Fuzzy path tracking and position estimation of autonomous vehicles using differential GPS
Abstract
This paper presents an autonomous vehicle position estimation system based on GPS, that uses a fuzzy sensor fusion technique. A fuzzy path tracking algorithm is also proposed. Both systems have been implemented in the ROMEO-4R vehicle developed at the University of Seville.
Full text
sYbs m 7BP ]B8}Z$t w 1((( D 1xT1E; 3Z99k _sY qs{,$t stI _BR$$Bt eR$8s$Bt BP VZBtB8BZR zY${jR =R$t *$&t$sj p_7 V iBI$Z9T]sRsKtB p <I$s stI V !jjB *}B I ytt$?s I 7$R8sR k VZB8?s${s eR{Zjs 7Z}$B I ytt$BR =t$%R$IsI I 7%$jjs ]s8$tB I jBR *R{ZA$8$tBR ;d(1 7%$jjs w 7}s$t D Z$jjo{sZ`sZRR VARs{ qY$R }s} }RtR st sZBtB8BZR %Y${j }BR$$Bt R$8s$Bt RkR8 AsRI Bt p_7 Ys ZRR s PZ99k RtRB PZR$Bt {Yt$JZ V PZ99k }sY s{,$t sjB$Y8 $R sjRB }B}BRI BY RkR8R Ys% At $8}j8tI $t Y i!e!T;i %Y${j I%jB}I s Y =t$%R$k BP 7%$jj kbBIRU 3Z99k }BR$$Bt R$8s$Bt p_7 PZ99k }sY s{,$t sZT BtB8BZR %Y${jR d ytBIZ{$Bt _sY s{,$t BP sZBtB8BZR %Y${jR {BtR$RR $t Y ts$Bt BP Y R$t {B88stIR PB s %Y${j B PBjjBb sZBtB8BZRjk s $%t }sY s,$t $tB s{{BZt Y {BtRs$tR $8}BRI Ak Y %Y${j stI Y jBb j%j 8B$Bt {BtBjjR stk }sY s{,$t Rs$R Ys% At }RtI yt Y -}$8tR IR{$AI $t Y$R }s} s PZ99k {BtBj {Yt$JZ $R s}}j$I _BR$$Bt R$8s$Bt $R Y }B{RR BP {sj{Zjs$t Y }BR$$Bt stI B$ts$Bt BP Y 8BA$j BAB b$Y R}{ B s $%t Pt{ RkR8 _BR$$Bt R$8s$Bt $R %k $8}Bst PB }sY s{,$t yP Y R$8s$Bt $R tB RZ^{$tjk s{{Zs BR{$jjs$BtR stI s${ AYs%$B BP Y %Y${j 8sk B{{Z qY pjBAsj _BR$$Bt$t 7kR8 w p_7 D }B%$IR s BBI RBZ{ BP sARBjZ }BR$T $Bt $tPB8s$Bt PB sZBtB8BZR ts%$s$Bt stI $ {st A ZRI PB }$8sk }BR$$Bt R$8s$Bt $t 8stk {sRR <Bb% Y {$% {st $% BtBZR 8sRZR $t {s$t R$Zs$BtR stI YPB $ttsj RtRBR sR t{BIR kBR{B}R stI {B8T }sRRR Ys% B A ZRI $t {Bt`Zt{$Bt b$Y Y p_7 >;H qY sI$tR BP sjj YR RtRBR s {B8A$tI ZR$t RtRB PZR$Bt {Yt$JZR >EH yt Y$R }s} s PZ99k RtRB PZR$Bt {Yt$JZ YsR At ZRI qY$R }s} hR }RtR Y }sY s{,$t }BAj8 7{$Bt n $tBIZ{R Y pjBAsj _BR$$Bt$t 7kR8 stI $R ZR PB 8BA$j BAB }BR$$Bt R$8s$Bt 7{T $Bt ; }RtR Y PZ99k RtRB PZR$Bt sIB}I B Isj b$Y Y p_7 R$tsj IsT Is$BtR yt 7{$Bt x s I${ PZ99k {BtBjj PB Y }sY s{,$t }BAj8 $R 1x
1xM V iBI$Z9T]sRsKtB p <I$s m V !jjB }RtI yt 7{$Bt E hjI -}$8tR b$Y Y i!e!T;i sZBtB8BZR %Y$T {j s }RtI qY jsR Y 7{$BtR s PB Y {Bt{jZR$BtR s{,tBbjI8tR stI Pt{R 1_sYqs{,$t 7%sj }sY s{,$t sjB$Y8R Rj{ s Bsj }B$t h sjBt Y }sY s s h-I I$Rst{ PB8 Y %Y${j Ys $R {sjjI Y jBB,sYsI I$Rst{ U w R 3$Z d D =R$t Y$R Bsj }B$t Y %sjZR s BAs$tI Ys A{B8 Y $t}ZR B Y }sY s{, qYR $t}ZR s Y jssj }BR$$Bt B $t %Y${j {BBI$tsR w ?,r D Y B$ts$Bt B b$Y R}{ B Y Bsj }B$t stI Y {Z%sZ B b$Y R}{ B Y Bsj }B$t 3$Z dU _sY s{,$t qY -}RR$BtR BP stI sU ) ) w d D bY stI s Y B$ts$Bt stI {Z%sZ BP Y }sY s Y Bsj }B$t *${ PZ99k {BtBj d ZRR s PZ99k {BtBjj Ys YsR sR $t}ZR Y jssj I$R}js{8t BP Y %Y${j PB8 Y Bsj }B$t Bt Y IR$I }sY Y I%$s$Bt stj PB8 Y Bsj }B$t stI Y I%$s$Bt $t {Z%sZ qY BZ}Z BP Y PZ99k {BtBjj $R Y R$t {B88stI $%t B Y %Y${j n _BR$$Bt eR$8s$Bt ZR$t p_7 qY pjBAsj _BR$$Bt$t 7kR8 w p_7 D $R s Rsjj$ ts%$s$Bt RkR8 {s}sAj BP }B%$I$t s Y$Yjk s{{Zs {Bt$tZBZR jBAsj ts%$s$Bt R%${ $tI}tIt BP BY }BR$$Bt$t s$IR
3Z99k _sY qs{,$t stI _BR$$Bt eR$8s$Bt BP VZBtB8BZR zY${jR 1x qY RkR8 ZRR Y WVz7qVi Rsjj$R bY${Y {BtR$R BP 1d B}s$Btsj RsjT j$R stI n s{$% R}sR B }B%$I s p_7 {$% b$Y s E B d( Rsjj$ {B%s s sjj $8R p_7 {$%$j$st {BI $R {s}sAj BP sARBjZ }BR$$Bt s{{Zs{$R BP sABZ d(( 8T R B jRR qY$R j%j BP s{{Zs{k $R {jsjk $tRZ^{$t PB 8BA$j BAB }BR$$Bt R$8s$Bt stI $ $R IZ B 8stk Ps{BRU s8BR}Y${ IjskR }Y8$R BR Rsjj$ stI {$% {jB{, BR 8Zj$}sY R$tsj {}$Bt stI Rj{$% s%s$jT sA$j$k qY $R s {Yt$JZ ,tBbt sR *$&t$sj p_7 bY${Y j$8$ts B sjk IZ{ 8BR BP YR BR *$&t$sj B}s$Bt JZ$R Ys Rs$BtR B}s $t }s$RU s 8Bt$B $t s h-I ,tBbt }BR$$Bt stI s 8B Rs$Bt BtABsI Y 8BA$j BAB BY RsT $BtR 8ZR A {Btt{I b$Y s sI$B j$t, qY 8Bt$B Rs$Bt {B8}ZR Y BR Abt Y }BR$$Bt BAs$tI PB8 Y p_7 Rsjj$R R$tsjR stI $R ,tBbt }BR$T $Bt stI stR8$R YR {B{$BtR B Y 8B Rs$Bt YBZY Y sI$B j$t, *$&t$sj p_7 {$%R s {s}sAj BP sj $8 s{{Zs{$R BP s Pb {t$8R qY 8s$t }BAj8 b$Y p_7 $R Ys Y {$%R tI B A $t I${ R$Y BP Rsjj$R stI YZR }$BI${ R$tsj AjB{,$t B{{ZR A{sZR BP AZ$jI$tR PBj$s stI Y$jjk s$t VtBY }BAj8 $R Ys {B{$BtR PB8 Y sI$B j$t, 8sk s$% "{BZ}I" BR *p_7 {$%R {st }B%$I st R$8s$Bt BP Y s{{Zs{k j%j BP Y {sj{ZjsI }BR$$BtU {t$8 RZA8 stI 8 s{{Zs{k qY$R s{{Zs{k j%j {st A ZRI B I{$I bYY B jk Bt $ttsj RtRBR w t{BIR stI kBR{B}R D V{{Zs{k $t p_7 $R s Rs$R${sj 8sRZ BP }PB8st{ V Pb RR b$Y s q$8Aj ;(( R$ Ys% RYBbt Ys %t b$Y st B jRR Yst 1 {8 0 BP Y $8 s Pb }B$tR b$Y s 8 B tR BP 8R B {st A PBZtI qYR }B$tR 8ZR A hjI sR b$jj A Rt $t Y t- 7{$Bt ; 3Z99k 7tRB 3ZR$Bt yt sZBtB8BZR ts%$s$Bt Y 8sRZR BP R%sj IZtIst RtRBR s tB8sjjk ZRI PB }BR$$Bt R$8s$Bt IZ B tB$Rk sI$tR BP $tI$%$IZsj RtRBR qB BAs$t st R$8s BP Y }BR$$Bt YR 8sRZR Ys% B A {B8A$tI bYs $R {sjjI "RtRB PZR$Bt" sj8st hj$t $R Y 8BR b$Ijk ZRI RtRB PZR$Bt {Yt$JZ $t sZBtB8BZR ts%$s$Bt isI$tR BP st $tI$%$IZsj RtRB 8sk A BtBZR PB -s8}j Y p_7 T {$% 8sk jBBR {Bts{ b$Y Y Rsjj$R B Y {B8}sRR 8sk $% st BtBZR 8sRZ IZ B s jB{sj %s$s$Bt BP Y sY 8st${ hjI yt YR {sRR Y sj8st hj {sttB Isj Rs$RPs{B$jk b$Y YR 8sRZR qY$R }s} }B}BRR Y s}}j${s$Bt BP s PZ99k RtRB PZR$Bt {Yt$JZ B {BtR$I Y YZ$R${ ,tBbjT I $t%Bj%I $t Y R$8s$Bt }BAj8 qY$R {Yt$JZ $R AsRI Bt Y ZR BP s PZ99k RkR8 Ys hjR YR BtBZR }B$tR qY PZ99k RkR8 {st A R}j$ Z} $tB bB RZARkR8R s }BR$$Bt PZ99k RkR8 stI st B$ts$Bt PZ99k RkR8 qYt Y }BR$$Bt $R {B8}ZI Ak 8stR BPU hLX ) thC LX707Lz LX thC Wy0L L
1E( V iBI$Z9T]sRsKtB p <I$s m V !jjB w d LX thC Wy0L D ;p LX707Lz bY LX thC Wy0L $R Y }BR$$Bt PZ99k RkR8 BZ}Z bY${Y $%R Y {BthIt{ $t Y RtRBR ;p LX707Lz $R Y %Y${j }BR$$Bt {B8}ZI ZR$t IsI {,Bt$tU ? w > Ld D ) ? w > D " w > D xX7z w > D r w > Ld D ) r w > D " w > D xLX w > D w 1 D bY "> stI w > D s R}{$%jk Y %Y${j %jB{$k stI B$ts$Bt $t Y $8 > stI x $R Y Rs8}j$t }$BI qY }BR$$Bt PZ99k RkR8 $t}ZR s Y j%j BP s{{Zs{k w 8 RZA8 {t$8 D Y I$Rst{ s%jjI Ak Y *i R$8s$Bt R$t{ jsR p_7 Z}Is stI Y }BR$$Bt B Abt Y *i R$8s$Bt stI Y p_7 }BR$$Bt qY ZjR s sRU y3 y`yr y7 _7/_ VW* LX L y7 qLj q<eW LX thC Wy0L y7 _7/_ y3 y`yr y7 _7/_ VW* LX L y7 _7/_ VW* Q7X0 0y8qqQ y7 qLj q<eW LX thC Wy0L y7 qLj y3 y`yr y7 qLj q<eW LX thC Wy0L y7 qLj bY Y 88ARY$} PZt{$BtR BP Y $t}ZR stI Y BZ}Z s IhtI $t 1 V R$8$js R{Y8 $R ZRI $t Y B$ts$Bt PZ99k RkR8 qY B$ts$Bt $R $%t AkU L ) L LEyXX LEyXX Wy0L L L / rL /rL Wy0L L L thC L thC Wy0L bY Y Ps{BR $% Y {BthIt{ $t Y RtRBR stI Y PBjjBb$t JZs$Bt $R ZRI B {B8}Z Y B$ts$Bt PB8 Y kBR{B}U w > Ld D ) w > D L w > D x w n D bY w > D stI w > D s R}{$%jk Y B$ts$Bt stI Y ksb s stI x $R Y Rs8}j$t }$BI qY B$ts$Bt PZ99k RkR8 $t}ZR s Y ksb s Y B$ts$Bt R$8sI PB8 Y p_7 w B p_7 D Y B$ts$Bt {B8}ZI PB8 Y kBR{B} w B kB D stI Y B$ts$Bt $%t Ak Y {B8}sRR w B {B8}sRR D qY BZ}ZR BP Y RkR8 s {B8}sRR Ps{B kB Ps{B stI B p_7 Ps{B qY ZjR s R$8$js B Y BtR }RtI APB x *${ 3Z99k ]BtBjj ]BtR$I Y I${ PZ99k PIAs{, {BtBj R{Y8 RYBbt $t n qY BA`{$% $R Ys Y %Y${j s{,R s $%t -}j${$ }sY sR RYBbt $t d qY }sY $R IhtI
3Z99k _sY qs{,$t stI _BR$$Bt eR$8s$Bt BP VZBtB8BZR zY${jR 1Ed 3$Z 1U 8ARY$} PZt{$BtR Ak Y }BR$$Bt B$ts$Bt stI {Z%sZ BP Y$ }B$tR Vt BA`{$% }B$t $R Rj{I Bt Y }sY s s $%t jBB,sYsI I$Rst{ U bY${Y $R s }ss8 BP Y {BtBjj 3$Z nU 3Z99k }sY s{,$t qY PZ99k {BtBjj YsR sR $t}ZR Y jssj I%$s$Bt PB8 Y Bsj }B$t w jB{sj - {BBI$ts $t s RkR8 ss{YI B Y %Y${j D Y I%$s$Bt $t YsI$t stI Y I%$s$Bt $t {Z%sZ qY BZ}Z BP Y PZ99k {BtBjj $R Y JZ$I R$t {B88stI p qY YZ$R${ B I$% Y %Y${j PB8 Y I%$s$BtR $R %k R$8}j VRRZ8$t Ys }BR$$% R$t $R {BZt{jB{,b$R Y ZjR s sRU p 7 U$P $R _!7yqyze NVipe $R WeVi ei! stI $R _!7yqyze Yt p7 $R _!7yqyze 7VNN bY Y 88ARY$} PZt{$BtR BP Y $t}ZR w D stI Y BZ}Z w p D s IhtI $t ; 3$% j$tZ$R${ 8R s ZRI PB Y BZ}Z bY$j PB Y Y $t}ZR x stI n j$tZ$R${ 8R Ys% At IhtI R}{$%jk 7B8 BY YZ$R${ {BtR$Is$Bt B s, $tB s{{BZt }Pt{R B RBj% {Bt4${R Abt ZjR s ZRI w R PB -s8}j >dH D
1E1 V iBI$Z9T]sRsKtB p <I$s m V !jjB 3$Z ;U 8ARY$} PZt{$BtR qY sAB% ZjR Iht s s8Ist$Tk} {BtBjj y $R sjRB }BRR$Aj B ZR s qs,s$T7ZtB k} {BtBjj PB }sY s{,$t >1H b$Y ZjR j$,U p i U$P $R _!7yqyze $R WeVi ei! stI $R WepVqyze Yt pi ) ( 3 1 ( 3 d yt >1H s 8YBI B {B8}Z q7 PZ99k {BtBjjR ZR$t {BtBj YBk stI PZ99k $It$h{s$Bt }B{IZR $R }RtI y $R sjRB }BRR$Aj B $It$Pk Y q7 PZ99k {BtBjj Ak jst$t PB8 YZ8st I$%R _s${Zjsjk PZ99k $It$h{s$Bt YsR At s}}j$I B {B8}Z Y {BtBjj PB8 Y {BI$t BP $t}Z \ BZ}Z Iss w p D bYt Y %Y${j $R RI Ak s YZ8st I$% bYt s{,$t s }sY qbB I$&t {BI$t {Yt$JZR Ys% At $8}j8tIU s D st B}sB Z$IR Y BAB Ak 8stR BP s `BkR${, >dH stI A D Y %Y${j sI8$R s YZ8st I$% Bt ABsI bY${Y I$%R Y %Y${j w b$Y Y sZB8s${ RkR8 Rb${YI B& D >xH qY ZR BP PZ99k jB${ 8YBIR PB Y $8}j8ts$Bt BP }sY s{,$t {BtT BjjR }B%$IR Y PBjjBb$t AthRU 6 qY YZ$R${ I$%$t ,tBbjI {st A $t{B}BsI ZR$t Pb R$8}j stI ZtIRstIsAj ZjR 6 3Z99k {BtBj {Yt$JZR {BZjI $t}Bjs Y ZjR B BAs$t R8BBY {BtBj RZPs{R 6 Nst$t }B{IZR B {B8}Z Y PZ99k {BtBjj PB8 -}$8tR bYt s YZ8st $R I$%$t Y %Y${j {st sjRB A s}}j$I 6 NB{sj {BtBj jsbR {B8}ZI Ak 8stR BP {BtBj YBk {st A 8AIII $t Y PZ99k {BtBj Rsk w R PB -s8}j >nH D
3Z99k _sY qs{,$t stI _BR$$Bt eR$8s$Bt BP VZBtB8BZR zY${jR 1En E 3$jI e-}$8tR 7%sj hjI -}$8tR Ys% At IBt b$Y Y i!e!T;i sZBtB8BZR %Y${j I%jB}I s Y *}ss8tB I ytt$?s I 7$R8sR k VZB8?s${s BP Y =t$%R$k BP 7%$jj >nH 3$Z xU i!e!T;i sZBtB8BZR %Y${j 3$Z EU qs`{Bk PBjjBbI Ak i!e!T;i $t s }sY s{,$t -}$8t i!e!T;i $R s PBZTbYjI %Y${j b$Y V{,8st R$t w R 3$Zx D VZB8s${ R$t $R $8}j8tI Ak ZR$t s *] 8BB Ys $R {Btt{I B Y R$t bYj s-j YBZY s IZ{$Bt s i!e!T;i {s$R s *$&t$sj p_7 RkR8 PB }$8sk }BR$$Bt R$8s$Bt qY {$% s iqT1( 8BIj PB8 WB%sj $R {s}sAj BP s{Y$%$t s{{Zs{$R BP 1( {8 B jRR qY %Y${j sjRB YsR B}${sj t{BIR PB 8B$Bt {BtBj stI IsIT{,Bt$t kBR{B}R stI s {B8}sRR PB Y B$ts$Bt
1E; V iBI$Z9T]sRsKtB p <I$s m V !jjB yt ^E Y s`{Bk PBjjBbI Ak Y i!e!T;i $t s }sY s{,$t -}T $8t b$Y Y I${ PZ99k }sY s{, IR{$AI $t Y$R }s} stI ZR$t *p_7 sR Y }$8sk }BR$$Bt$t RkR8 ]Bt{jZR$BtR 3Z99k {BtBj {Yt$JZR Ys% }B%I ^{$t{k PB }sY s{,$t {Yt$JZR BP sZT BtB8BZR %Y${jR yt Y$R }s} Y RZjR BP Y s}}j${s$Bt BP YR {Yt$JZR bYt ZR$t p_7 $R }RtI qY }s} $t{jZIR s tb PZ99k jB${ }BR$$Bt RT $8s$Bt 8YBI bY${Y $tsR Y Iss PB8 Y p_7 b$Y Y 8sRZ8t BAs$tI PB8 s {B8}sRR s kB stI Y t{BIR $t Y %Y${j bYjR qY 8YBI $R %k j$sAj B Ps$jZR $t Y RtRBR $t{jZI$t 8}Bsk jBRR BP Y p_7 R$tsj V{,tBbjI8tR qY$R bB, YsR At IBt $t ]y]Oq _B`{ qV_ETddM;T](;T(d stI Y 3Vy! _B`{ w eZB}st ]B88$RR$Bt e7_iyq Nqi 1ddd D iPt{R >dH ps{?sT]9B V V !jjB stI F N s?t9 dE "*R$t BP s BAZR Y$Y }PB8st{ PZ99k }sY s{, PB sZBtB8BZR %Y${jR yt FBZtsj BP 7kR8R 7{$t{ %Bj 1 t M }} TM(E >1H !jjB V V ps{?sT]9B stI F N s?t9 dE *R$t BP PZ99k {BtT BjjR PB8 YZ$R${ ,tBbjI stI -}$8tsj Iss dE y3V] GBjI ]BtRR }s} dIT(d x zBj V }} ;nnT;nM >nH !jjB V ] V?Z F 3Z9 p <I$s 3 ]ZRs 3 N?B}9T_${Ys{B stI ] WBsjR dM ]BtBj stI }{}$Bt {B8}BttR PB sZBtB8BZR %Y${j Z$Ist{ V}}j${s$Bt B Y i!e! %Y${jR w d D ]BtBj et$t$t _s{${ % }} d1dTd1 >;H i$tstt < s,js BR,$tt F _Z}Z$ 7s8}B !`sjs dx *%jB}8t BP st sZBtB8BZR ts%$s$Bt RkR8 PB st BZIBB %Y${j stI $t$sj ts%$s$Bt _B{ BP Y 1tI yt ]BtP Bt ytjj$t VZBtB8BZR zY${jR w yVzx D <jR$t,$ 3$tjstI }} 11(T11x >xH 7?st{Y9 ! V !jjB stI p <I$s d <$s{Y${sj 3Z99k _sY qs{,$t stI zjB{$k ]BtBj BP VZBtB8BZR zY${jR w d D ytsI ]B8}Z V$II et$t$t % E w ; D 1MTn(d >EH 7{YBtA q !`sjs F 7ZB8js V qB}B stI V <sj8 dx _BT R$$Bt$t st sZBtB8BZR B&TBsI %Y${j Ak ZR$t PZRI *p_7 stI $t$sj ts%$s$Bt _B{ BP Y 1tI yt ]BtP Bt ytjj$t VZBtB8BZR zY${jR w yVzx D <jR$t,$ 3$tjstI }} 11ET1nd