Characterization of motivation and type of physical-sport practice in adults through COMPASS profiles

VOLUME 13 | ISSUE 1 | 2018 | 161 Characterization of motivation and type of physical-sport practice in adults through COMPASS profiles RAMÓN CHACÓN CUBEROS 1 , FÁTIMA CHACÓN BORREGO2, FÉLIX ZURITA ORTEGA3, JAVIER CACHÓN ZAGALAZ4, MARÍA LUISA ZAGALAZ SÁNCHEZ4, JUAN JOSÉ CHINCHILLA MIRA5 1Research Group HUM-238, University of Granada, Spain 2Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression. Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Sevilla, Spain 3Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression. Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Granada, Spain 4Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression. Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Jaen, Spain 5Department of Didactics of Corporal Expression. Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Alicante, Spain ABSTRACT Physical Activity and Sport Practice (PASP) have grown in popularity in last years given its positive effects at physiological, social, cognitive and emotional level. Several researches have studied the main motivations involved in PASP using the Self-Determination Theory, highlighting the importance of intrinsic and extrinsic reasons. This descriptive and cross sectional study aims to establish the main motivations involved in physical activity and to identify its association with the sport profiles proposed by COMPASS project (2000). The research was conducted with a sample of 1002 adults (a 53% is female and a 47% is male) from Sevilla ( = 45.35 years old; SD = 17.96), using the C-PAFYD questionnaire with a reliability of α = .84. The results show that profile 1 (competitive and intensive) comprises intrinsic and extrinsic motivations such as hedonism, desire of competition and to achieve a sport career, while profile 2 is oriented towards least self- 1 Corresponding author. Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression. Room 122.1, Faculty of Educational Sciences. University camp of Cartuja s/n. CP. 18071 (Granada). Spain. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0937-1089 E-mail: [email protected] Submitted for publication October 2017 Accepted for publication October 2017 Published January 2018 JOURNAL OF HUMAN SPORT & EXERCISE ISSN 1988-5202 © Faculty of Education. University of Alicante doi:10.14198/jhse.2018.131.16 Original Article Chacón Cuberos et al. / Motivation & type of physical-sport practice in adults JOURNAL OF HUMAN SPORT & EXERCISE 162 | 2018 | ISSUE 1 | VOLUME 13 © 2018 University of Alicante determined motivations as health improving. In addition, these participants do physical activity alone or with co-workers. The profiles 3 and 4 (regular and non-organized physical activity) are related to motivations of social and ludic type. In fact, this sport practice is mainly done with friends and peers in public places. Finally, profiles 5 and 6, which are associated with an irregular and occasional PASP, manifested extrinsic motivations such as disease prevention. Key words: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, SPORT, COMPASS PROFILES, ADULTHOOD, MOTIVATION. Cite this article as: Chacón Cuberos, R., Chacón Borrego, F., Zurita Ortega, F., Cachón Zagalaz, J., Zagalaz Sánchez, M., & Chinchilla Mira, J. (2018). Characterization of motivation and type of physical-sport practice in adults through COMPASS profiles. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 13(1), 161-173. doi:https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2018.131.16 Chacón Cuberos et al. / Motivation & type of physical-sport practice in adults JOURNAL OF HUMAN SPORT & EXERCISE VOLUME 13 | ISSUE 1 | 2018 | 163 INTRODUCTION Technological development aims to make easier human activities. It has a significant influence on a decrease of physical activity levels, generating high rates of inactivity and sedentary lifestyles (Hallal et al., 2012; Kondric, Sindik, Furjan-Mandic, & Schiefler, 2013). This problem is associated with the decline of sport practice that occurs in adolescence and that is accentuated in adulthood (Ortega et al., 2013). Moreover, it shows unhealthy lifestyles in adults that generate negative health consequences such as overweigh and obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular or musculoskeletal problems (Bouchard, Blair, & Haskell, 2007; Estévez- López, Tercedor, & Delgado-Fernández, 2012). Authors such as Khan et al., (2012) and Verburgh, Königs, Scherder, & Oosterlaan (2013) underscore the importance of Physical Activity and Sport Practice (PASP) as a solution of the problem of excessive weight and chronic non-communicable diseases. In fact, physical activity (PA), Physical Exercise (PE) and Sport Practice (SP) have currently increased in order to constitute a means of recreational occupation that are related to positive effects for physical, mental and psychosocial well-being (Ntoumanis, Taylor, & Thogersen- Ntoumani, 2012). Some of its benefits are to decrease risk of cardiovascular diseases, the weight control, the stress management, self-esteem improvement or peer socialization (Fortier, Duda, Guerin, & Teixeira, 2012; Joseph, Royse, Benitez, & Pekmezi, 2014; Khan et al., 2012). Highlighting the importance of PASP, several researches have attempted to define the types of physicalsport practice in adults (Arribas, Iaskun, Gil, & González, 2013; Chacón, 2011; COMPASS, 1999; COMPASS, 2000). COMPASS project (2000) recognised seven physical-sport profiles taking into account the frequency and competitiveness of physical activity and sport practice, as well as if participants are joined to some club or team. Consequently, these profiles are structured in intensive practice (profiles 1 and 2), regular practice (profiles 3 and 4), irregular practice (profiles 5 and 6) and non-participating (profile 7). It is essential to know the main motivations involved in PASP and the adherence to a particular sporting profile (Kondric et al., 2013; Moreno-Murcia, Borges, Marcos, Sierra, & Huéscar, 2012). In this basis, Keegan, Spray, Harwood, & Lavallee (2010) established that motivation is an indispensable factor for sport practice that depends on individual aspects such as beliefs, cognitions and values. Besides this, social influences, family support, sporting habits of the immediate environment and cooperative and competitive interactions with peers can act as enhancers or distracters of physical activity and sport practice (Bouchard et al., 2007; Keegan et al., 2010). The Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000) has recently been used in order to explain the motivational factors that affect to PASP (Fortier et al., 2012; Sicilia et al., 2014; Teixeira, Carraça, Markland, Silva & Ryan, 2012). This theory states that motivation sets a continuum that varies according to the degree of self-determination of the subject. The most self-determined zone characterises intrinsic motivation, the middle zone represents extrinsic motivation and the least self-determined zone does not comprise motivation (Deci & Ryan, 2000). About these premises, Sicilia et al. (2014) highlight that PASP is associated with intrinsic and more self-determined motivation when physical activity is done by enjoyment and hedonism. In contrast, socialization, health improvement, to achieve attractiveness or desire of competition are extrinsic motivations and less self-determined reasons for doing PASP (Fortier et al., 2012; Moreno-Murcia et al., 2012). Socioeconomic, environmental and cultural factors can influence on physical exercise and healthy activities in adulthood (Chacón-Cuberos, Chacón-Borrego, Zurita-Ortega, & Cachón-Zagalaz, 2016). In fact, Brechot, Nüesch, & Franck (2015) and Eime et al. (2015) determined that environmental aspects such as proximity of Chacón Cuberos et al. / Motivation & type of physical-sport practice in adults JOURNAL OF HUMAN SPORT & EXERCISE 164 | 2018 | ISSUE 1 | VOLUME 13 © 2018 University of Alicante facilities, price of lessons or ease of access perform a significant influence on PASP. Furthermore, interpersonal factors as the support of friends and family can show a strong influence (Ntoumanis et al., 2012). Recent researches have focused on the motivations and factors that configure a healthy lifestyle doing physical activity and sport practice. Castro-Sánchez et al. (2015) discuss the importance of knowing the reasons which exert most influence on physical activity in adolescent, since it is a vital stage for shaping healthy habits into adulthood. In the same line, Marcos, Orquín, Beland, & Moreno-Murcia (2014) studied self-motivation in elderly people who do PASP. These authors establish that enjoyment, social practice and improvement of quality of life are the main reason for doing physical activity. Finally, Zurita et al. (2014) highlight the importance of turning physical exercise programs towards a more self-determined motivation in order to promote PASP and reduce abandonment in older adults. The aims of this paper are: a) To establish physical-sport profiles, motivations, place and mode of PASP in a sample of Spanish adults b) To determine the differences between different COMPASS profiles according to motivations for PASP, place and type of sport practice. METHOD Design and participants This research discusses an exploratory cross-sectional study conducted with 1002 adults from Sevilla. Of this sample, a 53% (n = 531) is female and 47% (n = 471) is male. The mean age was 45.35 years old (range: 18 to 90; SD = 17.96). The design was multivariate, constituting sporting profiles as an independent factor, whereas motivation, place and type of PASP were established as dependent variables. This study used a stratified random sampling by districts. The level of reliability was of 95.5%, with a maximum sampling error of 3.01% for items of dichotomous type. Instruments Physical Activity and Sport Practice Questionnaire (C-PAFYD). This instrument was developed by Arribas et al. (2013) through the IKERKI 05/30 research group. This instrument consists of 70 items of physical and sporting habits. The Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient is α = .84 in this research, with a minimum score of α = 0.63 in 2 items. Ad hoc questionnaire. This test take into account the following variables: • Gender, reported as being male or female. • Frequency of PASP, divided into five categories: 1 = Non-practicing; 2 = Less than once a month; 3 = Between 1-4 times per month; 4 = 8 times per month; 5 = More than 8 times per month. • Federated, which establishes if participants have been joined to a team or federation in the last 12 months. • Competition, which reports if participants have competed in the last year. • Motivation, which determines the main reasons for PASP. This variable is divided into 1 = Amusement, 2 = Social, 3 = Health, 4 = Desire of competition, 5 = Attractiveness and 6 = Career. Each one is assessed through a Likert scale that scores from 1 to 9. • Type of physical activity. This variable is divided in 1 = Alone, 2 = Family, 3 = Couple, 4 = Friends, 5 = Co-worker. This variable is assessed through a Likert scale that scores from 1 to 5. Chacón Cuberos et al. / Motivation & type of physical-sport practice in adults JOURNAL OF HUMAN SPORT & EXERCISE VOLUME 13 | ISSUE 1 | 2018 | 165 • Place of practice, determined by the facilities in which participants perform physical activity and sport practice. It is categorized in 1 = Municipal facilities, 2 = Private facilities, 3 = Facilities of work/study centre, 4 = Public places and 5 = Home. Each category is scored on a dichotomous way, being 1 = No and 2 = Yes. • COMPASS profiles, determined by Table 1. Table 1. COMPASS profiles Profile Frequency (days/year) Federated in the last year Competed in the last year 1: Competitive, organized and intensive ≥ 120 Yes Yes 2: Intensive ≥ 120 No No ≥ 120 Yes No ≥ 120 No Yes 3: Regular, competitive and organized ≥ 60 y ≥ 120 No Yes ≥ 60 y ≥ 120 Yes No ≥ 60 y ≥ 120 Yes Yes 4: Regular, recreational ≥ 60 y ≥ 120 No No 5: Irregular ≥ 12 y ≥ 60 No No 6: Occasional ≥ 1 y ≥ 12 No No 7: Non-practitioner Non-practicing No No Table 1. Extracted from Arribas et al. (2013) Procedure The Company “Nexo S.COOP.AND”, following the guidelines outlined by researches, conducted fieldwork. First, the company selected and trained the interviewers, indicating the sampling points of the districts and guidelines for filling in the questionnaire. The requirements were to suppress school zones, to wait 30 minutes between interviews and that participants lived in the districts established. The fieldwork was conducted through a random tour of the districts established. Coordinators and researchers monitored the task of pollsters, ensuring the realization of the roadmap. A 14.9% of the questionnaires were validated by telephone call and 19 questionnaires were eliminated because they were incorrectly filled. This research has followed the Helsinki Declaration of 1975 and the ethical standards of the Committee of Research of the University of Sevilla, ensuring the anonymity of the participants. Data analysis Data were analysed using IBM SPSS® Statistics 22.0. Descriptive analysis was performed using frequencies and averages, whilst the averages comparison was carried out with ANOVA. Statistical differences were examined using the chi-square test. RESULTS Table 2 shows the descriptive analysis of the physical activity and sport practice. It was observed that 49.2% of adults do not do any type of physical activity and sport, a 6.5% does it between once per month and once per week and that a 34.4% does it more than twice per week. Further, results reveal that 6.4% of participants are involved in some competition and that a 5.1% are federated in teams. The distribution of participants Chacón Cuberos et al. / Motivation & type of physical-sport practice in adults JOURNAL OF HUMAN SPORT & EXERCISE 166 | 2018 | ISSUE 1 | VOLUME 13 © 2018 University of Alicante according to COMPASS profiles associate a 32.6% with Profile 2 (intensive), a 8.5% with Profile 3 (regular, competitive and organized), a 5.6% with Profile 5 (irregular) and a 49.2% with Profile 7 (non-practitioners). Table 2. Descriptive analysis of physical activity and sport practice PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SPORT PRACTICE Frequency Non-practicing 49.2% (n=493) Less than 1 time/month 1.4% (n=14) 1-4 times/month 6.5% (n=65) 8 times/month 8.5% (n=85) More than 8 times/month 34.4% (n=345) Competition Yes 6.4% (n=64) No 93.6% (n=938) Federated Yes 5.1% (n=51) No 94.9% (n=951) COMPASS profiles Profile 1 1.8% (n=18) Profile 2 32.6% (n=327) Profile 3 8.5% (n=85) Profile 4 0.9% (n=9) Profile 5 5.6% (n=56) Profile 6 1.4% (n=14) Profile 7 49.2% (n=493) Table 3 shows reasons for physical activity and sport practice, type and place of practice. The main reason was to improve their health ( =7.52, SD=2.08), followed by amusement ( =6.48, SD=2.39) and socialization ( =5.72, SD=2.68). In the same way, the PASP which is done with friends and peers got the highest average ( =3.12, SD=1.48), followed by individual PASP ( =3.02, SD=1.49). Public places ( =1.51, SD=0.23) and private facilities ( =1.39, SD=0.29) were the places where participants frequently do PASP, and facilities of work centre were the place with less average ( =1.10, SD=0.50). Table 3. Motivations, mode and place of PASP CATEGORIES (SD) Motivation Amusement 6.48 (2.39) Social 5.72 (2.68) Health 7.52 (2.08) Competition 3.11 (2.58) Physical atractiveness 5.41 (2.80) Career 2.09 (2.02) Mode Alone 3.02 (1.49) Family 1.86 (1.18) Couple 1.91 (1.32) Friends 3.12 (1.48) Co-workers 1.70 (1.25) Place Municipal facilities 1.31 (0.46) Private facilities 1.39 (0.48) Chacón Cuberos et al. / Motivation & type of physical-sport practice in adults JOURNAL OF HUMAN SPORT & EXERCISE VOLUME 13 | ISSUE 1 | 2018 | 167 Facilities of work centre 1.06 (0.23) Public places 1.51 (0.50) Home 1.10 (0.29) Subsequently, it was conducted a comparative analysis of the COMPASS profiles according to the motivation of participants, type and place of PASP. For this analysis, the cases of those participants who adhered to profile 7 (non-practitioner) were excluded. The distribution of COMPASS profiles by reasons for physical activity and sport practice (Table 4) reveals statistical differences in all categories (p < .001; p < .001; p = .007; p < .001; p = .003; p < .000). In this sense, the category “Amusement” gets the highest score for Profile 4 ( =8.33, SD=1.11) and Profile 1 ( =8.17, SD=1.46), whereas the lowest score is associated with Profile 2 ( =5.46, SD=2.66). Health improvement is mainly related to Profile 2 ( =7.72, SD=1.92), whilst the categories “Competition”, “Attractiveness” and “Career” obtain the highest score in Profile 1 ( =6.44, SD=2.54; =6.78, SD=2.29; =4.44, SD=2.75). Table 4. COMPASS profiles distribution by motivation for PASP Motive Profiles N SD F P (X2) Amusement Profile 1 18 8.17 1.46 4.311 .001 Profile 2 327 6.22 2.44 Profile 3 85 6.55 2.28 Profile 4 9 8.33 1.11 Profile 5 56 7.00 2.17 Profile 6 14 6.43 2.70 Social Profile 1 18 7.72 1.48 4.061 .001 Profile 2 327 5.46 2.66 Profile 3 85 5.65 2.74 Profile 4 9 6.89 2.52 Profile 5 56 6.39 2.61 Profile 6 14 6.50 2.68 Health Profile 1 18 6.89 2.49 3.222 .001 Profile 2 327 7.72 1.92 Profile 3 85 7.41 2.31 Profile 4 9 6.89 1.53 Profile 5 56 7.23 2.10 Profile 6 14 5.86 3.15 Competition Profile 1 18 6.44 2.54 8.362 .001 Profile 2 327 2.88 2.44 Profile 3 85 3.20 2.67 Profile 4 9 4.89 3.33 Profile 5 56 3.21 2.53 Profile 6 14 2.14 1.46 Atractiveness Profile 1 18 6.78 2.29 3.724 .003 Profile 2 327 5.48 2.80 Profile 3 85 5.61 2.72 Profile 4 9 5.22 3.19 Chacón Cuberos et al. / Motivation & type of physical-sport practice in adults JOURNAL OF HUMAN SPORT & EXERCISE 168 | 2018 | ISSUE 1 | VOLUME 13 © 2018 University of Alicante Profile 5 56 4.95 2.76 Profile 6 14 2.86 2.34 Career Profile 1 18 4.44 2.50 6.384 .001 Profile 2 327 2.04 2.00 Profile 3 85 1.96 1.91 Profile 4 9 3.11 2.75 Profile 5 56 1.89 1.77 Profile 6 14 1.21 0.57 Next, it shows the relation between type of PASP and COMPASS profiles (Table 5), revealing statistical associations for the categories “Alone” (p = .002), “Friends” (p < .001) and “Co-workers” (p < .001). The category “Alone” displays the greater average for Profile 2 ( =3.21, SD=1.51), while the participants who preferred to do PASP with friends join to Profile 1 ( =4.50, SD=0.98) and Profile 4 ( =4.00, SD=1.11). Likewise, the Profile 4 gets the highest score for PASP that is done with co-workers and colleges. Table 5. COMPASS profile distribution by mode of PASP Mode Profiles N SD F P (X2) Alone Profile 1 18 2.17 1.42 3.910 .002 Profile 2 327 3.21 1.51 Profile 3 85 2.81 1.43 Profile 4 9 2.78 1.48 Profile 5 56 2.55 1.30 Profile 6 14 2.86 1.16 Family Profile 1 18 1.72 1.07 0.620 .684 Profile 2 327 1.84 1.20 Profile 3 85 1.88 1.12 Profile 4 9 1.33 0.70 Profile 5 56 2.02 1.24 Profile 6 14 1.86 1.23 Couple Profile 1 18 1.39 1.03 0.915 .471 Profile 2 327 1.90 1.31 Profile 3 85 2.09 1.41 Profile 4 9 1.89 1.53 Profile 5 56 1.91 1.28 Profile 6 14 1.79 1.25 Friends Profile 1 18 4.50 0.98 6.354 .001 Profile 2 327 2.91 1.46 Profile 3 85 3.42 1.46 Profile 4 9 4.00 1.11 Profile 5 56 3.32 1.50 Profile 6 14 3.07 1.20 Co-workers Profile 1 18 2.17 1.61 4.251 .001 Profile 2 327 1.53 1.12 Profile 3 85 1.86 1.39 Chacón Cuberos et al. / Motivation & type of physical-sport practice in adults JOURNAL OF HUMAN SPORT & EXERCISE VOLUME 13 | ISSUE 1 | 2018 | 169 Profile 4 9 2.56 1.87 Profile 5 56 2.09 1.35 Profile 6 14 2.07 1.38 Finally, the distribution of COMPASS profiles according to the place of practice of physical activity and sport (Table 6) shows statistical differences for the categories “Municipal Facilities” (p < .001) and “Public places” (p = .043). This establishes that participants who do more PASP in municipal facilities are people related to Profile 4 ( =1.78, SD=0.44), followed by Profile 1 ( =1.50, SD=0.51). In the same line, Profile 6 ( =1.79, SD=0.42) and Profile 5 ( =1.63, SD=0.48) are those that obtain the highest score for PASP performed in public places. Table 6. COMPASS profiles distribution by place of PASP Place Profiles N SD F P (X2) Municipal facilities Profile 1 18 1.50 0.51 6.401 .001 Profile 2 327 1.24 0.43 Profile 3 85 1.47 0.50 Profile 4 9 1.78 0.44 Profile 5 56 1.38 0.48 Profile 6 14 1.21 0.42 Private facilities Profile 1 18 1.61 0.50 1.923 .089 Profile 2 327 1.41 0.49 Profile 3 85 1.34 0.47 Profile 4 9 1.33 0.50 Profile 5 56 1.27 0.44 Profile 6 14 1.29 0.46 Facilities of work centre Profile 1 18 1.17 0.38 1.783 .115 Profile 2 327 1.05 0.21 Profile 3 85 1.11 0.31 Profile 4 9 1.11 0.33 Profile 5 56 1.04 0.18 Profile 6 14 1.07 0.26 Public places Profile 1 18 1.33 0.48 2.315 .043 Profile 2 327 1.51 0.50 Profile 3 85 1.44 0.49 Profile 4 9 1.56 0.52 Profile 5 56 1.63 0.48 Profile 6 14 1.79 0.42 Home Profile 1 18 1.17 0.38 1.520 .182 Profile 2 327 1.09 0.28 Profile 3 85 1.11 0.31 Profile 4 9 1.33 0.50 Profile 5 56 1.09 0.28 Profile 6 14 1.14 0.36