Case Report: Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure: Making the Diagnosis between Infection and Acute Alcoholic Hepatitis

Case Report: Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure: Making the Diagnosis between Infection and Acute Alcoholic Hepatitis Carmen Sendra, MD1Javier Ampuero, MD, PhD1,2 Álvaro Giráldez Gallego, MD1 José Manuel Sousa, MD1María Serrano Jiménez, MD3Manuel Romero-Gómez, MD, PhD1,2 1Inter-Centre Unit of Digestive Diseases and CIBERehd, Virgen Macarena - Virgen del Rocío University Hospitals, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain 2Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Spain 3Pathology Unit, Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, Sevilla, Spain Semin Liver Dis 2016;36:181–186. Address for correspondence Javier Ampuero, MD, PhD, Unit for the Clinical Management of Digestive Diseases, Virgen Macarena - Virgen del Rocío University Hospitals, Sevilla, Spain (e-mail: [email protected]). Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a newly recognized syndrome associated with a high mortality. The prevalence of ACLF is around 30% among patients hospitalized with acute decompensation; it is more frequent in alcoholicand hepatitis-B-associated cirrhosis.1Clinical course and number of organ failures are the most relevant factors associated with ACLF-related mortality, irrespective of triggering factors.2 We report a case of a patient admitted with acute decompensation secondary to infection and/or severe acute alcoholic hepatitis (AAH), who developed ACLF-1 during hospitalization. The patient was successfully treated with an antibiotic and steroid course in sequence. Case Presentation A 48-year-old man, showing a compensated alcohol-related cirrhosis since 2011 (Child-Pugh A5), was admitted to the hospital in October 2015 because of jaundice and unspecific abdominal pain. His alcohol intake exceeded 80 g/d until 2009; it had decreased to 40 g/d at the time of the admission. In 2012, he underwent an upper endoscopy, which detected small esophageal varices. The patient had neither previous complications of cirrhosis nor current treatment. One week prior to the admission, he had had cough and fever (up to 40°C), and was treated with acetaminophen 500 mg 3 times per day. The patient denied changing the pattern of alcohol consumption or taking illicit or recreational drugs. Physical examination revealed jaundice, spiders on the trunk, and no signs of hepatic encephalopathy, clinical ascites, or edema. Vital signs, including peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (98%) and blood pressure (135/65 mm Hg), were normal. Laboratory tests showed a high total bilirubin (TB) level (25.41 mg/dL) with typical alcohol-related liver enzymes values (alanine aminotransferase 80 IU/mL, alanine aminotransferase 40 IU/mL), as well as international normalized ratio (1.53) and platelet count (97 10 9 /L) linked to advanced liver disease. By contrast, kidney function was normal (creatinine 0.54 mg/dL). In addition, the abdominal Keywords ►acute-on-chronic liver failure ►organ failure ►systemic inflammation ►infection ►acute alcoholic hepatitis Abstract Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) represents a reversible syndrome associated with high short-term mortality, characterized by acute decompensation in patients with chronic liver disease and extrahepatic organ failure. Diagnosis and prognosis assessment is based on a newly developed diagnostic score, the Chronic Liver Failure Consortium Organ Failure score. Susceptibility to infections and systemic inflammation are typical triggers. The authors report a case in which a patient with alcohol-related cirrhosis was admitted to the hospital with acute decompensation and developed ACLF during hospitalization. This case led to an evaluation of the underlying process causing ACLF: infection versus acute alcoholic hepatitis. Issue Theme Acute-on-Chronic Liver Disease; Guest Editor, Rajiv Jalan, MD Copyright © 2016 by Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc., 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA. Tel: +1(212) 584-4662. DOI http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1055/s-0036-1583203. ISSN 0272-8087. Diagnostic Problems in Hepatology 181 Downloaded by: Universidad de Barcelona. Copyrighted material. ultrasound showed minimal perihepatic ascites and the chest X-ray a pneumonic process (►Fig. 1). Empirical antibiotic therapy with ceftriaxone (2 g intravenously [IV] once per day) and levofloxacin (500 mg IV once per day) was started to treat pneumonia as the triggering factor of decompensated cirrhosis (the patient did not meet ACLF criteria) (►Fig. 2A). Pentoxifylline 400 mg orally 3 times per day was also added to the treatment. Upper endoscopy showed five enlarged veins, three of them with protruding vessels, and a moderate portal hypertensive gastropathy. Consequently, carvedilol 6.25 mg orally twice per day was prescribed. Eleven days after admission, he was asymptomatic although with similar TB (21.57 mg/dL). However, hypotension and an acute kidney injury (creatinine 1.75 mg/dL) were observed. At that moment, he met ACLF-1 criteria (►Fig. 2B). Given the temporal relation, carvedilol was withdrawn and albumin IV was prescribed (1 g/kg/d for 3 days). Moreover, a diagnostic paracentesis was performed, ruling out spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP). In a computed tomography scan, a partially resolved pneumonic process was observed after a 15-day period of antibiotic treatment (►Fig. 3). However, there was a worsening of the overall status, with increased abdominal pain. A glycopeptide-susceptible Enterococcus faecium was detected in an ascitic fluid culture from the previous diagnostic paracentesis. Therefore, the patient suffered from a symptomatic monomicrobial nonneutrocytic bacterascites. We replaced levofloxacin with teicoplanin 400 mg IV once per day after consulting with the infectious diseases department (and keeping ceftriaxone). There was an improvement in the patient’s overall status and a normalization of kidney function after a 5-day period of ceftriaxone and teicoplanin. Nevertheless, bilirubin levels were similar to previous days (TB 26.82 mg/dL), so we decided to perform a transjugular liver biopsy. Histological findings showed AAH on alcoholic liver cirrhosis (►Fig. 4), and the hepatic venous pressure gradient was 27 mm Hg. After normalization of kidney function, propranolol 20 mg orally twice per day was administrated, but it had to be withdrawn because of hypotension and a mild acute kidney injury, which resolved a few days later (►Fig. 5A). One month after admission and one week after the end of treatment for both pneumonia and bacterascites, prednisone 40 mg orally once per day was added to the treatment, according to histological AAH findings and a Maddrey score >32. The patient had TB 18.49 mg/dL and prothrombin time 17.6 s at the beginning of the steroid cycle. He was discharged with a 1-week course of prednisone after reducing TB levels Fig. 1 Chest X-ray showing a condensation in the left lower lobe. Fig. 2 (A) The Chronic Liver Failure Consortium organ failure score. (B) Grades of severity of acute-on-chronic liver failure. ACLF, acute-on-chronic liver failure; MAP, mean arterial pressure; INR, international normalized ratio; HE, hepatic encephalopathy. Seminars in Liver Disease Vol. 36 No. 2/2016 Making the Diagnosis between Infection and Acute Alcoholic Hepatitis Sendra et al.182 Downloaded by: Universidad de Barcelona. Copyrighted material. (10.25 mg/dL) (►Fig. 5B). When the patient finished a 28-day period of treatment with prednisone 40 mg daily followed by a 2-week taper, he developed a cellulitis affecting his right leg. He was treated with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (500/125 mg orally 3 times per day for 8 days) and diuretics until resolution (►Fig. 6). Simultaneously, laboratory testing showed a decrease in TB levels to 6.04 mg/dL. Discussion Acute-on-chronic liver failure is an increasingly recognized entity characterized by acute deterioration in liver function in a patient with chronic liver disease, together with organ failure and a high short-term mortality.3Over time, several diagnostic criteria have been proposed for this syndrome. The CANONIC (CLIFAcute on Chronic Liver Failure) study provided a solid definition of the epidemiology, diagnosis, and prognosis of ACLF based on prospective data to identify patients with a 28-day mortality over 15%.4The Chronic Liver Failure Consortium Organ Failure (CLIF-C-OF) score, derived from Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score criteria, determines the prognosis depending on the specificorgan involved. Thus, patients are classified as having ACLF with three grades of severity, with an increasing risk of short-term death from grade 1 (22%) to grade 3 (77%).5 The development of ACLF may occur at any time during hospitalization in patients with compensated to longstanding cirrhosis. About 10% of patients admitted with decompensated cirrhosis will develop ACLF, as shown in this case report. In fact, our patient showed only liver failure at admission, which could not be considered ACLF. However, the patient reached ACLF-1 when acute kidney injury presented at day 10. It has been reported that ACLF grades between the third and seventh day after diagnosis (d3–d7 ACLF) predicted the shortand mid-term prognosis more accurately than the initial grade. Regarding ACLF-1, most patients will experience the resolution of the syndrome, similar to the current clinical case. Therefore, the dynamic nature of this syndrome should make us be alert because patients can move rapidly from any grade to ACLF to its resolution. A precipitating event is frequently unnoticed and not necessary for diagnosis. Bacterial infection is the main identified insult (33%), followed by active alcoholism.1Among infections, SBP, pneumonia, and urinary tract infections are the most relevant. The pathophysiology of infection-induced organ failure remains poorly understood, but a rapid deterioration of cardiovascular function and organ perfusion, as well as direct organ damage secondary to an exaggerated inflammatory response appear to be essential.6Our patient exhibited two of the main infections (pneumonia and bacterascites) typically associated with ACLF. Initially, we started antibiotic treatment for pneumonia as the main trigger of the acute decompensation, and, then bacterascites was properly treated.7 The systemic inflammatory response is a typical feature of ACLF. Thus, the increased white cell count at admission is an independent predictor of mortality, representing a nonspecific response to inflammation whose underlying mechanism is unknown.8The CLIF-C-ACLF score was designed to predict survival, which results from a combination of three factors independently associated with mortality: CLIF-C-OF score, age, and white cell count. This score, by measuring both hepatic and extrahepatic organ dysfunction, discriminates significantly better between survivors and nonsurvivors than does the Model of End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) and the Child-Pugh scoring systems, reflecting the impact of organ failure on prognosis.9 On the other hand, the recent study by Mookerjee et al showed that ongoing treatment with nonselective βblockers (NSBBs) was safe and independently associated with improved 28-day survival by reducing the severity of ACLF and preventing its progression to more advanced stages.10 The mechanism appears to be related to their beneficial effects on gut motility and permeability, reducing bacterial translocation and systemic inflammation. However, our patient developed ACLF-1 because of the addition of kidney injury to liver failure Fig. 3 Chest computed tomography scan showing bilateral atelectasis and a partially resolved pneumonic process. Seminars in Liver Disease Vol. 36 No. 2/2016 Making the Diagnosis between Infection and Acute Alcoholic Hepatitis Sendra et al. 183 Downloaded by: Universidad de Barcelona. Copyrighted material. in the setting of administration of carvedilol. This aspect improved after NSBB withdrawal and infusion with IV albumin.11,12 Our patient showed high TB levels despite an observational period since both infectious processes were solved. Given the concomitant presence of biopsy-proven AAH, we added prednisone 40 mg orally to the treatment (in combination with pentoxifylline started at admission), observing a progressive decrease in TB levels until discharge.13 Whether this latter condition was the result from the steroid course or from the time-dependent evolution of the liver failure is impossible to determine. Regarding AAH, controversy persists about steroid use.14 In this setting, a major drawback of steroid therapy is the increased susceptibility to infections, as confirmed by the lower leg cellulitis in our patient. The recent study by Thursz et al showed mortality attributed to infection was similar regardless of whether prednisolone was administered.15 In conclusion, the early diagnosis and treatment of precipitating events in an enhanced or critical care environment results in higher survival rates for patients suffering from ACLF. However, more than one precipitant factor requiring treatment could be noted in this entity, making the diagnosis sometimes difficult. Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a dynamic syndrome that can vary during the hospitalization, requiring a routine evaluation of its presence. Fig. 4 Liver biopsy consistent with acute alcoholic hepatitis. (A) Numerous slightly enlarged hepatocytes (ballooning) with moderate macrovesicular fatty change (vertical arrow); several cells containing intracytoplasmic aggregates of amorphous, eosinophilic material, so-called Mallory’shyaline(horizontal arrow) (hematoxylin and eosin [H&E], 20). (B) Occasional mild intracytoplasmic cholestasis (vertical arrow)andfocal necrosis accompanied by a mixed inflammatory cellular infiltrate with elevated number of neutrophils (horizontal arrow)(H&E,20). Seminars in Liver Disease Vol. 36 No. 2/2016 Making the Diagnosis between Infection and Acute Alcoholic Hepatitis Sendra et al.184 Downloaded by: Universidad de Barcelona. Copyrighted material. Abbreviations AAH acute alcoholic hepatitis ACLF acute-on-chronic liver failure NSBBs nonselective beta blockers SBP spontaneous bacterial peritonitis TB total bilirubin References 1Arroyo V, Moreau R, Jalan R, Ginès P; EASL-CLIF Consortium CANONIC Study. 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Nonselective βblockers increase risk for hepatorenal syndrome and death in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Gastroenterology 2014;146(7):1680–90.e1 12 Sersté T, Njimi H, Degré D, et al. The use of beta-blockers is associated with the occurrence of acute kidney injury in severe alcoholic hepatitis. Liver Int 2015;35(8):1974–1982 13 European Association for the Study of Liver. EASL clinical practical guidelines: management of alcoholic liver disease. J Hepatol 2012; 57(2):399–420 14 Mathurin P, O’Grady J, Carithers RL, et al. Corticosteroids improve short-term survival in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis: meta-analysis of individual patient data. Gut 2011;60(2):255–260 15 Thursz MR, Richardson P, Allison M, et al; STOPAH Trial. Prednisolone or pentoxifylline for alcoholic hepatitis. N Engl J Med 2015; 372(17):1619–1628 Fig. 5 Laboratory tests during hospitalization. (A) Creatinine levels. (B) Bilirubin levels. AAH, acute alcoholic hepatitis. Fig. 6 Right leg cellulitis after steroids treatment (A)andafteran8day treatment with oral diuretics and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (B). Seminars in Liver Disease Vol. 36 No. 2/2016 Making the Diagnosis between Infection and Acute Alcoholic Hepatitis Sendra et al. 185 Downloaded by: Universidad de Barcelona. Copyrighted material.