Innovar en la gestión para gestionar la innovación.
Abstract
La innovación es la fuerza propulsora del progreso y constituye, hoy más que nunca, la base para conseguir una ventaja competitiva diferenciadora en las organizaciones actuales. Las personas componentes de organizaciones innovadoras poseen una a
Full text
,1129$5(1/$*(67,Ï13$5$*(67,21$5/$,1129$&,Ï1 )UDQFLVFR6iQFKH])XHQWH(UQHVWR&LOOHUXHOR&DUUDVFR3DEOR'tD]GH%DVXUWR,ERQ=DPDQLOOR(OJH]DEDO (VFXHOD7pFQLFD6XSHULRUGH,QJHQLHURV,QGXVWULDOHV\GH7HOHFRPXQLFDFLyQGH%LOEDR $ODPHGD8UTXLMRVQ%LOEDR IVDQFKH]#WHNQLNHUHV RHSFLFDH#ELHKXHV RHSGLEDS#ELHKXHV RHS]DHOL#ELHKXHV 5(680(1 /DLQQRYDFLyQHVODIXHU]DSURSXOVRUDGHOSURJUHVR\FRQVWLWX\HKR\PiVTXHQXQFDODEDVHSDUD FRQVHJXLU XQD YHQWDMD FRPSHWLWLYD GLIHUHQFLDGRUD HQ ODV RUJDQL]DFLRQHV DFWXDOHV /DV SHUVRQDV FRPSRQHQWHV GH RUJDQL]DFLRQHV LQQRYDGRUDV SRVHHQ XQD DFWLWXG SURDFWLYD GLULJLGD KDFLD OD DSOLFDFLyQ R SXHVWD HQ SUiFWLFD GH LGHDV QXHYDVLGHDV TXH LPSOLTXHQ SURGXFWRV R VHUYLFLRV TXH VROXFLRQHQSUREOHPDVH[LVWHQWHV /DLGHDGHSRVHHUXQDRUJDQL]DFLyQGRQGHODVSHUVRQDVSRVHDQHVDDFWLWXGSURDFWLYDHVXQRGHORV SULQFLSDOHVREMHWLYRVDFRQVHJXLUSRUODVHPSUHVDVDFWXDOHVREMHWLYRFRPSOHMRGHDERUGDUVLQRVH ,QQRYDHQOD*HVWLyQDQWHVGHLQWHQWDU*HVWLRQDUOD,QQRYDFLyQ/D LPDJHQGHODHPSUHVDDFWXDO SHUIHFWDPHQWH HQJUDQDGD GRQGH HO HTXLOLEULR HV HO REMHWLYR D FRQVHJXLU SURYRFD IUHQRV D OD LQQRYDFLyQ \ KDFH WUHPHQGDPHQWH GLILFXOWRVR *HVWLRQDU OD ,QQRYDFLyQ 3RU HO FRQWUDULR VL OD VHPLOOD GH OD LQQRYDFLyQ FRPLHQ]D D GDU VXV IUXWRV HQ OD SURSLD JHVWLyQ GH OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ OD *HVWLyQ GH OD ,QQRYDFLyQ VHUi XQ SDVR DxDGLGR TXH SRVLFLRQDUi D OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ HQ XQD VLWXDFLyQYHQWDMRVD 3DODEUDV&ODYH,QQRYDFLyQ*HVWLyQ&DPELR&XOWXUD2UJDQL]DFLRQDO *HVWLRQDUODLQQRYDFLyQ *HVWLRQDUODLQQRYDFLyQVLJQLILFDDGRSWDUXQDDFWLWXGSURDFWLYDDQWHHOHQWRUQRVLJQLILFDHVWDU SUHSDUDGRSDUDHPSUHQGHUDFFLRQHVLQQRYDGRUDVDSURYHFKDQGRODVRSRUWXQLGDGHVTXHRIUHFH XQHQWRUQRHQFDPELRFRQWLQXR 1R VH SUHWHQGH GDU OD LPDJHQ HUUyQHD GHO LQQRYDGRUFDOLILFDQGR FRPR WDO D DTXpOTXH SRU LQVSLUDFLyQGLYLQDWLHQHODLGHDEULOODQWHVLQRDDTXpOFRQDWHQFLyQ FRQVWDQWHDORVFDPELRV GLDULRV HQ WRGRV ORV iPELWRV \ FRQ XQD YLVLyQ VLVWpPLFD TXH OH SHUPLWH GHWHFWDU ODV LQFRQJUXHQFLDV H[LVWHQWHV HV GHFLU DSDUHFH FRPR DTXpO TXH WLHQH OD VHQVLELOLGDG DGHFXDGD TXHOHSHUPLWHYHU\ GLVWLQJXLUHOGHVIDVHHQWUH³ORTXHHV´\ ³ORTXHGHELHUDVHU´1RFDEH REYLDU TXH VL ELHQ HVD SHUFHSFLyQ LQVSLUD LGHDV TXH VRQ HO HPEULyQ GH OD LQQRYDFLyQ QR FRQVWLWX\HQODLQQRYDFLyQSURSLDPHQWHGLFKD/DVLGHDVKDQGHVHUVHOHFFLRQDGDVHVWXGLDGDV\ WUDQVIRUPDGDVHQSURGXFWRV\VHUYLFLRVTXHSXHGDQELHQVDWLVIDFHUQHFHVLGDGHVRELHQFUHDU QHFHVLGDGHVQXHYDV\VDWLVIDFHUODVDXQFRVWHDGHFXDGR ,QGXGDEOHPHQWHFDEHGHFLUTXHDTXHOODVHPSUHVDVTXHVHPDQWLHQHQHVWDEOHVTXHQRLQQRYDQ FRQWHPSODQORVFDPELRVTXHVHSURGXFHQHQHOHQWRUQRFRPRXQDDPHQD]DDGLIHUHQFLDGH DTXpOODVLQQRYDGRUDVTXHORVFRQWHPSODQFRPRDXWpQWLFDVRSRUWXQLGDGHVGHQHJRFLR &RQ OR H[SXHVWR KDVWD DTXt VH SXHGH LQFXUULU HQ HO HUURU GH SHQVDU TXH ³LQQRYDU´ HV DOJR H[FOXVLYR GH OD JUDQ HPSUHVD SDUD ORV OtGHUHVGHOVHFWRU SDUD DTXpOORV TXH WLHQHQWLHPSR SDUDHTXLYRFDUVHSDUDDTXpOORVTXHSRVHHQJUDQGHVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGH,'\ QR HVDVt/D
LQQRYDFLyQHVSRVLEOHHQWRGDVODVHPSUHVDVWDPELpQHQODVPLFURHPSUHVDVGHELGRDTXHHQ HOQXHYRFRQFHSWRGHLQQRYDFLyQQRVHFRQWHPSODQORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGH,'FRPROXJDUHV H[FOXVLYRV GH LQQRYDFLyQ GHO PLVPR PRGR TXH HQ HO QXHYR FRQFHSWR GH FDOLGDG pVWD HV FRQWHPSODGDFRPRXQDIXQFLyQPiVGHOWUDEDMRLQGLYLGXDOGHFDGDXQRGHORVHPSOHDGRV &RQREMHWRGHSRWHQFLDUODLQQRYDFLyQVHKDFHQHFHVDULRFUHDUPHFDQLVPRVDGHFXDGRVSDUD TXHDSDUH]FDQQXHYRVHPSOHDGRVSURDFWLYRVORTXHVHKDFHSRVLEOHPHGLDQWHXQDSROtWLFDGH LQQRYDFLyQ DGHFXDGD FRKHUHQWH FRQ ODV HVWUDWHJLDV HPSUHVDULDOHV TXH YD\D IRUMDQGR XQD FXOWXUDHPSUHVDULDOLQQRYDGRUD /DLQQRYDFLyQDGTXLHUHGLVWLQWRVHQIRTXHVHQIXQFLyQGHODFR\XQWXUDH[LVWHQWHSXHVWRTXHHQ pSRFDVGHFULVLVHOREMHWLYRIXQGDPHQWDOGHODHPSUHVDVHFHQWUDHQODUHGXFFLyQGHFRVWHV SURGXFLHQGR LQQRYDFLRQHV RULHQWDGDV D UDFLRQDOL]DU ORV SURFHVRV (Q FDPELR HQ ODV pSRFDV PiVIDYRUDEOHVODHPSUHVDRULHQWDVXVHVIXHU]RVKDFLDHOLQFUHPHQWRGHODVYHQWDV GLULJLHQGR ODLQQRYDFLyQKDFLDSURGXFWRVQXHYRV (Q XQ HQWRUQR KROtVWLFR FRPR HV HO DFWXDO HV LPSRUWDQWH DSUHQGHU D DSURYHFKDU ODV UHGHV WHFQROyJLFDV H[LVWHQWHV SDUD HVWDEOHFHU OD]RV GH FRODERUDFLyQ TXH SHUPLWDQ DSR\DU ODV LQQRYDFLRQHV HPSUHVDULDOHV (Q HVWH FDPSR MXHJDQ XQ SDSHO LPSRUWDQWH ORV FHQWURV GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ\ODVXQLYHUVLGDGHVORVTXHDWUDYpVGHSUR\HFWRVLQGXVWULDOHVSXHGHQSRWHQFLDU WUDEDMRVRULHQWDGRVDODSR\RLQQRYDGRUHQODVHPSUHVDV ,QQRYDUHOODJHVWLyQ 8QDYH]FODULILFDGRHOFRQFHSWRGH*HVWLyQGHOD,QQRYDFLyQ\KDFLHQGRUHIHUHQFLDDOWtWXORGH HVWD FRPXQLFDFLyQ VH SXHGH SURFHGHU D GHILQLU HO FRQFHSWR GH ,QQRYDFLyQ HQ OD *HVWLyQ \ DQDOL]DUODGLIHUHQFLDH[LVWHQWHHQWUHDPERVDODYH]TXHVXUHODFLyQ3DUDHOOR\HQSULPHU OXJDUVHKDGHWHQHUHQFXHQWDTXHOD*HVWLyQGHOD,QQRYDFLyQKDGHHVWDULPSXOVDGDSRUOD ,QQRYDFLyQHQOD*HVWLyQODTXHGHEHUiIRPHQWDUODFUHDFLyQGHHQWRUQRVIpUWLOHVHQORVTXH SXHGDDOLPHQWDUVHODSULPHUD &XDOTXLHUSDVRGDGRIXHUDGHORVOtPLWHVGHODUXWLQDGLDULDHQWUDxDGLILFXOWDGHV\ODQDWXUDOH]D GHWDOHVGLILFXOWDGHVSXHGHSURYRFDUVLWXDFLRQHVGLIHUHQWHV 4XHODVSHUVRQDVGHODRUJDQL]DFLyQVHVLHQWDQGHVRULHQWDGDVIXHUDGHODVVHQGDVGHOD UXWLQD \ SRU WDQWR H[SXHVWDV D PDV HUURUHV \FRQ XQ WHPRU FUHFLHQWH KDFLD ODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV 6XSHUDQGRODVLWXDFLyQDQWHULRUD~QFDEHHVSHUDUTXHODVSHUVRQDVVHVLHQWDQUHWUDtGDV IUHQWHDWRGRDTXpOORTXHSHUWXUEHORVKiELWRV\DFUHDGRV 4XHODFXOWXUDLPSHUDQWHHQHOPRPHQWRUHDFFLRQHFRQWUDWRGRWLSRGHGHVYLDFLyQSRU HOPHURKHFKRGHVDOLUVHGHODQRUPDOLGDGUD]yQSRUODTXHHOHVIXHU]RDUHDOL]DUKDGH VHUVXSOHPHQWDULRGHELGRDTXHXQDDFWLWXGGHFRRSHUDFLyQHVFDVDVXSRQHXQDEDUUHUD LPSRUWDQWH ,QQRYDUHQODJHVWLyQLPSOLFDWUDEDMDUSDUD VXSHUDUODVWUHVVLWXDFLRQHVGHVFULWDVDQWHULRUPHQWH FRQHOILQGHFRQVHJXLUXQDHPSUHVDLQQRYDGRUDHVGHFLUXQDHPSUHVDTXHVHRULHQWDGHPRGR SURDFWLYR KDFLD OD LQQRYDFLyQ $GHPiV LPSOLFD ³GHVWUXtU HO HTXLOLEULR´ LPSHUDQWH HQ ODV RUJDQL]DFLRQHVOXFKDQGRFRQVWDQWHPHQWHSRUGHVWHUUDUHO³VtQGURPHGHOp[LWR´
(VWDEOHFHUXQVHQWLGRGHRULHQWDFLyQ (QODVRUJDQL]DFLRQHVTXHDIURQWDQODLQQRYDFLyQVHKDFHQHFHVDULRHVWDEOHFHUQXHYRVYDORUHV TXHSDUWDQGHXQDQXHYD9LVLyQGHODHPSUHVD/D³YLVLyQ´HVHOHQIRTXHPHQWDOTXHWRGD RUJDQL]DFLyQQHFHVLWDSDUDGDUVHQWLGRDVXSURSyVLWR&UHDUXQD³YLVLyQ´FRQVLVWHHQGHILQLU ODV ³,GHDV *XtD´ TXH VRQ FRPR OtQHDV RULHQWDWLYDV TXH HVWDEOHFHQ HO UXPER \ HO PDUFR GH UHIHUHQFLDPHQWDOTXHOHGDIRUPDDOIXWXUR\RULHQWDVXGHVHPSHxR /D ³YLVLyQ´ FREUD YLGD FXDQGR WRGR HO SHUVRQDO FRQRFH GyQGH VX DSRUWDFLyQ FDXVD XQ UHVXOWDGRVLJQLILFDWLYR/DFUHDFLyQGHOD³YLVLyQ´HVPiVXQDUWHTXHXQDFLHQFLD6HFRQFLEH HQ OD PHQWH GH XQD SHUVRQD QRUPDOPHQWH GH OD GLUHFFLyQ SHUR VH GHVDUUROOD GH IRUPD FROHFWLYD /DV³,GHDV*XtD´VRQODHVHQFLDGHOD³YLVLyQ´\ UHSUHVHQWDQODFRQYHUJHQFLDGHHOHPHQWRV DQDOtWLFRVVLWXDFLyQFRPSHWLWLYDHWFHPRFLRQDOHV\SROtWLFRVGHOHVStULWXGHODRUJDQL]DFLyQ 'HEHQJXLDUDODRUJDQL]DFLyQPiVDOOiGHVXVOtPLWHVHOLPLQDQGRODVIURQWHUDVGHORTXHVH VLHQWH FDSD] GH ORJUDU \ GHEHQ VHU OR EDVWDQWH DPELFLRVDV FRPR SDUD UHTXHULU XQ HVIXHU]R JUDQGH \ SURORQJDGR \ D VX YH] OR EDVWDQWH UHDOLVWD FRPR SDUD FRQYHUWLUVH HQ IXHQWH GH HQIRTXH \ PRWLYDFLyQ (V OD RSRUWXQLGDG TXH OD RUJDQL]DFLyQWLHQHSDUD DPSOLDUOD RSLQLyQ VREUHVtPLVPD /DV³,GHDV*XtD´VHGHEHQFDUDFWHUL]DUSRU x6HUVXILFLHQWHPHQWHDPSOLDV\DPELJXDVSXGLHQGRWRPDULQFOXVRODIRUPDGH³OHPDV´ GHPRGRTXHQROLPLWHQH[FHVLYDPHQWHODRULHQWDFLyQGHODVDFFLRQHV x1R GHEHQ WUDWDU GH ³FRQFUHWDU´ 'HEHQ VHU VHQFLOODV PHWDIyULFDV \ VXJHUHQWHV LQWHOHFWXDO\HPRFLRQDOPHQWH x6HFRQWUDGLFHQFRQODSUHFLVLyQ\SURJUDPDFLyQGHWDOODGDV x'HEHQFRQWHPSODUORVYDORUHVEiVLFRVTXHGHEHQJXLDUHOHVWLORGHIXQFLRQDPLHQWR x3XHGHQDIHFWDUXQDVDWRGDODRUJDQL]DFLyQ\RWUDVVyORDDOJXQDGHVXVSDUWHV x&RQGLFLRQDQHO0RGHORGH2UJDQL]DFLyQDGLVHxDU 1RVH WUDWD WDQWRGH JHQHUDUXQD³YLVLyQFRPSDUWLGD´D PRGRGHUHOLJLyQRGRJPDVLQR GH FUHDUXQVHQWLGRGHFRSDUWLFLSDFLyQ\FRPSURPLVRWDQWRHQODHODERUDFLyQGHODPLVPDFRPR HQVXFRQVHFXFLyQD~QDFRVWDGHLQWHJUDU³YLVLRQHVGLYHUJHQWHV´TXHDVXYH]SXHGHQVHU IXHQWHGH³WHQVLyQ´ &UHDGD OD ³YLVLyQ´ LQLFLDO \ IRUPXODGDV ODV ³HVWUDWHJLDV EiVLFDV´ pVWDV GHEHQ SHUPDQHFHU ³YLYDV´HVGHFLUVXMHWDVDODSRVLELOLGDGGHUHIRUPXODFLyQ &DPELRVHQODFXOWXUDRUJDQL]DFLRQDO /D&XOWXUDLPSHUDQWHHQXQDRUJDQL]DFLyQSXHGHOOHJDUDKDFHUIUDFDVDUFXDOTXLHULQWHQWRGH JHVWLyQGHODLQQRYDFLyQ\DTXHSXHGHDOHQWDUYDORUHVGHOSDVDGRTXHVXSRQJDQYHUGDGHUDV EDUUHUDVDODLQQRYDFLyQ /DV SULQFLSDOHV EDUUHUDV D YHQFHU D SULRUL H LGHQWLILFDGDV FRPR FRPXQHV HQ WRGDV ODV RUJDQL]DFLRQHVKDFHQUHIHUHQFLDD
x/DIDOWDGHFRQILDQ]D x/DIDOWD GHPRWLYDFLyQ\FRPSURPLVR x/DMHUDUTXtD (VWRVWUHVDVSHFWRVPHUHFHQXQDDWHQFLyQUHOHYDQWHUHTXLULHQGRDVXYH]ODLGHQWLILFDFLyQ\ SXHVWDHQPDUFKDGHRWURVHOHPHQWRVTXHDQXOHQRPLQLPLFHQVXHIHFWRHVWRVVRQ x&RPSDUWLULQIRUPDFLyQ x&UHDUDXWRQRPtD x(TXLSRVGH7UDEDMR 8QRGHORVSULQFLSDOHVSUREOHPDVHVODIDOWDGHFRQILDQ]DWDQWRHQDTXHOORVTXHSURPXHYHQH LPSXOVDQ ORV QXHYRV YDORUHV FRPR HQ ORV SURSLRV REMHWLYRV SHUVHJXLGRV $GHPiV QRUPDOPHQWH HQ WRGDV ODV RUJDQL]DFLRQHV H[LVWHQ DQWHFHGHQWHV EDVDGRV HQ DFWXDFLRQHV R KHFKRVFRQFUHWRVTXHMXVWLILFDQGLFKDDFWLWXG (VSRUWDQWRODSULPHUD\JUDQGLILFXOWDGDYHQFHU\UHVXOWDHYLGHQWHTXHQRVHSXHGHFDPELDU GH OD QRFKH D OD PDxDQD (V XQ SURFHVR ODUJR TXH GHSHQGHUi EiVLFDPHQWH GH FyPR GHVHPSHxHQ VX SDSHO SULQFLSDOPHQWH HO ³*XtD 3ULQFLSDO´ \ SRU DxDGLGXUD HO UHVWR GH FRPSRQHQWHVGHOD³&RDOLFLyQ*XtD´7DQWRVXVDFWLWXGHVSHUVRQDOHVFRPRODVDFWXDFLRQHV\ DFFLRQHVTXH SURPXHYDQVHUiQREMHWRSHUPDQHQWH GH REVHUYDFLyQ\ DQiOLVLVSRUORTXHQR GHEHUiQLQFXUULUHQLQFRKHUHQFLDV $VtPLVPRVHUiIXQGDPHQWDOUHDOL]DU³JHVWRV´RSRQHUHQPDUFKDDFFLRQHVTXHVLPEROLFHQGH IRUPDFODUDODUXSWXUDFRQHOSDVDGR\TXHDGHPiVUHIXHUFHQHOFRPSURPLVRGHODVSHUVRQDV HQXQDGHWHUPLQDGDGLUHFFLyQ (QHVWHVHQWLGRXQRGHORVHOHPHQWRVFODYHHVFRPSDUWLULQIRUPDFLyQFRQWRGRHOSHUVRQDO FRPRSUXHEDIHDFLHQWHGHFRQILDQ]D6HWUDWDGHKDFHUWUDQVSDUHQWHDODRUJDQL]DFLyQWRGDOD LQIRUPDFLyQ JHQHUDO UHODWLYD D OD PDUFKD GHO QHJRFLR EHQHILFLRV SURGXFWLYLGDG FXRWDV GH PHUFDGR HWF LQIRUPDFLyQ TXH WUDGLFLRQDOPHQWH KD VLGR FRQVLGHUDGD SULYLOHJLDGD \ FLUFXQVFULWDDODVDOWDVHVIHUDVGHODRUJDQL]DFLyQ (VWDDFFLyQDGHPiVGHTXHEUDUHOWUDGLFLRQDOSHQVDPLHQWRMHUiUTXLFRHVODPRQHGDGHFXUVR OHJDOSDUDFRPSUDUODUHVSRQVDELOLGDG\ODFRQILDQ]DGHOSHUVRQDO\HVHOSULPHUSDVRSDUDTXH HOSHUVRQDOFRPLHQFHDVHQWLUVHXQSRFRPiVFRSURSLHWDULRGHODRUJDQL]DFLyQ 3RURWUDSDUWHHQXQHQWRUQRRUJDQL]DWLYRHQHOTXHVHSUHWHQGHH[WHQGHUODFDSDFLGDGSDUD WRPDUGHFLVLRQHVODLQIRUPDFLyQHVOD EDVHSDUDVXDGHFXDGRHMHUFLFLR6LQLQIRUPDFLyQODV SHUVRQDVQRSXHGHWRPDUGHFLVLRQHVRDOPHQRVQRSXHGHQWRPDUGHFLVLRQHVDFHUWDGDV $GHPiVDXQTXHHOFDPELRVLHPSUHHVWiFDUJDGRGHLQFHUWLGXPEUHHQXQHQWRUQRHQHOTXHVH FRPSDUWHODLQIRUPDFLyQHQHOTXHHOSHUVRQDODFW~DFRQFRQILDQ]DODLQFHUWLGXPEUHVHSXHGH FRQWURODUFRPXQLFDQGRSDFWDQGR\HPSUHQGLHQGRDFFLRQHV $XQTXHFRPSDUWLULQIRUPDFLyQHVXQHOHPHQWRFODYH\EiVLFRSDUDJHQHUDUFRQILDQ]D\D\XGDU DOSHUVRQDODPHMRUDUVXVSURFHVRVGHWUDEDMRHVWRQRHVVXILFLHQWHSDUDDGHPiVOLEHUDUWRGR HOSRWHQFLDOGHFRQRFLPLHQWRV\PRWLYDFLyQTXHODVSHUVRQDVSRVHHQ
8QDGHODVSULQFLSDOHVYtDVGHPRWLYDFLyQGHOSHUVRQDOHVHOVHQWLGRGHSURSLHGDGHVGHFLU DTXpOTXHHVWDEOHFHXQYtQFXORHVWUHFKRHQWUHFDGDSHUVRQD\XQDGHWHUPLQDGDiUHDXQLGDGGH QHJRFLRHWFGHODRUJDQL]DFLyQTXHGHWHUPLQDXQHOHYDGRLQWHUpV\FRPSURPLVRFRQWRGROR TXH DOOt DFRQWHFH 3HUR HO VLPSOH KHFKR GH HVWDEOHFHU GLFKR YtQFXOR QR JHQHUD GH IRUPD QDWXUDO HO LQWHUpV \ FRPSURPLVR QHFHVDULRV 6H UHTXLHUH GRWDU D GLFKDV iUHDV XQLGDGHV GH QHJRFLR HWF GH HOHYDGRV QLYHOHV GH DXWRQRPtD \ DXWRJHVWLyQ 3DUD HOOR HV QHFHVDULR FODULILFDU WDQWR OD (VWUXFWXUD 2UJDQL]DWLYD FRPR VXV SURSLRV ³OtPLWHV´ TXH HVWDUiQ GHWHUPLQDGRV SRU ODV QRUPDV \ SURFHGLPLHQWRV TXH UHJXODQ VX IXQFLRQDPLHQWR \ TXH DO PLVPR WLHPSR TXH DSRUWDQ VHJXULGDG WLHQHQ OD FDSDFLGDG GH FDQDOL]DU OD HQHUJtD HQ XQD GHWHUPLQDGDGLUHFFLyQ 'LVHxDU XQD (VWUXFWXUD 2UJDQL]DWLYD TXH IRPHQWH H LPSXOVH DVSHFWRV FRPR DXWRQRPtD DXWRJHVWLyQ \ DXWRRUJDQL]DFLyQ QHFHVDULDPHQWH OOHYD D SHQVDU HQ OD FRH[LVWHQFLD GH YDULRV WLSRVGH³HVWUXFWXUDV´ (VWUXFWXUDGH$XWRUUHIHUHQFLD)RUPDGDSRUDTXpOODViUHDVXQLGDGHVGHQHJRFLRPLQLIiEULFDV HWFFRQODVTXHWRGDSHUVRQDGHODRUJDQL]DFLyQHVWiSULQFLSDOPHQWHYLQFXODGD(QHOODVHV GRQGHODVSHUVRQDVDSOLFDQ\HMHUFLWDQVXVFRQRFLPLHQWRV\KDFLDGRQGHIRFDOL]DQHOLQWHUpVGH VXWUDEDMRFRWLGLDQR (V OD SDUWH PiV HVWDEOH GH OD (VWUXFWXUD 2UJDQL]DWLYD GRQGH VH SXHGH GHVDUUROODU SULQFLSDOPHQWHHOVHQWLGRGHSURSLHGDGVLVHOHVGRWDGHODVVXILFLHQWHVFXRWDVGHDXWRQRPtD\ DXWRJHVWLyQ (VWUXFWXUDGH3UR\HFWRV(VODIRUPDGDSRUORV(TXLSRVGH3UR\HFWRRUJDQL]DGRV\FUHDGRVGH IRUPDHVSRQWiQHDDOUHGHGRUGHXQDLGHDSUR\HFWRHWF\TXHVHGLVXHOYHQFXDQGRILQDOL]DQVX FRPHWLGR(VODSDUWHPiVLQHVWDEOHGHOD(VWUXFWXUD\WLHQHXQIXHUWHFDUiFWHUGHWHPSRUDOLGDG (VGRQGHVHGHVDUUROOD GHPDQHUDSULQFLSDOHOHMHUFLFLRGHODDXWRQRPtD \ DXWRRUJDQL]DFLyQ VLHQGR D VX YH] ODVSULQFLSDOHVIXHQWHVGH FUHDWLYLGDG LQQRYDFLyQ\ DSUHQGL]DMH5HTXLHUH GRWDUODGHXQDDPSOLDOLEHUWDGWDQWRSDUDFRQIRUPDUORVHTXLSRVFRPRSDUDHOGHVDUUROORGHO SUR\HFWRDVtFRPRGLVSRQHUGHORVPHGLRV\UHFXUVRVQHFHVDULRVSDUDHOOR (VWUXFWXUD GHO &RQRFLPLHQWR (V DTXpOOD HQ OD TXH VH GHSRVLWDQ WRGDV ODV H[SHULHQFLDV OHFFLRQHV DSUHQGLGDV \ EXHQDV SUiFWLFDV GHVDUUROODGDV HQ OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ FRQIRUPDQGR OD %DVHGHO&RQRFLPLHQWRGHODPLVPD\IDFLOLWDQGRWDQWR ODDFFHVLELOLGDGDOPLVPRFRPRVX GLIXVLyQ \ GLYXOJDFLyQ (V OD LPSXOVRUD GHOD JHQHUDFLyQGH HQWRUQRVWDQWRIRUPDOHV FRPR LQIRUPDOHVHQORVTXHVHSRVLELOLWHHOLQWHUFDPELR\SXHVWDHQFRP~QHQWUHORVPLHPEURVGH ODRUJDQL]DFLyQ (VOD LPSXOVRUDGH OD JHQHUDFLyQGHUHGHVGHFRQWDFWRVFRQODVSULQFLSDOHV IXHQWHVGHFRQRFLPLHQWRVHQHOH[WHULRUFRPRXQLYHUVLGDGHVFHQWURVWHFQROyJLFRVFOLHQWHV SURYHHGRUHVHWF 6LVWHPiWLFDVHQHOSURFHVRGHWUDQVIRUPDFLyQGHODFXOWXUDRUJDQL]DFLRQDO $FWXDOPHQWH H[LVWHQ GRV JUDQGHV WHRUtDV HQ FXDQWR DO PHFDQLVPR D DSOLFDU D OD KRUD GH DERUGDUODLPSODQWDFLyQGHOSURFHVRGHWUDQVIRUPDFLyQ /DWHRUtDGHOFDPELRSURJUDPDGR /DWHRUtDGHODOLQHDPLHQWRGHWDUHDV
6HJ~QODSULPHUDGHODVWHRUtDVODWUDQVIRUPDFLyQGHODHPSUHVDFRPLHQ]DSRUODHYROXFLyQ LQLFLDO GH ORV FRQRFLPLHQWRV \ GH ODV DFWLWXGHV GHO SHUVRQDO 8QD YH] ORV HPSOHDGRV KDQ DGTXLULGR QXHYRV FRQRFLPLHQWRV \ FRPSRUWDPLHQWRV HV FXDQGR HYROXFLRQD VX IRUPD GH DFWXDU 6HJ~Q HVWD WHRUtD VyOR HQWRQFHV SRGUiQ UHGHILQLUVH VXV WDUHDV VXV IXQFLRQHV \ VXV UHVSRQVDELOLGDGHVDVtFRPRODWRWDOLGDGGHODUHHVWUXFWXUDFLyQGHODHPSUHVD 6HJ~Q ORV GHIHQVRUHV GH OD WHRUtD GHO FDPELR SURJUDPDGR OD WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ SXHGH VHU HIHFWXDGD D WUDYpV GH VHPLQDULRV GH WUDEDMR R VHVLRQHV GH IRUPDFLyQ TXH GHVDUUROODUiQ ODV FRPSHWHQFLDVQHFHVDULDVHLPSXOVDUiQODVQXHYDVPHQWDOLGDGHVRDFWLWXGHV /RVDXWRUHVGHODSUHVHQWHFRPXQLFDFLyQFRQVLGHUDQTXHHVWHHQIRTXHVLVHDSOLFDSRUVtVROR WLHQHXQDHILFDFLDOLPLWDGDHQODPD\RUtDGHORVFDVRV\DTXHVHSDUDH[FHVLYDPHQWHODWHRUtD GHODSUiFWLFD\ODHQVHxDQ]DGHODXWLOL]DFLyQFRQFUHWDGHORVFRQRFLPLHQWRV 'HWRGRVHVVDELGRTXHSDUDTXHHOSHUVRQDOFDPELHVXVDFWLWXGHVGHEHVDEHUTXHUHU\SRGHU &RQHOHQIRTXHPHQFLRQDGRODVVHVLRQHVGHWUDEDMRHVWiQVHSDUDGDVGHODUHDOLGDGFRWLGLDQD GH OD HPSUHVD GH WDO IRUPD TXH FXDQGR HO HPSOHDGR YXHOYH D OD UHDOLGDG GH VXV WDUHDV \ UHVSRQVDELOLGDGHVFRWLGLDQDVQRWLHQHODUHIHUHQFLDQLHOSRGHUTXHOHSHUPLWDQHYROXFLRQDUHQ VXVIRUPDVGHDFWXDU/DVSHUVRQDVQRWLHQHQUHIHUHQFLDVHVHOLQGLYLGXRHOTXHGHEHDGDSWDU VX SDSHO \ VXV IRUPDV GH DFWXDU GH PDQHUD LQGHSHQGLHQWH 3RU RWUD SDUWH WDPSRFR WLHQH HO SRGHU GH FDPELDU \D TXH VXV IRUPDV GH DFWXDU HVWiQ LQIOXHQFLDGDV SRU ORV VLVWHPDV \ SURFHGLPLHQWRVYLJHQWHV /D IRUPDFLyQ PHGLDQWH VHPLQDULRV D WRGDV OXFHV LQWHUHVDQWH GHEH GH FRPSOHPHQWDUVH FRQ RWUDVDFWXDFLRQHVGHIRUPDVRODSDGD(VWHHQIRTXHHVDPSOLDPHQWHXWLOL]DGRSRUODVHPSUHVDV DFWXDOHV(OSURFHVRFRPLHQ]DFRQODGHILQLFLyQSRUSDUWHGHODGLUHFFLyQJHQHUDOGHODQXHYD YLVLyQ GH HPSUHVD \ FRQWLQ~D FRQ SURJUDPDV IRUPDWLYRV UHODWLYRV D ODV QXHYDVQHFHVLGDGHV LGHQWLILFDGDV(QDOJXQRVFDVRVVHDVRFLDQVLVWHPDVGHHYDOXDFLyQ\DYHFHVGHUHPXQHUDFLyQ OLJDGRVFRQORVQXHYRVREMHWLYRV'HVJUDFLDGDPHQWHUHVXOWDKDELWXDOREVHUYDUFRPRFRQHO SDVR GHO WLHPSR ODV PHMRUDV UHDOHV VRQ HVFDVDV OR TXH SURGXFH XQ LPSDFWR QHJDWLYR HQ OD PRWLYDFLyQGHOSHUVRQDO\HQODFUHGLELOLGDGGHODYLVLyQ$VXYH]UHVXOWDFRP~QFRPHQ]DU XQDFDGHQDGHSURJUDPDVVLQDVHJXUDUHOVHJXLPLHQWR\ODHIHFWLYLGDGGHFDGDXQRGHHOORV 6HJ~QODWHRUtDGHODOLQHDPLHQWRGHWDUHDVODVDFWLWXGHV\FRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHORVLQGLYLGXRV VRQIXHUWHPHQWH LQIOXHQFLDGRVSRUODVIXQFLRQHVUHVSRQVDELOLGDGHV\IRUPDV GHDFWXDUTXHOH VRQDVLJQDGRV3RUORWDQWRSDUDKDFHUHYROXFLRQDUDORVLQGLYLGXRVPDVDOOiGHODFXOWXUDGH ODHPSUHVDHVQHFHVDULRVLWXDUOHVHQXQQXHYRSDSHODVLJQDUOHVQXHYDVUHVSRQVDELOLGDGHV\ HVWDEOHFHU SDUD HOORV QXHYDV IRUPDV GH DFWXDU 3DUDOHODPHQWH D HOOR VH SURFHGH D OD UHGHILQLFLyQGHODRUJDQL]DFLyQGHODHPSUHVDVXHVWUXFWXUD\VXVVLVWHPDV(QFRQVHFXHQFLD FXDOTXLHUSURFHVRGHWUDQVIRUPDFLyQFRPLHQ]D SRUXQDUHGLVWULEXFLyQ \ XQD UHGHILQLFLyQGH ODVWDUHDV\UHVSRQVDELOLGDGHV (OSURFHVRGHWUDQVIRUPDFLyQSHUILODGRSRUORVDXWRUHVGHODFRPXQLFDFLyQUHVXOWDXQKtEULGR GHORVGRVHQIRTXHVPHQFLRQDGRVDXQTXHUHFRJHODPD\RUSDUWHGHODHVHQFLDGHHVWH~OWLPR HQIRTXH LQFOX\HQGR DGHPiV OD IDFHWD GH OD IRUPDFLyQ SHUR VLHPSUH EDMR HO SULVPD GH ³OD IRUPDFLyQ SDUD OD DFFLyQ´ \ HQ FXDOTXLHU FDVR FRQVLGHUDQGR HO FDPELR FRPR SURFHVR GH WUDQVIRUPDFLyQUiSLGR\JOREDO
5HIHUHQFLDV >@ $UJ\ULV6FK|Q2UJDQL]DWLRQDO/HDUQLQJ5HDGLQJ0$$GGLVRQ:HVOH\ >@ %HQQLV:&KDQJLQJ2UJDQL]DWLRQV0DF*UDZ+LOO1HZ<RUN86$ >@ 'DYHQSRUW 7+ -DUYHQSD 6/ \ %HHUV 0& ³,PSURYLQJ .QRZOHGJH ZRUN 3URFHVVHV´6ORDQ0DQDJHPHQW5HYLHZSS >@ 'DYHQSRUW 7+ 'H /RQJ ': \ %56 0& ³6XFFHVVIXO .QRZOHGJH 0DQDJHPHQW3URMHFWV´6ORDQ0DQDJHPHQW 5HYLHZSS >@ 'UXFNHU3$FRQFHSWRIFRUSRUDWLRQ$GGLVRQ:HVOH\ >@ +DOO52UJDQL]DFLRQHV(VWUXFWXUD\3URFHVR3UHQWLFH+DOO >@ +DPHO * 'R] < \ 3UDKDODG&. ³&ROODERUDWH ZLWK \RXU FRPSHWLWRUVDQG ZLQ´+DUYDUG%XVLQHVV5HYLHZHQHURIHEUHURSS >@ +DPHO * ³&RPSHWLWLRQ IRU FRPSHWHQFH DQG LQWHU SDUWQHU OHDUQLQJ ZLWKLQ LQWHUQDWLRQDOVWUDWHJLFDOOLDQFHV´6WUDWHJLF0DQDJHPHQW-RXUQDOSS >@ /DZUHQFH \ /RUVK 'LIIHUHQWLDWLRQ DQG LQWHJUDWLRQ LQ FRPSOH[ RUJDQL]DWLRQV $GPLQLVWUDWLYH6FLQFH4XDUWHO\ >@ 0LQW]EHUJ+/DHVWUXFWXUDFLyQGHODVRUJDQL]DFLRQHV$ULHO6$%DUFHORQD >@ 1RQDND , 7DNHXFKL , 7KH .QRZOHGJH &UHDWLQJ &RPSDQ\ +RZ MDSDQHVH FRPSDQLHVFUHDWHWKHG\QDPLFVRILQQRYDWLRQ 2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV,QF >@ 2VWURII6PLWK7KHKRUL]RQWDORUJDQL]DWLRQ0F.LQVH\4XDUWHO\ >@ 3HUURZ&6RFLRORJtDGHODVRUJDQL]DFLRQHV0F*UDZ+LOO,QWHUDPHULFDQDGH (VSDxD6$HG0DGULG >@ 3UDKDODG&.+DPHO*&RPSHWLQJIRUWKH)XWXUH+DUYDUG%XVLQHVV6FKRRO 3UHVV%RVWRQ >@ 5REELQV6WHSKHQ32UJDQL]DWLRQ7KHRU\6WUXFWXUH'HVLJQDQG$SSOLFDWLRQV 3UHQWLFH+DOO,QWHUQDWLRQDO,QFHG/RQGRQ >@ 6HQJH7KH)LYH'LVFLSOLQH7KH$UWDQG3UDFWLFHRIWKH/HDUQLQJ2UJDQL]DWLRQ 'RXEOHGD\1HZ<RUN >@ 7HUSVWUD\.HQQHWK'7KHFXOWXUDOHQYLURQPHQWRIPRGHUQRUJDQL]DWLRQ ,UYLQJ 86