Module of investments for energy efficiency of buildings: Review and application to fuel poverty indicator

Book of Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress on Sustainable Construction and Eco-Efficient Solutions 355 16. Module of Investments for Energy Efficiency of Buildings: Review and Application to Fuel Poverty Indicator Castaño-Rosa, Raúl(1,*), Solís-Guzmán, Jaime(2), Marrero. Madelyn(2) (*) Department of Architectural Constructions II, Higher Technical School of Building Engineering, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain, raucas[email protected], 639044208. (1) Department of Architectural Constructions II, Higher Technical School of Building Engineering, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain. (2) Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Higher Technical School of Engineering. University of Seville, 41092 Seville, Spain. Abstract In the present paper has been prepared a module of investments for energy-efficient retrofitting, in the framework of a work coordinated by the Grupo de Termotecnia and Arditec from Universidad de Sevilla. First, it was analyzed the foundations of existing costs, both solutions of thermal envelope and facilities, as in the methodology of the simplified procedure of certification of the energy efficiency of existing buildings CE3_Viviendas and the improvement measures of energy demand which proposes the tool, in order to identify the solutions that would be part of the module. Secondly, it was developed a cost structure of energy-efficient retrofitting model based on the systematic classification of the Andalucía’s cost base building. From this, the costs of the proposed energy efficiency solutions were calculated according to the procedure of unit prices used in the sector traditionally. It was established a relationship between economic and social aspects with the obtained results by using fuel poverty’s indicator. Keywords Energy-efficient retrofitting, energy efficiency, fuel poverty, direct construction cost, power consumption. Book of Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress on Sustainable Construction and Eco-Efficient Solutions 356 1 Introduction The energy-efficient retrofitting of buildings is a relatively new concept which currently arises as one of the main pillars to promote the building sector. It has been affected very badly for a few years now because of this period of crisis. However, to reach a new activity to get along it is necessary to ensure their utmost usefulness and profitability which is one of the bases of this work. Following this philosophy, a module of investments for energy-efficient retrofitting of buildings has been revised and completed by including all possible execution costs to improve the energy efficient of a residential building. It is important to remark that to do this work two master's work have been used, they both carried out by two classmates from school, Elena Gómez Ruz (Gómez Ruz 2012) y Carlos Fé Bitaubé (Fé Bitaubé 2012). Both projects were carried out within the framework of a coordinated work by the Grupo de Termotecnia de la Universidad de Sevilla. The main objective was completed the functions of the simplified procedure of certification of the energy efficiency of existing buildings CE3_Viviendas (Instituto para la Diversificación y el Ahorro de la Energía 2012). The CE3’s procedure is accepted as recognized document in those terms described in the article 4 of the RD 47 / 2007, by which is approved the basic procedure to certificate the efficiency energy of new construction buildings, within the simplified option for the energy certification of buildings. This tool contains a module of "improvement measures" through which is possible to apply different solutions to achieve an improvement in the energy efficiency rating. This job is also directly linked to the objectives of the directive 2012 / 27 / EU relative to the energy efficiency of buildings to ensure the profitability costefficiency of the proposed measures in the energy efficiency certificate. This directive is transposed into the Spanish legal system through the Royal Decree 235/2013. It indicates in its article 6 that the energy efficiency certificate shall contain a document with recommendations to reach the optimal or cost effective levels of the energy efficiency of a building. These recommendations may include an estimation of the deadlines to recover the investment and profitability throughout its useful life, and even information about the relation between cost and efficiency of the recommendations contained in the certificate. In order to quantify the costs of construction of the improvement measures proposed in the improvement measures module of the CE3’s procedure, this work is integrated into the application of that procedure. This addresses the improvement measures proposed, the thermal envelope of the building elements, for both systems and equipment. Book of Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress on Sustainable Construction and Eco-Efficient Solutions 357 2 Methodology To develop the module of investment is used two main lines: the first one is focused on studying the possible energy efficiency measures to incorporate in the module, according to the assessment made by the CE3 of them. The second one is based on the calculation of the constructions costs of the collected solutions. 2.1 Theoretical Analysis 2.1.1 Base Costs of Passive Solutions To collect those costs which will shape this work, at first place, is analysed the works called "Definition of structure of costs of construction for energy efficiency retrofitting of the surround thermal", collecting the construction costs of passive solutions (surround thermal of the buildings) and "Calculation simplified of energy efficiency retrofitting of the facilities of the existing buildings", collecting the construction costs of the active solutions (systems of the buildings), getting the costs of those solutions. The CE3 tool has been used to get energy certification of a building, so the selected solutions are based on the assessment tool has made of each solution. Therefore, the solutions are useful for this work, since the method for the election of improvement solutions is based on the tool CE3. According to the structure of costs defined in said work the structure of final costs for the module of investment will be developed by incorporating the solutions hadn’t been considered. In addition, an analysis of the calculated costs of existing solutions will be held in order to verify they have been correctly calculated. 2.1.2 Base Costs of Active Solutions As the basis of passive solutions, the CE3 has been used to carry out the work of active solutions. The defined solutions in this work are based on the assessment the tool has made of them, in terms of giving the building an improvement in energy efficiency. By what as indicated in the case before, the provided solutions are useful for this work. We obtain all energy efficiency retrofitting costs necessary to incorporate in the investment module by applying the procedure of calculation in the master thesis, together with the provided costs in the same such as heating, refrigeration and ACS equipments (Fé Bitaubé 2012). Costs from the Construction Cost Base of Andalucía (CCBA 2013) will be incorporated too Book of Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress on Sustainable Construction and Eco-Efficient Solutions 358 Therefore, the review and the development of new construction costs will focus on the part of passive solutions. 2.1.3 Analysis of Solutions of measures of improvement of the CE3 After analysing the basis of costs of existing solutions to energy efficiency retrofitting of buildings, the recommendations the CE3 tool lets to improve both surrounding and systems have been evaluated. After that, it will be possible to get those solutions which have not been considered previously in analysed databases to develop their respective construction costs. 2.2 Practical Analysis 2.2.1 Calculation of Energy Rehabilitation Costs After identifying the construction solutions to be necessary to develop their execution cost, concepts necessary to be included and process to follow to develop them will be set. It will be followed the used model in the master’s work " Definition of structure of costs of construction for energy efficiency retrofitting of the surround thermal", That way a relation between collected and elaborated costs in this work is kept (Gómez Ruz 2012). This model is, in turn, based on the basis of costs of the Construction Cost Base of Andalucía (CCBA 2013) and its model of cost, which is settled and accepted by the sector structure. 2.2.1.1 Hypothesis of reference The philosophy of the model is taken as reference, so it is developed a sequence of division, treatment and aggregation by representing all the generated costs along the process constructive in the end cost. Two essential concepts are differenced in the division of the work in simpler parts: - Unit of work: set of resources are needed to build a part of the work, rated in simple, complex and functional according to its complexity. - Unit price: estimation of the economic effort it is required to produce a unit of work. Whereas, for example, in the case of an energy efficiency measure for a facade on the outside, the preparation of the facing, placement of insulation or execution Book of Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress on Sustainable Construction and Eco-Efficient Solutions 359 of cladding it is defined as single units and the combination of several simple units are defined as complex units, due to the complexity of the work unit. The result is an investment module shaped of unit complex prices (UCP) that collect all energy efficiency solutions and that feeds on unit simple auxiliary prices (USAP). To represent each of the elements encoding is used the defined and used code in the CCBA, in turn, at prices which are made on the analysed bases. To carry out the measurement and valuation of the energy efficiency works it is necessary to establish a series of hypothesis to simplify greatly the task. So the building of typology 6.2 defined in the published document by the IDAE "Energy rating scale for existing building" (IDAE 2011) is used. Calculate of direct execution costs are based on the features of that building. 2.2.1.2 Calculations of Direct Execution Costs (DEC) In order to elaborate the DEC the process of calculation defined in the model of budgeting of works of the Professor Antonio Ramirez de Arellano Agudo (Ramírez de Arellano Agudo 2011) has been used. This process is used, in turn, on the bases of cost analysed for the calculation of construction costs. Then, the stages which define the process of calculation is showed: Fig. 1 Schematic representation of stages defining the calculation process of DEC (CCBA 2013) The development of the listed stages in Fig. 1 can be found in the master’s work which leads to out this work (Castaño-Rosa 2013). The result is a group of DEC of passive and active solutions. Book of Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress on Sustainable Construction and Eco-Efficient Solutions 360 2.3 Application of the Module of Investment and its relation to the Fuel Poverty Indicator After making a thorough study and analysis of the fuel poverty concept, it tries to stablish first relation between the used technical to evaluate energy efficiency of a house and the social problem of get a certain energy efficiency certificate. The idea of a possible relation between a technical value (energy rating) with a social problem (energy poverty) arises from: - Fuel poverty concept defines the inability of a household to heat his home to an adequate temperature, safety and comfort, due to low income and poor housing quality (energy efficiency). - A house with a poor energy rating leads to an increase in the energy expenditure, the impoverishment of the owner and a bad conditions of life. With this, it is found a point to relate and evaluate the fuel poverty situation of a house after getting its energy rating. That way, if it is reduced the energy consumption, the fuel poverty situation of the house will be reduced. The used fuel poverty indicator in this work is defined in a published study by the Department of Energy and Climate Change of United Kingdom (DECC), with the following equation: FPI = EC x P FI (1) Where EC represents to the energy consumption, P defines the price of the used fuel and FI identifies the family income. According to the fuel poverty definition a family is in a fuel poverty situation if it expenses more than 10% of his family income to pay the energy consumption expenditure which is dedicate to keep an adequate comfort temperature (18°C). 0.1 will be the minimum index from a home is in a fuel poverty situation. Furthermore, it is established four levels in which are defined the situation of a house by using the following hypothesis: - Average energy consumption monthly for heating and cooling in Spain of the residential sector (876.75kwh). - It is assumed that consumption is electric power and the electricity price is 0.16766€/kwh. As well as three levels of economic income: - Required income to pay the 10% of household’s energy consumption, being considered in this case €1500. - Plan prepara (€400): reflects the minimum income which can have those people who are unemployed, having exhausted and having no right to benefits or allowances, have dependents or are unemployed long term. - Minimum inter-professional salary (€645.30): indicates the minimum amount of salary which will get a worker referred to the legal day's work, without distinction as to sex or age, are fixed, casual or seasonal. Book of Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress on Sustainable Construction and Eco-Efficient Solutions 361 It is important to indicate that such contribution is based in theoretical data from a thorough research in this work, so it is necessary a review of the considered hypothesis. For example, how is affected the energy consumption depending on the family income or the influence of the type of fuel in its price. 2.3.1 Case Study It is performed the study of several buildings, linking the analysis of the energy efficiency of each house with it fuel poverty situation. In this case, it showed a single-family house. The analysis consists in carrying out a prior assessment of the house, obtaining energy rating and fuel poverty situation according to the established situation scale. After that comparing it with a hypothetical energy efficiency performance. Then, it is showed data from the housing evaluation in the initial state. Fig. 2 Results of the energy assessment of the house from the tool CE3 Fig. 3 Results of the fuel poverty situation after indicator application from tool The following are listed the energy efficiency measures which have been carried out to improve the energy rating of the house. Highlight that the energy efficiency solutions belong to the module of investment which has been developed in the project. Table 1 Package of measures from the module of investment Code Measures Quantity Price Cost 09TPW00132 m2 energy rehabilitation of facade with projected 50 mm polyurethane exterior coating directly with fitted brick 87,4 72 62. 70 5484. 49 09TSW00010 m2 energy rehabilitation of the polystyrene 121 45. 5470. Book of Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress on Sustainable Construction and Eco-Efficient Solutions 362 expanded 50 mm under ceramic tile floors 21 41 09TTW90281 m2 rehabilitation energy by the inside of cover flat / sloped with polyurethane in iron 60 mm and coating with plaster on-site 121 33. 96 4109. 16 CDE 15,06 4.06 13% CIE 1,958. 33 Total 17,02 2.39 After applying the given measurements is made the assessment of the house to make a comparison with the obtained improvements, which are shown in the following table: Table 2 Comparative results after applying improvement measurements Actual S. Final S. Energy efficiency rating E – 2.84 D – 1.25 Energy consumption (kwh/m2) 176.96 73.01 Emissions CO2 (kg CO2/m2) 87.50 57.48 Fuel poverty index 3 1 % energy consumption saved 58.74 % emissions CO2 reduced 34.31 3 Conclusions The development of this work has enabled the creation of all necessary construction costs to complete the "module of investment", leaving the module finished and ready for using in the tool. In addition, it has motivated the study of fuel poverty concept and its situation in Spain, from which appears the initiative of identification and quantification houses in that situation. Apart from the above, the main conclusions which can be get from this study are as follows: - Complex unit prices and unit simple prices according to the cost structure developed in the master thesis of Elena Gómez Ruz, which was carried out for the development of the module studied this work have been developed. Book of Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress on Sustainable Construction and Eco-Efficient Solutions 363 - The percentage of IEC has not been estimated, due to the distortion that presents concerning the construction costs for work new, by what the calculated amounts for the energy efficiency retrofitting costs are referred to the total of direct execution costs (DEC). - The module has been made by this work makes possible to analyse necessary energy efficiency measurement to improve the energy efficiency rating of the building in a level, as it is indicated in the RD 235 / 2013. - Regarding the application of the fuel poverty concept to this work, a calculate table has been developed in order to identify and assess the fuel poverty situation of a house. A scale of fuel poverty levels has been stablished to identify which require a greater attention. - The fuel poverty assessment and its relation with the investment module allow us to evaluate economically an energy efficiency retrofitting. Besides, it is possible to assess the social benefits from such action. 4 Citation and References Análisis del consumo energético del sector residencial en España. Informe final. Madrid: Instituto para la Diversificación y Ahorro de la Energía, 2011. 76 p. Disponible en Web: < http://www.idae.es/>. Base de Costes de la Construcción de Andalucía. Septiembre 2013. Banco de Precios. Disponible en Web: http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/fomentoyvivienda/. Castaño-Rosa, Raúl. ". Módulo de Inversiones para la Rehabilitación Energética de Edificios de viviendas: Revisión y Aplicación al Indicador Pobreza Energética. [Trabajo fin de máster] Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Edificación, Universidad de Sevilla, 3013. Department of Energy and Climate Change, web:https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-of-energy-climate-change. Escala de calificación energética para edificios existentes. Madrid: Instituto para la Diversificación y Ahorro de la Energía, 2011. 148 p. Disponible en Web: http://www.idae.es/. España. Real Decreto 47/2007, de 19 de enero, Boletín Oficial del Estado, 31 de enero de 2007, núm. 27, p.4499. España. Real Decreto 235/2013, de 5 de abril, Boletín Oficial del Estado, 13 de abril de 2013, núm. 89, sección I, p. 27548. España. Constitución Española, de 29 de diciembre de 1978, Boletín Oficial del Estado, 27 de septiembre de 2011, núm. 311, p. 31229. España. BOE-A-2013-3401 en base al Real Decreto 314/2006, de 25 de marzo, Boletín Oficial del Estado, 29 de marzo de 2013, núm. 76, p. 24487. España. BOE-A-2013-1653 en base al Real Decreto 1/2013, de 25 de enero, Boletín Oficial del Estado, 15 de febrero de 2013, núm. 40, Sec. III. p. 13220.