Algunos aspectos de zoosemia: la dimensión conceptual de procedencia/posición social en el trabajo

ISSN 1132-0265 Philologia Hispalensis 24 (2010) 167-189 Selec ed aSpec S o zooSemy: he concep ual dimenSion o igin/social s a us a wo k Robe Kieł yka Uni e si y o Rzeszów (Poland) Resumen: En el p esen e a ículo se habla del p oblema de la zoosemia — é - mino que alude al p oceso po el que me a ó icamen e se elaciona la conduc a de los se es humanos con el compo amie o o la isionomía de cie os animales, p oceso po el cual el nomb e de dichos animales se ex apola pa a designa el ca ác e o el compo amien o de las pe sonas. Basándose en los plan eamien- os de la linguís ica cogni i a se ha p opues o que en la lengua inglesa la zoo- semia ac úa en sie e campos semán icos, a sabe : p o esión/ unción social, compo amien o/ca ác e , p ocedencia/posición social, mo alidad, sexualidad, asgos insul an es, apa iencia/ asgos ísicos. El p esen e abajo se limi a a es udia el campo semán ico de p ocedencia/posición so- cial. El ma e ial lingüís ico analizado aba ca lexemas p oceden es no sólo de di e en es momen os his ó icos de la e olución de la lengua inglesa sino am- bién de en idades lingüís icas p oceden es de a ios idiomas indoeu opeos (es- pañol, i aliano, ancés, polaco, uso, eslo aco, aleman) y así mismo de lenguas no indoeu opeas (chino, húnga o). En la úl ima pa e del a ículo se p esen an las obse aciones y las conclusiones de i adas de dicho análisis. Palab as cla e: zoosemia, me á o a concep ual, campo concep ual, p oceden- cia/posición social, lengua inglesa, animales domes icados. Abs ac : The p esen pape discusses he p oblem o zoosemy, unde s ood as one o he mechanisms o seman ic change whe eby animal names a e em- ployed o designa e human cha ac e is ics. In acco dance wi h he main ene s o cogni i e linguis ics, i is pos ula ed ha he wo kings o zoosemy in Eng- lish may be accoun ed o by e e ence o se en concep ual dimensions/sphe es, i.e. p o ession/social unc ion, beha iou /cha ac e , o igin/social s a us, phys- ical cha ac e is ics/appea ance, mo ali y, sexuali y, con emp /opp ob ium o which one, i.e. he concep ual dimension o igin/social s a us, is in es iga ed he e in de ail. The lexical ma e ial in ocus comp ises lexemes used no only in a ious pe iods o his o ical de elopmen o English, bu also lexical uni s selec ed om o he languages bo h Indo-Eu opean (Spanish, I alian, F ench, Polish, Russian, Slo ak, Ge man) and non-Indo-Eu opean (Chinese, Hunga ian). The inal pa 168 Robe Kieł yka ISSN 1132-0265 Philologia Hispalensis 24 (2010) 167-189 o he a icle p esen s obse a ions and conclusions d awn om he analysis o he ele an lexical ma e ial. Keywo ds: zoosemy, concep ual me apho , concep ual sphe e, o igin/social s a us, English, domes ica ed animals. 1. In Roduc Ion In his pape , employing he b oadly unde s ood mechanisms o cogni i e linguis ics which ea seman ic change as a cogni i ely condi ioned p ocess, we pu sue he p oblem o wha has been e e ed o in ele an li e a u e as a his- o ically uni e sal connec ion be ween he concep ual ca ego ies human being and domes ica ed animals (see, among o he s, MacWhinney (1989), Klepa - ski (1997: 238), Hsieh (2000, 2003), Baide and Gesua o (2003), Kieł yka (2008)). Thus, he aim o he p esen a icle is o p o ide a his o ical accoun o selec ed aspec s o English zoosemy; ha is, he p ocess o seman ic change whe eby animal names a e employed o designa e human cha ac e is ics. Ou analysis o zoosemic me apho isa ion is ca ied ou in e ms o he concep ual me apho heo y (hence o h: cm ) (see, among o he s, Lako and Johnson (1980), Lako and Tu ne (1989)). We belie e ha cm is a sound me hod- ological amewo k which is capable o accoun ing o seman ic change in a panch onic pe spec i e. The heo e ical app oach we ha e chosen makes i clea ha me apho s a e cen al o he way we hink abou he wo ld. They p o ide an essen ial link be ween ou immedia e expe ience and abs ac hough and, wha is mo e, hey may no me ely elucida e a poin bu o en, wi hou hem, unde s anding he in angible would be impossible (see Lukeš (2005)). As a gued by MacWhinney (1989), he me apho ical ex ensions associa ed wi h he ca ego y human being poin o a ce ain isomo phism ha is es ab- lished be ween he wo ld o animal cha ac e is ics and he wo ld o human cha ac e is ics. We hope o be able o show ha he linguis ic ma e ial analysed in he p esen pape allows us o o mula e some obse a ions and gene alisa- ions conce ning he p oblem o animal me apho s and he issue o isomo - phism be ween a ious subca ego ies o he concep ual ca ego ies human being and domes ica ed animals. 2. He conceP uAl dImensIon oRIgIn/socIAl s A us In ocus Kieł yka (2006) no iced ha he wo kings o English zoosemy may be ac- coun ed o by e e ence o se en concep ual dimensions/sphe es, i.e. p o es- sion/social unc ion, beha iou /cha ac e , o igin/social s a us, physical cha ac e is ics/appea ance, mo ali y, sexuali y, con emp /opp ob ium o which one, i.e. he concep ual dimension o igin/social s a us will be in es i- ga ed he e in de ail. selec ed aspec s o zoosemy: o igin/social s a us 169 ISSN 1132-0265 Philologia Hispalensis 24 (2010) 167-189 As will be poin ed ou , he concep ual domain o igin/social s a us is closely ela ed o he concep ual ca ego y human being. Mo e impo an ly, i seems ha he concep ual domain o igin/social s a us may be simul aneously e- ga ded as one o he concep ual dimensions by means o which he concep- ual ca ego y domes ica ed animals is also ela ed o he concep ual ca ego y human being. Thus, he pu pose o his pape will be o discuss hose aspec s o he seman ics o domes ica ed animals which a e o be held esponsible o mappings leading o he zoosemic shi domes ica ed animal > a human being cha ac e ised in e ms o o igin/social s a us. Below we shall p opose an in-dep h analysis o zoosemic de elopmen o ou lexical i ems, namely jade, cu , mong el and yke. The majo e ymological sou ces (see odee, edme) in o m us ha jade is o unknown o igin bu o en assumed o be a double o yaud (Mod.Icel. jalda ‘ma e’). In i s li e al sense he wo d designa es ‘a so y, ill-condi ioned, wea- ied, o wo n-ou ho se o in e io b eed’ o ‘a icious, wo hless, ill- empe ed ho se’. This lexical i em unc ioned p oduc i ely in English om he 14 h cen- u y o he 19 h cen u y. The o iginal sense o his lexical ca ego y is accoun a- ble o in e ms o an en enchmen 1 ela ion o he a ibu i e pa h o domain2 o species […] o which he a ibu i e elemen (equine) is b ough o he o e, a ended by he ac ua ion o he alues ( emale) and (old) p esupposed o he a ibu i e pa hs o domain o sex […] and domain o age […] e- spec i ely. Addi ionally, he seman ic pe iphe y o his lexical ca ego y sugges s posi ing an en enchmen link o such cds as, domain o physical cha - ac e is ics and appea ance […], domain o beha iou […], domain o u ili y […], domain o o igin […] and domain o abuse […] o which he ollowing a ibu i e alues a e ac i a ed: (bony), (ill- empe ed)^( icious), (wo hless)^(wo n-ou ), (in e io ) and (con emp ible) espec i ely. This 1 The no ion o en enchmen should be unde s ood he e in he way i is de ined and ap- plied by Klepa ski (1997) and Kieł yka (2008). Namely, a lexical ca ego y may be said o be en- enched in he a ibu i e pa h o a gi en concep ual domain (CD) o se o concep ual domains (CDs) i i s seman ic pole is ela ed o ce ain loca ions wi hin he a ibu i e pa h o a gi en CD o se o CDs. 2 In he iew o many linguis s, seman ic s uc u es may be cha ac e ised ela i e o cogni i e domains, which a e —a e Klepa ski (1997) and Kieł yka (2008)— unde s ood as concep ual domains which, in u n, a e iewed as se s o a ibu i e alues speci ied o di e en loca ions wi hin he a ibu i e pa hs o CDs. Acco ding o Taylo (1989), a lexical ca ego y ge s i s mean- ing by he p ocess o highligh ing (o o eg ounding) a pa icula loca ion wi hin he a ibu i e pa h o a CD o a numbe o di e en CDs. 170 Robe Kieł yka ISSN 1132-0265 Philologia Hispalensis 24 (2010) 167-189 sense- h ead o jade3 is a es ed by he ollowing selec ed quo a ions om he oed:4 c1386 Be bli he hough hou yde p-on a Iade, Wha hogh hyn ho s be bo he oule and lene. 1530 Iade a dull ho se, galie . 1600 You a e much decei ed.. ha hinke mine asse o be dead: o he hung ie iade knowing his mas e s necessi y ha h w ough his sleigh . 1709 False s eps bu help hem o enew he ace, As, a e s umbling, Jades will mend hei pace. 1819 He palmed upon he owne s a so y jade o an ass. In he middle o he 16 h cen u y we wi ness he ise o a new sense- h ead a ached o he wo d, namely — ia zoosemic ex ension— jade came o be ap- plied as a e m o ep oba ion o a woman meaning ‘a low o sh ewish wom- an’5 (‘ ep ehensible gi l o woman’ (see odee)) o ‘a li a ious gi l like hussy o minx’ (see W igh (1898-1905: 342) and BdP ) (16 h>19 h cen u ies). On he o he hand, Johnson (1755) de ined jade as […] a so y woman. A wo d o con- emp no ing some imes age, bu gene ally ice and […] a young woman: in i ony and sligh con emp .6 As a gued by Mills (1993: 128), owa ds he end o he 19 h cen u y he ea ly sense o i edness and ha o he sexual excesses o a slu we e used in o he e b o jade; used mos ly in he pas ense his came o mean ‘ o wea ou wi h ha d wo k o su ei ’. The accoun o he seman ics o he 16 h cen u y sense- h ead o jade in- ol es posi ing an en enchmen ela ion o he a ibu i e pa h o domain o species […] o which he a ibu i e alue (human) is highligh ed. This is coupled wi h he ac i a ion o he a ibu i e elemen ( emale) speci ied 3 Th oughou his a icle, ollowing Kieł yka (2008), we adop he ollowing no a ional con- en ion: a con inuous empo al p esence o a gi en sense- h ead is ma ked wi h a bidi ec ional a ow. Howe e , i he e idence we quo e has ime gaps — e e ed o as empo al hia us by Gee - ae s (1997: 24-25) and Klepa ski (1997: 250)— o mo e han 150 yea s we ma k he gap wi h a unidi ec ional a ow as shown abo e. Addi ionally, i mus be s essed ha Gee ae s (1997: 24-25) de elops he no ion o seman ic polygenesis, in which he same ma ginal meaning oc- cu s a se e al poin s in ime ha a e sepa a ed by a conside able pe iod. In his espec Klepa ski (1997:251) claims ha he discon inuous p esence o ha meaning is no due o acciden al gaps in he a ailable ex ual sou ces, bu ha he meaning in ques ion mus ha e come in o being in- dependen ly a wo poin s in his o y. I seems ha he empo al hia us in he e idence we quo e —in he majo i y o cases— does no in ol e seman ic polygenesis, bu is a he due o acciden- al gaps in he a ailable ex ual sou ces. 4 The ea lies known p in ed use o a wo d, as eco ded by he oed, p o ides an index o he da e a which he e m en e ed he language. 5 See also A Ws, BdP , lcRH and mdWPo. 6 Conside he ollowing quo a ion: You see now and hen some handsome young jades among hem: he slu s ha e e y o en whi e ee h and black eyes (Johnson (1755)). selec ed aspec s o zoosemy: o igin/social s a us 171 ISSN 1132-0265 Philologia Hispalensis 24 (2010) 167-189 o domain o sex […], and u he a ended by he ac ua ion o he alues (adul /young), (o low o de s), (sh ewish)/( li a ious), (wo hless) and (con emp ible) which a e p esupposed o he a ibu i e pa hs o he ol- lowing cds: domain o age […], domain o o igin/social s a us […],do- main o cha ac e and beha iou […],7 domain o u ili y and domain o abuse […] espec i ely. The ollowing selec ed oed quo a ions es i y o his sense- h ead o jade: 1560 Such a jade she is, and so cu s a quean, She would ou -scold he de il’s dame I ween. 1668 [M s] Pie ce says she [Miss Da is] is a mos homely jade as e e she saw. 1711 You see now and hen some handsome young Jades among hem [ he Gipsies]. 1812 A lying, p ying, jil ing, hie ish jade. 1883 A p ocession o scamps and jades, who ma ched h ough Pa is wea ing in mocke y es men s obbed om he chu ches. In e es ingly, a he end o he 16 h and a he ou se o he 17 h cen u ies he wo d8 was, in a simila ashion (see he e idence gi en below), me apho i- cally applied o a man as a e m o ep oba ion (1596>1608) (see also W igh (1898-1905: 342)).9 Acco ding o Palma ie (1995: 215), a jaded pe son is like a wo hless nag: ha dened, calloused, lacking in spi i and obli ious o pleasu e o pain. Thus, apa om he en enchmen ela ion o he a ibu i e pa hs o he cds speci ied in he o egoing, he seman ics o his sense- h ead in ol es he shi in he highligh ing o he ele an alue ( emale) > (male) speci- ied o he a ibu i e pa h o domain o sex […]. This E.Mod.E. sense- h ead o jade eme ges om he ollowing oed examples: 1596 Wha , his Gen leman will ou - alke s all. luc. Si giue him head, I know hee’l p oue a jade. 1608 A iolly P a e , bu a jade o doe. 7 I appea s ha —by he p ocess o animal me apho — jade may also be iewed as embody- ing he concep ual dimension beha iou /cha ac e . 8 As he quo a ions om W nIdu illus a e, his lexical i em is also used as a e b in he sense ‘ o make a jade o (a ho se); wea ou by o e wo k o abuse’, e.g. (W nIdu) ‘When a ho se app oaches he goal, he does no , unless he is jaded, slacken his pace’; ‘ o i e by se e e o edi- ous asks’, e.g. ‘Cons an epe i ion o o en i ial ma e ial jades one’s pala e’. Mills (1989: 128) explains ha he e b o jade is a usion o he ea ly sense o i edness and ha o he sexual ex- cesses o a slu . In Shakespea ian imes he e b was used in he sense ‘ o make idiculous o ex- pose o sco n’, e.g. ‘Do no now ool mysel , o le imagina ion jade me’. As an in ansi i e e b i means ‘ o become wea y; lose hea , e.g. ‘When I eel my Muse beginning o jade, I e i e o he soli a y i eside o my s udy’. 9 Acco ding o Pa idge (2002: 610) in he 20 h cen u y Aus. English jade acqui ed he sense ‘a long p ison-sen ence’. 172 Robe Kieł yka ISSN 1132-0265 Philologia Hispalensis 24 (2010) 167-189 The e o e, as ou discussion o he seman ics o jade shows, a he beginning o he E.Mod.E. pe iod he analysed lexical ca ego y s a ed o unc ion as a zoosem ela ed o he concep ual zones o igin/social s a us (16 h>19 h cen u- ies) and beha iou /cha ac e (16 h>19 h cen u ies). E ymologically, he wo d cu co esponds o Mid.E. cu e, Mod.Sw. and Mod. No w. dialec al ku e/ko e ‘a dog’. The noun ku e/ko e is gene ally associa ed wi h he onoma opoeic O.N. e b ku a ‘ o mu mu , g umble’, Mod.Sw. ku a ‘ o g umble, umble, sna l’, Mod.Dan. ku e ‘ o coo’. Thus, he p ima y sense appea s o ha e been ‘g owling o sna ling beas ’ bu no co esponding e b appea s in English, so ha Mid.E. ku e was p obably in oduced om some con inen al sou ce.10 The e o e, cu en e ed he English lexicon in he i s hal o he 13 h cen u y and s a ed o be applied wi hou any ace o dep ecia ion, es- pecially o ‘a wa ch-dog o shephe d’s dog’ (1225>1884). No ice ha in Mod.E. his lexical ca ego y is always used as dep ecia i e o con emp uous appella- ion deno ing ‘a wo hless, low-b ed, o snappish dog’. In e ms o he mecha- nisms adop ed he e, he p ima y sense o cu , apa om he ac i a ion o such concep ually cen al elemen s as (canine), (epicene), (young/adul ) p esup- posed o he a ibu i e pa hs o domain o species […], domain o sex […] and domain o age […] espec i ely, is explicable by means o an en enchmen link o he a ibu i e pa hs o such pe iphe al cds as domain o o igin […], wi h he alue (low-b ed) b ough o he o e, domain o cha ac e and be- ha iou […] o which he a ibu i e elemen (snappish) is ac i a ed, as well as domain o unc ions […], domain o u ili y […] and domain o abuse […] o which he ollowing se o alues gains p ominence: (wa ch-dog) ^ (shephe d’s dog), (wo hless), (dep ecia i e)^(con emp uous). The o- llowing oed quo a ions es i y o his Mid.E. sense- h ead o cu : a1225 Þes dogge o helle.. þe ule ku dogge. 1884 cu , a good, sha p wa chdog. The wo d does no e e , in he leas , o low b eeding. By he p ocess o animal me apho isa ion, a he end o he 16 h cen u y cu was i s applied as a e m o con emp wi h e e ence o ‘a su ly, ill-b ed, low o cowa dly ellow’11 (1590>1870).12 As poin ed ou by Palma ie (1995: 106), igu a i ely, a cu is a con emp ible o cowa dly pe son — i.e., one who is as 10 The combina ion ku -dogge mus ha e en e ed English lexicon conside ably ea lie han ku e/cu . 11 See also A Ws, eWPo, IRcd and WnWd. 12 Acco ding o Pa idge (2002: 1273), he con ex u n cu was —in he 19 h>20 h cen u- ies— used in he sense ‘ o u n in o me o King’s (o Queen’s) e idence’. Likewise, u n dog in Aus. English was employed in he sense ‘ o in o m o he police’ (19 h>20 h cen u ies). See Mod. Pol. piesek ‘dim. dog’ which designa es ‘an in o me ’. selec ed aspec s o zoosemy: o igin/social s a us 173 ISSN 1132-0265 Philologia Hispalensis 24 (2010) 167-189 b a e as a ba king dog (seen in he p o e b Ba king dogs seldom bi e). On he o he hand, Rawson (1989: 112) concludes ha oday he cu is a mong el and he wo d is ne e in ended as a complimen when applied o a human being.13 The accoun o his sense in ol es he highligh ing o such concep ually cen- al elemen s as (human), (epicene) and (young/adul ) speci ied o he a - ibu i e pa hs o domain o species […], domain o sex […] and domain o age […], a ended by he ac ua ion o he pe iphe al alues (low)^(ill- b ed), (su ly)^(cowa dly) and (con emp ible) p esupposed o he a i- bu i e pa hs o he ollowing cds: domain o o igin and social s a us […], domain o cha ac e and beha iou […] and domain o abuse […]. This sense- h ead o cu eme ges om he ollowing oed quo a ions: 1590 Ou dog, ou cu , hou d iu’s me pas he bounds o maidens pa ience. 1870 Tha I may d i e away These cu s, b ough hi he by an e il a e. The e o e, i eme ges om ou discussion o cu ha a he beginning o he E.Mod.E. pe iod (16 h cen u y>Mod.E.) he analysed lexical ca ego y s a ed o unc ion as a e m ela ed o he concep ual zones o igin/social s a us, be- ha iou /cha ac e and con emp /opp ob ium. The lexical ca ego y mong el is o med om he I.E. oo meng-/mang-/ mong- ‘ o mix’ (c . meng/mong ‘ o mingle’ which co esponds o P o.Ge . *man- gjan, O.E. mēngan, O.N. menga, Mod.Du. mengen, Mod.G. mengen, Mod.Sw. mänga), and he su ix - el. In English, he wo d was i s eco ded a he close o he 15 h cen u y, in he sense ‘ he o sp ing o wo di e en b eeds o dog’ (1486>1882). In Mod.E. mong el designa es p ima ily ‘a dog o no de inable b eed, esul ing om a ious c ossings’.14 In e ms o he mechanisms adop ed he e, he p ima y sense o mong el —apa om he highligh ing o such con- cep ually cen al elemen s as (canine), (epicene), (young/adul ) p esuppo- sed o he a ibu i e pa hs o domain o species […], domain o sex […] and domain o age […] espec i ely— is explicable in e ms o an en ench- men link o he a ibu i e pa h o he concep ually pe iphe al domain o o i- gin […] o which he alue (o sp ing o wo di e en b eeds o dog) gains p ominence. The ollowing oed quo a ions illus a e he his o ically p i- ma y sense- h ead o mong el (15 h>19 h cen u ies): 13 Conside he ollowing example: 1594-95 Ou , dog! Ou , cu ! Thou d i es me pas he bound o maiden’s pa ience (William Shakespea e, A midsumme nigh ’s d eam). 14 No ice ha in he 17 h>19 h cen u ies, as he oed examples con i m, mong el s a ed o be employed in he sense ‘an animal o plan esul ing om he c ossing o di e en b eeds o kinds’: 1677 canis..lyciscus, a mong el, engende ed o a Wol and a Bi ch. > 1879 This c oss- ing i sel is di e en ly named acco ding o whe he i akes place be ween di e en aces o di e en species. In he i s case i p oduces a mong el, in he second a hyb id. 174 Robe Kieł yka ISSN 1132-0265 Philologia Hispalensis 24 (2010) 167-189 1486 A G ehownd, a Bas a d, a meng ell, a Mas y e. 1573 O mas iues and mung els. 1882 ‘Wha kind o dogs did you see in you a els?’ ‘Two o h ee e y ine b eeds o mong els’. By he p ocess o zoosemic ex ension, a he end o he 16 h cen u y mong el s a ed o be applied o people as a e m o con emp o abuse (1585>1764). The accoun o he ise o his sense in ol es he ac i a ion o he concep ually cen- al alues (human), (epicene) and (young/adul ) o ming pa s o he a i- bu i e pa hs o such cds as domain o species […], domain o sex […] and domain o age […], espec i ely, a ended by he highligh ing o he ele an loca ion wi hin he a ibu i e pa h o domain o abuse […], wi h he elemen (con emp ible) b ough o he o e. This sense- h ead o mong el is a es ed by he ollowing oed quo a ions (16 h>18 h cen u ies): a1585 Gleyd gang ell, auld mang ell! o he hang ell, and sa pyne. 1647 To he in en ha his ba king mung el may no delude he igno an wi h his pedling ash. 1764 Is ha you manne s, you mong el? I mus be emphasised ha in his case he wo king o he mechanism o zoosemy was so in ense ha al eady in he i s hal o he 16 h cen u y —in dis- pa aging use— mong el s a ed o be used in he sense ‘ he o sp ing o pa en s o di e en na ionali ies o o high and low bi h’ (1542>1898). To accoun o his sense- h ead o he wo d —apa om he link o he al eady speci ied cds and a ibu i e alues— one may speak o he ise o an en enchmen ela ion o he a ibu i e pa h o domain o o igin and social s a us […] o which he a ibu i e alue (o sp ing o pa en s o di e en na io- nali ies o o high and low bi h) is highligh ed and domain o abuse […], wi h he elemen (dispa aging) ac i a ed. The ollowing oed quo a ions illus a e his sense- h ead o mong el (16 h>19 h cen u ies): 1542 By he waie o euilyng o despi e, laiyng o he cha ge o he same An- is henes ha he was a moung eell, and had o his a he a ci ezen o A henes, bu o his mo he a woman o a ba ba ous o saluage coun ee. 1708 He’s o a igh B eed bo h by Fa he and Mo he , no mung il. 1870 Men..o e e y ace, mong els almos o a man. 1898 Nei he do he A ab mong els..bea any oo good a epu a ion. selec ed aspec s o zoosemy: o igin/social s a us 175 ISSN 1132-0265 Philologia Hispalensis 24 (2010) 167-189 Mo eo e , om he middle o he 16 h cen u y —in ans e ed applica- ions— mong el15 was mo e o less con emp uously used o designa e a pe - son o mixed o unde ined opinions o o icial posi ion (1554>1713). Simila ly o he p e ious wo senses in he case o which he same concep ually cen al cds a e in ol ed, he accoun o his sense- h ead o mong el necessi a es posi- ing en enchmen links o he ele an loca ions wi hin he a ibu i e pa hs o he concep ually pe iphe al domain o cha ac e and beha iou […], wi h he concep ual elemen (one o mixed o unde ined opinions) ac ua ed and domain o abuse […] o which he alue (con emp ible) is p ominen . The ollowing oed examples om he E.Mod.E. pe iod es i y o his no el sense- h ead o mong el (16 h>18 h cen u ies): 1554 A weak b o he see h you, as mung els mingling you sel es wi h he Pa- pis s in hei idola y. 1713 mong ils in ac ion, poo ain -hea ed ai o s! Addi ionally, a he beginning o he 17 h cen u y, mong el s a ed o be em- ployed ‘as an abusi e epi he o a pe son’ (1605>1720).16 In e es ingly, Rawson (1989: 254) poin s ou ha as a gene alised epi he , mong el was he unc io- nal equi alen o bas a d. The explica ion o his sense in ol es he highligh ing o he pe iphe al a ibu i e alue (con emp ible) p esupposed o he a i- bu i e pa h o domain o abuse […], as well as an en enchmen link o he h ee cen al cds speci ied abo e. The ollowing oed quo a ions illus a e his sense- h ead o mong el: 1605 A Knaue, a Rascall,..and he Sonne and Hei e o a mung ill Bi ch. 1720 Pe idious mung el sla e! Fu he mo e, a he beginning o he 17 h cen u y, mong el in dispa aging use s a ed o designa e ‘people o mixed ace o na ionali y’ (1606>1879). The e- o e, o accoun o his sense- h ead o he wo d one mus posi he exis ence o en enchmen nodes o he pe iphe al a ibu i e pa hs o domain o o i- gin and social s a us […] o which he alue (one o mixed ace o na io- nali y) gains p ominence, as well as domain o abuse [...], wi h he elemen (dispa aging) ac i a ed. This sense- h ead o mong el eme ges om he o- llowing oed quo a ions (17 h>19 h cen u ies): 15 In he 17 h>19 h cen u ies mong el also deno ed ‘a c oss’, e.g. 1613 Whose Religion was a mung ell o he G eekish, Egyp ian, and hei own. > 1864 Some ca , o dilapida ed mong el be- ween ca and baske . 16 Acco ding o dV and Pa idge (2002: 748), in he 18 h cen u y mong el de eloped he sense ‘a sponge ; a hange -on among chea s’ (1720>1890). 182 Robe Kieł yka ISSN 1132-0265 Philologia Hispalensis 24 (2010) 167-189 sense ‘a a me as a ep esen a i e o a lowe class’. The lexical ca ego y kobyła ‘an old ma e o low o igin’ is a me apho ical designa ion o ‘a con emp ible emale’. In a simila way, świnia ‘a pig’ which ep esen s he animal hough o as bo h low and di y is used seconda ily wi h e e ence o a pe son ha ing no manne s, e.g. jeść jak świnia ‘ea like a pig’. Likewise, świnka ‘dim. a pigle ’ is used in he mo ally e alua i e sense ‘an obscene pe son’.27 As poin ed ou by Hsieh (2000: 88-89), in Mod.Chinese he dog is associa- ed p ima ily wi h in e io i y and low social s a us. The Mod.Chinese wo d gou 狗, whose p ima y sense is ‘dog’ may be seconda ily employed in he ex ended sense ‘a bondsman, se ’. In e ms o he mechanisms adop ed in his wo k, he seconda y sense- h ead o his lexical ca ego y can be unde s ood in e ms o an en enchmen ela ion o he a ibu i e pa h o he domain o o igin/so- cial unc ion […] o which he elemen (low) is highligh ed. Likewise, he Mod.Chinese ji 雞‘a chicken, hen’ conno es in e io i y and low social s a us. Seconda ily, he wo d may be used in he sense ‘a low, unimpo an pe son’ and ‘an unimpo an hing/me e no hing’. One migh also men ion some occupa ions o human beha iou s embo- dying he concep ual dimension p o ession/social unc ion which a e com- monly iewed as socially con emp ible and despised and a e hus ela ed o he concep ual zone o igin/social s a us. In his connec ion le us conside ani- mal names om many languages which a e seconda ily employed in he sense ‘a p os i u e’ o ‘a hie ’: Spanish28 a aña ‘a spide ; a who e’, laga a ‘a emale li- za d; a who e, a ’, penco ‘a hack, nag; a who e’ (Cana y Islands), pe a ‘a bi ch; a who e’, zángana ‘a d one; a who e’ (Nica agua), zo a ‘a ixen; who e’, Polish29 ląd a ‘a lounde ; who e’, piesek ‘dim. a dog; an in o me ’, kobyła ‘a hack; an ex- pe ienced p os i u e’, pszczółka ‘dim. a bee; a cou esan’, o zeł ‘an eagle’ in hie es’ slang cu en ly applied in he sense ‘an expe ienced hie ’; p ak ‘a bi d’ — secon- da ily ‘a c iminal’; kana ‘aug. a cana y’ and me apho ically ‘a icke inspec o ’; bocian ‘a s o k’ and also ‘a slow playe ’; jeleń ‘a dee ’ and seconda ily ‘an inexpe- ienced playe ’; papuga ‘a pa o ’ and seconda ily, in o mally ‘a lawye ’; pająk30 ‘a spide ’ me apho ically ‘a policeman wi h a ada ’; bied onka ‘lady-bi d’, ćma ‘a mo h’, kuna ‘a ma en’, mewka ‘a (li le) sea-gull’ a e all e ms used in he sense ‘a p os i u e’; jeleń ‘a dee ’ in i s ex ended sense unc ions as ‘a p os i u e’s clien ’; Mod.Russ. заяц ‘a ha e’ > ‘a passenge wi hou a alid icke : a s owaway/a a e 27 In e es ingly, dachowiec ‘no a pu eb ed ca ’ co esponding o Mod.E. ile , o iginally, ‘one ha co e s oo s wi h iles’, and me apho ically ‘no a pu eb ed ca ha equen s he iles o oo s’ de eloped no me apho ical ex ension. 28 See Chamizo Domínguez and Zawislawska (2006: 163). 29 See Zimnowoda (2003: 106). 30 In con as , Mod.Russ. паук ‘a spide ’ is used in he sense ‘a g eedy pe son’. selec ed aspec s o zoosemy: o igin/social s a us 183 ISSN 1132-0265 Philologia Hispalensis 24 (2010) 167-189 dodge ’31, бабочка ‘a bu e ly’ > ‘a p os i u e’ and Mod.Slo ak32 s aka ‘a magpie’ > ‘a hie ’, Hunga ian sza ka ‘a magpie’ > ‘a hie ’, éjszakai pillangó ‘a nigh bu - e ly’ > ‘a who e’. As shown by Baide and Gesua o (2003), Mod.F . and Mod.I . employ a numbe o wo ds om he concep ual ca ego y domes ica ed animals which en e he me apho ical pa h embodying bo h he concep ual dimension p o es- sion/social unc ion and he concep ual zone o igin/social s a us. Speci ica- lly, he ollowing animal e ms ha e acqui ed he seconda y sense ‘a p os i u e’ in Mod.F .:33 ache ‘a cow’; poule ‘a hen’, being a cons i uen pa o poule de luxe; pouliche ‘a illy’; canasson ‘an old ho se’; ca ne o cha ogne ‘a ca cass; a bad ho se’. In Mod.I . p os i u es a e e e ed o as scozzona a ‘a amed, ained ho se; cicca ( egional) ‘a hen’; giumen a ‘a ma e’; acca ‘a cow’; isona ‘a cow’; oia ‘( egional) a sow’; oione ‘aug. sow’; peco a ‘a sheep’; cagna ‘a bi ch’; ga a ‘a ca ’; zoccola ‘a e- male sewe a ’; pan egana ‘a big emale a ’; gabbiana ‘a emale sea gull’. As a as he names o wild animals a e conce ned, in bo h F ench and I a- lian one inds a subs an ial numbe o zoosemic e ms which en e ed he me a- pho ical pa h embodying he concep ual zones p o ession/social unc ion and o igin/social s a us. Fo example, he ollowing lexical ca ego ies a e employed in he sense ‘a p os i u e’ in Mod.F .: g ue ‘a c ane’; guenon ‘a monkey’, while luc- ciola ‘a i e ly’; a alla ‘a bu e ly’ and lupa ‘a ixen’ a e Mod.I . zoosems used o designa e women o dubious mo als. 5. concludIng RemARKs One o he eme ging obse a ions is ha he seman ics o he zoosems analy- sed in his a icle seems o ha e a p o o ypical na u e in ha new sense- h eads a e o a a ying ex en con inua ions o olde ones. Simul aneously, he p ocess o seman ic change is non-linea and allows o mo e han one new sense de e- lopmen a a ime. This may be isualised by means o he diag am below (based on he me hodological appa a us p oposed by Gee ae s (1983)), which shows he mu ual co ela ions o he panch onicaly ske ched senses o mong el. Thus, acco ding o he oed he lexeme has he ollowing main senses: 31 In his pape Russian examples a e, unless o he wise indica ed, quo ed om Ожегов and Шведова (1998) (TCPЯ), Hunga ian da a a e aken om Klepa ski (2002) and english-Hun- ga ian online dic iona y and, he sou ce o Spanish examples is english-spanish online dic ion- a y (esod), while Polish da a a e quo ed om słownik języka polskiego PWn (sJP) and słownik języka polskiego PAn (sJPP). 32 All Slo ak da a a e aken om online english slo ak dic iona y a ailable a www.lea nslo- ak.com/english-slo ak-dic iona y.h ml 33 Addi ionally, Mod.F . poule ‘chicken’ in me apho ical use is employed in he sense ‘police/a police o ice ’ and poulain ‘young ho se’ is seconda ily used in he ex ended sense ‘a disciple/a pu- pil o a gu u’. 184 Robe Kieł yka ISSN 1132-0265 Philologia Hispalensis 24 (2010) 167-189 (1) ‘ he o sp ing o wo di e en b eeds o dog’ (15 h>19 h cen u ies) (2) ‘applied o pe sons as a e m o con emp o abuse’ (16 h >18 h cen u ies) (3) ‘ he o sp ing o pa en s o di e en na ionali ies’ (16 h>19h cen u ies) (4) ‘a pe son o mixed o unde ined opinions’ (16 h>18 h cen u ies) (5) ‘an abusi e epi he o a pe son’ (17 h>18 h cen u ies) (6) ‘a pe son o mixed ace o na ionali y’ (17 h>19 h cen u ies) (7) ‘an animal o plan esul ing om he c ossing o di e en b eeds’ (17 h>19 h cen u ies) igu e 1. A p o o ypical s uc u e o mong el. As can be no iced, all he sense- h eads in ol ed seem o be mu ually in e- ela ed and explicable in e ms o he p ocess o seman ic ex ension. Acco ding o, among o he s, Łozowski (2000: 102), seman ic changes ake place by mo- di ica ion o some cha ac e is ics o he old sense in he new one. Speci ically, many ex ended senses a e said o o m pe iphe ies su ounded by new senses. Thus, he mechanism o seman ic change is no o be ega ded as a linea p o- g ession o senses, whe e a new meaning may a ise only when he old one ceases o exis , bu , qui e he opposi e, he p ocess displays cha ac e is ics o a p o o y- pical s uc u e wi h blu ed edges o in e nally dynamic ca ego ies. Wha is mo e, in he amewo k adop ed he e no only pa icula lexical ca ego ies a e belie ed o display a p o o ypical na u e, bu also se s o con- cep ually in e ela ed lexemes o ming concep ual ca ego ies a e said o o m adial s uc u es, which esemble he s uc u e o a p o o ype. Thus, he zoo- sems analysed in his sec ion may be a gued o o m he ollowing adial s uc- u e: selec ed aspec s o zoosemy: o igin/social s a us 185 ISSN 1132-0265 Philologia Hispalensis 24 (2010) 167-189 igu e 2. A adial s uc u e illus a ing he ela ionship be ween he concep ual ca ego ies HUMAN BEING/DOMESTICATED ANIMAL and he concep- ual dimension ORIGIN/SOCIAL STATUS. Le us s ess again ha ce ain aspec s o ins inc i e animal beha iou , hei o igin o physical cha ac e is ics a e highligh ed and mapped on he ca ego y human being gi ing ise o a numbe o zoosems in he case o which he ela- ion o he concep ual dimension o igin/social s a us is said o igge seman- ic change. F om he analysis o he linguis ic ma e ial ca ied ou in his pape a numbe o o he p elimina y conclusions can be de i ed. Fi s , he p ocess whe eby he names o domes ica ed animals s a o designa e o igin/social s a us is no only ypical o English bu may be said o be equally p oduc i e in o he langua- ges such as, o example, Polish, whe e kundel ‘mong el’ is used in he ex ended sense ‘a con emp ible human being’; bu ek, in i s p ima y sense being a de o- ga i e designa ion o a mong el dog, is —by he p ocess o zoosemy— me a- pho ically used in he sense ‘a a me as a ep esen a i e o a lowe class’; kobyła ‘an old ma e o low o igin’ and me apho ically ‘a con emp ible emale’; o Mod. Chinese, whe e, o example, gou 狗‘dog’ may be seconda ily employed in he ex ended sense ‘a bondsman, se ’. Thus, i should be s essed ha he secon- da y sense- h eads o he lexical ca ego ies men ioned he e may be unde s ood in e ms o an en enchmen ela ion o he a ibu i e pa h o he domain o o igin/social unc ion […] o which he elemen (low) is b ough o he o e. Secondly, he analysis o he English da a shows ha —in e es ingly— i is he amilies equidae and canidae, and no elidae, ha a e he mos e- quen ly employed sou ce o e ms embodying he concep ual dimension o i- gin/social s a us. The numbe o analysed animal e ms (jade, cu , mong el, yke, 186 Robe Kieł yka ISSN 1132-0265 Philologia Hispalensis 24 (2010) 167-189 ho oughb ed, cock ail, cayuse, po k) ha in he his o y o English ha e unde gone zoosemic shi ini ia ed by he concep ual dimension in ques ion is conside- ably smalle han in he case o he concep ual dimension p o ession/social unc ion. Howe e , one eels jus i ied in claiming ha al hough he mecha- nism o zoosemy in ol ing he concep ual dimension o igin/social s a us is no so common, one may ce ainly speak abou a ce ain deg ee o p oduc i i y o he said concep ual dimension in he p ocess o animal me apho . Thi dly, as men ioned ea lie , he p ocess o me apho isa ion disce nible in he analysis o he da a in he p esen pape is bi-di ec ional; ha is, bo h he shi animal > human and human > animal a e po en ially in ol ed. Bea- ing in mind he ac ha he s uc u e o he GcB is cha ac e ised by bi-di- ec ionali y, which in ol es upwa d and downwa d mapping o a ibu es, i needs o be emphasised ha zoosems ela ed o he concep ual dimension o i- gin/social unc ion migh po en ially ep esen wo me apho s cohe en wi h he s uc u e o he GcB, ha is <a human being is an animal> and < an ani- mal is a human being >. Howe e , i is only he la e me apho ; he p ocess which in ol es he shi in he di ec ionali y o mapping om a lowe o a hig- he le el on he GcB, ha becomes in ol ed he e. The zoosemic ex ension embodying he concep ual dimension o igin/social unc ion comp ises he o- llowing cases: JaDE: <a low o sh ewish woman is pe cei ed as a jade> (16 h>19 h cen u ies) <a li a ious gi l like hussy o minx is pe cei ed as a jade> (16 h>19 h cen u ies) <a con emp ible, wo hless man is pe cei ed as a jade> (16 h>17 h cen u ies) cu : <a low, ill-b ed, su ly, cowa dly and con emp ible human being is pe cei ed as a cu > (16 h>19 h cen u ies) Mong El: <o sp ing o pa en s o di e en na ionali ies o o high and low bi h is pe cei ed as a mong el> (16 h>19 h cen u ies) <one o mixed o unde ined opinions is pe cei ed as a mong el> (16 h>18 h cen u ies) <one o mixed ace o na ionali y is pe cei ed as a mon- g el> (17 h>19 h cen u ies) <a pe son o mixed o igin is pe cei ed as a mong el> (16 h>19 h cen u ies) <a con emp ible hing o pe son is pe cei ed as a mon- g el> (16 h>19 h cen u ies) selec ed aspec s o zoosemy: o igin/social s a us 187 ISSN 1132-0265 Philologia Hispalensis 24 (2010) 167-189 YKE: <a low-b ed, lazy, mean, su ly and ill-manne ed pe son is pe cei ed as a yke> (15 h cen u y>mod.e.) <a oman ca holic is pe cei ed as a yke> (20 h cen u y) <a yo kshi eman is pe cei ed as a yke> (18 h>20 h cen u ies) Addi ionally, i mus be poin ed ou ha he lis o me apho s illus a ed abo e includes bo h simple (uni- h ead) cases, e.g. <a low, ill-b ed, su ly, cowa dly and con emp ible human being is pe cei ed as a cu > and com- plex (mul i- h ead) examples, e.g. <a low o sh ewish woman is pe cei ed as a jade>, <a li a ious gi l like hussy o minx is pe cei ed as a jade>, <a con emp ible, wo hless man is pe cei ed as a jade>. As a gued in Kieł yka (2008), a la ge numbe o mul i- h ead me apho s poin s clea ly o he ac ha he mechanism o zoosemy is by no means in e nally uni o m, bu a he g a- dual and mul idi ec ional, based on ou knowledge, expe ience and pe cep ion o he wo ld. Seman ic change is, he e o e, as is equen ly emphasised in he li e a u e on he subjec , a mechanism which is deeply oo ed in expe ience and based on g aduali y and de elopmen al p ocesses. Finally, i needs o be s essed ha some o he me apho s analysed in his a icle a e e alua i e in cha ac e ; ha is, ei he pejo a i e o amelio a i e, e.g. <a low, ill-b ed, su ly, cowa dly and con emp ible human being is pe cei ed as a cu >, o he s like, o example, <a li a ious gi l is pe cei- ed as a jade> a e o be ega ded as posi i e, o a leas neu al; ha is, de oid o e alua i ely nega i e load, s ill o he s —howe e a e— like, o example, <a yo kshi eman is pe cei ed as a yke> may e en be classi ied as (mildly) complimen a y. Las bu no leas , i mus be no ed ha no all o he me apho ical ex en- sions analysed in his pape a e ela ed exclusi ely o he concep ual dimen- sion o igin/social s a us. On he con a y, some o he me apho s subjec o ou analysis a e also linked o o he concep ual sphe es, e.g. he concep ual zone beha iou /cha ac e (<a low-b ed, lazy, mean, su ly and ill-manne ed pe son is pe cei ed as a yke>, <one o mixed o unde ined opinions is pe cei ed as a mong el>, <a li a ious gi l like hussy o minx is pe cei- ed as a jade>), con emp /opp ob ium (<a low o sh ewish woman is pe cei- ed as a jade>). Clea ly, his poin s o he ac ha meaning cons ual may be said o be based on c oss-domain mappings in ol ing se e al di e en concep- ual dimensions. BiBlioG aphy Amme , Ch. 1989. I ’s Raining ca s and dogs. New Yo k: Dell Publishing (IRcd). Baide , F. and S. Gesua o. 2003. “Masculinis me apho s, eminis esea ch”. 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