Characterization of motivation and type of physical-sport practice in adults through COMPASS profiles

VOLUME 13 | ISSUE 1 | 2018 | 161 Cha ac e iza ion o mo i a ion and ype o physical-spo p ac ice in adul s h ough COMPASS p o iles RAMÓN CHACÓN CUBEROS 1 , FÁTIMA CHACÓN BORREGO2, FÉLIX ZURITA ORTEGA3, JAVIER CACHÓN ZAGALAZ4, MARÍA LUISA ZAGALAZ SÁNCHEZ4, JUAN JOSÉ CHINCHILLA MIRA5 1Resea ch G oup HUM-238, Uni e si y o G anada, Spain 2Depa men o Didac ics o Musical, Plas ic and Co po al Exp ession. Facul y o Educa ion Sciences, Uni e si y o Se illa, Spain 3Depa men o Didac ics o Musical, Plas ic and Co po al Exp ession. Facul y o Educa ion Sciences, Uni e si y o G anada, Spain 4Depa men o Didac ics o Musical, Plas ic and Co po al Exp ession. Facul y o Educa ion Sciences, Uni e si y o Jaen, Spain 5Depa men o Didac ics o Co po al Exp ession. Facul y o Educa ion Sciences, Uni e si y o Alican e, Spain ABSTRACT Physical Ac i i y and Spo P ac ice (PASP) ha e g own in popula i y in las yea s gi en i s posi i e e ec s a physiological, social, cogni i e and emo ional le el. Se e al esea ches ha e s udied he main mo i a ions in ol ed in PASP using he Sel -De e mina ion Theo y, highligh ing he impo ance o in insic and ex insic easons. This desc ip i e and c oss sec ional s udy aims o es ablish he main mo i a ions in ol ed in physical ac i i y and o iden i y i s associa ion wi h he spo p o iles p oposed by COMPASS p ojec (2000). The esea ch was conduc ed wi h a sample o 1002 adul s (a 53% is emale and a 47% is male) om Se illa ( = 45.35 yea s old; SD = 17.96), using he C-PAFYD ques ionnai e wi h a eliabili y o α = .84. The esul s show ha p o ile 1 (compe i i e and in ensi e) comp ises in insic and ex insic mo i a ions such as hedonism, desi e o compe i ion and o achie e a spo ca ee , while p o ile 2 is o ien ed owa ds leas sel - 1 Co esponding au ho . Depa men o Didac ics o Musical, Plas ic and Co po al Exp ession. Room 122.1, Facul y o Educa ional Sciences. Uni e si y camp o Ca uja s/n. CP. 18071 (G anada). Spain. h p://o cid.o g/0000-0003-0937-1089 E-mail: chacon@ug .es Submi ed o publica ion Oc obe 2017 Accep ed o publica ion Oc obe 2017 Published Janua y 2018 JOURNAL OF HUMAN SPORT & EXERCISE ISSN 1988-5202 © Facul y o Educa ion. Uni e si y o Alican e doi:10.14198/jhse.2018.131.16 O iginal A icle Chacón Cube os e al. / Mo i a ion & ype o physical-spo p ac ice in adul s JOURNAL OF HUMAN SPORT & EXERCISE 162 | 2018 | ISSUE 1 | VOLUME 13 © 2018 Uni e si y o Alican e de e mined mo i a ions as heal h imp o ing. In addi ion, hese pa icipan s do physical ac i i y alone o wi h co-wo ke s. The p o iles 3 and 4 ( egula and non-o ganized physical ac i i y) a e ela ed o mo i a ions o social and ludic ype. In ac , his spo p ac ice is mainly done wi h iends and pee s in public places. Finally, p o iles 5 and 6, which a e associa ed wi h an i egula and occasional PASP, mani es ed ex insic mo i a ions such as disease p e en ion. Key wo ds: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, SPORT, COMPASS PROFILES, ADULTHOOD, MOTIVATION. Ci e his a icle as: Chacón Cube os, R., Chacón Bo ego, F., Zu i a O ega, F., Cachón Zagalaz, J., Zagalaz Sánchez, M., & Chinchilla Mi a, J. (2018). Cha ac e iza ion o mo i a ion and ype o physical-spo p ac ice in adul s h ough COMPASS p o iles. Jou nal o Human Spo and Exe cise, 13(1), 161-173. doi:h ps://doi.o g/10.14198/jhse.2018.131.16 Chacón Cube os e al. / Mo i a ion & ype o physical-spo p ac ice in adul s JOURNAL OF HUMAN SPORT & EXERCISE VOLUME 13 | ISSUE 1 | 2018 | 163 INTRODUCTION Technological de elopmen aims o make easie human ac i i ies. I has a signi ican in luence on a dec ease o physical ac i i y le els, gene a ing high a es o inac i i y and seden a y li es yles (Hallal e al., 2012; Kond ic, Sindik, Fu jan-Mandic, & Schie le , 2013). This p oblem is associa ed wi h he decline o spo p ac ice ha occu s in adolescence and ha is accen ua ed in adul hood (O ega e al., 2013). Mo eo e , i shows unheal hy li es yles in adul s ha gene a e nega i e heal h consequences such as o e weigh and obesi y, diabe es, ca dio ascula o musculoskele al p oblems (Boucha d, Blai , & Haskell, 2007; Es é ez- López, Te cedo , & Delgado-Fe nández, 2012). Au ho s such as Khan e al., (2012) and Ve bu gh, Königs, Sche de , & Oos e laan (2013) unde sco e he impo ance o Physical Ac i i y and Spo P ac ice (PASP) as a solu ion o he p oblem o excessi e weigh and ch onic non-communicable diseases. In ac , physical ac i i y (PA), Physical Exe cise (PE) and Spo P ac ice (SP) ha e cu en ly inc eased in o de o cons i u e a means o ec ea ional occupa ion ha a e ela ed o posi i e e ec s o physical, men al and psychosocial well-being (N oumanis, Taylo , & Thoge sen- N oumani, 2012). Some o i s bene i s a e o dec ease isk o ca dio ascula diseases, he weigh con ol, he s ess managemen , sel -es eem imp o emen o pee socializa ion (Fo ie , Duda, Gue in, & Teixei a, 2012; Joseph, Royse, Beni ez, & Pekmezi, 2014; Khan e al., 2012). Highligh ing he impo ance o PASP, se e al esea ches ha e a emp ed o de ine he ypes o physical- spo p ac ice in adul s (A ibas, Iaskun, Gil, & González, 2013; Chacón, 2011; COMPASS, 1999; COMPASS, 2000). COMPASS p ojec (2000) ecognised se en physical-spo p o iles aking in o accoun he equency and compe i i eness o physical ac i i y and spo p ac ice, as well as i pa icipan s a e joined o some club o eam. Consequen ly, hese p o iles a e s uc u ed in in ensi e p ac ice (p o iles 1 and 2), egula p ac ice (p o iles 3 and 4), i egula p ac ice (p o iles 5 and 6) and non-pa icipa ing (p o ile 7). I is essen ial o know he main mo i a ions in ol ed in PASP and he adhe ence o a pa icula spo ing p o ile (Kond ic e al., 2013; Mo eno-Mu cia, Bo ges, Ma cos, Sie a, & Huésca , 2012). In his basis, Keegan, Sp ay, Ha wood, & La allee (2010) es ablished ha mo i a ion is an indispensable ac o o spo p ac ice ha depends on indi idual aspec s such as belie s, cogni ions and alues. Besides his, social in luences, amily suppo , spo ing habi s o he immedia e en i onmen and coope a i e and compe i i e in e ac ions wi h pee s can ac as enhance s o dis ac e s o physical ac i i y and spo p ac ice (Boucha d e al., 2007; Keegan e al., 2010). The Sel -De e mina ion Theo y (Deci & Ryan, 2000) has ecen ly been used in o de o explain he mo i a ional ac o s ha a ec o PASP (Fo ie e al., 2012; Sicilia e al., 2014; Teixei a, Ca aça, Ma kland, Sil a & Ryan, 2012). This heo y s a es ha mo i a ion se s a con inuum ha a ies acco ding o he deg ee o sel -de e mina ion o he subjec . The mos sel -de e mined zone cha ac e ises in insic mo i a ion, he middle zone ep esen s ex insic mo i a ion and he leas sel -de e mined zone does no comp ise mo i a ion (Deci & Ryan, 2000). Abou hese p emises, Sicilia e al. (2014) highligh ha PASP is associa ed wi h in insic and mo e sel -de e mined mo i a ion when physical ac i i y is done by enjoymen and hedonism. In con as , socializa ion, heal h imp o emen , o achie e a ac i eness o desi e o compe i ion a e ex insic mo i a ions and less sel -de e mined easons o doing PASP (Fo ie e al., 2012; Mo eno-Mu cia e al., 2012). Socioeconomic, en i onmen al and cul u al ac o s can in luence on physical exe cise and heal hy ac i i ies in adul hood (Chacón-Cube os, Chacón-Bo ego, Zu i a-O ega, & Cachón-Zagalaz, 2016). In ac , B echo , Nüesch, & F anck (2015) and Eime e al. (2015) de e mined ha en i onmen al aspec s such as p oximi y o Chacón Cube os e al. / Mo i a ion & ype o physical-spo p ac ice in adul s JOURNAL OF HUMAN SPORT & EXERCISE 164 | 2018 | ISSUE 1 | VOLUME 13 © 2018 Uni e si y o Alican e acili ies, p ice o lessons o ease o access pe o m a signi ican in luence on PASP. Fu he mo e, in e pe sonal ac o s as he suppo o iends and amily can show a s ong in luence (N oumanis e al., 2012). Recen esea ches ha e ocused on he mo i a ions and ac o s ha con igu e a heal hy li es yle doing physical ac i i y and spo p ac ice. Cas o-Sánchez e al. (2015) discuss he impo ance o knowing he easons which exe mos in luence on physical ac i i y in adolescen , since i is a i al s age o shaping heal hy habi s in o adul hood. In he same line, Ma cos, O quín, Beland, & Mo eno-Mu cia (2014) s udied sel -mo i a ion in elde ly people who do PASP. These au ho s es ablish ha enjoymen , social p ac ice and imp o emen o quali y o li e a e he main eason o doing physical ac i i y. Finally, Zu i a e al. (2014) highligh he impo ance o u ning physical exe cise p og ams owa ds a mo e sel -de e mined mo i a ion in o de o p omo e PASP and educe abandonmen in olde adul s. The aims o his pape a e: a) To es ablish physical-spo p o iles, mo i a ions, place and mode o PASP in a sample o Spanish adul s b) To de e mine he di e ences be ween di e en COMPASS p o iles acco ding o mo i a ions o PASP, place and ype o spo p ac ice. METHOD Design and pa icipan s This esea ch discusses an explo a o y c oss-sec ional s udy conduc ed wi h 1002 adul s om Se illa. O his sample, a 53% (n = 531) is emale and 47% (n = 471) is male. The mean age was 45.35 yea s old ( ange: 18 o 90; SD = 17.96). The design was mul i a ia e, cons i u ing spo ing p o iles as an independen ac o , whe eas mo i a ion, place and ype o PASP we e es ablished as dependen a iables. This s udy used a s a i ied andom sampling by dis ic s. The le el o eliabili y was o 95.5%, wi h a maximum sampling e o o 3.01% o i ems o dicho omous ype. Ins umen s Physical Ac i i y and Spo P ac ice Ques ionnai e (C-PAFYD). This ins umen was de eloped by A ibas e al. (2013) h ough he IKERKI 05/30 esea ch g oup. This ins umen consis s o 70 i ems o physical and spo ing habi s. The C onbach’s alpha eliabili y coe icien is α = .84 in his esea ch, wi h a minimum sco e o α = 0.63 in 2 i ems. Ad hoc ques ionnai e. This es ake in o accoun he ollowing a iables: • Gende , epo ed as being male o emale. • F equency o PASP, di ided in o i e ca ego ies: 1 = Non-p ac icing; 2 = Less han once a mon h; 3 = Be ween 1-4 imes pe mon h; 4 = 8 imes pe mon h; 5 = Mo e han 8 imes pe mon h. • Fede a ed, which es ablishes i pa icipan s ha e been joined o a eam o ede a ion in he las 12 mon hs. • Compe i ion, which epo s i pa icipan s ha e compe ed in he las yea . • Mo i a ion, which de e mines he main easons o PASP. This a iable is di ided in o 1 = Amusemen , 2 = Social, 3 = Heal h, 4 = Desi e o compe i ion, 5 = A ac i eness and 6 = Ca ee . Each one is assessed h ough a Like scale ha sco es om 1 o 9. • Type o physical ac i i y. This a iable is di ided in 1 = Alone, 2 = Family, 3 = Couple, 4 = F iends, 5 = Co-wo ke . This a iable is assessed h ough a Like scale ha sco es om 1 o 5. Chacón Cube os e al. / Mo i a ion & ype o physical-spo p ac ice in adul s JOURNAL OF HUMAN SPORT & EXERCISE VOLUME 13 | ISSUE 1 | 2018 | 165 • Place o p ac ice, de e mined by he acili ies in which pa icipan s pe o m physical ac i i y and spo p ac ice. I is ca ego ized in 1 = Municipal acili ies, 2 = P i a e acili ies, 3 = Facili ies o wo k/s udy cen e, 4 = Public places and 5 = Home. Each ca ego y is sco ed on a dicho omous way, being 1 = No and 2 = Yes. • COMPASS p o iles, de e mined by Table 1. Table 1. COMPASS p o iles P o ile F equency (days/yea ) Fede a ed in he las yea Compe ed in he las yea 1: Compe i i e, o ganized and in ensi e ≥ 120 Yes Yes 2: In ensi e ≥ 120 No No ≥ 120 Yes No ≥ 120 No Yes 3: Regula , compe i i e and o ganized ≥ 60 y ≥ 120 No Yes ≥ 60 y ≥ 120 Yes No ≥ 60 y ≥ 120 Yes Yes 4: Regula , ec ea ional ≥ 60 y ≥ 120 No No 5: I egula ≥ 12 y ≥ 60 No No 6: Occasional ≥ 1 y ≥ 12 No No 7: Non-p ac i ione Non-p ac icing No No Table 1. Ex ac ed om A ibas e al. (2013) P ocedu e The Company “Nexo S.COOP.AND”, ollowing he guidelines ou lined by esea ches, conduc ed ieldwo k. Fi s , he company selec ed and ained he in e iewe s, indica ing he sampling poin s o he dis ic s and guidelines o illing in he ques ionnai e. The equi emen s we e o supp ess school zones, o wai 30 minu es be ween in e iews and ha pa icipan s li ed in he dis ic s es ablished. The ieldwo k was conduc ed h ough a andom ou o he dis ic s es ablished. Coo dina o s and esea che s moni o ed he ask o polls e s, ensu ing he ealiza ion o he oadmap. A 14.9% o he ques ionnai es we e alida ed by elephone call and 19 ques ionnai es we e elimina ed because hey we e inco ec ly illed. This esea ch has ollowed he Helsinki Decla a ion o 1975 and he e hical s anda ds o he Commi ee o Resea ch o he Uni e si y o Se illa, ensu ing he anonymi y o he pa icipan s. Da a analysis Da a we e analysed using IBM SPSS® S a is ics 22.0. Desc ip i e analysis was pe o med using equencies and a e ages, whils he a e ages compa ison was ca ied ou wi h ANOVA. S a is ical di e ences we e examined using he chi-squa e es . RESULTS Table 2 shows he desc ip i e analysis o he physical ac i i y and spo p ac ice. I was obse ed ha 49.2% o adul s do no do any ype o physical ac i i y and spo , a 6.5% does i be ween once pe mon h and once pe week and ha a 34.4% does i mo e han wice pe week. Fu he , esul s e eal ha 6.4% o pa icipan s a e in ol ed in some compe i ion and ha a 5.1% a e ede a ed in eams. The dis ibu ion o pa icipan s Chacón Cube os e al. / Mo i a ion & ype o physical-spo p ac ice in adul s JOURNAL OF HUMAN SPORT & EXERCISE 166 | 2018 | ISSUE 1 | VOLUME 13 © 2018 Uni e si y o Alican e acco ding o COMPASS p o iles associa e a 32.6% wi h P o ile 2 (in ensi e), a 8.5% wi h P o ile 3 ( egula , compe i i e and o ganized), a 5.6% wi h P o ile 5 (i egula ) and a 49.2% wi h P o ile 7 (non-p ac i ione s). Table 2. Desc ip i e analysis o physical ac i i y and spo p ac ice PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SPORT PRACTICE F equency Non-p ac icing 49.2% (n=493) Less han 1 ime/mon h 1.4% (n=14) 1-4 imes/mon h 6.5% (n=65) 8 imes/mon h 8.5% (n=85) Mo e han 8 imes/mon h 34.4% (n=345) Compe i ion Yes 6.4% (n=64) No 93.6% (n=938) Fede a ed Yes 5.1% (n=51) No 94.9% (n=951) COMPASS p o iles P o ile 1 1.8% (n=18) P o ile 2 32.6% (n=327) P o ile 3 8.5% (n=85) P o ile 4 0.9% (n=9) P o ile 5 5.6% (n=56) P o ile 6 1.4% (n=14) P o ile 7 49.2% (n=493) Table 3 shows easons o physical ac i i y and spo p ac ice, ype and place o p ac ice. The main eason was o imp o e hei heal h ( =7.52, SD=2.08), ollowed by amusemen ( =6.48, SD=2.39) and socializa ion ( =5.72, SD=2.68). In he same way, he PASP which is done wi h iends and pee s go he highes a e age ( =3.12, SD=1.48), ollowed by indi idual PASP ( =3.02, SD=1.49). Public places ( =1.51, SD=0.23) and p i a e acili ies ( =1.39, SD=0.29) we e he places whe e pa icipan s equen ly do PASP, and acili ies o wo k cen e we e he place wi h less a e age ( =1.10, SD=0.50). Table 3. Mo i a ions, mode and place o PASP CATEGORIES (SD) Mo i a ion Amusemen 6.48 (2.39) Social 5.72 (2.68) Heal h 7.52 (2.08) Compe i ion 3.11 (2.58) Physical a ac i eness 5.41 (2.80) Ca ee 2.09 (2.02) Mode Alone 3.02 (1.49) Family 1.86 (1.18) Couple 1.91 (1.32) F iends 3.12 (1.48) Co-wo ke s 1.70 (1.25) Place Municipal acili ies 1.31 (0.46) P i a e acili ies 1.39 (0.48) Chacón Cube os e al. / Mo i a ion & ype o physical-spo p ac ice in adul s JOURNAL OF HUMAN SPORT & EXERCISE VOLUME 13 | ISSUE 1 | 2018 | 167 Facili ies o wo k cen e 1.06 (0.23) Public places 1.51 (0.50) Home 1.10 (0.29) Subsequen ly, i was conduc ed a compa a i e analysis o he COMPASS p o iles acco ding o he mo i a ion o pa icipan s, ype and place o PASP. Fo his analysis, he cases o hose pa icipan s who adhe ed o p o ile 7 (non-p ac i ione ) we e excluded. The dis ibu ion o COMPASS p o iles by easons o physical ac i i y and spo p ac ice (Table 4) e eals s a is ical di e ences in all ca ego ies (p < .001; p < .001; p = .007; p < .001; p = .003; p < .000). In his sense, he ca ego y “Amusemen ” ge s he highes sco e o P o ile 4 ( =8.33, SD=1.11) and P o ile 1 ( =8.17, SD=1.46), whe eas he lowes sco e is associa ed wi h P o ile 2 ( =5.46, SD=2.66). Heal h imp o emen is mainly ela ed o P o ile 2 ( =7.72, SD=1.92), whils he ca ego ies “Compe i ion”, “A ac i eness” and “Ca ee ” ob ain he highes sco e in P o ile 1 ( =6.44, SD=2.54; =6.78, SD=2.29; =4.44, SD=2.75). Table 4. COMPASS p o iles dis ibu ion by mo i a ion o PASP Mo i e P o iles N SD F P (X2) Amusemen P o ile 1 18 8.17 1.46 4.311 .001 P o ile 2 327 6.22 2.44 P o ile 3 85 6.55 2.28 P o ile 4 9 8.33 1.11 P o ile 5 56 7.00 2.17 P o ile 6 14 6.43 2.70 Social P o ile 1 18 7.72 1.48 4.061 .001 P o ile 2 327 5.46 2.66 P o ile 3 85 5.65 2.74 P o ile 4 9 6.89 2.52 P o ile 5 56 6.39 2.61 P o ile 6 14 6.50 2.68 Heal h P o ile 1 18 6.89 2.49 3.222 .001 P o ile 2 327 7.72 1.92 P o ile 3 85 7.41 2.31 P o ile 4 9 6.89 1.53 P o ile 5 56 7.23 2.10 P o ile 6 14 5.86 3.15 Compe i ion P o ile 1 18 6.44 2.54 8.362 .001 P o ile 2 327 2.88 2.44 P o ile 3 85 3.20 2.67 P o ile 4 9 4.89 3.33 P o ile 5 56 3.21 2.53 P o ile 6 14 2.14 1.46 A ac i eness P o ile 1 18 6.78 2.29 3.724 .003 P o ile 2 327 5.48 2.80 P o ile 3 85 5.61 2.72 P o ile 4 9 5.22 3.19 Chacón Cube os e al. / Mo i a ion & ype o physical-spo p ac ice in adul s JOURNAL OF HUMAN SPORT & EXERCISE 168 | 2018 | ISSUE 1 | VOLUME 13 © 2018 Uni e si y o Alican e P o ile 5 56 4.95 2.76 P o ile 6 14 2.86 2.34 Ca ee P o ile 1 18 4.44 2.50 6.384 .001 P o ile 2 327 2.04 2.00 P o ile 3 85 1.96 1.91 P o ile 4 9 3.11 2.75 P o ile 5 56 1.89 1.77 P o ile 6 14 1.21 0.57 Nex , i shows he ela ion be ween ype o PASP and COMPASS p o iles (Table 5), e ealing s a is ical associa ions o he ca ego ies “Alone” (p = .002), “F iends” (p < .001) and “Co-wo ke s” (p < .001). The ca ego y “Alone” displays he g ea e a e age o P o ile 2 ( =3.21, SD=1.51), while he pa icipan s who p e e ed o do PASP wi h iends join o P o ile 1 ( =4.50, SD=0.98) and P o ile 4 ( =4.00, SD=1.11). Likewise, he P o ile 4 ge s he highes sco e o PASP ha is done wi h co-wo ke s and colleges. Table 5. COMPASS p o ile dis ibu ion by mode o PASP Mode P o iles N SD F P (X2) Alone P o ile 1 18 2.17 1.42 3.910 .002 P o ile 2 327 3.21 1.51 P o ile 3 85 2.81 1.43 P o ile 4 9 2.78 1.48 P o ile 5 56 2.55 1.30 P o ile 6 14 2.86 1.16 Family P o ile 1 18 1.72 1.07 0.620 .684 P o ile 2 327 1.84 1.20 P o ile 3 85 1.88 1.12 P o ile 4 9 1.33 0.70 P o ile 5 56 2.02 1.24 P o ile 6 14 1.86 1.23 Couple P o ile 1 18 1.39 1.03 0.915 .471 P o ile 2 327 1.90 1.31 P o ile 3 85 2.09 1.41 P o ile 4 9 1.89 1.53 P o ile 5 56 1.91 1.28 P o ile 6 14 1.79 1.25 F iends P o ile 1 18 4.50 0.98 6.354 .001 P o ile 2 327 2.91 1.46 P o ile 3 85 3.42 1.46 P o ile 4 9 4.00 1.11 P o ile 5 56 3.32 1.50 P o ile 6 14 3.07 1.20 Co-wo ke s P o ile 1 18 2.17 1.61 4.251 .001 P o ile 2 327 1.53 1.12 P o ile 3 85 1.86 1.39 Chacón Cube os e al. / Mo i a ion & ype o physical-spo p ac ice in adul s JOURNAL OF HUMAN SPORT & EXERCISE VOLUME 13 | ISSUE 1 | 2018 | 169 P o ile 4 9 2.56 1.87 P o ile 5 56 2.09 1.35 P o ile 6 14 2.07 1.38 Finally, he dis ibu ion o COMPASS p o iles acco ding o he place o p ac ice o physical ac i i y and spo (Table 6) shows s a is ical di e ences o he ca ego ies “Municipal Facili ies” (p < .001) and “Public places” (p = .043). This es ablishes ha pa icipan s who do mo e PASP in municipal acili ies a e people ela ed o P o ile 4 ( =1.78, SD=0.44), ollowed by P o ile 1 ( =1.50, SD=0.51). In he same line, P o ile 6 ( =1.79, SD=0.42) and P o ile 5 ( =1.63, SD=0.48) a e hose ha ob ain he highes sco e o PASP pe o med in public places. Table 6. COMPASS p o iles dis ibu ion by place o PASP Place P o iles N SD F P (X2) Municipal acili ies P o ile 1 18 1.50 0.51 6.401 .001 P o ile 2 327 1.24 0.43 P o ile 3 85 1.47 0.50 P o ile 4 9 1.78 0.44 P o ile 5 56 1.38 0.48 P o ile 6 14 1.21 0.42 P i a e acili ies P o ile 1 18 1.61 0.50 1.923 .089 P o ile 2 327 1.41 0.49 P o ile 3 85 1.34 0.47 P o ile 4 9 1.33 0.50 P o ile 5 56 1.27 0.44 P o ile 6 14 1.29 0.46 Facili ies o wo k cen e P o ile 1 18 1.17 0.38 1.783 .115 P o ile 2 327 1.05 0.21 P o ile 3 85 1.11 0.31 P o ile 4 9 1.11 0.33 P o ile 5 56 1.04 0.18 P o ile 6 14 1.07 0.26 Public places P o ile 1 18 1.33 0.48 2.315 .043 P o ile 2 327 1.51 0.50 P o ile 3 85 1.44 0.49 P o ile 4 9 1.56 0.52 P o ile 5 56 1.63 0.48 P o ile 6 14 1.79 0.42 Home P o ile 1 18 1.17 0.38 1.520 .182 P o ile 2 327 1.09 0.28 P o ile 3 85 1.11 0.31 P o ile 4 9 1.33 0.50 P o ile 5 56 1.09 0.28 P o ile 6 14 1.14 0.36