Phase Edges, Quantifier Float and the Nature of (Micro-) Variation

©!Iberia:!An!International!Journal!of!Theoretical!Linguistics!vol!4.1,!2012,!23>39! ! ! http://revistas.ojs.es/index.php/iberia!ISSN!1989>8525! ! ! Phase!Edges,!Quantifier!Float!! and!the!Nature!of!(Micro9)!Variation! ! Alison!Henry! [email protected] University-of-Ulster- ! DOI!to!be!assigned! - Abstract:!This!paper!considers!quantifier!float!off!wh>elements!in!varieties! of! West! Ulster! English.! It! establishes! that! there! are! several! sub>dialects! of! West!Ulster!English!and!not!just!the!single!variety!described!by!McCloskey! (2000);! these! varieties! differ! in! the! positions! in! which! floated! quantifiers! associated!with!wh>elements!can!appear.!The!full!range!of!possible!positions! includes!not!only!the!highest!CP,!the!first>merge!position!of!the!wh>element! and!the!edge!of!intermediate!CPs,!as!observed!by!McCloskey,!but!also!the! edge!of!intermediate!vPs,!providing!evidence!that!wh>movement!transits!the! edge!of!vP!phases.!Dialects!vary!in!the!range!of!positions!in!which!a!floated! quantifier!is!possible,!and!in!some!a!floated!quantifier!cannot!occur!in!the! first>merge!position!of!the!wh>elements,!but!only!in!intermediate!positions.! Comparing! quantifier! float! off! wh>elements! with! quantifier! float! off! DPs,! which!is!possible!in!a!wider!range!of!language!varieties!including!standard! English,!the!paper!offers!a!possible!solution!to!the!puzzle!of!why!quantifier! float!off!DPs!is!not!generally!possible!in!the!first>merge!position!of!the!DPs! in!passives!and!unaccusatives:!UG!prescribes!the!positions!where!elements! appear! or! transit! and! thus! where! copies! occur,! but! individual! grammars! select!a!subset!of!those!positions!as!possible!for!pronunciation!of!a!floated! quantifier.! Keywords:!quantifier-float,-wh6movement,-phases,-microvariation,-optionality.! Resumen:!Este!artículo!considera!a!los!cuantificadores!flotantes!asociados!a! los!elementos!qu>!utilizados!en!variedades!distintas!del!inglés!habladas!en!la! parte!occidental!de!Irlanda!del!Norte.!El!artículo!establece!que!la!variedad! del! inglés! hablada! en! la! parte! occidental! de! Irlanda! del! Norte! comprende! varios! sub>dialectos! en! lugar! de! uno! solo,! como! se! afirmó! en! McCloskey! (2000);!estas!variedades!difieren!en!base!a!las!distintas!posiciones!en!las!que! pueden!aparecer!los!cuantificadores!flotantes!asociados!con!elementos!qu>.! El! rango! completo! de! posiciones! posibles! en! las! que! pueden! aparecer! los! cuantificadores!incluye!no!solo!el!SC!más!alto,!la!posición!de!base!(primer> merge)!del!elemento!qu>!y!el!filo!del!SC!intermedio,!todas!observadas!por! McCloskey.! También! incluye! el! filo! de! Svs! intermedios,! lo! cual! ofrece! evidencia!de!que!el!movimiento!qu>!transita!por!el!filo!de!las!fases!Sv.!Los! dialectos!varían!dependiendo!de!cuántas!de!estas!posiciones!puede!ocupar! ! ©!Iberia:!An!International!Journal!of!Theoretical!Linguistics!vol!4.1,!2012,!23>39! !!http://revistas.ojs.es/index.php/iberia!ISSN!1989>8525! 24! Phase!Edges,!Quantifier!Float!and!the!Nature!of!(Micro>)!Variation! un!cuantificador!flotante.!En!algunos!dialectos!un!cuantificador!flotante!no! puede! aparecer! en! la! posición! base! de! los! elementos! qu>,! sino! solo!en! posiciones!intermedias.!Al!comparar!los!cuantificadores!flotantes!asociados! a! elementos! qu>! con! cuantificadores! flotantes! asociados! a! SDs,! lo! cual! es! posible!en!una!amplia!gama!de!variedades!lingüísticas!en!las!que!se!incluye! el!inglés!estándar,!este!artículo!ofrece!una!posible!solución!al!problema!de! por!qué!los!cuantificadores!flotantes!asociados!con!SDs!generalmente!no!son! posibles!en!la!posición!base!de!los!SDs!en!estructuras!pasivas!e!inacusativas:! La!gramática!universal!(UG)!prescribe!las!posiciones!en!las!que!aparecen!o! por! las! que! transitan! los! elementos,! así! como! donde! aparecen! las! copias,! pero!las!gramáticas!individuales!pueden!seleccionar!un!subconjunto!de!esas! posiciones!como!posibles!para!la!pronunciación!de!un!cuantificador!flotante.! Palabras. clave:! cuantificadores! flotantes,! movimiento>Q,! fases,! microvariación!opcionalidad.! Resumo:! Este! artigo! considera! a! flutuação! do! quantificador! fora! de! elementos>wh!em!variedades!do!inglês!de!Ulster!ocidental.!Estabelece!que! existem! vários! sub>dialetos! do! inglês! de! Ulster! ocidental! e! não! apenas! a! única! variedade! descrita! por! McCloskey! (2000);! estas! variedades! diferem! quanto! às! posições! em! que! os! quantificadores! flutuantes! associados! aos! elementos>wh!podem!aparecer.!A!totalidade!de!posições!possíveis!inclui!não! só!o!CP!mais!elevado,!a!posição!da!primeira!concatenação!do!elemento>wh!e! a! periferia! dos! CPs! intermédios,! como! observado! por! McCloskey,! mas! também!a!periferia!dos!vPs!intermédios,!demonstrando!que!o!movimento> wh! transpõe! a! periferia! das! fases! de! vP.!Os! dialetos! variam! quanto! às! diferentes! posições! possíveis! para! um! quantificador! flutuante,! e,! em! algumas,!um!quantificador!flutuante!não!pode!ocorrer!na!primeira!posição! de! concatenação! dos! elementos>wh,! mas! apenas! em! posições! intermédias.! Comparando! a! flutuação! do! quantificador! fora! de! elementos>wh! com! a! flutuação! do! quantificador! fora! de! DPs,! o! que! é! possível! num! grande! número! de! variedades! linguísticas,! incluindo! o! inglês! padrão,! o! artigo! apresenta!uma!possível!solução!para!o!enigma!de!por!que!razão!a!flutuação! do!quantificador!fora!de!DPs!não!é!geralmente!possível!na!primeira!posição! de! concatenação! dos! DPs! em! passivas! e! estruturas! inacusativas:! a! GU! prescreve! as! posições! em! que! os! elementos! aparecem! e! que! transitam! e,! como! tal,! em! que! as! cópias! ocorrem,! mas! as! gramáticas! individuais! selecionam!uma!parte!dessas!posições!como!possíveis!para!a!pronunciação! de!um!quantificador!flutuante.!! Palavras1chave:!Flutuação-de-quantificador,-movimento6wh,-fases;-microvariação,- opcionalidade.! 1.!Introduction! ‘Quantifier! float’! off! DPs,! as! in! (1)! and! (2),! is! a! well>known! and! well> studied!phenomenon,!although!there!is!still!debate!as!to!whether!the!quantifiers! involved! have! actually! been! left! behind! with! traces! of! DP! movement,! or! are! adverbial!elements!(see!for!example!Bobaljik,!2003;!Koopman,!2009).! ! ©!Iberia:!An!International!Journal!of!Theoretical!Linguistics!vol!4.2,!2012,!23>39! ! ! http://revistas.ojs.es/index.php/iberia!ISSN!1989>8525! 25! Alison!Henry! ! (1)!!The!children!are!all!singing.! (2)!!They!have!all!read!the!book.! A!much!rarer!phenomenon!is!apparent!float!off!wh>elements.!McCloskey! (2000)!was!the!first!to!discover!the!existence!of!‘quantifier!float’!off!wh>phrases,! in!West!Ulster!English.!McCloskey!showed!that,!instead!of!appearing!adjacent! to!the!wh>element,!as!is!possible!in!many!colloquial!varieties!of!English!(as!in!(3)! to!(5)!below),!all!can!appear!in!the!base!position!of!the!wh>phrase!(as!in!(6)!and! (7)),!or!in!an!intermediate!SpecCP!position!as!in!(8).! (3)!!Where!all!did!you!go!on!holiday?! (4)!!What!all!did!you!buy!in!town?! (5)!!What!all!did!she!say!that!he!bought!in!town?! (6)!!Where!did!you!go!all!on!holiday?! (7)!!What!did!you!buy!all!in!town?! (8)!!What!did!she!say!all!that!he!bought!in!town?! McCloskey!presents!the!data!from!West!Ulster!English!as!if!it!were!a!unified! dialect! in! relation! to! this! phenomenon,! although! he! does! note! a! lack! of! unanimity! among! speakers! about! some! aspects! of! the! data.! However,! in! fact! there!is!a!range!of!sub>dialects!of!West!Ulster!English!in!relation!to!quantifier! float! off! wh>elements.! Each! of! the! sub>dialects! allows! a! wh>associated all!to! appear!in!a!range!of!positions!in!the!sentence,!positions!which!have!at!some! stage!in!the!derivation,!according!to!standard!assumptions!such!as!successive! cyclic! wh>movement,! been! occupied! by! the! wh>element.! However,! each! sub> dialect! restricts! the! possible! positions! to! a! subset! of! those! in! which! the! wh> element!has!occurred.! McCloskey’s!analyses!wh>quantifier!float!as!a!form!of!stranding,!but!his! analysis! has! been! challenged! by! Koopman! (2009),! who! suggests! that! West! Ulster!English!‘floating’ all resembles!Dutch allemaal and!is!adverb>like.!In!this! paper,!it!will!be!argued!that!the!‘floating’!analysis!is!correct;!that!stranding!is! possible! not! only! at! the! edge! of! intermediate! CPs! but! also! at! the! edge! of! intermediate! vPs! (something! not! observed! by! McCloskey! 2000! in! his! data),! providing! concrete! evidence! for! wh>movement! through! a! position! at! the vP phase!edge!as!proposed!by!Chomsky!(1986),!something!for!which!the!evidence! has!been!largely!theory!internal,!with!some!exceptions!(see!for!example!Barbiers! 2002!on!evidence!for!discontinuous!constituents!appearing!at!the vP phase!edge! ! ©!Iberia:!An!International!Journal!of!Theoretical!Linguistics!vol!4.1,!2012,!23>39! !!http://revistas.ojs.es/index.php/iberia!ISSN!1989>8525! 26! Phase!Edges,!Quantifier!Float!and!the!Nature!of!(Micro>)!Variation! in! Dutch).! For! many! speakers all can! strand! at! the! edge! of! the vP, either! in! matrix! wh>questions! or! in! questions! where! movement! takes! place! out! of! an! embedded!clause.!! (9)!!What!did!he!all!buy!in!town?! (10)!!What!did!she!say!that!he!all!bought!in!town?! (11)!!What!did!she!all!say!that!he!bought!in!town?! It!will!also!be!argued!that!the!differences!between!sub>dialects,!and!the! different! stranding! positions! available! to! individual! speakers,! offer! us! a! new! perspective!on!microvariation!in!syntax:!UG!offers!a!range!of!possibilities!(in! this!case,!sites!occupied!by!wh>elements!during!the!derivation);!each!dialect!or! idiolectal! grammar! chooses! a! subset! of! these! possible! positions! for! floated! quantifiers!to!surface,!something!fairly!easily!determinable!on!the!basis!of!the! input!data.!! We!also!throw!light!on!an!aspect!of!DP>associated!quantifier!float!which! has! previously! caused! difficulty! for! the! floating! analysis;! that! DP! associated! quantifiers! cannot! strand! in! the! base! position! of! passive! and! unaccusative! objects.! (12)!! *The!books!were!bought!all.! (13)!!The!books!were!all!bought.! (14)!!*The!children!have!arrived!all.! (15)!!The!children!have!all!arrived! There!are!some!sub>dialects!of!West!Ulster!English!which!do!not!allow!a!wh> associated!quantifier!to!occur!in!the!first>merge!position!of!the!wh>element,!but! only!in!intermediate!positions.!We!argue!that!the!range!of!stranding!positions! available! for! DP>associated! quantifier! float! exhibits! similar! characteristics! –! it! may!or!may!not!include!the!first>merge!position!>!and!that!this!explains!why!in! English!(but!arguably!not!in!some!languages!such!as!Japanese),!the!setting!for! the! possible! positions! for! ‘quantifier! float’! off! DPs! excludes! the! first>merge! position.! 2.!!Quantifier!float!in!sub9dialects!of!West!Ulster!English This!paper!undertakes!a!study!of!several!varieties!of!West!Ulster!English! spoken! in! different! areas! of! West! Ulster! and! shows! that,! while! they! vary! in! where! floating all is! licensed, all always! appears! in! a! position! which! would! ! ©!Iberia:!An!International!Journal!of!Theoretical!Linguistics!vol!4.2,!2012,!23>39! ! ! http://revistas.ojs.es/index.php/iberia!ISSN!1989>8525! 27! Alison!Henry! ! contain! a! copy! of! the! wh>element,! assuming! successive! cyclic! wh>movement.! McCloskey!(2000)!presents!West!Ulster!as!a!unitary!dialect!in!respect!of!possible! positions!for all!in!wh>quantifier!float.!On!further!investigation,!it!turns!out!that! there!are!in!fact!several!sub>dialects!in!relation!to!the!phenomenon,!all!of!them! allowing! the! appearance! of! all separated! from! a! wh>element,! but! varying! in! exactly! what! positions! the! stranded all may! appear! in.! Some! of! these! are! varieties!which!occur!within!different!sub>areas!of!West!Ulster,!but!others!seem! to!be!matters!of!individual!variation.!!McCloskey!himself!noted!that!there!was! some!disagreement!among!speakers!about!some!of!the!positions!available!for all stranded!by!wh>movement,!and!it!is!possible!that!these!reflect!some!variation!in! the! grammars! of! speakers! who! allow! some! type! of all-stranding! from! wh> movement.! 2.1!West!Derry!City!English! West! Derry! City! speakers! (from! the! area! generally! known! as! the! ‘Cityside’! and! surrounding! areas)! show! for! the! most! part! the! classic! pattern! described!in!McCloskey!(2000).!They!allow!all!to!strand!either!in!its!first>merge! position!(as!in!(16)!and!(17))!or!in!an!intermediate!Spec/CP!position!(as!in!(18)! and!(19)).!With!wh>movement!of!the!subject,!they!allow!stranding!in!the!base! position!in!passives!and!unaccusatives!(as!in!(20)!and!(21)).!! (16)!!What!did!you!do!all!in!Derry?! (17)!!Where!did!you!go!all!on!your!holidays?! (18)!!What!did!he!say!all!that!he!did!in!Derry?! (19)!!Where!do!you!think!all!that!she!went!on!her!holidays?! (20)!!Who!went!all!to!the!party?! (21)!!What!was!announced!all!at!the!meeting?! There! is! one! aspect! of! the! structure! where! West! Derry! speakers! differ! from! those!described!in!McCloskey!(2000).!Like!the!other!speakers!considered!here,! West!Derry!speakers!were!reluctant!to!accept!two!locations!for!floated all that! McCloskey! considered! to! be! marginally! acceptable;! these! are! the! positions! where all is!associated!with!a!wh>object,!and!is!found,!not!in!the!usual!object! position,!but!after!other!selected!elements!in!VP.!McCloskey!designates!these!as! ‘?’! rather! than! fully! grammatical,! and! West! Derry! speakers! seem! not! to! find! them!grammatical.! (22)!!*What!did!you!put!in!the!drawer!all!(yesterday)?! ! ©!Iberia:!An!International!Journal!of!Theoretical!Linguistics!vol!4.1,!2012,!23>39! !!http://revistas.ojs.es/index.php/iberia!ISSN!1989>8525! 28! Phase!Edges,!Quantifier!Float!and!the!Nature!of!(Micro>)!Variation! (23)!!*What!did!you!bring!to!school!all!(yesterday)?! 2.2!South!Derry!English South! Derry! English! speakers! do! not! allow! a! floated! quantifier! in! an! intermediate!SpecCP!position.!Rather,!it!occurs!either!in!the!base!position!of!the! wh>element,!or!in!a!pre>VP!position;!the!latter!may!be!either!in!an!embedded! clause!or!in!a!higher!clause.!! (24)!!What!did!he!do!all!on!holiday?! (25)!!What!did!he!all!vP[do!on!holiday]?! (26)!!What!did!he!all!vP[say!that!he!did!on!holiday?]! (27)! *What!did!he!vP[say!all!CP[that!he!did!on!holiday]]?! Note!that!(25)!and!(26)!show all in!a!position!at!the!left!edge!of vP.!It!might!be! thought!that,!at!least!in!(25),!this!could!arise!because!a!wh>object!needs!to!move! to! this! position! in! order! to! value! objective! Case.! However,! in! (27),! where! it! appears!at! the!edge! of!the! matrix!vP, it!clearly!has!not!moved!there!to!value! Case!which!would!already!have!taken!place!in!the!embedded!clause.!Moreover,! stranding!at!the!edge!of vP!is!available!not!only!for!objects,!but!also!for!wh>PPs! which!do!not!need!to!move!to!this!position!to!value!Case.! (28)!!Where!did!he!all!find!the!books?! (29)!!When!does!she!all!see!her!students?! Like! quantifiers! associated! with! wh>objects,! these! can! also! strand! at! the! left! edge!of!a!higher!vP.! (30)!!Where!does!he!all!think!he!found!the!books?! (31)!!When!does!she!all!say!she!sees!her!students?! It! thus! appears! that! a! quantifier! can! strand! at! the! left! edge! of vP, which! indicates,! if! the! stranding! analysis! is! correct,! that! wh>movement! takes! place! through! not! only! the! edge! of! intermediate! CPs,! but! also! the! edge! of! intermediate!vPs. Assuming,!as!seems!reasonable,!that!speakers!of!South!Derry! English! do! not! differ! from! other! speakers! of! English! in! implementing! wh> movement!successive>cyclically!through!intermediate!landing!sites,!then!in!the! grammar!of!these!speakers,!one!of!the!positions!that!the!wh>element!has!passed! through!during!the!course!of!the!derivation,!the!edge!of!an!intermediate!CP,!is! not!a!possible!position!for!quantifier!float.!On!the!other!hand,!a!position!where! McCloskey!did!not!observe!quantifier!float,!the!pre>VP!position,!is!a!possible! ! ©!Iberia:!An!International!Journal!of!Theoretical!Linguistics!vol!4.2,!2012,!23>39! ! ! http://revistas.ojs.es/index.php/iberia!ISSN!1989>8525! 29! Alison!Henry! ! (and!for!some!speakers!preferred)!position!for!a!floating!quantifier!to!appear.! There!are!two!important!points!to!note!here.!First,!if!the!movement!analysis!is! correct,!then!not!every!position!through!which!the!wh>element!has!passed!is!a! possible!position!for!an!overt!quantifier!in!any!given!dialect.!!The!grammar!of! speakers! of! West! Ulster! English! thus! must! include! not! only! the! specification! that!float!is!possible,!but!also!a!specification!of!which!intermediate!sites!of!wh> movement!allow! floated! quantifiers!to!surface.! It!seems!unlikely! that! dialects! differ! in! what! intermediate! positions! a! wh>element! transits! through,! and! in! particular!what!constitutes!a!phase;!in!terms!of!restrictions!on!extraction,!this! variety! does! not! differ! from! other! West! Ulster! English! varieties! or! indeed! standard! English.! Moreover,! there! is! evidence! for! movement! through! intermediate!CPs!in!this!variety.!!As!in!Belfast!English!(Henry!1995:!Ch3)!and! other!Irish!English!varieties,!T>to>C!movement!can!occur!in!an!embedded!CP,! arguably! showing! that! a! wh>element! transits! through! that! CP! and! triggers! movement.! (32)!!What!do!you!think!did!he!see?! !(Standard!English:!What!do!you!think!he!saw?)! (33)!! !What!did!she!say!could!they!do?! !(Standard!English:!What!did!she!say!they!could!do?) Note! that! the! preverbal! positioning! of! the! floated! quantifier! sometimes! gives! rise!to!potentially!ambiguous!sentences!where!the!subject!is!plural!and!there!is! no!auxiliary.! (34)!!What!did!you!all!do!on!holiday?! !(can!mean!‘What!did!all!of!you!do!on!holiday?’!or!‘What!all!did!you!do!on!holiday?’)! (35)! What!did!they!all!see!in!Belfast?! !(can!mean!‘What!did!all!of!them!see!in!Belfast?’!or!‘What!all!did!they!see!in!Belfast?’)! Where!there!is!an!auxiliary!present, all!as!a!floated!quantifier!occurs!after!the! auxiliary,! as! would! be! expected! if! it! is! in! the! pre>VP! position! (Note! that! the! example!has!float!in!a!subordinate!clause,!as!of!course!in!a!matrix!clause,!the! auxiliary!is!obligatorily!moved!to!C):! (36)!!What!were!you!saying!he!was!all!doing!in!Derry?! Interestingly,!where!there!is!more!than!one!auxiliary,!the!floated!all!can appear! after!any!auxiliary,!not!only!the!first.!Assuming!that!it!is!correct!that!the!floated! position!is!at!the!beginning!of!the!VP,!then!second!and!successive!auxiliaries!,! ! ©!Iberia:!An!International!Journal!of!Theoretical!Linguistics!vol!4.1,!2012,!23>39! !!http://revistas.ojs.es/index.php/iberia!ISSN!1989>8525! 30! Phase!Edges,!Quantifier!Float!and!the!Nature!of!(Micro>)!Variation! whose!position!in!the!tree!has!always!been!somewhat!problematic!in!English,! may!or!may!not!be!part!of!vP. (37)!!What!do!you!think!he!has!been!doing!all!in!Derry?! (38)!!What!do!you!think!he!has!all!been!doing!in!Derry?! (39)!!What!do!you!think!he!has!been!all!doing!in!Derry?! (40)!!What!do!you!think!he!might!all!have!been!doing!in!Derry?! (41)!!What!do!you!think!he!might!have!all!been!doing!in!Derry?! (42)!!What!do!you!think!he!might!have!been!all!doing!in!Derry?! Note!that!this!is!the!same!range!of!positions!in!which!(in!all!varieties!of!English! so!far!documented)!we!find all!that!is!associated!with!a!DP!subject!rather!than!a! wh>element.! We! will! return! to! consider! the! significance! of! this! important! similarity!below.! (43)!!They!have!all!been!singing.! (44)!!They!have!been!all!singing.! (45)!!They!might!all!have!been!singing.! (46)!!They!might!have!all!been!singing.! (47)!!They!might!have!been!all!singing.! To!summarise,!South!Derry!English!allows!a!floated!quantifier!to!occur! either!in!its!first>merge!position!or!at!the!edge!of!a vP phase;!it!does!not!allow! stranding!in!intermediate!CP!positions.! 2.3!East!Derry!English! Speakers!from!the!east!and!southeast!of!County!Derry!appear!to!allow! the! widest! range! of! positions! for! stranded-all. They! accept! stranding! in! the! SpecvP position!and!the!SpecCP!position,!as!well!as!(for!many!speakers)!in!the! first>merge!position!of!the!wh>element.!For!East!Derry!English!speakers,!all!of! the!following!are!possible.!(48)>(50)!show!all!in!the!first>merge!position!of!the! wh>element:! (48)!!What!did!he!do!all!in!Derry! (49)!!Where!did!you!go!all!in!Derry?! (50)!!Who!was!elected!all!in!the!council!elections?! (51)!!Who!was!all!elected!in!the!council!elections?! ! ©!Iberia:!An!International!Journal!of!Theoretical!Linguistics!vol!4.2,!2012,!23>39! ! ! http://revistas.ojs.es/index.php/iberia!ISSN!1989>8525! 31! Alison!Henry! ! (52)>(56)!show all!at!the!edge!of vP/VP:1 (52)!!What!did!he!all!do!in!Derry?! (53)!!Where!did!he!all!go!in!Derry?! (54)!!What!did!he!all!say!that!he!did!in!Derry! (55)!!Where!did!he!all!think!that!you!went!in!Derry?! (56)!!Who!did!he!all!say!was!elected!in!the!council!elections?! (57)–(59)! have! stranding! at! the! edge! of! an! intermediate! CP! (as! found! by! McCloskey!for!West!Ulster!English!in!general):! (57)!!What!did!he!say!all!that!he!did!in!Derry?! (58)!!Where!did!he!think!all!that!you!went!in!Derry?! (59)!!Who!did!he!say!all!was!elected!in!the!council!elections?! 2.4!Strabane!English! In!direct!contrast!to!East!Derry!English!speakers,!who!seem!to!allow!a! floated!quantifier!to!occur!in!any!site!through!which!a!wh>element!has!transited,! speakers!from!Strabane,!a!town!in!the!southwest!of!the!West!Ulster!English!area,! have!a!much!more!restricted!grammar:!they!only!allow!stranding!in!the!base! position!of!the!wh>element.!They!reject!stranding!in!SpecCP!or!SpecvP. (60)!!What!did!he!do!all!in!Derry! (61)!!Where!did!you!go!all!in!Derry?! (62)!!Who!was!elected!all!in!the!council!elections?! (63)! *Who!was!all!elected!in!the!council!elections?! (64)!!*What!did!he!all!do!in!Derry?! (65)!!*Where!did!he!all!go!in!Derry?! (66)!!*What!did!he!all!say!that!he!did!in!Derry! (67)!!*Where!did!he!all!think!that!you!went!in!Derry?! (68)!!*Who!did!he!all!say!was!elected!in!the!council!elections?! (69)!!What!did!he!say!all!that!he!did!in!Derry?! (70)!!Where!did!he!think!all!that!you!went!in!Derry?! (71)!!Who!did!he!say!all!was!elected!in!the!council!elections?! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! 1!All!appears! to! be! able! to! strand! at! the! edge! of! an! intransitive! VP! as! well! as! a! vP,! suggesting!that!both!of!these!are!phases! ! ©!Iberia:!An!International!Journal!of!Theoretical!Linguistics!vol!4.1,!2012,!23>39! !!http://revistas.ojs.es/index.php/iberia!ISSN!1989>8525! 38! Phase!Edges,!Quantifier!Float!and!the!Nature!of!(Micro>)!Variation! movement!or!roll>up,!all!of!which!must!be!much!more!problematic!for!the!first! language!learner!to!figure!out!and!which!considerably!complicate!the!grammar.! The!sites!available!to!West!Ulster!English!all!are!exactly!those!which!UG!would! lead!us!to!expect,!and!the!fact!that!different!varieties!allow!the!pronunciation!of!! all! in! a! subset! of! these! positions! is! not! surprising;! one! of! the! major! areas! of! difference!between!grammars!is!considered!to!be!which!elements!of!chains!are! pronounced.! ! While! quantifier! float! under! wh>movement! may! still! seem! somewhat!exotic,!in!that,!at!least!in!those!languages!for!which!information!is! available,! the! majority! do! not! have! quantifier! float! from! wh>elements,! the! constraints! on! it! and! variation! in! it! across! sub>dialects! are! exactly! what! we! would!expect,!assuming!that!UG!leaves!open!the!choice!as!to!which!elements!of! a!chain!can!be!pronounced.! While!investigating!variation!in!West!Ulster!English!varieties,!we!have! also!made!some!discoveries!in!relation!to!other!elements!of!grammar.!First!of!all,! our!study!confirms!that!the!edge!of!vP!is!a!site!of!successive!cyclic!movement!of! wh>elements,! as! it! is! a! possible! stranding! site! in! some! West! Ulster! English! dialects.!Secondly,!we!have!provided!an!explanation!for!why!DP>associated!all! cannot! strand! in! the! first>merge! position! of! the! DP! in! English! passives! and! unaccusatives;! the! possible! stranding! locations! licensed! by! UG! are! not! uniformly! available! in! all! language! varieties,! and! English! happens! to! be! a! variety!in!which!stranding!off!DPs!in!the!first>merge!position!is!not!allowed,!as! distinct!from!Japanese!which!allows!stranding!in!that!position.!There!is!no!need! to!adopt!a!new!principle!specific!to!quantifiers!(for!example,!that!they!cannot! strand! in! theta>positions).! Rather,! a! simple! and! easily! learnable! choice! of! stranding! positions! can! account! for! both! wh>associated! quantifier! float! in! varieties!of!West!Ulster!English!and!the!unavailability!of!stranding!in!the!base! positions!of!passive!and!unaccusative!subjects!in!quantifier!float!off!DPs!in!most! varieties! of! English.! This! also! removes! one! of! the! major! counter>arguments! against!a!‘float’!as!distinct!from!an!adverbial!analysis!of!‘floating’!quantifiers:! the! fact! that! a! floating! analysis! predicts! that! the! base! position! of! the! DP! in! passives! and! unaccusatives! should! be! a! possible! site! for! DP>associated! quantifier!float,!which!it!is!not.!!All!it!requires!is!that!we!abandon!the!idea!that! variation! in! grammars! is! excluded,! and! consider! the! (restricted)! range! of! positions! made! available! by! UG! as! potential! sites! for! the! pronunciation! of! ! ©!Iberia:!An!International!Journal!of!Theoretical!Linguistics!vol!4.2,!2012,!23>39! ! ! http://revistas.ojs.es/index.php/iberia!ISSN!1989>8525! 39! Alison!Henry! ! copies!or!stranded!elements,!with!grammars!differing!in!the!range!of!positions! in!which!pronunciation!is!permitted.! REFERENCES! Barbiers,!Sjef.!2002.!Remnant!stranding!and!the!theory!of!movement.!In!Artemis! Alexiadou,! Elena! Anagnostopoulou,! Sjef! Barbiers! &! Hans>Martin! Gaertner! (eds.),! DimensionsofMovement:- FromFeaturestoRemnants! [Linguistik! Aktuell/Linguistics! Today! 48],! 47–69.! Amsterdam:! John! Benjamins.! Bobaljik,!Jonathan.!!2003.!Floating!quantifiers:!handle!with!care.!Ms.,!University! of! Connecticut.! Revised! version! of! 1998.! GlotInternational! State! of! the! Article.! Bošković,! Zeljko.! 2004.! Be! careful! where! you! float! your! quantifiers,! NaturalLanguage-and-Linguistic-Theory!22,!681>742.! Cheshire,! Jenny! &! Dieter! Stein.! 1997.! Nonstandard! and! standard! syntax.! In! Jenny! Cheshire! and! Dieter! Stein! (eds.),! TamingtheVernacular:- FromDialect-to-Written-Standard-Language.!1>12.!Harlow:!Longman.!! Chomsky,!Noam.!1986.!!Barriers.!Cambridge,!Mass:!MIT!Press! Henry,! Alison.! 1995.! BelfastEnglishandStandardEnglish:- DialectVariationandParameter-Setting.!New!York:!Oxford!University!Press.! Koopman,!Hilda.!2009.!On!Dutch!allemaal!and!West!Ulster!English!all.!!In!Jan! Wouter! Zwart! &! Jan! de! Vries! (eds.),! StructurePreserved.! Amsterdam:! John!Benjamins! Miyagawa,! Shigeru.! 1989.! StructureandCaseMarkinginJapanese.! (Syntax! and! Semantics!22)!New!York:!Academic!Press.! McCloskey,!James.!2000.!Quantifier!float!and!wh>movement!in!an!Irish!English,! Linguistic-Inquiry!31,!57–84.! Tortora,! Christina! &! Marcel! den! Dikken.! 2010.! Subject! agreement! variation:! support!for!the!configurational!approach,!Lingua!120,!1089>1108.! ! Reception!date/Fecha!de!recepción/Data!de!recepção:!30/05/2012! Revision!date/Fecha!de!revisión/Data!de!revisão:!30/06/2012! Acceptation!date/Fecha!de!aceptación/Data!de!aceitação:!30/07/2012! ! Alison!Henry! [email protected]! University!of!Ulster! ! ! !