FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA
GRADO EN ESTUDIOS INGLESES
TRABAJO DE FIN DE GRADO
Cu so académico 2024/2025
The Mo phosyn ax and Seman ics o he Indi ec Objec :
A Co pus-based Con as i e S udy in English and Spanish
Alumno: F ancisco So iano Víbo a
Tu o : F ancisco Ja ie Tamayo Mo illo
CONTENTS
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. 1
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1
2. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................... 2
3. THE INDIRECT OBJECT IN ENGLISH ......................................................................... 3
3.1. Fo m .............................................................................................................................. 3
3.2. Posi ion .......................................................................................................................... 3
3.3. Seman ic p ope ies ....................................................................................................... 4
3.4. O he aspec s ................................................................................................................. 5
4. THE INDIRECT OBJECT IN SPANISH .......................................................................... 6
4.1. Fo m .............................................................................................................................. 7
4.2. Posi ion .......................................................................................................................... 9
4.3. Seman ic p ope ies ..................................................................................................... 10
4.4. O he aspec s ................................................................................................................ 12
5. CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS ........................................................................................... 13
5.1. The no ion o ansi i i y and he indi ec objec ........................................................ 13
5.2. Passi izing he indi ec objec : English s. Spanish ................................................... 15
5.3. Realiza ion and duplica ion: English s. Spanish ....................................................... 17
5.4. The syn ax o seman ic oles: English s. Spanish ..................................................... 18
5.4.1. Bene icia y and ecipien ................................................................................... 19
5.4.2. “Sympa he icus” o possessi e da i e ................................................................ 20
5.4.3. Di ec ion da i e .................................................................................................. 21
5.4.4. Rela ion o aspec ual da i e ............................................................................... 21
5.4.5. Expe ience ......................................................................................................... 22
5.5. Co pus analysis ........................................................................................................... 23
6. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 24
Re e ences ............................................................................................................................... 27
Appendix A ............................................................................................................................. 29
Appendix B .............................................................................................................................. 42
1
ABSTRACT
This pape p o ides a con as i e analysis o he mo phological, syn ac ic, and seman ic
p ope ies o he English and Spanish indi ec objec s. In o de o each conclusions and p o ide
su icien e idence, mul iple desc ip i e g amma s and a co pus ha e been u ilized. The co pus
encompasses one hund ed sen ences in Spanish con aining indi ec objec s om he no el La
Somb a del Vien o by Ruiz Za ón, and i s English coun e pa s om he English ansla ion o
he no el. Th ough hei use, bo h a quali a i e and a quan i a i e pe spec i e a e gi en on he
way in which he same syn ac ic pa e n beha es di e en ly in he wo languages, ocusing on
aspec s like he concep o ansi i i y, o mal ealiza ion, passi iza ion, and he seman ics o
he indi ec objec . The Spanish indi ec objec shows i sel o be mo e p oduc i e han he
English one, wi h esul s e ealing ha only 35% o he indi ec objec s we e main ained in
English. This pape may se e as an aid o guide o Spanish and English L2 eache s o
app oach he indi ec objec and he e o s conce ning i in a mo e in o med way.
Key wo ds: indi ec objec , con as i e analysis, English/Spanish, co pus s udy,
ansi i i y, seman ic oles.
1. INTRODUCTION
In his pape , I p esen a compa a i e s udy o he indi ec objec in Spanish and English
h ough a con as i e analysis app oach. I will he e o e explo e he mo phological, syn ac ic,
and seman ic p ope ies o each o de e mine how he indi ec objec is simila o di e en in
bo h languages. I will also examine how each language eso s o al e na i e syn ac ic pa e ns
o exp ess meanings ypical o he indi ec objec in he o he . Al hough a a i s glance his
s udy could be conside ed oo de ailed o i s use in he o eign language class oom, he b oade
aim o his pape is o p o ide eache s, whe he hey each English as an L2 o Spanish speake s
o Spanish as an L2 o English ones, wi h ools and a ounda ion o explain he syn ax and
meaning o he indi ec objec p ope ly. Equally, wi h he in o ma ion p o ided in his pape ,
hey may sol e g amma ical e o s in ela ion o his syn ac ic s uc u e mo e asse i ely.
The ou line o his pape is as ollows. In sec ion 2, he heo e ical backg ound used o
his piece o esea ch as well as he co pus ound in Appendix A will be desc ibed and
explained. Sec ion 3 will assess he indi ec objec in English in de ail, del ing in o i s o mal,
syn ac ic, and seman ic ea u es, as well as o he cha ac e is ics. Simila ly, sec ion 4 will
add ess he indi ec objec in Spanish ho oughly, ollowing he same s uc u e and dealing wi h
he same poin s as he p e ious sec ion. Nex , sec ion 5 will encompass he con as i e analysis
2
o his pape and, hus, i s co e. I will deal wi h some o he mos ele an aspec s in which he
syn ac ic s uc u e analyzed in his pape di e s in bo h languages by making use o he co pus.
T ansi i i y, passi iza ion, o mal ealiza ion, seman ic oles, and a quan i a i e analysis o he
co pus will be discussed in his pa o he s udy. Las ly, a conclusion will be p o ided in sec ion
6.
2. METHODOLOGY
The heo e ical ounda ion o his pape is based on e e ence manuals in English and
Spanish Linguis ics, as well as ce ain con as i e ones. In he case o English, wo ks such as
he ones by Huddles on & Pullum (2002), Qui k e al. (1985), and Downing (2015) ha e been
e iewed. Fo Spanish, sou ces such as Campos (1999), Ala cos Llo ach (1994), and he Real
Academia Española (2016) ha e been used. These sou ces p o ide a solid body on he o m,
posi ion and seman ics o he indi ec objec in bo h languages. Said ame will be de eloped
in sec ions 3 and 4 o he p esen s udy. I is key o men ion ha , o Spanish, only i s peninsula
a ian will be add essed, as Spanish om Ame ican coun ies o he Cana y Islands may di e
in i s use o he syn ac ic s uc u e o be explo ed.
To conduc he con as i e analysis, a co pus ( ound in he Appendix A sec ion) has
been de eloped based on wo no els: La Somb a del Vien o by Ca los Ruiz Za ón and i s
English e sion, The Shadow o he Wind, ansla ed by Lucia G a es. The language used in
hese no els is colloquial and no oo complex o li e a y. Th ough i s use, one is able o obse e
he beha io o he indi ec objec in eal con ex s and o disce n he simila i ies and di e ences
in syn ax and seman ics in each language. In o de o build up he co pus, all o he sen ences
which con ained indi ec objec s and some ha showed elemen s esembling hem (such as
ce ain di ec objec s) om he i s six chap e s o he no el we e selec ed (101 in o al). Then,
hei English coun e pa s we e placed nex o hem in a able o ma and impo an obse a ions
ega ding he change in he sen ences we e no ed down. Ce ain colo codes we e applied so as
o make he changes in he sen ences easie o de ec .
The examples used h oughou his pape ha e been d awn om he co pus. These ha e
been supplemen ed wi h examples om o he academic sou ces and, in ce ain cases, wi h made
up examples o illus a e mo e speci ic poin s. This gua an ees ha he analysis co e s bo h
common and less equen s uc u es ha may no appea in he no el.
3
3. THE INDIRECT OBJECT IN ENGLISH
Be o e dealing wi h he desc ip ion o he indi ec objec in English, i is key o in oduce
he concep o di ansi i e s uc u es. Acco ding o he Collins COBUILD English G amma
(1990:138), di ansi i e e bs may be de ined as hose ha “allow you o men ion a pe son who
bene i s om an ac ion o ecei es some hing as a esul . The clause hen has bo h a di ec
objec and an indi ec objec .” Thus, in he English language, he indi ec objec may only occu
wi h e bs ha ake wo objec s (Downing, 2015:51), ha is, only wi hin di ansi i e s uc u es.
3.1. Fo m
When i comes o o m, Qui k e al. (1985:726) s a e ha he indi ec objec is simila
o he subjec in ha i is no mally a noun ph ase o a nominal clause. Mo e speci ically, indi ec
objec s only ake he o m o nominal ela i e clauses (Qui k e al., 1985:726), also known as
wh- nominal clauses (Downing, 2015:51).
[1] a. “... I handed Ba celo [/ him ] he book.” (18)
1
(noun ph ase)
b. I old whoe e was paying a en ion he u h. (nominal ela i e clause)
3.2. Posi ion
Rega ding i s posi ion, he e a e wo main placemen s in which one may s umble ac oss
an indi ec objec in gene al e ms. Howe e , schola s disag ee on whe he he second op ion
ough o be conside ed as an indi ec objec o as a syn ac ic s uc u e o a di e en na u e.
To begin wi h, he indi ec objec may be ound igh a e he p edica o and be o e he
di ec objec : “When bo h objec s ollow P [ he p edica o ] (as in all canonical clauses) hei
ela i e o de is ixed, wi h Oi [indi ec objec ] p eceding Od [di ec objec ]” (Huddles on &
Pullum, 2002:244). Mos schola s would ag ee on his s a emen , and such is he case o Qui k
e al. (1985:726) o Downing (2015:51). Some examples ollow:
[2] a. “I wan o show you some hing.” (7)
b. “I p omised my a he I would keep he sec e …” (31)
Howe e , his ini ial indi ec objec may ha e a p eposi ional ph ase as an al e na i e,
placed a e he di ec objec . This al e na i e cons uc ion has led o deba e and o mul iple
in e p e a ions:
[3] a. I wan o show some hing o you.
b. I p omised I would keep he sec e o my a he .
1
Th oughou he pape , he numbe s in pa en heses appea ing a e examples, like in his case he “(18),” e e ence
he co esponding example numbe in he co pus displayed in Appendix A.
4
Mos schola s oday ag ee ha his p eposi ional ph ase is no an indi ec objec , as
a gued by Qui k e al. (1985:727): “We do no , as some do, apply he e m ‘indi ec objec ’ o
he co esponding p eposi ional ph ases (eg: o me in Pou a d ink o me), hough we use he
e m ‘p eposi ional objec ’ o he complemen in such ph ases.” Howe e , he e a e schola s
who conside his al e na e p eposi ional ph ase o be an indi ec objec . T adi ionalis
g amma s base his claim on he meaning o hese syn ac ic s uc u es, since hey ake he same
seman ic oles as indi ec objec s. Rep esen a i es o his iew could be S ockwell e al.
(1965:18), since hey asse ed no di e ence in unc ion in he wo possible ealiza ions o he
indi ec objec : “NP:IO [Noun Ph ase: Indi ec Objec ]: The i s NP a e VPio [Ve b Ph ase
wi h indi ec objec ] … , he indi ec objec , bu second i a p eposi ion is p esen .” Ano he
schola de ending his pe spec i e is Bu on-Robe s (1986:85): “"INDIRECT OBJECT, hen,
is ei he he i s o wo NP sis e s o a Vg p bea ing a [di ans] ea u e ... o he NP daugh e
o a PP which is sis e o a Vg p bea ing a [di ans] ea u e …”
2
The e o e, wi h ela ion o posi ion, he indi ec objec is widely belie ed o only be he
noun ph ase in be ween he main e b and he di ec objec in di ansi i e s uc u es. When we
ind his noun ph ase a he end o he sen ence and in oduced by a p eposi ion, mos schola s
would e e o a p eposi ional objec , e en i some like S ockwell e al. (1965) o Bu on-
Robe s (1986) would di e and conside i an indi ec objec .
3.3. Seman ic p ope ies
Apa om i s o m and posi ion, some hing ha makes an indi ec objec
dis inguishable in English is i s seman ic p ope ies. The indi ec objec ul ills wo seman ic
oles in English: bene icia y and ecipien
3
.
2
When discussing he possible syn ac ic ealiza ions o he indi ec objec , he ield o ans o ma ional g amma
comes o he o e on . Alle on (1977:22) a gues ha he p eposi ional ph ase is he basic o m, and ha he noun
ph ase ealiza ion o he indi ec objec is a esul o a ans o ma ion: “I , hen, he p eposi ion is pa o he lexical
cha ac e o he e b – o o he e b-objec complex – i is mo e na u al o make he (a) sen ences [ hese would
be sen ences ollowing he p oposi ional ph ase s uc u e] basic and dele e he p eposi ion in ques ion
ans o ma ionally.” In a mo e ecen wo k, Le in (1993:47) de ines his p ocess as da i e al e na ion, whe e “ he
NP ha is he objec o he p eposi ion o in he p eposi ional ame u ns up as he i s objec in he double objec
cons uc ion.” When discussing his phenomenon, she asse s he ac ha mos esea ch dealing wi h i su ounds
he cha ac e iza ion o he se o e bs ha show his al e na ion and hose which do no (Le in, 1993:48). This
makes e iden , he e o e, ha he wo cons uc ions add essed (whe he conside ed p ope indi ec objec s o no
by ce ain schola s) a e clea ly ela ed.
3
These seman ic oles may ecei e o he labels, which in he end depend on he esea che . When discussing he
concep s o ecipien and bene icia y, schola s such as Alle on (1977:26) use he e ms immedia e ecipien ( he
ecipien ) and ul ima e ecipien ( he bene icia y) in o de o explain he di e ence be ween he wo. In addi ion,
Alle on (1977:26) asse s ha bene icia ies may also be e e ed o as bene ac i es.
5
Be o e con inuing, i seems app op ia e o p o ide a de ini ion o hese wo oles. On
he one hand, acco ding o Comesaña Rincón e al. (2013:77), he bene icia y is de ined as “an
en i y indi ec ly in ol ed in he ac ion and who only ecei es he bene i (o de imen ) om
i .” This pa icipan in he sen ence would be unde s ood as he “ inal goal o a ansac ion.” On
he o he hand, hese same esea che s designa e he ecipien as a empo a y bene icia y, ha
is, “a empo a y s ep, no he pe manen o inal aim, in a ansac ion” (2013:79).
[4] a. She made me a swea e . - She made a swea e o me. (Bene icia y)
b. I paid he bus d i e he ee. - I paid he ee o he bus d i e . (Recipien )
In o de o disce n whe he he ole played by a pa icula indi ec objec is bene icia y
o ecipien , one mus ely hea ily on con ex . In he case o [4b], i can be hypo hesized ha
he bus d i e will no ac ually keep he money and bene i om i , bu a he ha he is he
“ empo a y s ep” in be ween he use and he bus company. None heless, ce ain schola s a gue
ha syn ax may also be used as a ool o dis inguish he seman ic ole in ques ion.
I s p eposi ional coun e pa may gi e away he ole, wi h he complemen o ‘ o’
no mally being e e ed o as ecipien and he complemen o ‘ o ’ as bene icia y (Huddles on
& Pullum, 2002:244). Some academics go u he , as is he case o Downing (2015:51),
signaling ha passi e coun e pa s se e o de e mine he ole. She a gues ha he ecipien
indi ec objec co esponds o he subjec in he passi e, while mos bene icia y objec s do no
occupy he subjec posi ion in a passi e coun e pa wi h ease:
[5] a. They len me a ew CDs. (Recipien ) - I ha e been len a ew CDs. —------------
b. I’ll buy you a d ink. (Bene icia y) - *You’ll be bough a d ink.
4
Howe e , she also a gues ha his dis inc ion a ies among speake s. Some ind he bene icia y
as subjec accep able, meaning ha hey would admi he passi e coun e pa o he sen ence in
[5b].
3.4. O he aspec s
To conclude, an aspec ha is cha ac e is ic o he indi ec objec in English, bu which
does no i in he p io poin s, is i s capabili y o being omi ed. As Huddles on & Pullum
(2002:244) indica e, “Cha ac e is ically he Od [di ec objec ] in di ansi i es is obliga o y while
he Oi [indi ec objec ] is omissible.” This ea u e o he English indi ec objec is commonly
men ioned in English g amma s, highligh ing ha while he indi ec objec can be omi ed
wi hou a ec ing he g amma icali y o a sen ence, he di ec objec canno be d opped p o ided
4
Examples aken om Downing (2015:52).
6
ha he e is no p io con ex a all
5
. Thus, [6c] and [6d] would sound incomple e conside ing
ha he di ec objec is missing:
[6] a. I wan o show (you) some hing.
b. I p omised (my a he ) I would keep he sec e .
c. *I wan o show you (some hing).
d. *I p omised my a he (I would keep he sec e ).
4. THE INDIRECT OBJECT IN SPANISH
The indi ec objec in Spanish showcases mo e complexi y. To begin wi h, al hough i
may seem ob ious, Spanish indi ec objec s also ake place in di ansi i e s uc u es. Acco ding
o Campos (1999:1545), he indi ec objec e lec s he pe son, animal o hing on o which he
ac ion o he e b ends o is comple ed, wi h ha ac ion ha ing been al eady exe ed on o he
di ec objec in ad ance.
[7] a. “Esos ... e pega án las peo es puñaladas [a i].” (47)
b. “Le di igí una mi ada a mi pad e.” (17)
Tha being said, his schola s a es ha he Real Academia Española (1973:3.4.3.) is
w ong o limi indi ec objec s in ha hey only occu wi h ansi i e e bs. In ac , he p oposes
ha “algunos e bos in ansi i os … pueden apa ece con un complemen o indi ec o”
6
(Campos, 1999:1545) and, hus, a gues ha he capabili y o an indi ec objec o appea in a
sen ence is de e mined lexically by a gi en e b. Some examples a e p o ided he e:
[8] a. “... lo que más le gus aba e an las in igas de c imen y alcoba.” (50)
b. El ca né de conduci le se á ú il a Ellie.
As seen in [8], he e bs gus a and se , which would no mally be classi ied as
in ansi i e and copula i e espec i ely, a e accompanied by indi ec objec s. In his case,
Campos (1999) implici ly ag ees wi h he no ion ha only e bs ha a e also ollowed by di ec
objec s can be conside ed ansi i e, wi h hose simply appea ing wi h indi ec objec s s ill
ega ded as in ansi i e. None heless, as sec ion 5.1. will discuss, he p esence o he indi ec
5
Ma hews (1981:125) goes u he in o he s udy o he obliga o iness o di ec objec s, conside ing he ins ances
in which he e is p io con ex . He di e en ia es be ween wo senses o obliga o y, he s onge and he weake
sense. Some di ec objec s will be compulso y in all scena ios, e en i he e is con ex , which makes hem
obliga o y in a s ong sense (as in “Bill go he p ize”). This would mean ha he sen ence would be ung amma ical
i he di ec objec is missing (*Bill go ). O he s, howe e , will be obliga o y in a weak sense, meaning ha hey
will only be obliga o y in comple e sen ences (as in I was eading a book). The weak sense en ails ha i he di ec
objec is no p esen , he sen ence will s ill be g amma ical and ha he di ec objec is p esumed (“I was eading”).
The e o e, wi h con ex and depending on he e b, ce ain di ec objec s can be omi ed because hey a e la en .
In ela ion o his, academics such as Downing & Locke (1992:46) de end ha he indi ec objec may appea by
i sel , and s ill be conside ed one, when he di ec objec is “expounded”:
(i) a. Who old you ( he answe )?
b. Pe haps you could show me (how o do i ).
6
“some in ansi i e e bs … can appea wi h an indi ec objec ” (My own ansla ion)
7
objec by i sel gi es ise o a deba e on whe he hese e bs should be conside ed ansi i e in
he con ex o hese examples.
4.1. Fo m
When i comes o o m in Spanish, he indi ec objec may be ealized by a p eposi ional
ph ase, a noun ph ase whose only cons i uen is a p onoun, o bo h a he same ime (Real
Academia Española, 2016:673). This sec ion will gi e an o e iew o he h ee possibili ies,
s a ing o wi h ou examples ha showcase all o hem:
[9] a. Pidió pe miso a su amiga. (P eposi ional Ph ase)
b. “Quie o enseña e algo.” (7) (P onoun-headed NP)
c. “No se lo puedes con a …” (2) (P onoun-headed NP)
d. “... cuando le p egun é a mi pad e si el cielo llo aba …” (4) (Bo h)
Fi s ly, when we come ac oss an indi ec objec in he o m o a p eposi ional ph ase,
he Real Academia Española (2016:674) a i ms ha i ough o be p eceded by he p eposi ion
a. P eposi ional ph ases p eceded by pa a, on he o he hand, ha e led o discussion. The
gene al belie nowadays is ha only he ones in oduced by he p eposi ion a can be conside ed
indi ec objec s, wi h schola s like Ala cos Llo ach (1994:292), who ha e wo ked o he Real
Academia Española, s a ing he ollowing: “No deben conside a se obje os indi ec os los
adyacen es ca ac e izados po la p eposición pa a, aunque puedan e e i se en la ealidad a un
des ina a io.”
7
This is due o he ac ha i he pa a p eposi ional ph ase is placed be o e he
e b, a da i e p onoun is no implemen ed (which would be he no mal case, as will be
explained u he on). Mo eo e , p eposi ional ph ases wi h pa a a e compa ible wi h indi ec
objec s:
[10] a. Han aído un paque e pa a el di ec o x.
b. Pa a el di ec o x [*lex] han aído un paque e.
c. [Ley]han aído al conse jey un paque e pa a el di ec o x.
8
The ung amma icali y o example [9b] comes om he ac ha he e e en s o Pa a el
di ec o and le a e di e en ones and, hus, canno sha e he same sub-index. Le can only e e
o he same e e en o a p eposi ional ph ase in oduced by a, which is made e iden in [9c].
Thus, he e is an ex alinguis ic elemen in ol ed as well.
O he schola s, howe e , do no di e en ia e be ween he wo so d as ically. Campos
(1999:1551), o ins ance, acknowledges he ac ha he p eposi ional ph ases a and pa a a e
7
“The adjacen s cha ac e ized by he p oposi ion pa a should no be conside ed indi ec objec s, e en i hey may
e e o ecipien s in eali y.” (My own ansla ion)
8
Examples aken om Ala cos Llo ach (1994:293), al hough sub-indexes we e added.
14
This links di ec ly o he quo e by Campos (1999:1545) used in sec ion 4, s a ing ha we may
also ind indi ec objec s wi h “in ansi i e” e bs like encan a o habla :
[25] a. “A Cla a le encan aba sen a se a escucha los mu mullos de la gen e en el
claus o.” (96)
b. “... c eía que si ce aba los ojos y le hablaba, ella pod ía oí me.” (6)
Howe e , is i ue ha hese e bs a e in ansi i e? When i comes o examples in [25],
he omission o he indi ec objec may lead o ung amma icali y o a change in meaning. In he
case o [25a], he omission o he indi ec objec would lead o he sen ence being
ung amma ical (*encan aba sen a se a escucha los mu mullos…). In [25b], i he indi ec
objec is omi ed (... c eía que si ce aba los ojos y hablaba, ella pod ía oí me), he e b habla
no longe means ‘ alk o someone’ bu a he ‘ha ing he abili y o alk’. The e o e, as Tamayo
Mo illo & Fe nández Domínguez (1996:18) p opose, hese indi ec objec s a e pa icipan s
needed in he ac ion and, he e o e, ac as comple ing s uc u es o he e b
19
.
Secondly, English o e s a di e en pe spec i e on he no ion o ansi i i y. Whe eas
in Spanish one may make he dis inc ion be ween di ec and indi ec objec when he e is only
one objec in he sen ence, English only makes his dis inc ion in s uc u es wi h wo nominal
objec s (Tamayo Mo illo & Fe nández Domínguez, 1996:4). Bo h he indi ec and di ec objec
a e alike in o m (noun ph ases), posi ion (a e he e b), and a e bo h passi izable. This leads
o he objec in sen ences wi h a single objec always being iden i ied as he di ec objec o
simply as objec :
In sen ences o he ype They saw a ligh he p edica e consis s o a so-called
TRANSITIVE e b, ollowed by a noun o p onoun deno ing a pe son o hing a ec ed
by he ac ion exp essed by he e b. This noun o p onoun is called an OBJECT. A e b
ha does no ake an objec is called INTRANSITIVE. (Zand oo , 1957:199)
As seen in he p e ious quo e, he e a e schola s like Zand oo (1957) who would simply call
ha speci ic noun ph ase objec . Tha said, he e a e o he s like Huddles on and Pullum
(2005:78), who would e e o hem as di ec objec s:
The dimension ha ela es o he numbe o objec s in he clause is called ansi i i y.
An in ansi i e clause has no objec s, a mono ansi i e clause has one objec , and a
di ansi i e clause has wo objec s, indi ec and di ec . In canonical clauses an indi ec
objec canno occu wi hou a ollowing di ec one, so he single objec o a
mono ansi i e is always a di ec objec .
19
One o he cha ac e is ics o comple ing s uc u es o complemen s is ha hey ep esen a gumen s o he e b
on he seman ic le el, as de ined by Huddles on & Pullum (2002:226): “P o o ypically, he seman ic p edica e
co esponds o he syn ac ic p edica o , and he a gumen s co espond o complemen s.” Tha is, hey po ay
necessa y pa icipan s o he sen ence o make sense bo h in he syn ac ic and he seman ic sphe e.
15
The s iking di e ence wi h Spanish and he one causing he dispa i y in he de ini ions
o ansi i i y in bo h languages is he ac ha Spanish uses o m o dis inguish be ween indi ec
and di ec objec s, namely p onominaliza ion ( he subs i u ion by one cli ic o he o he )
20
.
English uses a di e en c i e ion, posi ion. Howe e , hese dis inc ions seem o be made pu ely
on o mal g ounds, lea ing ou seman ics in many cases. The neglec o seman ics is made
e iden h ough his quo e by Huddles on & Pullum (2002:251): “In canonical clauses
con aining jus one objec , ha objec is always a di ec objec , e en i i co esponds
seman ically o he indi ec objec o a di ansi i e clause.”
Wha Tamayo Mo illo & Fe nández Domínguez (1996:17-8) pu o wa d is ha , in
o de o classi y a e b as ansi i e, he no ion o complemen a ion may be he solu ion in bo h
languages (English and Spanish)
21
. This implies implemen ing a seman ic pe spec i e in o he
ma e . Tha is, wha should be es ed is whe he ha e b equi es an objec o no o make
sense, whe he ha objec is di ec , indi ec , o e en p eposi ional. Thei wo k has shown ha
in Spanish some e bs ake jus one indi ec objec as a comple ing s uc u e, making ha
indi ec objec c ucial o he sen ence o be g amma ical o ha e a speci ic meaning. Gi en
ha examples in [25] co obo a e his, I comple ely ag ee wi h he iew p esen ed by hese
schola s: e bs aking any ype o objec should be conside ed ansi i e, i he objec s ands o
one o he pa icipan s in he si ua ion deno ed by he e b.
5.2. Passi izing he indi ec objec : English s. Spanish
Ano he dimension in which he indi ec objec is di e en in English and Spanish is i s
capabili y o being passi ized o become he subjec o passi e sen ences. While English allows
his passi iza ion, Spanish blocks i . This sec ion will gi e an o e iew on ce ain es ic ions
English aces when his ans o ma ion akes place and he al e na i es o he passi e ound in
Spanish.
S a ing o wi h English, Qui k e al. (1985:726) no e ha bo h he di ec and indi ec
objec may be passi ized, wi h a p e e ence o he indi ec one: “I bo h objec s a e p esen , i
is o en possible o make ei he he subjec o he co esponding passi e clause, bu i is a
20
As seen ea lie : lo, la, los, las o he di ec objec and le, les o he indi ec objec . Le may also be used o he
di ec objec when e e ing o a male human being (Real Academia Española, 2005).
21
In he case o Spanish, he e a e al eady schola s such as Mo eno Cab e a (1991:478) who acknowledge he
indi ec objec (by i sel ) as a comple ing s uc u e o many e bs: “La unción de obje o indi ec o puede
conside a se como nuclea ya que la palab a que la desempeña deno a un pa icipan e que in e iene di ec amen e
en la acción deno ada po el pa icipado (el e bo).” - “The unc ion o he indi ec objec can be conside ed nuclea
since he wo d ha execu es i deno es a pa icipan ha in e enes di ec ly in he ac ion deno ed by he e b.” (My
own ansla ion)
16
mo e common o make he Oi he subjec o he passi e.” This can be exempli ied in he
ollowing example:
[26] a. “... he o e ed you a good sum o money …” (34)
b. You we e o e ed a good sum o money by him. (Oi as subjec )
c. A good sum o money was o e ed o you by him. (Od as subjec , less na u al)
Ne e heless, as seen in sec ion 3.3., he seman ic ole ca ied ou by he indi ec objec
in luences whe he i s passi iza ion is possible. Jus as Downing (2015:51) sugges s
22
, when
he indi ec objec is playing he ole o ecipien his ans o ma ion is possible, bu no when
i is he bene icia y. Huddles on & Pullum (2002:249) ake i u he , a guing ha when he
indi ec objec is a ecipien , he passi e al e na i e in which he di ec objec is made subjec
is ound o each he limi s o accep abili y by some speake s. Examples in [26] se e o
exempli y he case o he ecipien . In addi ion, hey s a e ha in he case o he bene icia y,
“nei he passi e is comple ely accep able, bu many speake s ind he i s [whe e he Oi is made
a subjec ] ma ginally possible.” Some ins ances o his phenomena a e he ollowing:
[27] a. “The lesse membe s o he co e ie made oom o us in hei ci cle.” (15)
b. The lesse membe s o he co e ie made us oom in hei ci cle.
c. *We we e made oom in hei ci cle by he lesse membe s o he co e ie. (Oi as
subjec )
d. *Room was made o us in hei ci cle by he lesse membe s o he co e ie. (Od
as subjec )
Mo ing o wa d o Spanish, only di ec objec s may occupy he subjec posi ion in
passi e sen ences. This is one o he o mal di e ences used in Spanish o disce n be ween
di ec and indi ec objec s (Tamayo Mo illo & Fe nández Domínguez, 1996:10). No all di ec
objec s can be passi ized and sound na u al, howe e :
[28] a. “Daniel, lo que as a e hoy no se lo puedes con a a nadie.” (2)
b. Lo que as a e hoy no puede se con ado a nadie (po i).
c. *Nadie puede se con ado lo que as a e hoy.
[29] a. Es e ja ón con iene es lo es.
b. *T es lo es son con enidas po es e ja ón.
Examples in [28] p esen how, o he mos pa , di ec objec s may become subjec s in passi e
sen ences, while he ones in [29] b ing o wa d how no all di ec objec s can na u ally be placed
in ha posi ion. Mo eo e , i is c ucial o men ion ha Spanish has a p e e ence o ac i e
sen ences, as poin ed ou by Tamayo Mo illo & Fe nández Domínguez (1996:11), which makes
his c i e ion o di e en ia e indi ec and di ec objec s no so use ul.
22
See sec ion 3.3. o u he examples.
17
The closes syn ac ic s uc u e ha we can use in Spanish o con ey some hing simila
o a passi e sen ence in English (in which he subjec is he ac i e indi ec objec ) is a “cláusula
subo dinada de pa icipio”, which is a non- ini e subo dina e clause in oduced by a pas
pa iciple wi h no o e subjec
23
(Real Academia Española, 2025). An ins ance o his
phenomenon could be he ollowing:
[30] a. El abajado espondió algo al je e.
b. *El je e ue espondido algo po el abajado .
c. P egun ado po el je e, el abajado espondió algo.
As exhibi ed in he examples in [30], al hough a passi e sen ence in which he subjec is he
ac i e indi ec objec is no possible, a subo dina e clause o his so may be used as he Spanish
coun e pa o he English passi e sen ence. Bo h h ough he English passi e and h ough his
clause in Spanish, he indi ec objec in he o iginal ac i e sen ence is mo ed o he ini ial
posi ion o he sen ence. This on ing
24
p ocess may be due o communica i e needs, such as
he indi ec objec al eady being known by he lis ene ( hus i ep esen s i ele an in o ma ion)
and he speake wan ing o place he ocus la e in he sen ence
25
.
5.3. Realiza ion and duplica ion: English s. Spanish
I is by now clea ha he indi ec objec is ealized di e en ly in e ms o o m in he
wo languages being compa ed in his s udy. On he one hand, he English indi ec objec is
always pu ely nominal, aking he o m o a noun ph ase headed by a p onoun o a noun:
[31] a. “... my a he len me a S aed le pencil, a numbe wo, wi h which I
sc ibbled in a no ebook.” (79)
b. “I s opped asking my a he o ake me o see Vic o Hugo's pen.” (82)
On he o he , i s Spanish coun e pa is p eposi ional, aking he o m o a p eposi ional ph ase
in oduced by a. I canno be said, none heless, ha Spanish is pu ely p eposi ional in all cases.
When p onominaliza ion is ound, ha is, when he p eposi ional ph ase is subs i u ed by an
uns essed pe sonal p onoun, he indi ec objec appea s in he o m o a noun ph ase headed
by ha p onoun:
[32] a. “... mi pad e me p es ó un lápiz S aed le del núme o dos con el que
ga aba eaba en un cuade no.” (79) (Oi solely in he o m o a noun ph ase)
b. “No ol í a pedi le a mi pad e que me lle ase a isi a la pluma de Víc o
23
Fo u he in o ma ion, see Glosa io de Té minos G ama icales (RAE). The link o he en y on his speci ic
ype o subo dina e clauses appea s in he Re e ences sec ion.
24
Leech & S a ik (1975:177) e e o his ype o on ing o communica i e easons as ‘Gi en’ Topic on ing:
“a less impo an idea is shi ed o he on so ha end- ocus can all on ano he , mo e impo an idea.”
25
This is wha would be known as he end- ocus p inciple, which Leech & S a ik (1975:175) de ine e ec i ely:
“ he new o mos impo an idea in a piece o in o ma ion should be placed owa ds he end.”
18
Hugo.” (82) (Oi in he o m o a p eposi ional ph ase and duplica ed)
E en i in he case o [32a] he noun ph ase me is eplacing a p eposi ional ph ase (a mí), i is
ema kable ha only a noun ph ase ep esen ing he indi ec objec is ound. Mo eo e , [32b]
displays a co e cha ac e is ic o he indi ec objec : i s capabili y o being duplica ed, which is
known in English e minology as cli ic doubling.
While he duplica ion o he indi ec objec is no possible in English, he Spanish
indi ec objec always allows his o occu
26
. The e a e, o cou se, ce ain syn ac ic and seman ic
es ic ions ha may cause i s appea ance o be compulso y (namely hose discussed in sec ions
4.1. and 4.3.). Some hing unexpec ed, howe e , is ha looking a he examples compiled in he
co pus, one could a gue ha Spanish eso s o cli ic doubling less o en han expec ed
conside ing ha i can always be done. Ou o one hund ed examples con aining indi ec objec s
in Spanish, only wen y- wo a e duplica ed.
5.4. The syn ax o seman ic oles: English s. Spanish
As discussed in sec ions 3.3. and 4.3., he indi ec objec showcases a numbe o
seman ic oles in each language. To be mo e p ecise, Spanish displays six oles
27
, while he
English indi ec objec only encompasses wo ou o hose six. This is one o he main easons
behind he choice o a no el ha was o iginally w i en in Spanish o elabo a e he con as i e
co pus. Gi en ha he e a e ou addi ional seman ic oles po ayed by he Spanish indi ec
objec , his sec ion aims o p o ide an o e iew o he syn ac ic s uc u es ha English eso s
o in o de o exp ess hose same meanings. To do so, he examples om he co pus ha e been
b ie ly analyzed
28
in he obse a ions sec ion and hei syn ac ic and seman ic changes ha e
been no ed down. Each seman ic ole will be examined indi idually excep o he bene icia y
and he ecipien , since hey exhibi many simila i ies.
26
The Spanish di ec objec , in con as , is duplica ed a less equen ly. We only ind cli ic doubling when he
di ec objec appea s a he beginning o he sen ence and is known, as in (i -a), o when he di ec objec is ealized
by a p eposi ional ph ase in oduced by a and ollowed by a s essed p onoun (Real Academia Española,
2016:658), as in (i -b).
(i ) a. ¿Cuándo cons uye on el palace e? El palace e lo cons uye on en el siglo XV.
b. A ella la an a de ene .
27
This e e s, hough, o he syn hesis o di e en g amma s ha I ha e elabo a ed o he pu pose o his pape .
The e may be mo e seman ic oles ha can be applied o he indi ec objec , as well as di e en labels and
in e p e a ions.
28
In o de o de e mine he seman ic oles o he di e en examples, I ook as e e ence Comesaña Rincón e al.
(2013). As will be men ioned in he a ec ed sec ions, o he schola s p esen di e ing iews o Comesaña Rincón
e al. (2013) when dealing wi h speci ic e bs.
19
I is key o p e ace his sec ion by acknowledging he ac ha seman ic oles a e no ably
in ica e in na u e, and ha he classi ica ion ha will be used is simply one o he many a ian s
o in e p e a ions possible. Mos schola s c ea e hei own classi ica ions, in some cases
coinciding wi h hose c ea ed by o he s, bu he e a e s ill disc epancies in his ield. As a
consequence, i is ele an o bea in mind ha his is simply one o he many ways ha he
seman ic oles in he co pus can be iewed.
5.4.1. Bene icia y and ecipien
These wo seman ic oles a e he ones supposedly sha ed by bo h languages, being
ca ied ou ia an indi ec objec . The Spanish indi ec objec s aking hese oles a e ca ied ou
syn ac ically ei he h ough a p eposi ional ph ase in oduced by a, a noun ph ase headed by an
uns essed p onoun o , when cli ic doubling occu s, bo h.
On he one hand, when looking a he co pus, one can see how he Spanish indi ec
objec s wi h he ole o bene icia y ha e been ansla ed di ec ly in o o he indi ec objec s
( aking he o m o noun ph ases, placed a e he e b and be o e he di ec objec ) o in o
p eposi ional objec s (p eposi ional ph ases in oduced by he p eposi ion o ). Examples in [33]
show hose ha ha e been ansla ed as Oi and examples in [34] show hose ha ha e been
ansla ed as PO:
[33] a. “... aunque no eía con malos ojos que don Fede ico me ab icase un
sucedáneo.” - “... e en hough I didn' hink i was such a bad idea o Don
Fede ico o make me a subs i u e.” (76)
b. “... un homb e que no podía pe mi i se egala le a su hijo una dichosa
pluma.” - “... a man who could no a o d o buy his son a w e ched pen.”
(83)
[34] a. “... yo e la comp o.” - “I'll buy i o you.” (81)
b. “Los con e ulios nos hicie on si io en su cí culo.” - “The lesse membe s
o he co e ie made oom o us in hei ci cle.” (15)
Ou o he one hund ed examples o indi ec objec s, only six exhibi ed his seman ic ole.
On he o he hand, ecipien s beha e e y simila ly. They a e ei he ansla ed in English
as indi ec objec s, as examples in [35], o as p eposi ional objec s (in his case, in oduced by
he p eposi ion o), as examples in [36] display. Ou o he one hund ed examples in he co pus,
wen y- ou examples showed his seman ic ole:
[35] a. “... le endí el lib o a Ba celó.” - “... I handed Ba celo he book.” (18)
b. “Mi ío me ha dicho que e o eció una buena suma po el lib o de Ca ax,
pe o que ú la echazas e.” - “My uncle said he o e ed you a good sum o
money o he Ca ax, bu you e used i .” (34)
20
[36] a. “Du an e meses les esc ibió odas las semanas.” - “Fo mon hs he w o e
a le e o his wi e and daugh e once a week.” (45)
b. “... decidió p es a la no ela a sus dos alumnas.” - “... he decided o lend he
no el o his wo pupils.” (62)
An impo an ema k needs o be made wi h ega d o he ole o ecipien , hough.
When e bs such as ell, explain, each o ask a e ound in di ansi i e s uc u es, he e a e
di e ing iews among schola s conce ning he seman ic ole o he indi ec objec . To gi e an
example, Downing & Locke (2006:137) s a e he ollowing: “The Recipien is he one who
usually ecei es he ‘goods’, pe mission o in o ma ion.” By including “in o ma ion” in he
de ini ion o he elemen s ecei ed by he ecipien , hese schola s a gue ha he e bs
a o emen ioned ake a ecipien . None heless, Comesaña Rincón e al. (2013:74) would
disag ee. They would conside he indi ec objec s o hose e bs expe ience s, wi h he di ec
objec ( ha is, he in o ma ion being ansmi ed) ep esen ing he s imulus.
I is s iking ha , in hei de ini ion o expe ience , Comesaña Rincón e al. (2013:74)
use as a e e ence Huddles on & Pullum (2002): “In ac , his is he idea eco ded in Huddles on
& Pullum (2002:231-2).” Howe e , when discussing he indi ec objec in pa icula in hei
g amma , Huddles on & Pullum (2002:244-51) solely men ion as possible seman ic oles o
his elemen hose o bene icia y and ecipien , no expe ience . This demons a es how he
opic o seman ic oles is a he con lic ing.
Fo he objec i e o his pape , he indi ec objec s in sen ences con aining he e bs ell,
explain, each o ask ha e been ca alogued as expe ience s. This en ails ha i Downing &
Locke’s (2006) app oach is aken, he nume ical amoun o each seman ic ole in he co pus
would a y signi ican ly.
5.4.2. “Sympa he icus” o possessi e da i e
In Spanish, he indi ec objec may exp ess he possesso o he di ec objec , ha being
he seman ic ole known as “sympa he icus” o possessi e da i e. In addi ion, he co pus has
shown ha he indi ec objec may also exp ess he possesso o he subjec o he sen ence.
Ne e heless, his does no occu in English. English eso s o possessi e de e mine s
accompanying he head o he noun ph ase ac ing as he subjec , di ec objec , o e en as
complemen o a p eposi ion (inside a p eposi ional ph ase) beha ing as an ad e bial:
[37] a. “Los dedos le olían a canela.”- “He inge s smelled o cinnamon.” (41)
b. “Los con e ulios le ie on la g acia.” - “The choi chee ed his ema k.” (20)
c. “Sus dedos me eco ie on las mejillas y los pómulos.” - “He inge s an
o e my cheeks and cheekbones.” (40)
21
As seen in [37], he possessi e da i e is ansla ed in o English h ough he use o possessi e
de e mine s. In he case o [37a], le po ays he possesso o he subjec , Los dedos, which is
why he English sen ence ansla es i as a de e mine inside he subjec (He inge s). In [37b],
le exp esses he possesso o he di ec objec , which is why i is ansla ed as a de e mine
inside a noun ph ase ac ing as di ec objec (his ema k). Las ly, we ind in [37c] ha he
possessi e de e mine may also be spo ed in he complemen o a p eposi ion inside a
p eposi ional ph ase (o e my cheeks and cheekbones).
Ou o he one hund ed examples o indi ec objec s, wel e o hem exhibi ed he
“sympa he icus” o possessi e da i e ole. All o hese we e consequen ly ansla ed in o
possessi e de e mine s inside di e en s uc u es. Ou o hese wel e, i e we e placed inside
di ec objec s, h ee inside subjec s, and ou inside complemen s o p eposi ions.
5.4.3. Di ec ion da i e
Ano he ole ha he Spanish indi ec objec may con ey is he di ec ion da i e,
e e encing he pe son ha se es as he end poin o he way o he mo emen exp essed by a
mo emen e b. In English, his seman ic ole is exp essed h ough p eposi ional ph ases ha
ac as p eposi ional objec s a he han h ough indi ec objec s:
[38] a. “Ba celó le lanzó una mi ada ai ada a mi pad e a a és de su
monóculo.” - “Ba celo sho a poisonous look a my a he h ough his
monocle.” (22) (P eposi ional objec )
Ou o he one hund ed ins ances o indi ec objec s, only h ee examples showed his seman ic
ole.
5.4.4. Rela ion o aspec ual da i e
In he co pus, we ind a ew ins ances o ela ion o aspec ual da i e indi ec objec s,
mos ly wi h he e b pa ece in Spanish. This seman ic ole mani es s o whom he e b’s
s a emen is alid. The English indi ec objec does no showcase his ole, and he ansla ions
show no equi alen s uc u e o exp ess his. We can see, howe e , ha in some cases he subjec
implies who he s a emen is alid o , while in o he s he e is no sign o a s uc u e playing his
ole:
[39] a. “Pues a mí me pa ece que ocas de ma a illa.” - “Well, I hink you play
beau i ully.” (92)
b. “... el í ulo le esul aba suge en e.” - “The i le seemed sugges i e.” (49)
22
In [39a], he I in he English sen ence al eady indica es who is hinking, while in [39b] he
ela ion o aspec ual da i e is simply omi ed, p obably because he con ex makes i ob ious.
Ou o he one hund ed ins ances o indi ec objec s, six examples po ayed his seman ic ole.
5.4.5. Expe ience
To conclude wi h he seman ic oles, he expe ience comes o ligh . This ole is
in e es ing since mos English g amma s do no include i as a ole ca ied ou by he indi ec
objec , while he e a e examples om he co pus ha could be used o a gue ha his is w ong.
Amongs he Spanish examples in he co pus, he e a e nume ous sen ences con aining an
indi ec objec ac ing as expe ience . This comes as no su p ise, since epu ed g amma s like
he Real Academia Española (2016) make his e iden . Wha is shocking is ha in many cases,
hese indi ec objec s a e ansla ed in English as equi alen indi ec objec s. In some o he s,
his indi ec objec is omi ed in he English coun e pa o ansla ed as a di ec o p eposi ional
objec :
[40] a. “Les dije que a lo mejo me pasaba mañana po su casa …” - “I old hem I
migh go o hei house omo ow …” (86)
b. “Aquel lib o me enseñó que lee podía hace me i i más y más
in ensamen e …” - “Tha book augh me ha by eading, I could li e mo e
in ensely …” (65)
c. “... lo que más le gus aba e an las in igas de c imen y alcoba.” - “... wha
he mos enjoyed we e ales o c ime, boudoi in igue, and ques ionable
conduc .” (50)
d. “Ba celó hizo señas a un cama e o.” - “Ba celo signalled o a wai e .” (16)
e. “Lo que más me dolió ue la alusión a Tomás.” - “Wha hu me mos was
he e e ence o Tomas.” (94)
Examples [40a] and [40b] demons a e ha indi ec objec s can also ca y he expe ience in
English, aking he iew o schola s like Comesaña Rincón e al. (2013). In he case o [40c],
he expe ience is shown h ough an indi ec objec in Spanish bu h ough a subjec in he
English sen ence (he). Las ly, in [40d], we ind a p eposi ional objec ins ead o an indi ec one,
and in [40e] we ind a di ec objec . In o al, o y- ou examples we e classi ied as expe ience s.
Seeing his, a p oposal could be made s a ing ha he ole o expe ience should be
inco po a ed as pa o he seman ic oles ca ied ou by English indi ec objec s. Examples
om he co pus demons a e i s possibili y o being po ayed h ough an indi ec objec in
English oo. G amma ians, e en i hey disag ee, should a leas men ion he ac ha some
schola s in e p e ce ain indi ec objec s as expe ience s ins ead o ecipien s, seeing he
in o ma ion being ansmi ed ( he di ec objec ) as a s imulus.
23
5.5. Co pus analysis
To ound o he con as i e analysis o he wo languages, a quan i a i e analysis o he
examples ound in he co pus de eloped in Appendix 1 will be made. Speci ically, I would like
o see how he Spanish examples ha e been ansla ed and whe he o no ha could shed some
ligh in o how he indi ec objec con as s in Spanish and English. These esul s a e shown
g aphically in Appendix B.
To begin wi h his analysis, only he Spanish ins ances o indi ec objec s ha e been
conside ed, o de e mine whe he he e is a endency owa ds a speci ic syn ac ic s uc u e:
Table 1
Fo m o indi ec objec s in Spanish
Fo m ypes
Numbe o cases
Pe cen age
P eposi ional ph ase only
9
9%
Noun ph ase only
(p onominalized)
69
69%
Duplica ed
22
22%
To al
100
100%
Wha can be obse ed in Table 1 is ha he e is a clea endency owa ds he
p onominaliza ion o he indi ec objec in Spanish. Sen ences whe e he indi ec objec is
p esen ed only as a p onoun (inside a noun ph ase) ep esen he majo i y (69%). Following
ha s uc u e, wha seems o be mo e common a e sen ences showing cli ic doubling (22%),
which shows i s s ong p esence in Spanish. I comes as su p ising, howe e , ha e en i hey
can be always duplica ed only 22% o examples ac ually we e. Las ly, sen ences con aining jus
he p eposi ional ph ase ep esen less han 10% o he examples, poin ing owa ds he ac ha
his may be he leas common ealiza ion o he indi ec objec in he Spanish language.
Mo ing on, and including English, I would like o see how he indi ec objec s ha e
been ansla ed in o English. Speci ically, how many ha e been kep as indi ec objec s and,
among hose ha we e no , wha s uc u es ha e been u ilized:
30
expe ience . This poin s owa ds he ac ha POs and
Ois can be seman ically equal.
P ologue
(6) “... c eía que si ce aba los
ojos y le hablaba, ella pod ía
oí me.” (p. 10)
“I belie ed … ha i I closed my
eyes and spoke o he , she
would be able o hea me …” (p.
2)
- He e, we ind an ins ance o a canonically in ansi i e
e b (‘habla ’) wi h an Oi. This is exac ly wha Campos
(1999) acknowledges and, hus, would lead o deba e
on whe he his e b could be conside ed ansi i e in
his con ex .
- The Spanish Oi (a NP headed by an uns essed
p onoun) is ansla ed as a PO (a PP in oduced by
‘ o’).
- Seman ic ole: expe ience .
P ologue
(7) “Quie o enseña e algo.”
(p. 10)
“I wan o show you some hing.”
(p. 2)
- In he Spanish sen ence, we ind an ins ance o a NP
headed by a p onoun ( he Oi) as an encli ic (since we
ha e a s uc u e o he so ‘main e b + in ini i e’).
- The Oi in Spanish (a NP headed by an uns essed
p onoun) ansla ed as an Oi ( aking he o m o a NP)
in English. Following he common pa e n, Oi be o e
Od, bo h placed a e he e b.
- Seman ic ole: ecipien .
P ologue
(8) “Un homb ecillo con
asgos de a e apaz y cabelle a
pla eada nos ab ió la pue a.”
(p. 11)
“A smallish man wi h ul u ine
ea u es amed by hick g ey
hai opened he doo .” (p. 2)
- The Oi is omi ed in he English sen ence. This is mos
p obably due o he ac ha he con ex su ounding
he English sen ence makes he en i y ep esen ed wi h
an Oi in Spanish clea .
- This could be linked o Campos’s (1999)
classi ica ion, in which he e b ‘ab i ’ could omi he
Oi wi hou issues in Spanish. This may ha e led he
ansla o o omi i in English al oge he .
- Seman ic ole: bene icia y.
P ologue
(9) “El al Isaac nos in i ó a
pasa con un le e
asen imien o.” (p. 11)
“The man called Isaac nodded
and in i ed us in.” (p. 3)
- The Spanish Oi (a NP headed by an uns essed
p onoun) is ansla ed as an Od (a NP), gi en ha he e
is only one objec in he sen ence. In addi ion, ‘in i e
sb in’ is a ph asal e b accompanied by jus one objec .
- Seman ic ole: expe ience .
P ologue
(10) “Él me son ió,
guiñándome el ojo.” (p. 11)
“He smiled a me and winked.”
(p. 3)
- In he Spanish sen ence, we ind an ins ance o a NP
headed by a p onoun ( he Oi) as an encli ic (since we
ha e a ge und).
- The Spanish Oi is ansla ed as a PO (a PP in oduced
by ‘a ’). In his case, he e b ‘smile’ is in ansi i e bu
akes a PP i he add essee is included.
- Seman ic ole: expe ience .
P ologue
(11) “Mi pad e se a odilló
jun o a mí y, sos eniéndome la
mi ada, …” (p. 12)
“My a he knel nex o me and,
wi h his eyes ixed on mine, …”
(p. 3)
- In he Spanish sen ence, we ind an ins ance o a NP
headed by a p onoun ( he Oi) as an encli ic (since we
ha e a ge und).
- The Oi is omi ed in he English sen ence. This is mos
p obably due o he ac ha he con ex su ounding
he English sen ence makes he en i y ep esen ed wi h
an Oi in Spanish clea .
- Seman ic ole: unclea .
P ologue
(12) “Te di é lo que mi pad e
me dijo a mí.” (p. 12)
“I will ell you wha my a he
old me.” (p. 4)
- The Ois in Spanish (a NP and a PP) a e ansla ed as
Ois in English ( aking he o m o NPs).
- The second Oi shows a case o compulso y cli ic
doubling, since he NP inside he PP is headed by a
31
s essed p onoun.
- Fo he pu pose o he quan i a i e s udy, only he i s
Oi (belonging o he main clause) will be compu ed.
- Seman ic ole: expe ience .
Chap. 1
(13) “... yo a ibuía en pa e mi
bille e de ida po la ida al
encan o de aquel iejo ca é.”
(p. 21)
“... I a ibu ed my one-way
icke in o his wo ld in pa o
he old ca e's cha ms.” (p. 13)
- The Spanish Oi (a NP headed by an uns essed
p onoun) is ansla ed as a PO (a PP in oduced by
‘ o’). The Oi in Spanish is inanima e, bu one could s ill
conside i an Oi i we in e p e his ins ance as a
pe soni ica ion.
- Seman ic ole: unclea .
Chap. 1
(14) “El hono se lo debe us ed
a mi hijo Daniel, don
Gus a o.” (p. 21)
“You owe he honou o my son,
Daniel, Don Gus a o.” (p. 13)
- We ind cli ic doubling in he Spanish example.
- The Spanish Oi (a PP) is ansla ed as a PO (a PP
in oduced by ‘ o’).
- Seman ic ole: ecipien .
Chap. 1
(15) “Los con e ulios nos
hicie on si io en su cí culo.” (p.
21)
“The lesse membe s o he
co e ie made oom o us in hei
ci cle.” (p. 13)
- The Oi (a NP headed by an uns essed p onoun) is
ansla ed as a PO (a PP in oduced by ‘ o ’).
- Seman ic ole: bene icia y.
Chap. 1
(16) “Ba celó hizo señas a un
cama e o.” (p. 22)
“Ba celo signalled o a wai e .”
(p. 14)
- The Spanish Oi (a PP) is ansla ed as a PO (a PP
in oduced by ‘ o’).
- Seman ic ole: expe ience .
Chap. 1
(17) “Le di igí una mi ada a mi
pad e.” (p. 22)
“I glanced a my a he .” (p. 14)
- We ind cli ic doubling in he Spanish example.
- The Spanish Oi (a PP) is ansla ed as a PO (a PP
in oduced by ‘a ’). This may be in luenced by he use
o he e b ‘glance’ in English (gi en ha i is always
ollowed by ‘a ’)
- Seman ic ole: di ec ion da i e.
Chap. 1
(18) “... le endí el lib o a
Ba celó.” (p. 22)
“... I handed Ba celo he book.”
(p. 14)
- We ind cli ic doubling in he Spanish example.
- The Oi in Spanish (a PP) is ansla ed as an Oi in
English ( aking he o m o a NP). Following he
common pa e n, Oi be o e Od, bo h placed a e he
e b.
- Seman ic ole: ecipien .
Chap. 1
(19) “Ba celó a queó las cejas,
pe o me lo de ol ió con una
son isa glacial.” (p. 22)
“Ba celo a ched his eyeb ows
bu ga e i back wi h an icy
smile.” (p. 14)
- The Spanish Oi (a NP headed by a p onoun) is omi ed
in he English sen ence. This is mos p obably due o
he ac ha he con ex su ounding he English
sen ence makes he en i y ep esen ed wi h an Oi in
Spanish clea .
- Seman ic ole: ecipien .
Chap. 1
(20) “Los con e ulios le ie on
la g acia.” (p. 23)
“The choi chee ed his ema k.”
(p. 14)
- In his case, we ind an Oi in Spanish ansla ed as a
possessi e de e mine (‘his’) accompanying he head
noun o he NP ac ing as Od.
- Seman ic ole: “sympa he icus” o possessi e da i e.
- This exempli ies how possession can be exp essed
h ough he Oi in Spanish, while English can exp ess i
h ough a de e mine .
Chap. 1
(21) “Con ó los cua en a du os,
que pa a aquel en onces e an
oda una o una, y me los
endió.” (p. 23)
“He ce emoniously coun ed ou
wo hund ed pese as, which in
hose days was qui e a o une,
and handed hem o me.” (p. 15)
- The Spanish Oi (a NP headed by an uns essed
p onoun) is ansla ed as a PO (PP in oduced by ‘ o’).
- Seman ic ole: ecipien .
Chap. 1
(22) “Ba celó le lanzó una
“Ba celo sho a poisonous look
- We ind cli ic doubling in he Spanish example.
32
mi ada ai ada a mi pad e a
a és de su monóculo.” (p. 23)
a my a he h ough his
monocle.” (p. 15)
- The Spanish Oi (a PP) is ansla ed as a PO (PP
in oduced by ‘a ’).
- Seman ic ole: di ec ion da i e.
Chap. 1
(23) “Le son eí
bea í icamen e, mos ando mi
delei e con los la inajos y su
e bo ácil.” (p. 24)
“I p o e ed my mos sain ly
smile in deligh a his La in
ou pou ings.” (p. 16)
- The Spanish Oi (a NP headed by a p onoun) is omi ed
in he English sen ence. This is mos p obably due o
he ac ha he con ex su ounding he English
sen ence makes he en i y ep esen ed wi h an Oi in
Spanish clea .
- Seman ic ole: expe ience .
Chap. 2
(24) “... se me an ojó un ángel
esculpido en b umas.” (p. 25)
“... who looked o me like an
angel.” (p. 17)
- The Spanish Oi (NP headed by an uns essed
p onoun) is ansla ed as a PO (PP in oduced by ‘ o’).
- Seman ic ole: ela ion o aspec ual da i e.
Chap. 2
(25) “Ba celó en o nó la
mi ada y me hizo un ademán
pa a que me ap oximase.” (p.
26)
“he hal closed his eyes and
signalled o me o come
nea e .” (p. 18)
- The Oi (NP headed by an uns essed p onoun) is
ansla ed as a PO (PP in oduced by ‘ o ’).
- Seman ic ole: expe ience .
Chap. 2
(26) “Asen í po duplicado y
acep é la silla que Ba celó me
b indaba jun o a él y a su
mis e iosa acompañan e.” (p.
26)
“I nodded on bo h coun s and
accep ed he chai Ba celo
o e ed me nex o him and his
mys e ious companion.” (p. 18)
- The Oi in Spanish (a NP headed by an uns essed
p onoun) is ansla ed as an Oi in English ( aking he
o m o a NP). Following he common pa e n, Oi
be o e Od, bo h placed a e he e b.
- Seman ic ole: ecipien .
Chap. 2
(27) “Al poco abandoné oda
espe anza de que me
p esen ase a quien ue a que
uese la dama de blanco.” (p.
26)
“I soon abandoned all hope o
being in oduced o he lady in
whi e, whoe e she migh be.”
(p. 18)
- The Spanish Oi (a NP headed by a p onoun) is omi ed
in he English sen ence. This is mos p obably due o
he ac ha he con ex su ounding he English
sen ence makes he en i y ep esen ed wi h an Oi in
Spanish clea .
- Seman ic ole: expe ience .
Chap. 2
(28) “Le calculé unos ein e
años a lo sumo.” (p. 26)
“I guessed she mus be, a mos ,
wen y.” (p. 18)
- The Oi is omi ed in he English sen ence. This is mos
p obably due o he ac ha he con ex su ounding
he English sen ence makes he en i y ep esen ed wi h
an Oi in Spanish clea .
- In his case, he ‘she’ in he English sen ence makes
he en i y he speake is alking abou e iden .
- Seman ic ole: unclea .
Chap. 2
(29) “... pe o algo en su po e
me hizo pensa que no enía
edad.” (p. 26)
“... bu he e was some hing
abou he manne ha made me
hink she could be ageless.” (p.
18)
- The Oi in Spanish (a NP headed by an uns essed
p onoun) is ansla ed as an Oi in English ( aking he
o m o a NP as well). Following he common pa e n,
Oi be o e Od, bo h placed a e he e b.
- Seman ic ole: expe ience .
Chap. 2
(30) “Es aba in en ando lee le
el pulso bajo aquella ga gan a
de cisne.” (p. 26)
“I was ying o ca ch any sign o
a pulse unde he swan's neck.”
(p. 18)
- In his case, we ind an Oi in Spanish ansla ed as a
possessi e de e mine (‘he ’) accompanying he head
noun o a NP ac ing as complemen o a p eposi ion
inside a PP.
- Seman ic ole: “sympa he icus” o possessi e da i e.
- This exempli ies how possession can be exp essed
h ough he Oi in Spanish, while English can exp ess i
h ough a de e mine .
Chap. 2
(31) “Lo ha ía, pe o p ome í a
mi pad e gua da el sec e o
…” (p. 26)
“I would, bu I p omised my
a he I would keep he sec e
…” (p. 18)
- The Oi in Spanish (a PP) is ansla ed as an Oi in
English ( aking he o m o a NP). Following he
common pa e n, Oi be o e Od, bo h placed a e he
33
e b.
- Seman ic ole: ecipien (i we in e p e he p omises
as ‘en i ies’ ha can be ecei ed by someone).
Chap. 2
(32) “¿me lo dejas e ?” (p.
26)
“May I ha e a look?” (p. 18)
- The Oi is omi ed in he English sen ence. This is mos
p obably due o he ac ha he con ex su ounding
he English sen ence makes he en i y ep esen ed wi h
an Oi in Spanish clea .
- ‘Me’ is ep esen ed in he English sen ence as ‘I’
ac ing as subjec .
- Seman ic ole: expe ience in he Spanish sen ence
(since we ha e a pe cep ion e b: ‘ e ’).
Chap. 2
(33) “Siemp e me ha pa ecido
que el momen o pa a lee a
Ca ax es cuando oda ía se
iene el co azón jo en y la
men e limpia.” (p. 26-7)
“I' e always hough ha he bes
ime o ead Ca ax is when one
s ill has a young hea and a
blank soul.” (p. 18)
- The Oi is omi ed in he English sen ence. This is mos
p obably due o he ac ha he con ex su ounding
he English sen ence makes he en i y ep esen ed wi h
an Oi in Spanish clea .
- Seman ic ole: ela ion o aspec ual da i e.
Chap. 2
(34) “Mi ío me ha dicho que e
o eció una buena suma po el
lib o de Ca ax, pe o que ú la
echazas e.” (p. 27)
“My uncle said he o e ed you a
good sum o money o he
Ca ax, bu you e used i .” (p.
19)
- Only he second Oi om he Spanish sen ence is
ansla ed, wi h he i s one being omi ed (‘me’).
Thus, o quan i a i e pu poses, only he second objec
will be coun ed.
- The ansla ed Oi in Spanish (a NP headed by an
uns essed p onoun) is ansla ed as an Oi in English
( aking he o m o a NP). Following he common
pa e n, Oi be o e Od, bo h placed a e he e b.
- Seman ic ole: ecipien , as Daniel e uses he o e
(and hus does no bene i om i ).
Chap. 2
(35) “... azón de más pa a que
me a es de ú.” (p. 28)
“... all he mo e eason o d op
he "miss".” (p. 19)
- The Spanish Oi (a NP headed by a p onoun) is omi ed
in he English sen ence. This is mos p obably due o
he ac ha he con ex su ounding he English
sen ence makes he en i y ep esen ed wi h an Oi in
Spanish clea .
- Seman ic ole: unclea .
Chap. 2
(36) “No se me había ocu ido,
la e dad.” (p. 28)
“The hough had no c ossed
my mind.” (p. 20)
- In his case, we ind an Oi in Spanish ansla ed as a
possessi e de e mine (‘my’) accompanying he head
noun o a NP ac ing as Od.
- Seman ic ole: “sympa he icus” o possessi e da i e.
- This exempli ies how possession can be exp essed
h ough he Oi in Spanish, while English can exp ess i
h ough a de e mine .
Chap. 2
(37) “Sin sabe bien cómo
debía p ocede , hice o o an o
y le o ecí mi mano.” (p. 29)
“Wi hou qui e knowing wha o
do, I, oo, s e ched ou my hand
owa ds he .” (p. 20-1)
- He e, he Oi appea ing in he Spanish sen ence seems
o be omi ed in i s English coun e pa .
- Seman ic ole: ecipien (in Spanish, gi en ha he
e b used is ‘o ece ’)
- Howe e , he e is a sense o di ec ion in he English
Oi, which is made mo e e iden in he English sen ence
h ough he use o he PP ‘ owa ds he ’, an ad e bial.
The ansla ion he e po ays a di e en meaning.
Chap. 2
(38) “Cla a me o eció en
silencio su de echa.” (p. 29)
“[Cla a], wi hou saying
any hing, o e ed me he igh
hand.” (p. 21)
- The Oi in Spanish (a NP headed by an uns essed
p onoun) is ansla ed as an Oi in English ( aking he
o m o a NP). Following he common pa e n, Oi
be o e Od, bo h placed a e he e b.
- Seman ic ole: ecipien .
34
Chap. 2
(39) “Comp endí
ins in i amen e lo que me
pedía.” (p. 29)
“Ins inc i ely I unde s ood wha
she was asking me o do.” (p. 21)
- The Oi in Spanish (a NP headed by an uns essed
p onoun) is ansla ed as an Oi in English ( aking he
o m o a NP). Following he common pa e n, Oi
be o e Od, bo h placed a e he e b.
- Seman ic ole: expe ience .
Chap. 2
(40) “Sus dedos me
eco ie on las mejillas y los
pómulos.” (p. 29)
“He inge s an o e my cheeks
and cheekbones.” (p. 21)
- In his case, we ind an Oi in Spanish ansla ed as a
possessi e de e mine (‘my’) accompanying he head
noun o a NP ac ing as he complemen o a p eposi ion
inside a PP.
- Seman ic ole: “sympa he icus” o possessi e da i e.
- This exempli ies how possession can be exp essed
h ough he Oi in Spanish, while English can exp ess i
h ough a de e mine .
Chap. 2
(41) “Los dedos le olían a
canela.” (p. 29)
“He inge s smelled o
cinnamon.” (p. 21)
- In his case, we ind an Oi in Spanish ansla ed as a
possessi e de e mine (‘he ’) accompanying he head
noun o he NP ac ing as subjec .
- Seman ic ole: “sympa he icus” o possessi e da i e.
- This exempli ies how possession can be exp essed
h ough he Oi in Spanish, while English can exp ess i
h ough a de e mine .
Chap. 2
(42) “T agué sali a, no ando
que el pulso se me lanzaba a la
b a a …” (p. 29)
“I swallowed, eeling my pulse
ace …” (p. 21)
- In his case, we ind an Oi in Spanish ansla ed as a
possessi e de e mine (‘my’) accompanying he head
noun o a NP ac ing as Od.
- Seman ic ole: “sympa he icus” o possessi e da i e.
- This exempli ies how possession can be exp essed
h ough he Oi in Spanish, while English can exp ess i
h ough a de e mine .
Chap. 3
(43) “Cla a Ba celó me obó el
co azón, la espi ación y el
sueño.” (p. 30)
“Cla a Ba celo s ole my hea ,
my b ea h, and my sleep.” (p.
22)
- In his case, we ind an Oi in Spanish ansla ed as a
possessi e de e mine (‘my’) accompanying he head
noun o he NPs ac ing as Ods.
- Seman ic ole: “sympa he icus” o possessi e da i e.
- This exempli ies how possession can be exp essed
h ough he Oi in Spanish, while English can exp ess i
h ough a de e mine .
Chap. 3
(44) “Mien as yo la
con emplaba embelesado, la
sob ina del lib e o me explicó
su his o ia …” (p. 30)
“While I s a ed, en ap u ed, she
explained how she, oo, …” (p.
22)
- The Oi is omi ed in he English sen ence. This is mos
p obably due o he ac ha he con ex su ounding
he English sen ence makes he en i y ep esen ed wi h
an Oi in Spanish clea .
- Seman ic ole: expe ience .
Chap. 3
(45) “Du an e meses les
esc ibió odas las semanas.” (p.
30)
“Fo mon hs he w o e a le e o
his wi e and daugh e once a
week.” (p. 22)
- The Oi (NP headed by an uns essed p onoun) is
ansla ed as a PO (PP).
- Seman ic ole: ecipien .
Chap. 3
(46) “Cla a con encía a su
p ima Claude e pa a que le
leyese de nue o las ca as de su
pad e en su in eg idad.” (p. 31)
“Cla a would con ince he
cousin Claude e o e ead he
a he 's le e s om s a o
inish.” (p. 22-23)
- The Spanish Oi (a NP headed by a p onoun) is omi ed
in he English sen ence. This is mos p obably due o
he ac ha he con ex su ounding he English
sen ence makes he en i y ep esen ed wi h an Oi in
Spanish clea .
- Seman ic ole: expe ience .
Chap. 3
(47) “Esos son los que e
pega án las peo es puñaladas.”
(p. 31)
“Those a e he ones who will
make you su e he wo s
blows.” (p. 23)
- The Oi in Spanish (a NP headed by an uns essed
p onoun) is ansla ed as an Oi in English ( aking he
o m o a NP). Following he common pa e n: Oi
be o e Od, bo h placed a e he e b.
35
- Seman ic ole: expe ience .
Chap. 3
(48) “Me explicó cómo,
du an e los años del exilio en
F ancia, ella y su p ima
Claude e habían compa ido
un u o y maes o pa icula .”
(p. 31)
“She explained how, du ing he
yea s o exile in F ance, she and
he cousin Claude e had sha ed
a p i a e u o .” (p. 23)
- The Spanish Oi (a NP headed by an uns essed
p onoun) is omi ed in he English sen ence. This is
mos p obably due o he ac ha he con ex
su ounding he English sen ence makes he en i y
ep esen ed wi h an Oi in Spanish clea .
- Seman ic ole: expe ience .
Chap. 3
(49) “... el í ulo le esul aba
suge en e.” (p. 32)
“The i le seemed sugges i e.”
(p. 23)
- The Spanish Oi (a NP headed by an uns essed
p onoun) is omi ed in he English sen ence. This is
mos p obably due o he ac ha he con ex
su ounding he English sen ence makes he en i y
ep esen ed wi h an Oi in Spanish clea .
- Seman ic ole: ela ion o aspec ual da i e.
Chap. 3
(50) “... lo que más le gus aba
e an las in igas de c imen y
alcoba.” (p. 32)
“... wha he mos enjoyed we e
ales o c ime, boudoi in igue,
and ques ionable conduc .” (p.
24)
- The Spanish Oi (a NP headed by an uns essed
p onoun) is omi ed in he English sen ence. This is
mos p obably due o he ac ha he con ex
su ounding he English sen ence makes he en i y
ep esen ed wi h an Oi in Spanish clea .
- Seman ic ole: expe ience .
Chap. 3
(51) “... se eno gullecía de
posee una amplia colección de
ca as i madas po odos los
edi o es de Pa ís echazando
los omos de e so y p osa que
él les en iaba sin egua.” (p.
33)
“Monsieu Roque o had
li e a y p e ensions himsel and
was he owne o a as
collec ion o le e s o ejec ion
signed by e e y sel - espec ing
Pa isian publishe in esponse o
he books o e se and p ose he
sen hem so elen lessly.” (p.
25)
- The Oi in Spanish (a NP headed by an uns essed
p onoun) is ansla ed as an Oi in English ( aking he
o m o a NP). Following he common pa e n: Oi
be o e Od, bo h placed a e he e b.
- Seman ic ole: ecipien .
Chap. 3
(52) “El dueño del pues o de
lib os usados le con ó que la
no ela había salido apenas …”
(p. 33)
“ The owne o he books all old
him ha when he no el
appea ed …” (p. 25)
- The Oi in Spanish (a NP headed by an uns essed
p onoun) is ansla ed as an Oi in English ( aking he
o m o a NP). Following he common pa e n: Oi
be o e Od, bo h placed a e he e b.
- Seman ic ole: expe ience .
Chap. 3
(53) “En pocas líneas, los
c í icos se habían despachado a
gus o y habían ecomendado al
no el Ca ax que no dejase su
empleo de pianis a.” (p. 33)
“The c i ics had had a ield day
w i ing Ca ax o in a ew lines,
ad ising him no o lea e his
employmen as a pianis .” (p. 25)
- The Oi in Spanish (a PP) is ansla ed as an Oi in
English ( aking he o m o a NP). In English, i ollows
he canonical s uc u e: Oi be o e Od, bo h placed
be o e he e b.
- Seman ic ole: expe ience .
Chap. 3
(54) “Monsieu Roque o , a
quien se le ablandaba el
co azón y el bolsillo an e las
causas pe didas …” (p. 33)
“Monsieu Roque o , whose
hea and pocke so ened when
aced wi h los causes …” (p. 25)
- In his case, we ind an Oi in Spanish ansla ed as a
possessi e ela i e p onoun (‘whose’) accompanying
he head o a NP ac ing as subjec .
- Seman ic ole: “sympa he icus” o possessi e da i e.
- This exempli ies how possession can be exp essed
h ough he Oi in Spanish, while English can exp ess i
h ough a de e mine /p onoun.
Chap. 3
(55) “... an p on o deja on
a ás la es ación de Aus e li z,
no cesa on de lanza le mi adas
de ep obación.” (p. 33-4)
“... who had gi en him
disapp o ing looks om he
momen hey le he Ga e
d'Aus e li z.” (p. 25)
- The Oi in Spanish (a NP headed by an uns essed
p onoun) is ansla ed as an Oi in English ( aking he
o m o a NP). Following he common pa e n: Oi
be o e Od, bo h placed a e he e b.
- Seman ic ole: di ec ion da i e (This is clea e in he
Spanish example, in he English coun e pa we may
ind i mo e app op ia e o use ‘ ecipien ’ due o he
36
na u e o he e b ‘gi e’).
Chap. 3
(56) “... una ele onis a de ono
asmá ico y disposición
i ulen a le espondió que el
seño Ca ax no enía di ección
conocida.” (p. 34)
“... a elephonis wi h an
as hma ic oice and a i ulen
disposi ion eplied ha Ca ax
had no known add ess.” (p. 26)
- The Spanish Oi (a NP headed by an uns essed
p onoun) is omi ed in he English sen ence. This is
mos p obably due o he ac ha he con ex
su ounding he English sen ence makes he en i y
ep esen ed wi h an Oi in Spanish clea .
- Seman ic ole: expe ience .
Chap. 3
(57) “A inales de 1935 le
llega on no icias de que una
nue a no ela de Julián Ca ax,
La Somb a del Vien o, había
sido publicada po una
pequeña edi o ial de Pa ís.” (p.
35)
“A he end o 1935, news
eached Monsieu Roque o
ha a new no el by Julian Ca ax,
The Shadow o he Wind, had
been published by a small i m in
Pa is.” (p. 26)
- He e, we ind an ins ance o a canonically in ansi i e
e b (‘llega ’) wi h an Oi. This is exac ly wha Campos
(1999) acknowledges.
- The Spanish Oi is ansla ed in English as an Od,
p obably because o he na u e o he e b ‘ each’ in
English. ‘Reach’ is ansi i e and akes only one objec ,
making ha objec di ec .
- Seman ic ole: ecipien .
Chap. 3
(58) “Esc ibió a la edi o ial
pa a adqui i a ios
ejempla es.” (p. 35)
“He w o e o he publishe
asking whe he he could buy a
ew copies.” (p. 26-7)
- The Spanish Oi (a PP) is ansla ed as a PO (a PP
in oduced by ‘ o’) in English.
- Seman ic ole: ecipien .
Chap. 3
(59) “... su an iguo amigo en el
pues o de lib os en la o illa su
del Sena le p egun ó si seguía
in e esado en Ca ax.” (p. 35)
“... his old iend a he books all
by he Seine asked him whe he
he was s ill in e es ed in Ca ax.”
(p. 27)
- The Oi in Spanish (a NP headed by an uns essed
p onoun) is ansla ed as an Oi in English ( aking he
o m o a NP). Following he common pa e n: Oi
be o e Od, bo h placed a e he e b.
- Seman ic ole: expe ience .
Chap. 3
(60) “... a él no le daba la gana
de pasa po el a o.” (p. 35)
“... he wasn' going o go along
wi h i .” (p. 27)
- The Oi is omi ed in he English sen ence. This is mos
p obably due o he ac ha he con ex su ounding
he English sen ence makes he en i y ep esen ed wi h
an Oi in Spanish clea .
- In his case, ha en i y is clea ly exp essed h ough
he subjec (‘he’) in he English sen ence.
- Seman ic ole: ela ion o aspec ual da i e.
Chap. 3
(61) “Su amigo le explicó que
semanas a ás había ci culado
un umo ace ca de Ca ax.” (p.
35)
“His iend hen explained ha
some weeks ea lie a umou
abou Ca ax had been doing he
ounds.” (p. 27)
- The Oi is omi ed in he English sen ence. This is mos
p obably due o he ac ha he con ex su ounding
he English sen ence makes he en i y ep esen ed wi h
an Oi in Spanish clea .
- Seman ic ole: expe ience .
Chap. 3
(62) “... decidió p es a la
no ela a sus dos alumnas.” (p.
36)
“... he decided o lend he no el
o his wo pupils.” (p. 28)
- The Spanish Oi (a PP) is ansla ed as a PO (a PP
in oduced by ‘ o’) in English.
- Seman ic ole: ecipien .
Chap. 3
(63) “... op ó po pasa les la
no ela de Ca ax.” (p. 36)
“Monsieu Roque o p esen ed
hem wi h Ca ax's no el.” (p.
28)
- The Oi in Spanish (a NP headed by an uns essed
p onoun) is ansla ed as an Oi in English ( aking he
o m o a NP). Following he common pa e n: Oi
be o e Od, bo h placed a e he e b.
- Seman ic ole: ecipien .
Chap. 4
(64) “... la sali a se me
ans o mó en se ín.” (p. 37)
“... my mou h u ned o
sawdus .” (p. 29)
- In his case, we ind an Oi in Spanish ansla ed as a
possessi e de e mine (‘my’) accompanying he head
noun o he NP ac ing as subjec .
- Seman ic ole: “sympa he icus” o possessi e da i e.
- This exempli ies how possession can be exp essed
h ough he Oi in Spanish, while English can exp ess i
h ough a de e mine .
37
Chap. 4
(65) “… que podía de ol e me
la is a que había pe dido.” (p.
37)
“I could gi e me back he sigh
I had los .” (p. 29)
- The Oi in Spanish (a NP headed by an uns essed
p onoun) is ansla ed as an Oi in English ( aking he
o m o a NP). Following he common pa e n: Oi
be o e Od, bo h placed a e he e b.
- Only wo ou o he h ee Spanish Oi a e ansla ed,
he middle one being omi ed p obably because o
edundancy.
- Seman ic ole: ecipien .
Chap. 4
(66) “... aquel lib o que a nadie
impo aba cambió mi ida. (p.
37)
“... a book ha didn' ma e o
anyone, changed my li e.” (p.
29)
- He e, we ind an ins ance o a canonically in ansi i e
e b (‘impo a ’) wi h an Oi. This is exac ly wha
Campos (1999) acknowledges.
- The Spanish Oi (a PP) is ansla ed as a PO (a PP
in oduced by ‘ o’) in English.
- Seman ic ole: expe ience .
Chap. 4
(67) “... aquel ins an e que me
pe enecía sólo a mí.” (p. 37)
“... he spell o ha momen ha
belonged only o me.” (p. 29)
- He e, we ind an ins ance o a canonically in ansi i e
e b (‘pe enece ’) wi h an Oi. This is exac ly wha
Campos (1999) acknowledges.
- The Spanish Oi (a PP) is ansla ed as a PO (a PP
in oduced by ‘ o’).
- The e is cli ic doubling in he Spanish example.
- Seman ic ole: unclea .
Chap. 4
(68) “A mi mad e, en su
p opia búsqueda, le ocu ió
o o an o.” (p. 38)
“As o my mo he , much he
same hing happened wi h he
own sea ch.” (p. 30)
- The Oi is omi ed in he English sen ence. This is mos
p obably due o he ac ha he con ex su ounding
he English sen ence makes he en i y ep esen ed wi h
an Oi in Spanish clea .
- He e he on ing o he indi ec objec and sepa a ion
by a comma o ces he appea ance o cli ic doubling.
- Seman ic ole: expe ience .
Chap. 4
(69) “... e a el único pa ien e
que le quedaba a mi mad e en
Ba celona.” (p. 39)
“I wen o li e wi h my uncle
Gus a o, he sole ela i e o my
mo he 's le in Ba celona.” (p.
30)
- In his case, we ind an Oi in Spanish ansla ed as a
possessi e de e mine (‘my’) accompanying he head
o a NP ac ing as complemen o a p eposi ion.
- Seman ic ole: “sympa he icus” o possessi e da i e.
- This exempli ies how possession can be exp essed
h ough he Oi in Spanish, while English can exp ess i
h ough a de e mine .
Chap. 4
(70) “Yo cumplía odos los
equisi os pa a que Cla a
Ba celó me en iase a paseo
…” (p. 39)
“I ul illed all he equi emen s
o Cla a Ba celo o send me
packing …” (p. 31)
- The Oi in Spanish (a NP headed by an uns essed
p onoun) is ansla ed as an Oi in English ( aking he
o m o a NP). Following he common pa e n: Oi
be o e Od, bo h placed a e he e b.
- Seman ic ole: ecipien .
Chap. 4
(71) “... pe o p e e í c ee que
su condición de in iden e me
ga an izaba cie o ma gen de
segu idad …” (p. 39)
“... bu I p e e ed o hink ha
he blindness a o ded me a
ma gin o e o and ha my
c ime …” (p. 31)
- The Oi in Spanish (a NP headed by an uns essed
p onoun) is ansla ed as an Oi in English ( aking he
o m o a NP). Following he common pa e n: Oi
be o e Od, bo h placed a e he e b.
- Seman ic ole: ecipien .
Chap. 4
(72) “El lib e o me endió el
lib o y me guiñó el ojo.” (p. 40)
“The bookselle handed me he
book and winked.” (p. 32)
- The Oi in Spanish (a NP headed by an uns essed
p onoun) is ansla ed as an Oi in English ( aking he
o m o a NP). Following he common pa e n: Oi
be o e Od, bo h placed a e he e b.
- We ind wo Oi in he Spanish sen ence, while he
English one only shows one. This was p obably done
o a oid edundancy. The second Oi will no be
conside ed in e ms o seman ic oles o quan i a i e
38
pu poses.
- Seman ic ole: ecipien ( he i s Oi).
Chap. 5
(73) “La sola mención de la
ci a le qui ó el colo de la ca a
…” (p. 42)
“ The e y men ion o he sum
d ew he colou om his ace
…” (p. 33)
- In his case, we ind an Oi in Spanish ansla ed as a
possessi e de e mine (‘his’) accompanying he head
o he NP ac ing as complemen o a p eposi ion inside
a PP.
- Seman ic ole: “sympa he icus” o possessi e da i e.
- This exempli ies how possession can be exp essed
h ough he Oi in Spanish, while English can exp ess i
h ough a de e mine .
Chap. 6
(74) “Me había en egado una
copia de las lla es del piso.”
(p. 56)
“He had gi en me a copy o he
keys o he apa men .” (p. 48)
- The Oi in Spanish (a NP headed by an uns essed
p onoun) is ansla ed as an Oi in English ( aking he
o m o a NP). Following he common pa e n: Oi
be o e Od, bo h placed a e he e b.
- Seman ic ole: ecipien .
Chap. 5
(75) “Y si no, le pedimos a don
Fede ico que nos haga una.”
(p. 43)
“And i no , we can ask Don
Fede ico o make us one.” (p.
34)
- We ind cli ic doubling in he Spanish sen ence.
- The Oi in Spanish (a PP) is ansla ed as an Oi in
English ( aking he o m o a NP). Following he
common pa e n: Oi be o e Od, bo h placed a e he
e b.
- Seman ic ole: expe ience .
Chap. 5
(76) “... aunque no eía con
malos ojos que don Fede ico
me ab icase un sucedáneo.”
(p. 43)
“... e en hough I didn' hink i
was such a bad idea o Don
Fede ico o make me a
subs i u e.” (p. 34)
- The Oi in Spanish (a NP headed by an uns essed
p onoun) is ansla ed as an Oi in English ( aking he
o m o a NP). Following he common pa e n: Oi
be o e Od, bo h placed a e he e b.
- Seman ic ole: bene icia y.
Chap. 5
(77) “Yo quie o esc ibi una
ca a. A mamá.” (p. 43)
“I wan o w i e a le e . To
Mummy.” (p. 34)
- The Oi in Spanish (a PP) is ansla ed as a PO (a PP
in oduced by ‘To’).
- Seman ic ole: ecipien .
Chap. 5
(78) “Si algún día le emos, se
lo p egun a emos.” (p. 44)
“I one day we see Him, we'll ask
Him.” (p. 35)
- The Oi in Spanish (a NP headed by an uns essed
p onoun) is ansla ed as an Oi in English ( aking he
o m o a NP).
- He e, he Od in he English sen ence is omi ed
because o con ex , hus I would s ill conside ‘Him’ an
Oi (jus like Downing & Locke (1992) would do).
- Seman ic ole: expe ience .
Chap. 5
(79) “... mi pad e me p es ó un
lápiz S aed le del núme o dos
con el que ga aba eaba en un
cuade no.” (p. 44)
“... my a he len me a S aed le
pencil, a numbe wo, wi h
which I sc ibbled in a no ebook.”
(p. 35)
- The Oi in Spanish (a NP headed by an uns essed
p onoun) is ansla ed as an Oi in English ( aking he
o m o a NP). Following he common pa e n: Oi
be o e Od, bo h placed a e he e b.
- Seman ic ole: ecipien .
Chap. 5
(80) “... aquél e a un
azonamien o que sólo se le
pod ía habe ocu ido a un
li e a o en cie nes.” (p. 44)
“... ha so o easoning could
only ha e occu ed o a budding
au ho .” (p. 35)
- We ind cli ic doubling in he Spanish sen ence.
- The Oi in Spanish (a PP) is ansla ed as a PO (a PP
in oduced by ‘ o’) in English.
- Seman ic ole: expe ience .
Chap. 5
(81) “... yo e la comp o.” (p.
44)
“I'll buy i o you.” (p. 35-6)
- The Oi in Spanish (a NP headed by an uns essed
p onoun) is ansla ed as a PO (a PP in oduced by
‘ o ’) in English.
- Seman ic ole: bene icia y. This is e y clea in his
case since we ind he p eposi ion ‘ o ’ in English.
39
Chap. 5
(82) “No ol í a pedi le a mi
pad e que me lle ase a isi a
la pluma de Víc o Hugo.” (p.
45)
“I s opped asking my a he o
ake me o see Vic o Hugo's
pen.” (p. 36)
- We ind cli ic doubling in he Spanish sen ence.
- The i s Oi in Spanish (a PP) is ansla ed as an Oi in
English ( aking he o m o a NP). Following he
common pa e n: Oi be o e Od, bo h placed a e he
e b.
- Seman ic ole: expe ience .
Chap. 5
(83) “... un homb e que no
podía pe mi i se egala le a su
hijo una dichosa pluma.” (p.
45)
“... a man who could no a o d
o buy his son a w e ched pen.”
(p. 36)
- We ind cli ic doubling in he Spanish sen ence.
- The i s Oi in Spanish (a PP) is ansla ed as an Oi in
English ( aking he o m o a NP). Following he
common pa e n: Oi be o e Od, bo h placed a e he
e b.
- Seman ic ole: bene icia y.
Chap. 5
(84) “La Me cedi as nos ha
bajado algo de sopa que había
hecho pa a su mad e.” (p. 45)
“Me cedi as b ough down some
o he soup she made o he
mo he .” (p. 36)
- The Oi is omi ed in he English sen ence. This is mos
p obably due o he ac ha he con ex su ounding
he English sen ence makes he en i y ep esen ed wi h
an Oi in Spanish clea .
- Seman ic ole: bene icia y.
Chap. 5
(85) “... se me ocu ió que al
ez aquel uni e so de ca ón
pied a que yo daba po bueno
no uese más que un
deco ado.” (p. 46)
“... i occu ed o me ha
pe haps he papie -mache wo ld
ha I accep ed as eal was only a
s age se ing.” (p. 36-7)
- The Oi in Spanish (a NP headed by an uns essed
p onoun) is ansla ed as a PO (a PP in oduced by ‘ o’)
in English.
- Seman ic ole: expe ience .
Chap. 5
(86) “Les dije que a lo mejo
me pasaba mañana po su casa
…” (p. 47)
“I old hem I migh go o hei
house omo ow …” (p. 37)
- The Oi in Spanish (a NP headed by an uns essed
p onoun) is ansla ed as an Oi in English ( aking he
o m o a NP). Following he common pa e n: Oi
be o e Od, bo h placed a e he e b.
- Seman ic ole: expe ience .
Chap. 5
(87) “... pa a lee le algo a la
pob e.” (p. 47)
“... o ead o he o a while.”
(p. 37)
- We ind cli ic doubling in he Spanish sen ence.
- The Oi in Spanish (a PP) is ansla ed as a PO (a PP
in oduced by ‘ o’) in English.
- Seman ic ole: expe ience .
Chap. 5
(88) “Si ú me das pe miso.”
(p. 47)
“ I you'll le me.” (p. 37)
- The Spanish Oi (a NP headed by an uns essed
p onoun) is ansla ed as an Od (a NP).
- The Oi in Spanish ook he seman ic ole o ecipien .
Chap. 5
(89) “¿Quién e ha dicho eso?”
(p. 47)
“Who old you ha ?” (p. 37-8)
- The Oi in Spanish (a NP headed by an uns essed
p onoun) is ansla ed as an Oi in English ( aking he
o m o a NP). Following he common pa e n: Oi
be o e Od, bo h placed a e he e b.
- Seman ic ole: expe ience .
Chap. 5
(90) “... u mad e me hizo
p ome e que nunca e habla ía
de la gue a.” (p. 47)
“... she made me p omise ha I
would ne e alk o you abou
he wa .” (p. 38)
- The Oi in Spanish (a NP headed by an uns essed
p onoun) is ansla ed as a PO (a PP in oduced by ‘ o’)
in English.
- He e, we ind an ins ance o a canonically in ansi i e
e b (‘habla ’) wi h an Oi. This is exac ly wha Campos
(1999) acknowledges.
- Seman ic ole: expe ience .
Chap. 6
(91) “Cla a cesó su concie o
de súbi o y una son isa
a e gonzada le salpicó el
os o.” (p. 50)
“Cla a suddenly s opped he
playing, and an emba assed
smile li up he ace.” (p. 39)
- In his case, we ind an Oi in Spanish ansla ed as a
possessi e de e mine (‘he ’) accompanying he head
noun o he NP ac ing as Od.
- Seman ic ole: “sympa he icus” o possessi e da i e.
- This exempli ies how possession can be exp essed
