16,532 44.50% 5,653 15.20% From 20 to 99 4,992 177 3.50% 1,787 35.80% 2,812 56.30% 216 4.30% 100 or More 608 1 0.20% 375 61.70% 222 36.50% 9 1.50% The case for the different tourist subsectors is shown in Graph 6. The percentage of wage earners is very high for Hotels and travel Agencies. Less than 90% of their workers are non wage earners. GRAPH 6: WORKERS PROFESSIONAL SITUATION AND TOURIST SUBSECTORS The percentage of workers with an indefinite work contract is similar to the mean for Hotels and Restaurants, but it is higher for Travel Agencies and Tour Wage Earners Temporary Workers No Wage Earners Indefinite Workers Wage Earners Temporary Workers No Wage Earners Indefinite Workers 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Total Tourist Hotels and Similar Restaurants and Similar Travel Agencies and Tour Operators Operators (74% while the mean is 64% for tourist sector as a whole and 55.8 for Spain). Gender is another important information about workers. Table 11 provides facts about this matter. There were more males than females working in the tourist sector, even thought the number of women wage earners was higher then the number of men. Related with this, the proportion of wage earners among females was higher than among males (84.4% y 71.3% respectively). That was true for every tourist subsector, except in Hotels and Similar case. For them, the percentage of wage earners is similar for male and female. On the other hand, the proportion of males employees with indefinite labour relation is higher than females by 7.68 percentage points. This proportion is even higher in Hotels and Similar subsector, with almost 10 percentage points difference. TABLE 11: TOURIST WORKERS, LABOUR RELATION AND GENDER. YEAR 2002 Total Tourist Sector Hotels and Similar Restaurants and Similar Travel Agencies and Tour Operators Total 1,167 ,874 100.0 0% 276,1 03 100.0 0% 844,7 70 100.0 0% 47,00 0 100.0 0% Male s 612,4 58 100.0 0% 130,8 94 100.0 0% 465,0 59 100.0 0% 16,50 7 100.0 0% Workers Fema les 555,4 16 100.0 0% 145,2 10 100.0 0% 379,7 12 100.0 0% 30,49 4 100.0 0% Total 883,2 29 75.63 % 261,4 39 94.69 % 578,9 89 68.54 % 42,80 1 91.07 % Male s 436,7 27 71.31 % 124,0 03 94.74 % 298,2 13 64.12 % 14,51 1 87.91 % Wage Earners Fema les 446,5 03 80.39 % 137,4 36 94.65 % 280,7 76 73.94 % 28,29 1 92.78 % Total 542,1 92 61.39 % 154,2 02 58.98 % 356,3 39 61.55 % 31,65 2 73.95 % Male s 285,0 45 65.27 % 79,41 0 64.04 % 194,2 61 65.14 % 11,37 3 78.38 % Indefinite Fema les 257,1 48 57.59 % 74,79 2 54.42 % 162,0 78 57.73 % 20,27 9 71.68 % Total 341,0 37 38.61 % 107,2 37 41.02 % 222,6 50 38.45 % 11,14 9 26.05 % Male s 151,6 82 34.73 % 44,59 3 35.96 % 103,9 52 34.86 % 3,138 21.62 % Temporary Fema les 189,3 55 42.41 % 62,64 4 45.58 % 118,6 98 42.27 % 8,012 28.32 % Total 284,6 45 24.37 % 14,66 5 5.31 % 265,7 82 31.46 % 4,199 8.93 % Male s 175,7 31 28.69 % 6,891 5.26 % 166,8 46 35.88 % 1,996 12.09 % Non Wage Earners Fema les 108,9 13 19.61 % 7774 5.35 % 98,93 6 26.06 % 2,203 7.22 % Source: Annual Services Survey 7.- WORKERS WITHOUT LABOUR RELATIONSHIP WITH THE TOURIST FIRMS. There are to types of workers whose workforce is employed by firms belonging to the tourist sector but have no labour relationship with the firms. This situation happens when there is a temporary recruitment or when there is a commercial contract between the firm and the worker. TABLE 12: TOURIST WORKERS WITHOUT LABOUR CONTRACT RELATIONSHIP. YEAR 2002 Tourism Hotels and Similar Restaurant s and Similar Travel agencies and Tour Operators Workers with Labour Contract Number 1,087,4 80 24,3481 799,033 44,966 Number 13,453 6,562 6,794 97 E.T.T. 4 Percenta ge 1.24% 2.70% 0.85% 0.22% S.C.L. 5 Number 4,742 874 3,370 499 4 E.T.T.: Empresas de Trabajo Temporal. Firms whose work is to provide temporary staff. 5 S.C.L.: Workers which have a non labour contract with a firm. Percenta ge 0.44% 0.36% 0.42% 1.11% Source: Annual Services Survey Table 12 provides information about these two types of workers in the tourist sector. Their number is small relative to the number of workers. 1.24% for E.T.T. and 0.44% for S.C.L. Recourse to E.T.T. workers is far more common of Hotels and Similar than of any other branch of services, while recourse to S.C.L. is more common of Travel Agencies and Tour Operators. BIBLIOGRAFÍA Anuario de Estadisticas Laborales y Asuntos Sociales. Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales 2002. Encuesta de Población Activa (E.P.A.), Resultados Detallados. I.N.E. 2002. Directorio Central de Empresas (D.I.R.C.E.), Explotación Estadistica. I.N.E. 2002. Contabilidad Nacional de España, Base 2000. I.N.E. 2002. Cuenta Satélite del Turismo en España, Base 1995, Resultados Detallados. Serie Contable 1995-2003. I.N.E. 2002. Encuesta de Ocupación Hotlelera 2002. I.N.E. 2002. Encuesta Anual de Servicios. I.N.E. 2002.