658_block 8: sus ainabili y and clima e c isis
ABSTRACT
The ala ming inc ease in global a e age
empe a u es and he adap i e capaci y
o humans in ela ion o ai quali y and
empe a u e a e becoming inc easingly
ele an . Scien i ic esou ces ha e ocused
on he he mal adap a ion o building use s,
bu li le esea ch has been done on he mal
com o in ou doo and semi-ou doo
spaces in he ci y. This s udy ocuses on he
analysis and compa ison o di e en passi e
s a egies implemen ed in cou ya ds. The
p esen in es iga ion quan i ies he com o
imp o emen b ough by shading and mis ing
elemen s in cou ya ds. Fo his pu pose, a
se o in insic and ex insic a iables ha
in e ene in he he modynamic beha io
o he cou ya d will be aken in o accoun .
The ele ance o he s udy lies no only in
he need o design ene gy-e icien buildings
wi h adequa e he mal com o pa e ns bu
also in mo e esilien u ban en i onmen s
in he cu en clima e change scena io. The
main objec i e o he esea ch is o quan i y
he implemen a ion o o he passi e
s a egies and he esul s o di e en
combina ions o hese. The esul s iden i ied
a he mal del a in he cou ya d o up o 10°C
coole han he ou doo empe a u e, which
a ies depending on he di e en s a egies
implemen ed and he ime o day.
KEYWORDS
Cou ya d; a chi ec u e; com o ; clima e
change.
1. INTRODUCTION
The issue and e ec s o clima e change a e
a conce n ha oday's socie y mus ake in o
accoun in o de o mi iga e hem. The mal
o ecas s o he end o he cen u y indica e
an inc ease o se e al deg ees in a e age
empe a u es in ci ies (San amou is e al.
2001). The la es s udies ca ied ou by he
In e go e nmen al Panel on Clima e Change
(IPCC) show ha he da a o sou he n
Spain a e no e y encou aging. Mo eo e ,
CO2 emissions a e one o he mos ele an
causes o clima e change o be aken in o
accoun , and buildings cause 40% o CO2
emissions in Eu ope (Ma hews e al. 2009).
The measu es needed o ace his
p oblem a e becoming highly es ic i e,
so con ibu ions om any discipline a e
essen ial o na ions o comply wi h new
equi emen s. One o he main objec i es
o mi iga e clima e change ega ding
a chi ec u e is he design o Nea ly Ze o
Ene gy Buildings (NEZB). Reducing he
ene gy demand o buildings is possible
PAPER #8.08
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF PASSIVE CONDITIONING STRATEGIES FOR THE
IMPROVEMENT OF COURTYARD THERMAL PERFORMANCE
Edua do Diz-Melladoa, Vic o ia Pa icia López-Cabezaa, Ca men Galán-Ma ína, Ca los
Ri e a-Gómeza
aUni e sidad de Se illa, Spain
How o ci e
Diz-Mellado, Edua do, Vic o ia Pa icia López-Cabeza, Ca men Galán-Ma ín, and Ca los Ri e a-Gómez.
“Compa a i e e alua ion o passi e condi ioning s a egies o he imp o emen o cou ya d he mal
pe o mance.” In P oceedings o 3 d Valencia In e na ional Biennial o Resea ch in A chi ec u e. Changing p io i ies.
Valencia. 2022. h ps://doi.o g/10.4995/VIBRA ch2022.2022.15112
changing p io i ies_659
hanks o di e en passi e s a egies in
he a chi ec u al design o ci ies and hei
mo phology (Bi an 1988). Cou ya ds ha e
gained impo ance in ci ies mainly a ec ed
by global wa ming, such as Se ille, ac ing
as highly e icien passi e cooling sys ems,
used in e nacula a chi ec u e in ho a eas.
Depending on hei cons uc ion and design
cha ac e is ics, hey help ema kably as
he mal egula o s o buildings' and ci ies'
empe a u es, mi iga ing he u ban hea
island e ec (UHI) (Ca nielo and Zinzi
2013). The so-called UHI e ec occu s
mainly in la ge ci ies, due o he buil mass,
p oducing an o e hea ing o u ban a eas.
Du ing summe hea wa es, some ci ies
ha e eached mo e han a 10°C di e ence
be ween he u al pe iphe y and he u ban
a ea empe a u es.
The empe ing po en ial o cou ya ds is a
alue o be aken in o accoun in ci ies wi h
wa m clima es. This has been assessed
and demons a ed o less ex eme clima e
zones (Nas ollahi e al. 2017; Taleghani e
al. 2014). The he mal gap achie ed wi h
he ou side is he main pa ame e o ake
in o accoun when assessing his empe a e
po en ial. The e ec i eness o cou ya ds
depends on he in insic and ex insic
cha ac e is ics o each cou ya d. Some
in e nal ones, such as geome y, aspec a io
(AR), o ien a ion (Ok ay 2002), he p esence
o ege a ion o wa e , deg ee o exposu e
o wind (Sa a zadeh and Bahado i 2005),
cons uc i e inishes (albedo) (Taleghani
2018), shade elemen s (Cindel e al. 2018),
s and ou , bu i is he ex e nal en i onmen
ha de e mines he empe ing capaci y o a
g ea e o lesse ex en .
The mic oclima e o he cou ya d
con ibu es o he ene gy sa ings o he
building by empe ing adjacen ooms. I
also allows he use s o hese spaces o be
he mally com o able mos o he day in
he wa m season (Diz-Mellado, Galán-Ma ín,
and Ri e a-Gómez 2020).
The implemen a ion o passi e s a egies
in cou ya ds can imp o e hei indoo
mic oclima e in a con olled way. The
inclusion o ege a ion (Diz-Mellado e al.
2020), albedo a ia ions, he p esence o
wa e shee s (Pea lmu e and Be line 2017;
Hweij e al. 2017), o nebulize s (Ulpiani e al.
2019; Ulpiani, di Pe na, and Zinzi 2019) o he
placemen o shading elemen s (Shashua-
Ba , Pea lmu e , and E ell 2009) a e some o
hose ha ha e been es ed so a (So laei e
al. 2017). Some o hem a e inexpensi e and
easily a ailable bioclima ic s a egies.
A new line o esea ch ha has no been
add essed so a is he compa ison o di e en
passi e s a egies and hei combina ion such
as he e ec o a common shading elemen
(an awning) on he pa ial o o al su ace o
he cou ya ds, du ing 24-hou cycles o only
in he day ime pe iod, and he p esence o
nebulize s. This esea ch, he e o e, aims o
es he empe ing po en ial o cou ya ds in
ex eme summe empe a u es, and he e ec
o passi e shading s a egies and mis e s.
The s udy ocuses on a case s udy in he ci y
o Se ille, which is a ci y cha ac e ized by
he p esence o many o hese spaces. The
assessmen o he cou ya d mic oclima e
is analyzed, i s wi hou any s a egy, hen
wi h a 24-hou shading elemen , hen wi h a
shading elemen du ing dayligh hou s, and
inally a combina ion o a day ime shading
elemen and ogge s. This is a compa a i e
analysis wi h e y simila ou doo clima ic
condi ions. The ease and speed o assembly
as well as he cos -e ec i eness o hese
s a egies make he esul s o he esea ch a
undamen al aspec agains clima e change.
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
2.1. Loca ion and clima e desc ip ion
In his sec ion, he local clima e o Se ille
(Se ille, Spain, 3722058" N 558023" W, 16
m a.s.l.), in Sou he n Spain, is analyzed
660_block 8: sus ainabili y and clima e c isis
in de ail and a case s udy is selec ed o
in es iga ion.
Se ille is he capi al o Andalusia, an
au onomous communi y o Spain wi h an
a ea o app oxima ely 14,036 km2. Se ille
co e s 140.8 km2 and has an a e age heigh
abo e sea le el o app oxima ely 7m. The
ci y o Se ille is loca ed on he e ile plain
o he Guadalqui i , a i e ha goes h ough
he ci y om no h o sou h. I has 688.711
inhabi an s, making i a medium-sized ci y
in Spain and he mos popula ed ci y in
Andalusia. Se ille is one o he wa mes
ci ies in Spain. I has a Medi e anean
clima e and is e y wa m in he summe
mon hs.
In he esea ch, pa ame e s such as he
Diu nal The mal Range DTR (Equa ion 2) a e
used (Lee e al. 2018; Lim, Hong, and Kim
2012). DTR is he di e ence be ween he
minimum and maximum empe a u e alues
cap u ed in a gi en obse a ion ime, usually
a 24-hou cycle (Qu, Wan, and Hao 2014;
B aganza, Ka oly, and A blas e 2004).
Tmax – Tmin = DTR (°C) (2)
Be ween he summe and win e mon hs,
he e is a g ea a ia ion in empe a u es,
bu he e a e also la ge a ia ions in DTR,
eaching 12-13 ºC in win e and 16-17 ºC
in summe . Win e s a e gene ally mild, wi h
ew days egis e ing 0ºC and li le ain all.
In summe , empe a u es can occasionally
exceed 40 ºC in he ho es mon hs. Due
o clima e change, as we men ioned
ea lie , i has been eco ded ha summe is
leng hening in ime, as he hea s a s ea lie
in he yea and lea es la e , so he clima e
in Se ille wo ks as wo seasons, win e and
summe , wi h a sho pe iod wi h a mild
clima e such as sp ing and au umn.
Acco ding o IPCC p ojec ions o he
coming decades (IPCC 2018), hea wa es
a e becoming mo e equen in he ci y
o Se ille, and will inc ease conside ably.
Summe empe a u es a e egula ly high in
his sou he n and inland a ea o Spain. The
Spanish Código Técnico de la Edi icación
(CTE), he building s anda d (Documen o
Básico 2017), classi ies Se ille's clima e
as B4, which indica es mild win e s and
high summe empe a u es. Acco ding o
he Köppen classi ica ion, i is classi ied
as ca ego y Csa, cha ac e ized by ho , d y
summe s wi h low ain all.
Se ille is a ci y in which mos days a e sunny,
so he e is special impo ance in p o ec ing
onesel agains sola adia ion, and ha
is why he use o shading elemen s is a
undamen al pa o his ci y.
2.2. Case s udy
The objec o s udy o his esea ch is an
educa ional building buil in 1959, loca ed in a
consolida ed u ban en i onmen . I consis s
o a basemen , g ound loo (g ), g + 1, g +
2, and uppe loo . I is a building composed
o 3 olumes o di e en heigh s (Fig. 1). The
cou ya d unde s udy se es o ices and
classes?, and i s cha ac e is ics a e speci ied
in he Table 1.
The in luence o he geome y on he
he modynamic beha io o he cou ya ds
is o g ea impo ance acco ding o p e ious
esea ch (Ri e a-Gómez e al. 2019) and is
de ined as he a io be ween he heigh (H)
and he wid h (W) o he cou ya d, known as
he aspec a io (AR) (Equa ion 1). In he case
s udy, wo ARs (I and II) a e conside ed, one
o each side o he cou ya d conside ing
hem as simpli ied pa allelepipeds.
AR = H/W (1)
Table 1. Geome ic da a o he case s udy
changing p io i ies_661
2.3. Field moni o ing campaign
A plan o ield moni o ing campaigns is
designed o measu e he empe a u e in he
case s udy cou ya d.
The he mal e alua ion using empe a u e
and humidi y senso s is ca ied ou a
di e en heigh s o be able o app ecia e
and analyze he he mal s a i ica ion wi h
g ea e p ecision, as in p e ious campaigns
conside able he mal di e ences ha e been
obse ed a he di e en le els o he cou ya d.
The he mal s a i ica ion is in luenced by
in e nal pa ame e s o he cou ya d such
as i s o ien a ion, geome y, o cons uc ion
cha ac e is ics, as well as by ex e nal ac o s
such as he season o he yea and he clima ic
zone.
The moni o ing plan is ca ied ou o July 2021,
wi h ou doo empe a u es ypical o he wa m
season. The moni o ing campaigns a e di ided
in o ou pa s: cou ya d moni o ing wi hou
implemen a ion o passi e s a egies (A);
implemen a ion o shading elemen s du ing
24h (B); implemen a ion o shading elemen s
(Fig. 2b) du ing dayligh hou s (8.00 am - 9.00
pm) (C); implemen a ion o nebulize s (6s/min)
(Fig. 2c) in combina ion wi h shading elemen s
du ing dayligh hou s (D). The planning o he
moni o ing campaigns is in Table 2.
Figu e 1. Case s udy cou ya d
662_block 8: sus ainabili y and clima e c isis
A wea he s a ion model PCE-FWS20 is
loca ed on he oo o he building o moni o
ou doo da a ela ed o empe a u e, humidi y,
wind speed and di ec ion, and p ecipi a ion
(Fig. 2a). All hese da a we e eco ded in
a con ol cen e loca ed inside a nea by
o ice inside he building. Simul aneously,
h ee empe a u e and humidi y senso s
we e placed on a s ing a di e en heigh s
o cap u e he he mal s a i ica ion o he
ai . The senso s we e p o ec ed om di ec
sola adia ion wi h a en ila ed shield,
acco ding o p e ious esea ch. In he case
s udy, he senso s we e placed a he base
o he s ing a a heigh o 3.0 m, 5.0 m,
and 7.0 m abo e he cou ya d loo , model
TESTO174H empe a u e eco de s. Wi h
he measu emen s ou side and inside he
cou ya d, he The mal Del a (TD) be ween he
cou ya d and he ou side can be de e mined
(Ri e a-Gómez e al. 2019).
TD(°C) = OT – CT (3)
TD is a ac o consis ing o he di e ence
be ween he ou doo empe a u e on he oo
o he building and he empe a u e in he
cou ya d measu ed by a senso placed a a
ce ain heigh abo e he g ound o a ce ain
ime. I is a e y use ul ac o o assessing
he empe ing po en ial o he cou ya d.
Figu e 2. Loca ion o he measu emen ins umen s. a) wea he s a ion PCE-FWS 20, b) da a logge s TESTO
174H, c) nebulize s a 2.00 m (6 seg/min)
Table 2. Planning o he moni o ing campaigns
changing p io i ies_663
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This sec ion shows he esul s o he di e en
moni o ing campaigns (A-D) ca ied ou
inside he cou ya d. Two selec ed days om
each ype o campaign a e shown in igu e
3. The days ha e been selec ed acco ding o
he ou doo empe a u e, choosing he days
wi h he mos simila ou doo empe a u e
o u u e compa ison o he implemen ed
passi e s a egies. The esul s shown in Figu e
3 a e di ided in o ou blocks (A, B, C, and D),
ep esen ing he ou moni o ing campaigns
ca ied ou . In da k colo , he moni o ed ou doo
empe a u e on he oo o he building, and in
o he colo s he empe a u e and humidi y o he
senso s placed inside he cou ya d.
Figu e 3 shows conside able he mal
s a i ica ion be ween he TESTO174H
senso s. The he mal s a i ica ion be ween
senso s a ies be ween 1-2 ºC in consecu i e
senso s sepa a ed by 2.00 me e s. This
he mal s a i ica ion is di e en in campaign
D, whe e he empe a u e o he lowes senso
is signi ican ly di e en om he one a 5.00
me e s. As o he ela i e humidi y, he end is
he same in campaigns A, B and C, inc easing
conside ably wi h he implemen a ion o he
ogge s in campaign D, especially du ing he day.
The empe a u e a he lowes senso is simila ,
wi h a no iceable inc ease in empe a u e a
highe ele a ions. Figu e 4 shows he a e age
esul s o empe a u e and humidi y inside he
cou ya d.
Figu e 4 shows ha he empe ing po en ial
o he cou ya d inc eases when a shading
elemen is implemen ed, being simila in
campaigns B, C, and D. In e ms o DTR, he
a e age ou doo he mal a ia ion is 18 °C, while
in he cou ya d i a ies be ween 8 and 4 °C. To
assess he mic oclima ic po en ial gene a ed
by each passi e s a egy implemen ed, one day
has been selec ed om each o hem. Figu e 5
shows he TD achie ed in each campaign wi h
espec o he a e age ya d empe a u e.
The hou ly TD is shown in Figu e 5a, and in Figu e
5b, he maximum TD achie ed du ing he day is
exp essed as posi i e, and he maximum TD
du ing he nigh , when he cou ya d is wa me
han ou side, as nega i e. The TD achie ed in
campaign A is 5.5°C du ing he day and -2.4°C
du ing he nigh . By implemen ing a shading
elemen o 24 hou s in campaign B, he TD is
9.5°C, imp o ing by 4°C due o he p esence
Figu e 3. Resul s o selec ed days in moni o ing campaigns
664_block 8: sus ainabili y and clima e c isis
Figu e 4. Resul s o a e age empe a u e and humidi y in he cou ya d
Figu e 5. TD esul s o ou selec ed days a) o e all TD 20, b) diu nal and noc u nal TD
changing p io i ies_665
o he shading elemen . Howe e , du ing he
nigh , he TD is -3.4 ºC, signi ican ly a ec ing he
cou ya d empe a u e du ing he nigh pe iod.
In campaign C, he TD is 10.1ºC, signi ican ly
highe han in he p e ious case. Du ing he
nigh pe iod, when he shading elemen is
emo ed, he cou ya d manages o cool down,
almos balancing wi h he ou side empe a u e.
The p esence o ogge s in campaign D has
no p oduced any imp o emen in combina ion
wi h he shading elemen in he day ime pe iod.
Du ing he nigh , he cou ya d does no cool
down, wi h he ogge s p oducing a simila
ho ai pocke as he shading elemen in
campaign B.
4. CONCLUSIONS
The he mal empe ing achie ed in buildings
by he in luence o he mic oclima e
gene a ed in he cou ya d is a eal ac o
scien i ic in e es . Ve nacula a chi ec u e
in he Medi e anean clima e has been
cha ac e ized by he p esence o hese
spaces as he spa ial co e o buildings.
The implemen a ion o di e en passi e
s a egies applicable o hese spaces is
impo an due o he imp o emen achie ed in
he empe a e po en ial o he cou ya ds. In
his esea ch, he implemen a ion o shading
elemen s and mis e s has been es ed du ing
se e al moni o ing campaigns.
The selec ed case s udy manages o empe
he empe a u e in his space by mo e
han 5ºC du ing dayligh hou s. Howe e ,
he implemen a ion o a shading elemen
p o ides up o an addi ional 5ºC, achie ing a
TD o mo e han 10ºC. Howe e , ogge s ha e
no b ough signi ican imp o emen s.
Du ing he nigh , hese passi e s a egies
we e also compa ed, achie ing space cooling
in he campaigns wi h he emo al o he
shading elemen du ing he nigh hou s.
This esea ch aimed o compa e di e en
passi e s a egies applicable o he
cou ya d. Ul ima ely, he implemen a ion o
shading elemen s du ing he day plus nigh -
ime emo al is he mos sui able passi e
s a egy o his case s udy. The limi a ions
o his esea ch ha e been he lack o a
new campaign in which only mis e s a e
implemen ed o es hei e ec on hei own.
In u u e lines o esea ch, i will be possible o
ca y ou his compa ison in cou ya ds wi h
di e en geome ies and clima ic zones o
de ec which passi e s a egy is mo e sui able
o each ype o cou ya d in each clima e.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This wo k was suppo ed by he g an
RTI2018-093521-B-C33 unded by MCIN/AEI/
10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way
o making Eu ope” and he Spanish Minis y
o Educa ion, Cul u e and Spo s Spain ia
a p e-doc o al con ac g an ed o V.P. L-C.
[FPU17/05036] and E. D-M [FPU18/04783].
The au ho s g a e ully acknowledge AEMET
(S a e Me eo ological Agency) o he da a
supplied.
666_block 8: sus ainabili y and clima e c isis
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